Insight Into Prevention of Enzymatic Browning and Increase of Antioxidant Potential of Crepe Rubber with Ethephon Stimulation

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Insight Into Prevention of Enzymatic Browning and Increase of Antioxidant Potential of Crepe Rubber with Ethephon Stimulation Journal of the Rubber Research Institute of Sri Lanka (2015) 95, 58-65 Insight into prevention of enzymatic browning and increase of antioxidant potential of crepe rubber with ethephon stimulation A P Attanayake*, L Karunanayake** and A H R L Nilmini* * Rubber Research Institute of Sri Lanka, Ratmalana, Sri Lanka **University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Gangodawila, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka _______________________________________________________________________ Abstract The effect of different ethephon concentrations 1%-5% (w/v) on colour of crepe rubber and plasticity retention index (PRI) was studied. The study was conducted with the RRISL 121 clone using S/2, d3 harvesting system. The results revealed that ethephon stimulation affects strongly the antioxidant and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) inhibitory potential. Further, thiol content and PRI values were increased while giving low Lovibond colour index upto 3% ethephon concentration and the properties were found to be inferior above 3% concentration. A probable reaction mechanism is proposed for colour improvement with optimum concentration of ethephon. Key words: Ethephon stimulation, Lovibond colour index, plasticity retention index Polyphenol oxidase, Thiol content ____________________________________________________________________ Introduction constituents of latex. Raw natural Latex crepe is the purest form of natural rubber contain about 94% hydrocarbon rubber available in the market and Sri (cis 1- 4, Poly isoprene) and 6% non Lanka is the world’s leading producer rubber constituents such as proteins, of pale crepe and sole crepe for the lipids, carbohydrate (Allen, 1963). It export market (Seneviratne et al., 2003). has been reported that carotenoids, Latex crepe is widely used in rubber tocotrienols, polyphenol oxidase, fatty teats, balloons, condoms, infant items alcohol esters, unsaturated fatty acids, and toys. However, dark colour fatty alcohols, di-glyceride and mono - developed in dry rubber is a major issue glyceride in cause the discoloration in some industries which require a pale natural rubber (NR) (Sakdapipanich, et colour raw material. Therefore, colour is al., 2007). The concentration of one of the most important raw rubber polyphenols, proteins, carotenoids are 2 properties in latex crepe. The colour of X 10-2, 1 and 3 X 10-5 (w/w) the rubber depends on non-rubber respectively and their contribution to the 58 A P Attanayake et al. total absorptivity in the yellow brown the process of fractionation and region are 2.3, 0.1 and 0.01% coagulation, the Frey-Wyssling particles respectively. Out of the total absorbance are disrupted and the enzyme released 90% is attributed to the polyisoprene in into the latex serum. This subsequently rubber molecule (Yusree et al., 2012). leads to discolouration of latex (Schadel The enzymatic discoloration is caused and Walter, 1981). Stimulation by by the naturally occurring phenols and ethephon greatly reduces latex amino phenols in latex (Coupe et al., polyphenol oxidase activity which is 1972). Discoloration due to ethephon known to be correlated positively with stimulation has been reported (Yapa, plugging index, which results in 1976), however there is no evidence for increase of phenolic substances in the effect of ethephon concentration on stimulated latex. Significant increase in colour of crepe rubber. Polyphenol phenolic content reported (after first & oxidases are the key enzymes in the second tapping) after ethephon natural coagulation and darkning of treatment is due to decrease in phenol latex (Brozozowska-Hanower, 1978) oxidase activity (Cretin, 1978). and they are located inside the frey- Brozozowska-Hanower et al., 1978 wyssling particles. Frey-wyssling showed a definite lowering of o- particles are mainly lipid in character diphenol oxidase activity in lattices at and are not present in ammonia the first tapping after stimulation. preserved concentrated latex. Phenolic compounds have been reported Apparently, they are either eliminated to react, after enzymatic oxidation with during centrifuging or they have got thiols such as cysteine (CSH) and dissolved in the serum when the latex is glutathione (GSH) to form colorless ammoniated (d’Auzac, 1989). The product (Mason, 1955). The presence of polyphenol oxidase is responsible for thiols in high concentration in latex act the darkening of coagulated rubber on as an antioxidant hence, it can be used exposure to air or oxygen to improve colour (Yapa, 1976). (Wititsuwannakul et al., 2002). With the Glutathione is an endogenous presence of polyphenol oxidase, phenols antioxidant that plays a major role in and amino phenols combine with reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) oxygen from air to form orthoquinones. formed during cellular metabolism These orthoquinones react with (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutathio naturally occurring amino acids and ne). Therefore a clone with