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CARAN Carang 17

1983 FAO IDENTIFICATION SHEETS

FAMILY: FISHING AREA 51 (W. Indian )

Carangoides uii Wakiya, 1924

OTHER SCIENTIFIC NAMES STILL IN USE: ? Citula diversa Whitley, 1940

VERNACULAR NAMES: FAO : En - Onion trevally Fr - Carangue oignon Sp - Jurel cebollita

NATIONAL:

DISTINCTIVE CHARACTERS:

Body strongly compressed, almost ovate; dorsal profile of body more strongly convex than ventral profile, nape moderately curved. Eye diameter slightly smaller than snout lenyth; both jaws with bands of villiform teeth, the bands widest anteriorly; vomerine tooth patch ovate, without a posteromedian extension; gillrakers (including rudiments) 6 or 7 upper, 16 to 18 lower and 22 to 25 total on first gill arch. Two separate dorsal fins, the first with 8 spines, the second with 1 spine and 21 to 23 usually 22 or 23 soft rays; anal fin with 2 detached spines followed by 1 spine and 18 or 19 soft rays; lobe of second elongate, in largest adults may exceed length of second dorsal fin base. (In specimens larger than 10 cm fork length, height of second dorsal fin lobe longer than head length, and distinctly longer than anal fin lobe.) anteriorly with a moderate regular arch, with junction of curved and straight parts below second dorsal fin between 12th to 14th soft rays; chord of curved part of lateral line longer than straight part of lateral line, contained 0.6 to 0.8 times in straight part; straight part of lateral line with 16 to 26 weak scutes, and 34 to 43 total elements (including anterior scales). Breast naked ventrally to behind origin of pelvic fins; laterally, naked area of breast extends diagonally to naked base of pectoral fin. Vertebrae 10+14.

Colour: in life, bluish-grey above, silvery below; opercle spot indistinct. Spinous dorsal fin and lobe and margins of second dorsal fin dark; anal fin spotted with yellow and tipped with white. Pelvic fins and caudal fin yellowish, the latter with dusky edges, pectoral fins pale. DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS OF SIMILAR SPECIES OCCURRING IN THE AREA:

Carangoides caeruleopinnatus: in specimens larger than 10 cm fork length, height of second dorsal fin lobe usually shorter than head length, and slightly to distinctly shorter than anal fin lobe. C. malabaricus and C. talamparoides: small area naked of scales anteriorly just above pectoral fin base (completely scaled in C. uii); and more gillrakers on lower limb of first arch, 21 to 27 (C. malabaricus) or 19 to 22 (C. talamparoides) (versus 16 to 18 in C. uii . C. chrysophrys: profile of snout gently sloped, then abruptly vertical just above mouth cleft; and usually fewer soft dorsal fin rays, 18 to 20 (21 to 23, usually 22 or C. caeruleopinnatus 23 in C. uii). C. hedlandensis: eye diameter about equal to or larger than snout length; adults with interorbital "bump"; and in mature males, central rays of dorsal and anal fins elongate. C. armatus: more lower limb gillrakers on first arch, 20 to 24, total 31 to 37 (versus 16 to 18 and 22 to 25, respectively).

bump

C. malabaricus C. uii

C. chrysophrys C. hedIandensis SIZE:

Maximum: Largest specimen examined 21 cm fork length, 24.5 cm total length. Remarks: few adult specimens are available in collections suggesting that this species may be relatively uncommon and perhaps does not attain a large size.

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION AND BEHAVIOUR: In the Western known only from Durban () and Sri Lanka. Also known from Thailand, Okinawa, Japan, the Philippines and and (if C. diversa is conspecific). Inhabits coastal waters.

PRESENT FISHING GROUNDS:

Coastal waters throughout its range.

CATCHES, FISHING GEAR AND FORMS OF UTILIZATION:

Separate statistics are not reported for this species. Caught on hook and line, with bottom trawls and several types of artisanal gear.

