駒澤大学心理学論集，2011，第13号，35-43

2011, 13, 35 -43 原 著

A Study of in ,Macao,Singapore and

Yoshihiro Takahashi (Department of Psychology, Komazawa University, Japan) Raymond K.H. Chan (Department of Applied Social Studies, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong) K.Y. Leung (Macao Polytechnic Institute, Macao) K.S. Wong (Thye Hua Kwan Moral Society, Singapore) Kiyoshi Hayashi (Shiraumegakuen College, Japan) Hiroko Takahashi ( Management College, Japan) Rie Nagasawa (Graduate School of Psychology, Rissho University, Japan)

In measuring the respondents’attitudes on PURPOSE gambling, the survey adopted a 5-point Likert

Currently, gambling addictive gambling, and scale. While the score of 3 is the mid-point, the problems it generated are key concerns of score and mean score below 3 will be consid- practitioners in social work, counselling and ered as negative:‘dislike’, ‘bad’, ‘negative’, ‘un- psychotherapy. Moreover, studies on the interested’and ‘gambler not smart’; and vice traits of people who have higher acceptance of versa if the score and mean score is above 3. gambling or exhibiting pathological tendencies RESULTS attract researchers’attention (e.g.Pentry,2005; Mizuguchi, 1985;Sato et al,2005). These atti- Age and sex ratio of the participant are tude and tendency are related to their personal shown in Table 1 and 2. conditions, apart from the cultural and social The gender balance was different among factors constituting their background. This those societies:we have more female samples study is to provide an overview of the youth’s than male except in Japan. However, it was attitude towards gambling. found that percentage of either sex samples

could still occupied approximately 40 per cent METHOD of the total. This survey was conducted in four different The survey also explored if the samples areas in Asia in 2004 to 2005 and it was themselves have been regularly or occasionally designed to collect descriptive data concerning engaged in gambling activities. The result the youth attitudes toward gambling,especially showed that they were not regular gamblers. the impacts of perceived social distance Relatively speaking, mahjong was more popu- between the gamblers and the youth. Those lar among the youths in Hong Kong,Macao and who participated in the survey were university Singapore; and Singapore youth also has a students. The survey has a total of 1,094 sam- relatively higher participation rate in poker ples, with the following distributions in each (card ). On the whole, Japan youth has society:Hong Kong:325;Macao:136;Singapor- the lowest participation rate in these gambling e: 200; Japan: 433. The respondents were all activities (see Table 3). college students, their age range concentrated On the whole,none of the youth respondent in in 18 to 21, meaning most of them were under- all societies possessed positive attitudes on graduates, except in Singapore. gambling in all aspects measured in this survey.

35 Table 1:Age Range

Age range Hong Kong Macao Singapore Japan 18-21 252(77.5) 80(58.8) 88(44.0) 394(92.3) 22-25 69(21.3) 32(23.6) 96(48.0) 28(6.6) 26 & above 4(1.2) 24(17.6) 16(8.0) 5(1.2) Total 325(100.0) 136(100.0) 200(100.0) 433(100.0) (%)

Table 2:Gender

Hong Kong Macao Singapore Japan

Male 147(45.5) 52(38.2) 98(49.0) 254(59.5) Female 176(54.5) 84(61.8) 102(51.0) 173(40.5) Total 323(100.0) 136(100.0) 200(100.0) 427(100.0) (%)

Among them, youth in Japan and Singapore friends and their family members. The survey have a less negative impression on gambling, hypothesized that the closer the distance, the and followed by Hong Kong. Interesting, higher expectationnormally a higher ethical

Macao’s youth has the most negative impres- and moral demandon these two groups of sion on gambling,probably related to the preva- persons,comparing with the ordinary gamblers; lence of the gambling industry and the prob- and hence stronger rejection resulting in more lems associated in the city (Table 4). negative judgment.

For the gambling activities currently While comparing the youths’perception of prevailed in different societies,the survey find- the gamblers, depending on their social close- ings revealed that impression on the gamblers ness with them,it became more negative if the involved in various types of gambling activities, gamblers were their close friends. The percep- was varied(mean scores ranged from 2.4 to 3.2). tions recorded a drop among all items (mean

The overall mean scores, including the five scores ranged from 2.72 in Singapore and 2.88 in items surveyed in the four societies,were 2.88 in Japan), except horse racing among the Hong

Hong Kong to 2.98 in Japan. Gamblers involv- Kong youth, soccer betting among Japanese ing themselves in soccer betting and horse rac- and Macao youth; and mahjong among the ing were considered as slightly negative in all Japanese youth. This might show that they places (m＝2.7 to 2.9). For those who played have a different expectation on their close mahjong, only the Japanese youth considered friends for not involving in various kinds of they as slightly negative (m＝2.8). This might gambling activities (Table 6). probably due to the cultural differences as

Mahjong has a long history in Chinese societies The survey further explores the respondents’ as a popular entertainment, and being consid- attitude on the gamblers who were their family ered as a social activity rather than merely a members. Confirming our hypothesis,the find- gambling activity (Table 5). ings revealed that respondents have more

negative perception of the gamblers if they

The survey further measured the respon- were family members (mean scores ranged dents’perception on the gamblers who were in from 2.40 in Hong Kong to 2.46 in Macao and different social distance with them:their close Singapore)(Table 7).