high proteins in latex, giving coloured phenolic content can still yield a compounds resembling melanin colorless or light colour rubber, (Mason, 1955). Both polyphenol provided that it contains sufficient oxidase (PPO) and phenolic substances thiols. Glutathione is known to play a are present in latex but do not react with major role in reducing ROS formed each other intact laticifers. However, in during cellular metabolism. Therefore, 59 New insight into ethephon stimulation the objective of the present study was to replicates. Serum was extracted by investigate the effect of ethephon coagulating 1g of latex with 2.5% tri- concentration on latex discolouration chloro acetic acid (TCA) and volumed and underpinning reasons. up to 25mL. To 2mL of extract, 0.1mL of dithio- bis -nitrobenzoic acid solution Materials and Methods (10 mM) and 2mL tris (0.05M) was Experimental design and location of added and the optical density was the study measured at 412nm within 30min using Six experimental blocks comprising 75 a Jenway 6405 UV/Vis spectrophoto- healthy trees from mono clonal (RRISL meter. The amount of thiol was 121) mature rubber trees were selected estimated against a standard curve from the Galewatta Division, prepared using reduced glutathione. Dartonfield Estate, Agalawatta, Sri Lanka for the experiment. Each block Determination of Lovibond Colour was divided into three replicates Index comprising 25 trees. Trees in each block The test was carried out according to were stimulated with 1.6g of 1%, 2%, ISO 4660 (2011) with three replicates. 3%, 4% and 5% (w/v) ethephon applied Three test pieces were cut from a on the tapping panel using an ¼” paint homogenized UFUB sample using test brush and tapped with half spiral based piece punch and pressed them together once in three days harvesting system by (3.2-3.6 mm thick). The test pieces were keeping one block without stimulation then laminated and pressed in a mould as the control. All the experimental between two sheets of transparent tapping blocks were tapped by the same polyester film, with mould covers tapper in order to avoid tapper superimposed at a pressure of not less variability. than 3.5 MPa for 5min at 150 0C±30C. Freshly tapped latex collected into The 3 test pieces (1.6 mm thick) were vessels, immersed in ice and then send retained in the mould and it was to the laboratory immediately for the compared with standard Lovibond analysis of sucrose and thiol content colour glasses (4/19A) under diffuse without preservation and the other daylight against a matt white fraction was processed into un- background. fractioned un-bleached crepe rubber (UFUB). Determination of plasticity retention index Determination of thiol content in The test was carried out according to natural rubber latex ISO 2930(2009) with three replicates. Analysis of thiol content was carried out The test pellets were cut from a by using colorimetric method developed homogenized sample of UFUB in order by Boyne and Ellman, 1972 with three to get sample thickness of 3.4 mm. The 60 A P Attanayake et al. rapid plasticity number of unaged test performed for basic parameters together pieces and test pieces aged at 140 ± with mean separation by Tukey method. 0.2ºC for 30 min were measured using parallel plate plastimeter. Results and Discussion With s/2 d/3tapping system, the thiol Infra-red Spectroscopy content (antioxidant) and plasticity The rubber samples were extracted with retention index increases up to 3% and acetone for 16 hours and acetone extract above that concentration the properties was sandwiched between two NaCl were drastically reduced with increasing cells and Fourier transform infrared ethephon concentration (Table 1). It is spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra were evident from the results that highest recorded on a Nicolet 380 antioxidant activity showed at 3%, spectrophotometer with 32 scans to hence maximum PRI value also improve signal to noise ratio. obtained at 3% stimulant level. Above 3%, the thiol content decreased. This Data analysis may be due to enhanced in vitro The experimental design was complete synthesis of reactive oxygen species randomized design and data was (ROS). These ROS groups are oxidized analyzed using Minitab 16 statistical glutathione (GSH), leading to decrease software. One-way ANOVA was of their content in latex. Table 1. Variation of Thiol content, Plasticity Retention Index and Lovibond colour Index for raw rubber samples treated with 1%-5% ethephon Ethephon Thiol content Plasticity Retention Lovibond Colour concentration (%) (mmol/g) Index Index 0 0.67e 59.59d 1.5 1 0.78bc 69.06c 1.0 2 0.81b 76.6b 1.0 3 0.88a 83.13a 1.0 4 0.73cd 71.74bc 1.5 5 0.71de 70.43c 1.5 *Means that do not share same letter are significantly different P<0.05 61 New insight into ethephon stimulation According to Lovibond colour index explain that “in a system containing o- 1%-3% ethephon treated samples diphenol and glutathione, the total showed lighter colour than the control oxygen consumption increases sharply sample. 4% and 5% samples are very with increasing thiol content and this bright yellow colour with comparison to sharp break is accompanied by the other samples (Fig. 1). It is evident from marked difference in the colour of the the results that with increasing ethephon final product”.