Marketed fresh and dried salted. CARAN 1

1983 FAO SPECIES IDENTIFICATION SHEETS

FAMILY : CARANGIDAE FISHING AREA 51 (W. Indian Ocean)

Caranx ignobilis (Forsskål, 1775)

OTHER SCIENTIFIC NAMES STILL IN USE: None

VERNACULAR NAMES: FAO : En - Fr - Carangue têtue Sp - Jurel gigante

NATIONAL: patch of prepelvic DISTINCTIVE CHARACTERS: scales

Body oblong, compressed; dorsal profile strongly naked convex to second dorsal fin, ventral profile only slightly area convex. Adipose eyelid moderately developed, small anteriorly, posterior eyelid extends onto eye to rear border of pupil; end of upper jaw extends to posterior edge of pupil or a little beyond; upper jaw with outer row of strong canines widely spaced in adults, and an inner band of small villiform teeth, widest at symphysis; lower jaw with a single row of strong conical teeth widely common less common rare spaced in adults; gillrakers (including rudiments) 5 to 7 upper, 15 to 17 lower and 20 to 24 total on first gill arch underside of head Two separate dorsal fins, the first with 8 spines, the types of scalation patterns on breast second with 1 spine and 18 to 21 soft rays; anal fin with 2 detatched spines followed by 1 spine and 15 to 17 soft rays; total soft dorsal and anal fin rays 34 to 38; dorsal-fin lobe contained 4.4 to 6.2 times in fork length in specimens larger than 15 cm fork length. Straight part of lateral line with 0 to 4 anterior scales followed by 26 to 38 strong scutes. Breast naked ventrally, typically with a small patch of prepelvic scales. Vertebrae 10+14. Colour: in life, adults with head and body silvery grey to black above, usually paler below; fins usually uniformly pigmented grey to black, except leading edge and tips of dorsal and anal fin lobes paler. No dark spot at upper end of opercle. Mature males usually darker than females, sometimes head and fins completely black. Juveniles and young adults generally with more silvery bodies and paler fins; those inhabiting turbid coastal waters often with yellow fins, the anal fin usually brightest.

DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS OF SIMILAR SPECIES OCCURRING IN THE AREA:

Caranx sem: total gillrakers (including rudiments) on first arch 24 to 27, usually 25 or 26 (20 to 24, rarely 24 in C. ignobilis); general body colour bronze to yellow-green (versus silvery to black); and upper lobe of caudal fin frequently with distal half noticeably dark or black, especially in juveniles.

C. lugubris: breast completely scaled; and total gillrakers (including rudiments) on first arch 23 to 30, usually 26 to 28 versus 20 to 24, rarely 24).

C. papuensis: total gillrakers (including rudiments) on first arch 26 to 30 (20 to 24, rarely 24 in C. ignobilis); general body colour bronze to yellow-green versus silvery to black); and posterior margin of lower caudal-fin lobe with a distinct narrow white border.

C. melampygus: breast completely scaled; total gillrakers (including rudiments) on first arch 25 to 29, usually 26 or 27 (20 to 24, rarely 24 in C. ignobilis); and in life, adults with median fins electric blue.

C. sexfasciatus and C. tille: breast completely scaled; and upper end of opercle usually with a black spot.

Other species of Carangidae: lack strong scutes in the straight part of lateral line or dentition not consisting of upper jaw with an outer series of moderate to strong canines and an inner band of fine teeth, and lower jaw with a single row of teeth.

SIZE:

Maximum: verified size 146 cm fork length, 165 cm total length and 52.6 kg; common to about 80 cm fork length.

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION AND BEHAVIOUR:

Broadly distributed throughout most of the Indian Ocean and Central Pacific, eastward to the Hawaiian and Marquesas Islands.

Abundant in all marine habitats; juveniles often encoun- tered in .

Feeds primarily on .

PRESENT FISHING GROUNDS:

Coastal waters throughout its range. An excellent sports fish.

CATCHES, FISHING GEAR AND FORMS OF UTILIZATION:

Separate statistics are not reported for this species.

Caught primarily on hook and line and by spearing; also with gillnets and other artisanal gear.