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e

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M H S P L “ 5 B B P B C J O V

39 Table 8:Comparison of the perceptions on the five gambling activities prevailed in all four societies

Societies Ordinary Gambler as their Gambling as their (a)-(b) (a)-(c)

gambler close friends family member (a) (b) (c) Hong Kong 2.88 2.78 2.40 0.10 0.48 Macao 2.94 2.74 2.46 0.20 0.48 Singapore 2.86 2.72 2.46 0.14 0.40 Japan 2.98 2.88 2.42 0.10 0.56

Figure 1:Comparison of the perceptions on the five gambling activities prevailed in all four societies

Such trend could be clearly revealed by a The survey adopted a 10-point scale to mea- comparison of the mean scores of the respon- sure the applicability of various purposes/ dent perception on these three groups of sub- motives to explain the gamblers participating jects: ordinary gamblers, close friends, and in gambling activities (Table 9). The motive family members. The figures clearly showed of“money seeking”is the most frequently cited that social closeness with the respondents will motive considered by the respondents, for the have impact on the perception (Table 8). gambler to engage in gambling activities in

Hong Kong, Macao and Singapore (mean

Obviously,the changes between the gamblers score＝7.7, 6.5 & 7.4, respectively). This as their close friends and gamblers as their motive ranked the second in Japan (mean＝7.8), family members have a difference. The youth in where the most applicable purpose is “plea- has a keener concern and higher expectation on sure seeking” (mean＝8.0). “Looking for their family members, and hence recorded a excitement” ranked, on the whole, second, much larger drop in the mean scores. Among among all purposes. “Pride seeking”as the the youth in the four societies, Japan’s youth motive, as revealed by our findings, seemed to recorded the greatest drop of 0.56. These be the most non-applicable motive, with mean patterns reflect the relative importance, and scores only from 4.2(Japan)to 5.6(Hong Kong). hence different expectation on the behavior and Seeking to ‘earn’money was perceived as the moral standard applied to their family mem- most popular motive among the gamblers. bers in involving themselves in these gambling activities. The two frequently cited motives:compensa- tory(item 6)and looking for fulfillment (item 7)

40 2 4 6 8 4 9 8 D ...... S 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

n n a 0 8 9 2 1 9 9 a ...... p e 8 7 5 4 7 4 5 a M J

3 3 9 0 2 1 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 N 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

y l 1 1 3 6 9 4 5 r D ...... a S 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 l u g e e r r o n

p s 8 4 0 4 8 1 9 a e ...... a e i 6 7 6 5 6 6 5 g t i M n v i i t S c

a 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 g N 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 n i l b

m a 4 0 5 6 6 6 8

D g ......

S 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 n i

g n o i n a 5 5 1 1 2 2 4 a g c ...... e a a 5 6 5 5 6 5 5 g M n M e

f o 5 7 6 6 6 6 6

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 e N 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 v e i l t

b o

a m c i / l 0 0 2 1 0 3 0

e D p ...... s S 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 p o A p g

r

n y u l o n P e 3 7 0 6 8 8 2 K t a i d ...... e n e g 6 7 6 5 6 5 6 i v n M f i o e e c D H

r - e 0 0 6 7 5 1 1 7 P 1 2 2 1 0 2 1 1 N : 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 ; 9 e l b e l a b c s i

a t l t g n n T i p n n e e i

e p r t h e m e t A m e l h

g l t r t

p i i t o o g s f c l f o n o x g

N

i u n e e f n s

n f m g k n i i

e y t o e l n r r a l i k v i a

e t c e o o i e

s y k t f f t

a e l e i

e s y i o s e h n g g e e n a i t r s n n f e M h y

d u i i

t e / e y p s e

k k r s n o t a D i d e j o m o i e o - a e s l n r o o o 1 h h o P M E P L C t t L : p e r ...... t