Recommended publications
  • Modulation of Lipid Metabolism by Phytosterol Stearates and Black Raspberry Seed Oils
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Nutrition & Health Sciences Dissertations & Theses Nutrition and Health Sciences, Department of 5-2010 Modulation of Lipid Metabolism by Phytosterol Stearates and Black Raspberry Seed Oils Mark McKinley Ash University of Nebraska at Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/nutritiondiss Part of the Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition Commons, and the Molecular, Genetic, and Biochemical Nutrition Commons Ash, Mark McKinley, "Modulation of Lipid Metabolism by Phytosterol Stearates and Black Raspberry Seed Oils" (2010). Nutrition & Health Sciences Dissertations & Theses. 17. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/nutritiondiss/17 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Nutrition and Health Sciences, Department of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Nutrition & Health Sciences Dissertations & Theses by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Modulation of Lipid Metabolism by Phytosterol Stearates and Black Raspberry Seed Oils by Mark McKinley Ash A THESIS Presented to the Faculty of The Graduate College at the University of Nebraska In Partial Fulfillment of Requirements For the Degree of Master of Science Major: Nutrition Under the Supervision of Professor Timothy P. Carr Lincoln, Nebraska May, 2010 Modulation of Lipid Metabolism by Phytosterol Stearates and Black Raspberry Seed Oils Mark McKinley Ash, M.S. University of Nebraska, 2010 Adviser: Timothy P. Carr Naturally occurring compounds and lifestyle modifications as combination and mono- therapy are increasingly used for dyslipidemia. Specficially, phytosterols and fatty acids have demonstrated an ability to modulate cholesterol and triglyceride metabolism in different fashions.
    [Show full text]
  • Phenolics in Human Health
    International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Applications, Vol. 5, No. 5, October 2014 Phenolics in Human Health T. Ozcan, A. Akpinar-Bayizit, L. Yilmaz-Ersan, and B. Delikanli with proteins. The high antioxidant capacity makes Abstract—Recent research focuses on health benefits of polyphenols as an important key factor which is involved in phytochemicals, especially antioxidant and antimicrobial the chemical defense of plants against pathogens and properties of phenolic compounds, which is known to exert predators and in plant-plant interferences [9]. preventive activity against infectious and degenerative diseases, inflammation and allergies via antioxidant, antimicrobial and proteins/enzymes neutralization/modulation mechanisms. Phenolic compounds are reactive metabolites in a wide range of plant-derived foods and mainly divided in four groups: phenolic acids, flavonoids, stilbenes and tannins. They work as terminators of free radicals and chelators of metal ions that are capable of catalyzing lipid oxidation. Therefore, this review examines the functional properties of phenolics. Index Terms—Health, functional, phenolic compounds. I. INTRODUCTION In recent years, fruits and vegetables receive considerable interest depending on type, number, and mode of action of the different components, so called as “phytochemicals”, for their presumed role in the prevention of various chronic diseases including cancers and cardiovascular diseases. Plants are rich sources of functional dietary micronutrients, fibers and phytochemicals, such
    [Show full text]
  • Comparison of Antioxidant Activities and Total Polyphenolic and Methylxanthine Contents Between the Unripe Fruit and Leaves of Ilex Paraguariensis A
    ORIGINAL ARTICLES Universidade Regional Integrada do Alto Uruguai e das Misso˜es1, Programa de Po´s-Graduac¸a˜o em Cieˆncias Farmaceˆuti- cas2, Curso de Farma´cia3, Departamento de Microbiologia4, Departamento de Farma´cia Industrial5, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Campus Camobi, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil Comparison of antioxidant activities and total polyphenolic and methylxanthine contents between the unripe fruit and leaves of Ilex paraguariensis A. St. Hil. A. Schubert1, D. F. Pereira2, F. F. Zanin3, S. H. Alves4, R. C. R. Beck5, M. L. Athayde5 Received February 15, 2007, accepted March 8, 2007 Prof. Dr. Margareth Linde Athayde, Departamento de Farma´cia Industrial, Pre´dio 26, sala 1115, Campus Camobi, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, Brasil. CEP 97105-900 [email protected] Pharmazie 62: 876–880 (2007) doi: 10.1691/ph.2007.11.7052 Ilex paraguariensis is used in Brazil as a stimulating beverage called “mate”. Leaves and immature fruit extracts of Ilex paraguariensis were evaluated for their radical scavenging capacity, total methyl- xanthine and polyphenol contents. Antimicrobial activity of two enriched saponin fractions obtained from the fruits were also evaluated. The radical scavenging activity of the fractioned extracts was determined spectrophotometrically using 1,1-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl free radical (DPPH). The IC50 of l-ascorbic acid, ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions from the leaves and ethyl acetate fraction from the fruits were 6.48 mg/mL, 13.26 mg/mL, 27.22 mg/mL, and 285.78 mg/mL, respectively. Total methylxanthine content was 1.16 Æ 0.06 mg/g dry weight in the fruits and 8.78 Æ 0.01 mg/g in the leaves.