Marketed mostly fresh; also dried salted. CARAN Caranx 2

1983

FAO SPECIES IDENTIFICATION SHEETS

FAMILY: CARANGIDAE FISHING AREA 51 (W. Indian Ocean)

Caranx melampygus Cuvier, 1833

OTHER SCIENTIFIC NAMES STILL IN USE: Caranx stellatus Eydoux & Souleyet, 1841 Caranx medusicola Jordan & Starks, 1895

VERNACULAR NAMES: FAO : En - Fr - Carangue aile bleue Sp - Jurel de aleta azul

NATIONAL:

DISTINCTIVE CHARACTERS:

Body oblong, compressed; dorsal profile moderately convex to second dorsal fin, ventral profile only slightly convex. Adipose eyelid weakly developed, small anteriorly, posterior eyelid extends onto eye to rear border of pupil in large adults; end of upper jaw extends to below anterior margin of eye; upper jaw with outer row of strong canines widely spaced in adults, and an inner band of small villiform teeth, widest at symphysis; lower jaw with a single row of strong conical teeth widely spaced in adults; gillrakers (including rudiments) 5 to 9 upper, 17 to 21 lower and 25 to 29 (usually 26 or 27) total on first gill arch. Two separate dorsal fins, the first with 8 spines, the second with 1 spine and 21 to 24 soft rays; anal fin with 2 detached spines followed by 1 spine and 17 to 20 soft rays; total soft dorsal and anal fin rays 39 to 44; dorsal-fin lobe contained 4.2 to 6.7 times in fork length in specimens larger than 15 cm fork length. Straight part of lateral line with 0 to 10 anterior scales followed by 27 to 42 strong scutes. Breast completely scaled. Vertebrae 10 t 14.

Colour: adults with head and dorsal half of bod brass suffused with blue and covered with small blue- black spots (forming at about 16 to 22 cm fork length and increasing in number with size); ventrally body generally silvery white. Second dorsal, anal and caudal fins electric blue; pelvic fins whitish and pectoral fins mostly pale yellow. In juveniles and young adults, head and body silvery-grey and fins pale to dark dusky, except pectoral fin yellow. YA DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS OF SIMILAR SPECIES OCCURRING IN THE AREA:

Cararix papuensis: breast partially naked ventrally; and naked adults with lower caudal fin lobe with a distinct narrow white area border and, in life, median fins riot electric blue.

C. sem: adults without small black spots scattered on head arid body, and in life, median fins not electric blue; breast usually naked ventrally arid total soft dorsal arid anal fin rays 34 to 38 (versus 39 to 44 in C. melampygus). C. ignobilis: breast partially naked ventrally; fewer total gillrakers (including rudiments) on first arch 20 to 24 (versus 25 to 29, usually 26 or 27); arid ire life, median fins of adults not electric blue. C. sexfasciatus and C. tille; fewer total gillrakers (including rudiments); on first arch, 22 to 25 (versus 25 to 29, usually 26 or 27); adults without small black spots scattered on common less common rare head and body, and in life, median fins not electric blue; and underside of head and snout shorter, contained 13.1 to 18.4 times in fork length. breast types of scalation (versus 9.2 to 12 .7 ). C. papuensis C. lugubris: in life, body and fin; coloration essen- tially uniform grey to brown; and height of dorsal fin lobe longer in adults, contained 2.5 to 5.3 times in fork length (versus 4.2 to 6.7 times in C. melampygus). Other species of Carangidae: lack strong scutes in the straight part of lateral line or dentition not consisting of upper jaw with an outer series of moderate to strong canines and ari inner band of fine teeth, and lower jaw with a single row of teeth.

C . lugubris SIZE:

Maximum: verified size 80 cm total length and 6.8 kg; reported to attain 100 cm total length.

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION AND BEHAVIOUR:

Common throughout most of the Western Indian Ocean, except apparently unrecorded from the "Gulf" and Pakistan. Elsewhere, generally distributed throughout the Indo-West Pacific and tropical Eastern Pacific. C. melampygus Invariably associated with habitats throughout its broad range; most common in offshore areas.

Feeds primarily on other fish; reported to move up onto reef flats at night to feed.

PRESENT FISHING GROUNDS:

Reef areas throughout its range. An excellent sports fish.

CATCHES, FISHING GEAR AND FORMS OF UTILIZATION:

Separate statistics are not reported for this species. Caught primarily on hook and line and by spearing; also with traps and gillnets. Marketed mostly fresh; also dried salted.