u . o P １ ２ ３ ４ ５ ６ 7 N

41 Table 10:Tangible and Intangible Motive of Engaging in Gambling

Purposes/motives Hong Kong Macao Singapore Japan Overall mean

among 4 societies

Tangible- 7.7 6.5 7.4 7.8 7.35 Money seeking Intangible (overall mean) 6.1 5.42 6.22 6.02 5.94 Pleasure seeking 6.3 5.5 6.8 8.0 6.65 Looking for excitement 6.8 6.2 6.8 7.1 6.00 Atmosphere 6.0 5.1 6.0 5.9 5.75 Pride 5.6 5.1 5.4 4.2 5.80 Compensation 5.8 5.2 6.1 4.9 5.50 Looking for fulfillment 6.2 5.4 5.9 5.9 5.85 received varied responses in different societies. want to attain (or compensate). For the former,the mean scores were from 4.9 DISCUSSION (Japan)to 6.1(Singapore),but were not particu- larly strong. For the item 7, the scores were The reason why mahjong in Hong Kong, also not that appealing:mean scores from 5.4 Macao and Singapore, and card games (e.g., (Macao) to 6.2 (Hong Kong). Based on these poker)in all four societies are more likely to be data,it seems that money seeking,the tangible accepted is probably due to, apart from its factor, seemed to be the most applicable popularity and hence taken-for-granted in the motive. Yet, to have better understanding of society, the way of obtaining success in it, the motive,further analysis has been conducted which require sophisticated knowledge and by dividing these motives into tangible and complicated skills (i.e., “brain works”), as intangible (Table 10). compared to others. The rewardin monetary

form-gained by engaging in these activities

Item 2 is considered as tangible,whereas the through such process and will offer a different rest (items 1,3 to 7)are related to psychological meaning to the “gambling” activities. For fulfillment. For money seeking, the tangible example, the monetary reward will be “clean motive, the result confirmed that this was and fair” ascribed by the participants’own strongest motive for engaging in gambling efforts and achievements. activities regularly; and across four societies compared, it was considered as much more The gamblers who played lottery tickets applicable than the intangible motives. Specif- seemed to be relatively more accepted in all ically, for the intangible motives, “pleasure societies. Compared with mahjong and card seeking”and“looking for excitement”were the games,gambling on lottery tickets are required two most applicable motive (average mean more on luck than on “brain work”. Using the scores as 6.65 and 6.0). logic to evaluate mahjong and card games,the

money gained by lottery tickets was lack of

Among the intangible motives, Japan youth fairness. However,the cost involved in buying recorded the highest mean score of 8.0 for a lottery ticket was usually low,buying lottery

“pleasure seeking”, and at the same time, the tickets was easy,and lottery ticket was always lowest mean score of 4.2 for “pride seeking” associated with some positive social purposes among all four societies. Further analysis (e.g., fund raising for charity). Hence, people would be on what are their motives,what they may feel they just try their luck or with a good

42 purposes, and not considering it as gambling. adequately explain the reason,it could be valid

to propose that such low tolerance might due to

Moreover,in the case of Japan,the probabil- the fact that family members would be the ity of winning a lottery is extremely low, and direct financial victims if someone participants no gamblers could earn their living by lottery some gambling activity constantly or such ticket. Thus generating an image that lottery behavior might bring the entire family’s reputa- ticket might be “cleaner”and “healthier”than tion into disrepute. other types of gambling activities. Compared to other societies, Japanese youth seemed to Given the fact that the frequencies of partici- have higher acceptance on horse racing. pation are low and 95% of the participants on

Horse racing is,in common with lottery ticket, this survey is under 25 year old university stu- appeared in TV commercials using celebration. dents,it is assumed their answers for the ques- Japanese Racing Association (JRA) has tions:“feeling of the word gambling’”,“feeling proposed new uses of racecourse, such as a about the(ordinary)gamblers”,and“purpose or place for date and place for leisure. These motive of engaged in gambling activities regu- were enough to wipe out the negative image of larly” are very much impressionistic rather horse racing. than on their own experiences.

REFERENCES In this survey,the perception towards a close friend who participated in the gambling activity Mizuguchi,R.1995 Cognitive psychological study of

personality structure.Tokyo:Kazama Shobo regularly only has a minor difference if compar- ed with the perception towards ordinary gam- Petry, N. M. 2005 Stage of change in treatment- blers in all four societies. However, the per- seeking pathological gamblers. Journal of Con- sulting & Clinical Psychology,73,312-322. ception toward a famil y member who par- Sato, C., Ono, K., Ueda, K. & Shimada, H. 2005 A ticipated in the gambling activity regularly was study of a cognitive bias in the continuation of more negative. Based on the results,it seemed the gambling activities. Abstract Book of The that youth recognized family members as spe- 11th Academic Meeting of the The Japanese cial figures and clearly differentiate from close Society of Behavior Medicine,54. friends. Though the survey findings could not

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