    [Show full text]
  • Identification of the 100 Richest Dietary Sources of Polyphenols: an Application of the Phenol-Explorer Database
    European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2010) 64, S112–S120 & 2010 Macmillan Publishers Limited All rights reserved 0954-3007/10 www.nature.com/ejcn ORIGINAL ARTICLE Identification of the 100 richest dietary sources of polyphenols: an application of the Phenol-Explorer database JPe´rez-Jime´nez1,2, V Neveu1,2,FVos1,2 and A Scalbert1,2 1Clermont Universite´, Universite´ d’Auvergne, Unite´ de Nutrition Humaine, Saint-Genes-Champanelle, France and 2INRA, UMR 1019, UNH, CRNH Auvergne, Saint-Genes-Champanelle, France Background/Objectives: The diversity of the chemical structures of dietary polyphenols makes it difficult to estimate their total content in foods, and also to understand the role of polyphenols in health and the prevention of diseases. Global redox colorimetric assays have commonly been used to estimate the total polyphenol content in foods. However, these assays lack specificity. Contents of individual polyphenols have been determined by chromatography. These data, scattered in several hundred publications, have been compiled in the Phenol-Explorer database. The aim of this paper is to identify the 100 richest dietary sources of polyphenols using this database. Subjects/Methods: Advanced queries in the Phenol-Explorer database (www.phenol-explorer.eu) allowed retrieval of information on the content of 502 polyphenol glycosides, esters and aglycones in 452 foods. Total polyphenol content was calculated as the sum of the contents of all individual polyphenols. These content values were compared with the content of antioxidants estimated using the Folin assay method in the same foods. These values were also extracted from the same database. Amounts per serving were calculated using common serving sizes.
    [Show full text]
  • Antihypertensive Effect of Aqueous Polyphenol Extracts of Amaranthusviridis and Telfairiaoccidentalis Leaves in Spon
    Journal of International Society for Food Bioactives Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods Original Research J. Food Bioact. 2018;1:166–173 Antihypertensive effect of aqueous polyphenol extracts of Amaranthusviridis and Telfairiaoccidentalis leaves in spontaneously hypertensive rats Olayinka A. Olarewaju, Adeola M. Alashi and Rotimi E. Aluko* Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada R3T 2N2 *Corresponding author: Dr. Rotimi Aluko, Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada R3T 2N2. E-mail: [email protected] DOI: 10.31665/JFB.2018.1135 Received: December 12, 2017; Revised received & accepted: February 9, 2018 Citation: Olarewaju, O.A., Alashi, A.M., and Aluko, R.E. (2018). Antihypertensive effect of aqueous polyphenol extracts of Amaranthus- viridis and Telfairiaoccidentalis leaves in spontaneously hypertensive rats. J. Food Bioact. 1: 166–173. Abstract The antihypertensive effects of aqueous polyphenol-rich extracts of Amaranthusviridis (AV) and Telfairiaocciden- talis (TO) leaves in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were investigated. The dried vegetable leaves were extracted using 1:20 (leaves:water, w/v) ratio for 4 h at 60 °C. Results showed significantly (P < 0.05) higher polyphenol contents in TO extracts (80–88 mg gallic acid equivalents, GAE/100 mg) when compared with the AV (62–67 mg GAE/100 mg). Caffeic acid, rutin and myricetin were the main polyphenols found in the extracts. The TO extracts had significantly (P < 0.05) higher in vitro inhibition of angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) activity while AV extracts had better renin inhibition. Oral administration (100 mg/kg body weight) to SHR led to significant (P < 0.05) reductions in systolic blood pressure for the AV (−39 mmHg after 8 h)and TO (−24 mmHg after 4 and 8 h).The vegetable extracts also produced significant (P < 0.05) reductions in diastolic blood pressure, mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate when compared to the untreated rats.