CARAN Caranx 3

1983

FAO SPECIES IDENTIFICATION SHEETS

FAMILY : CARANGIDAE FISHING AREA 51 (W. Indian Ocean)

Caranx sexfasciatis Quoy & Gaimard, 1824

OTHER SCIENTIFIC NAMES STILL IN USE: Caranx marginatus Gill, 1863 Caranx elacate Jordan & Everman, 1904

VERNACULAR NAMES:

FAO : En - Fr - Carangue vorace Sp - Jurel voraz NATIONAL:

DISTINCTIVE CHARACTERS: Body oblong, compressed; dorsal profile moderately convex to second dorsal fin, ventral profile only slightly convex; postorbital head length contained 6.4 to 8.2 times in fork length in specimens larger than 15 cm fork length. Adipose eyelid well developed, moderate anteriorly, posterior eyelid extends onto eye to rear border of pupil; end of upper jaw extends to beyond posterior margin of eye; upper jaw with outer row of strong canines widely spaced in adults, and an inner band of small villiform teeth, widest at symphysis; lower jaw with a single row of strong conical teeth widely spaced in adults; gillrakers (including rudiments) 6 to 8 upper, 15 to 19 lower and 21 to 25 total on first gill arch. Two separate dorsal fins, the first with 8 spines, the second with 1 spine and 19 to 22 soft rays; anal fin with 2 detached spines followed by 1 spine and 14 to 17 soft rays; total soft dorsal and anal fin rays 33 to 39; dorsal fin lobe contained 5.0 to 6.6 times in fork length in specimens larger than 15 cm fork len length. Straight part of lateral line with 0 to 3 anterior scales followed by 27 to 36 strong scutes. Breast completely scaled. Vertebrae 10 + 15. Colour: in life, adults with head and body silvery olive to iridescent blue-green above, silvery olive to whitish below; a small blackish spot, much smaller than eye diameter, at upper margin of opercle (this spot faintly evident on specimens of about 14 cm fork length). Second dorsal fin olive to blackish, the lobe with a white tip (white tip becomes more obvious with increasing size); anal and caudal fins yellowish to black. Lateral line scutes dark to black. In juveniles and young adults, head, body and scutes more silvery and fins paler (grey to yellow) except upper half of dorsal fin lobe and upper lobe of caudal fin usually dark. DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS OF SIMILAR SPECIES OCCURRING IN THE AREA: Caranx tille: in adults, dorsal fin lobe without a white tip; dorsal profile of head strongly convex (moderately convex in C. sexfasciatus); black spot on opercle larger; height of dorsal-firs lobe typically shorter in similar-sized fish; and vertebrae 10+14. C. melampygus: more total gillrakers (including rudiments) on first arch, 25 to 29, usually 26 or 27 (22 to 25 in C. tille); adults with small black spots scattered on head and body, and in life, median fins electric blue; and snout longer, con- tained 9.2 to 12.7 times in fork length (versus 13.1 to 18.4). C. sem: breast usually partially naked; no small, black spot on upper margin of opercle; and C. tille C. sexfasciatus adipose eyelid only moderately developed. C. lugubris: body and fin coloration essen- tially uniform grey to brown; upper jaw extends to below middle of eye (versus to beyond posterior margin of eye); and height of dorsal fin lobe usually much longer in adults, 2.3 to 5.3 times in fork length (versus 5.0 to 8.8). C. ignobilis and C. papuensis: breast partially naked ventrally. Other species of Carangidae: lack strong scutes in the straight part of lateral line or dentition not consisting of upper jaw with an outer series of moderate to strong canines and an inner band of fine teeth, and lower jaw with a single row of teeth.

C. melampygus

C. lugubris SIZE: C. sem Maximum: verified size 78 cm fork length and 7.7 kg; common to about 60 cm fork length.

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION AND BEHAVIOUR: Broadly distributed throughout the tropical Indo-West Pacific, includ- ing ; also occurs in the Eastern Pacific Ocean and from Ecuador to Mexico (Mazatlan), including the Galapagos Islands. A reef-associated species commonly caught in large numbers hand- lining around lights at night in waters inside the reef; juveniles may occur in estuaries. Feeds primarily on fish and .

PRESENT FISHING GROUNDS: Mainly reef areas throughout its range.