    [Show full text]
  • The Therapeutic Effects of Curcumin and Capsaicin Against Cyclophosphamide Side Effects on the Uterus in Rats1
    4-Experimental Surgery The therapeutic effects of curcumin and capsaicin against cyclophosphamide side effects on the uterus in rats1 Ercan YilmazI, Rauf MelekogluII, Osman CiftciIII, Sevil EraslanIV, Asli CetinV, Nese BasakVI IAssociate Professor, Medicine Faculty, Inonu University, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Malatya, Turkey. Manuscript writing. IIAssistant Professor, Medicine Faculty, Inonu University, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Malatya, Turkey. Acquisition of data. IIIFull Professor, Medicine Faculty, Pamukkale University, Department of Medical Pharmacology, Denizli, Turkey. Analysis of data. IVMD, Elbistan State Hospital, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kahramanmaras, Turkey. Statistical analysis. VAssistant Professor, Medicine Faculty, Inonu University, Department of Histology, Malatya, Turkey. Histopathological analysis. VIMD, Pharmacy Faculty, Inonu University, Department of Pharmeceutical Toxicology, Malatya, Turkey. Acquisition of data. Abstract Purpose: To evaluate the impact of systemic cyclophosphamide treatment on the rat uterus and investigate the potential therapeutic effects of natural antioxidant preparations curcumin and capsaicin against cyclophosphamide side effects. Methods: A 40 healthy adult female Wistar albino rats were used in this study. Rats were randomly divided into four groups to determine the effects of curcumin and capsaicin against Cyclophosphamide side effects on the uterus (n=10 in each group); Group 1 was the control group (sham-operated), Group 2 was the cyclophosphamide group, Group 3 was the cyclophosphamide + curcumin (100mg/kg) group, and Group 4 was the cyclophosphamide + capsaicin (0.5 mg/kg) group. Results: Increased tissue oxidative stress and histological damage in the rat uterus were demonstrated due to the treatment of systemic cyclophosphamide chemotherapy alone. The level of tissue oxidant and antioxidant markers and histopathological changes were improved by the treatment of curcumin and capsaicin.
    [Show full text]
  • Pectin Influences the Absorption and Metabolism of Polyphenols
    foods Article Pectin Influences the Absorption and Metabolism of Polyphenols from Blackcurrant and Green Tea in Rats Gunaranjan Paturi 1,*,† , Christine A. Butts 2,*,† , Nigel I. Joyce 3, Paula E. Rippon 3, Sarah C. Morrison 3 , Duncan I. Hedderley 2 and Carolyn E. Lister 3 1 The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92169, Auckland 1142, New Zealand 2 The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; [email protected] 3 The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 4704, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand; [email protected] (N.I.J.); [email protected] (P.E.R.); [email protected] (S.C.M.); [email protected] (C.E.L.) * Correspondence: [email protected] (G.P.); [email protected] (C.A.B.) † The two authors contributed equally to the paper. Abstract: Consumption of polyphenols and dietary fiber as part of a normal diet is beneficial to human health. In this study, we examined whether different amounts of dietary soluble fiber (pectin) affect the absorption and metabolism of polyphenols from blackcurrant and green tea in rats. After 28 days, the rats fed blackcurrant and green tea with pectin (4 or 8%) had significantly lower body weight gain and food intake compared to the rats fed a control diet. Rats fed a blackcurrant and Citation: Paturi, G.; Butts, C.A.; green tea diet with 8% pectin had significantly higher fecal nitrogen output and lower protein Joyce, N.I.; Rippon, P.E.; Morrison, digestibility.
    [Show full text]
  • Investigation of Antioxidant Activity of Selenium Compounds and Their Mixtures with Tea Polyphenols
    Molecular Biology Reports https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-019-04738-2 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Investigation of antioxidant activity of selenium compounds and their mixtures with tea polyphenols Aleksandra Sentkowska1 · Krystyna Pyrzyńska2 Received: 3 December 2018 / Accepted: 3 March 2019 © The Author(s) 2019 Abstract The antioxidant interactions between selenium species and tea polyphenols were investigated using 1,1-diphenyl-2-pic- ryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radicals, cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) and Folin–Ciocalteu (FC) assay. Se(IV) exhibited the lowest antioxidant properties in comparison to other selenium compounds in all assays. The highest reducing power was obtained for SeMet, while the highest ability to scavenging DPPH radicals for MeSeCys. The results obtained experimentally for the mixtures containing selenium species and green or black tea infusion were compared with theoreti- cal values calculated by adding up the effects of both individual components analyzed separately. The results obtained from each assay clearly show that observed effect is not additive. In almost every case the theoretical value of antioxidant capac- ity was significantly higher from that obtained from the activity of the binary mixture of black tea infusion with selenium compound decreased in the order: SeMet > Se(IV) > Se(VI) > MeSeCys, while for similar mixtures with green tea infusion: MeSeCys > Se(VI) > SeMet ~ Se(IV). Keywords Selenium compounds · Green tea · Black tea · Antioxidant activity Abbreviations species that is present in particular food or dietary supple- BT Black tea ments is crucial. It is known that organic forms of selenium GT Green tea are less toxic and more bioavailable than its inorganic forms Se(IV) Selenite [22].
    [Show full text]
  • Polyphenols, Glucosinolates, Dietary Fibre and Colon Cancer
    Nutrition and Aging 2 (2013/2014) 45–67 45 DOI 10.3233/NUA-130029 IOS Press Polyphenols, glucosinolates, dietary fibre and colon cancer: Understanding the potential of specific types of fruit and vegetables to reduce bowel cancer progression Noura Eid, Gemma Walton, Adele Costabile, Gunter G.C. Kuhnle and Jeremy P.E. Spencer∗ School of Chemistry, Food and Pharmacy, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK Abstract. Colorectal cancer is the third most prevalent cancer worldwide and the most common diet-related cancer, influenced by diets rich in red meat, low in plant foods and high in saturated fats. Observational studies have shown that fruit and vegetable intake may reduce colorectal cancer risks, although the precise bioactive components remain unclear. This review will outline the evidence for the role of polyphenols, glucosinolates and fibres against cancer progression in the gastrointestinal tract. Those bioactive compounds are considered protective agents against colon cancer, with evidence taken from epidemiological, human clinical, animal and in vitro studies. Various mechanisms of action have been postulated, such as the potential of polyphenols and glucosinolates to inhibit cancer cell growth and the actions of insoluble fibres as prebiotics and the evidence for these actions are detailed within. In addition, recent evidence suggests that polyphenols also have the potential to shift the gut ecology in a beneficial manner. Such actions of both fibre and polyphenols in the gastrointestinal tract and through interaction with gut epithelial cells may act in an additive manner to help explain why certain fruits and vegetables, but not all, act to differing extents to inhibit cancer incidence and progression.
    [Show full text]
  • Phytochemical Database & Health Function
    AMERICAN PISTACHIO PHYTOCHEMICAL DATABASE & HEALTH FUNCTION AMERICAN PISTACHIO PHYTOCHEMICAL DATABASE & HEALTH FUNCTION RAW KERNELS Pistachio Phytochemicals Pistachios have been considered beneficial to health for These include carotenoids such as lutein, zeaxanthin and centuries by societies all over the world.1 In addition to beta-carotene; phytosterols like beta-sitosterol and being a rich source of many essential vitamins and minerals, polyphenols like quercetin and resveratrol. Research shows monounsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty that these phytochemicals have beneficial roles in the body, acids, protein and fiber, pistachios provide an array of acting as antioxidants, cholesterol-lowering and phytochemicals that may promote heath and well-being.1, 2, 3 anti-inflammatory agents.4, 5 Pistachio Phytochemical Database SUBSTANCE VALUE FUNCTION ALANINE 0.914 g per 100 g Amino Acid Building block for making proteins. (See Protein) ALPHA-LINOLENIC 0.259 g per 100 g Essential Fatty Acid Omega-3 fatty acids that is essential for life. Omega-3 fatty ACID acids have anti-inflammatory effect. They have been shown to lower blood triglycerides levels and protect from heart disease. ALPHA- 2.3 mg per 100 g Vitamin E Fat-soluble antioxidant: it protects cell membranes against free radical TOCOPHEROL 0.6 mg per oz serving - damage. Research has shown that vitamin E is important for heart health and (2% DV) protects from diseases that come with aging, it boosts immune system and keeps skin and eyes healthy. ANTHOCYANIDINS 6.06 mg per 100 g Flavonoids (Polyphenols) Health protective bioactive compounds (Phytochemicals). Anthocyanidins, a class of flavonoid, are responsible for the intense color of berries, wine, beets and red cabbage.