CATCHES, FlSHING GEAR AND FORMS OF UTILIZATION: Separate statistics are not reported for this species. Caught mainly on hook and line; also with gillnets, purse seines and other artisanal gear. Marketed fresh and dried salted. CARAN Caranx 4

1983 FAO SPECIES IDENTIFICATION SHEETS

FAMILY: CARANGIDAE FISHING AREA 51 (W. Indian Ocean)

Caranx tille Cuvier, 1833

OTHER SCIENTIFIC NAMES STILL IN USE: Caranx cynodon Bleeker, 1851

VERNACULAR NAMES: FAO : En - Fr - Carangue tille Sp - Jurel tille

NATIONAL:

DISTINCTIVE CHARACTERS:

Body oblong, compressed; dorsal profile strongly convex to second dorsal fin, ventral profile only slightly convex; postorbital head length contained 5.7 to 7.3 times in fork length in specimens larger than 15 cm fork length. Adipose eyelid well developed, moderate anteriorly, posterior eyelid extends onto pupil; end of upper jaw extends beyond posterior margin of eye; upper jaw with outer row of strong canines widely spaced in adults, and an inner band of small villiform teeth, widest at symphysis; lower jaw with a single row of strong conical teeth widely spaced in adults; gillrakers (including rudiments) 6 to 8 upper, 15 to 17 lower and 22 to 25 total on first gill arch. Two separate dorsal fins, the first with 8 spines, the second with 1 spine and 20 to 22 soft rays; anal fin with 2 detached spines followed by 1 spine and 16 to 18 soft rays; total soft dorsal and anal fin rays 36 to 40; dorsal fin lobe contained 5.7 to 8.8 times in fork length in specimens larger than 15 cm fork length. Straight part of lateral line with 0 to 2 anterior scales followed by 33 to 42 strong scutes. Breast completely scaled. Vertebrae 10+14.

Colour: in life, adults with head and body dark olive-green to bluish grey above, shading to silvery white below; a blackish spot at least ½ diameter of pupil, at upper margin of opercle (this spot evident on specimens of about 20 cm fork length). Second dorsal fin olive-grey to blackish, the lobe without a white tip; anal and caudal fins yellow-olive to blackish. Lateral line scutes grey, except dark in caudal peduncle region. In juveniles and young adults, head and body pale olive to silvery-grey and fins uniformly pale to dusky. DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERS OF SIMILAR SPECIES OCCURRING IN THE AREA: Caranx sexfasciatus: in adults, dorsal fin lobe with a white tip; dorsal profile of head moderately convex (strongly convex in C. tille); black spot on opercle smaller than half the eye diameter; height of dorsal fin lobe typically longer in similar sized fish; and vertebrae 10+15. C. melampygus: more total gillrakers (includ- ing rudiments) on first arch, 25 to 29, usually 26 or 27 (22 to 25 uin C. tille); adults with small black spots scattered on head and body, and in life, median firs electric blue; and snout longer, con- tained 9.2 to 12.7 times ire fork length (versus 13.1 to 18.4). C. sexfasciatus C. sem: breast usually partially naked; no C. tille small, black spot on upper margin of opercle; and adipose eyelid only moderately developed. C. lugubris: body arid fin coloration essentially uniform grey to brown; upper jaw extends to below middle of eye (versus to beyond posterior margin of eye); and height of dorsal fin lobe usually much longer in adults, 2.3 to 5.3 times in fork length (versus 5.0 to 8.8). C. ignobilis and C. papuensis: breast partially naked ventrally. Other species of Carangidae: lack strong scutes in the straight part of lateral line or dentition not consisting of upper jaw with an outer series of moderate to strong canines and an inner band of fine teeth, and lower jaw with a single row of teeth.

C. melampygus

C. lugubris SIZE: Maximum: verified size 69 cm fork length and 4.3 kg. C. sem

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION AND BEHAVIOUR: Indian Ocean distribution poorly known, along the African coast of South Africa northward at least to Zanzibar, the northeast coast of Malagasy Republic and Sri Lanka. Elsewhere, in the Indo-West Pacific, known from Okinawa, the Philippines, , northern Australia and . A coastal species with a preference for inshore neritic waters, mainly around rocky and reefs. Feeds primarily on other fish and crustaceans.

PRESENT FISHING GROUNDS: Coastal waters throughout its range.

CATCHES, FISHING GEAR AND FORMS OF UTILIZATION : Separate statistics are not reported for this species. Caught mainly ori hook and line; also with gillnets, purse seines and other artisanal gear. Marketed fresh and dried salted.

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