    [Show full text]
  • DETERMINATION of POLYPHENOL CONTENTS in Hevea Brasiliensis and RUBBER-PROCESSING EFFLUENT
    Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences, Vol 22 No 2 (2018): 185 - 196 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17576/mjas-2018-2202-03 MALAYSIAN JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL SCIENCES ISSN 1394 - 2506 Published by The Malaysian Analytical Sciences Society DETERMINATION OF POLYPHENOL CONTENTS IN Hevea brasiliensis AND RUBBER-PROCESSING EFFLUENT (Penentuan Kandungan Polifenol dalam Hevea brasiliensis dan Sisa Pemprosesan Getah) Azmi Ismun1, Marinah Mohd Ariffin2, Shamsul Bahri Abd Razak1, Ong Chin Wei3, Fauziah Tufail Ahmad1, Aidilla Mubarak1* 1School of Food Science and Technology 2School of Marine and Environmental Science Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia 3Crop Improvement and Protection Unit, Rubber Research Institute of Malaysia, 47000 Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia *Corresponding author: [email protected] Received: 26 August 2017; Accepted: 29 January 2018 Abstract The information on polyphenol composition of Hevea brasiliensis is limited despite the importance of understanding the value of this phytochemical, especially in terms of plant protection. There are also no reports available on the polyphenols content of rubber-processing effluent. The objective of this study is to determine the presence of polyphenol compounds in latex C-serum and effluent using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. This study also aims to profile specific phenolics using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Results from the FTIR analysis showed the presence of polyphenols in both latex and effluent. The optimal method for determining polyphenol by HPLC was determined which uses methanol and 0.5% acetic acid as the mobile phases. Several polyphenol peaks, including gallic acid, naphtoic acid, quercetin, chlorogenic acid and rutin, were detected in both latex and effluent when compared to authentic polyphenol standards.
    [Show full text]
  • Physicochemical Properties and Function of Plant Polyphenol Oxidase: a Review'
    PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND FUNCTION OF PLANT POLYPHENOL OXIDASE: A REVIEW' RUHIYE YORUK and MAURICE R. MARSHALL* Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences Food Science and Human Nutrition Department University of Florida PO Box 1I0720 Gainesville, I.z 3261 1-0720 Received for Publication November 18, 2002 Accepted for Publication January 23, 2003 ABSTRACT Polyphenol oxidase (PPO)-catalyzed browning reactions are of significant importance in the fruit and vegetable industry. These reactions proceeding in many foods of plant origin cause deterioration and loss of food quality. A better knowledge of the factors that influence the action of PPO is imperative in order to control and manipulate its detrimental activity in plant products. This paper presents an overview of the current understanding of the reaction properties, biochemical characteristics and potential physiological roles of PPO in plants. Reaction properties will include general PPO reactions, specificities and molecular mechanisms of these reactions, and methods available to assess PPO activity. Physicochemical properties will evaluate substrate specificity, environ- mental influences such as pH and temperature, multiplicity, latency, and activators and inhibitors of PPO. The discussion will conclude with potential physiological roles of PPO in plants. INTRODUCTION A plethora of studies show that polyphenol oxidase (PPO; 1 ,Zbenzenediol: oxygen oxidoreductase; EC 1.10.3.l), also known as tyrosinase, polyphenolase, phenolase, catechol oxidase, cresolase, or catecholase is widely found in nature (Whitaker 1994, 1996). PPO is typically present in the majority of plant tissues (Vamos-Vigyazo 1981; Zawistowski et al. 1991; Sherman et al. 1991, 1995; ' Florida Agricultural Experiment Station Journal Series No. R-09304 To whom correspondence should be sent.
    [Show full text]