Miguel Centellas
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Political Instability and Economic Growth
Political Instability and Economic Growth The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Alesina, Alberto, Sule Ozler, Nouriel Roubini, and Phillip Swagel. 1996. Political instability and economic growth. Journal of Economic Growth 1(2): 189-211. Published Version doi:10.1007/BF00138862 Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:4553024 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA NBER WORKING PAPER SERIES POLITICAL INSTABILITY AND ECONOMIC GROWTH Albert0 Alesina Sule 0zler Nouriel Roubini Phillip Swagel Working Paper No. 4173 NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138 September 1992 We are grateful to John Londregan for generously sharing his data set and for useful conversations, Kala Krishna for letting us use her PC, Jennifer Widner for much needed help in understanding political events in Africa, Gary King for providing some data, Robert Barro, Rudi Dornbusch, John Helliwell, Ed Learner, Nancy Marion, Ronald Rogowski, Howard Rosenthal, and participants in seminars at University of Maryland, Pennsylvania, Princeton, Utah, UCLA and NBER for very useful comments and Gina Raimondo and Jane Willis for excellent research assistance. For financial support we thank National Fellows Program at Hoover Institution, Sloan, UCLA Academic Senate and Yale Social Science Research Fund, and especially IRIS at University of Maryland. This paper is part of NBER’s research programs in Growth, International Finance and Macroeconomics, and International Trade and Investment. -
OEA/Ser.G CP/Doc. 4115/06 8 May 2006 Original: English REPORT OF
OEA/Ser.G CP/doc. 4115/06 8 May 2006 Original: English REPORT OF THE ELECTORAL OBSERVATION MISSION IN BOLIVIA PRESIDENTIAL AND PREFECTS ELECTIONS 2005 This document is being distributed to the permanent missions and will be presented to the Permanent Council of the Organization ORGANIZATION OF AMERICAN STATES REPORT OF THE ELECTORAL OBSERVATION MISSION IN BOLIVIA PRESIDENTIAL AND PREFECTS ELECTIONS 2005 Secretariat for Political Affairs This version is subject to revision and will not be available to the public pending consideration, as the case may be, by the Permanent Council CONTENTS MAIN ABBREVIATIONS vi CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION 1 A. Electoral Process of December 2005 1 B. Legal and Electoral Framework 3 1. Electoral officers 4 2. Political parties 4 3. Citizen groups and indigenous peoples 5 4. Selection of prefects 6 CHAPTER II. MISSION BACKGROUND, OBJECTIVES AND CHARACTERISTICS 7 A. Mission Objectives 7 B. Preliminary Activities 7 C. Establishment of Mission 8 D. Mission Deployment 9 E. Mission Observers in Political Parties 10 F. Reporting Office 10 CHAPTER III. OBSERVATION OF PROCESS 11 A. Electoral Calendar 11 B. Electoral Training 11 1. Training for electoral judges, notaries, and board members11 2. Disseminating and strengthening democratic values 12 C. Computer System 13 D. Monitoring Electoral Spending and Campaigning 14 E. Security 14 CHAPTER IV. PRE-ELECTION STAGE 15 A. Concerns of Political Parties 15 1. National Electoral Court 15 2. Critical points 15 3. Car traffic 16 4. Sealing of ballot boxes 16 5. Media 17 B. Complaints and Reports 17 1. Voter registration rolls 17 2. Disqualification 17 3. -
How Plural Is the Plural Economy of Bolivia? Constructing a Plural Economy Indicator with Fuzzy Sets
How plural is the plural economy of Bolivia? Constructing a plural economy indicator with fuzzy sets Rolando Gonzales Martínez* * The author thanks the editorial review and the comments from three anonymous referees. The usual disclaimer holds. 10 ROLANDO GONZALES MARTÍNEZ ABSTRACT An indicator that measures the compliance with the constitutional principles of a plural economy is proposed. An inference system based on fuzzy sets was used to calculate the indicator. The fuzzy system summarizes the principles of income redistribution and environmental sustainability into an overall measure of plural economy that allows to objectively judge the change towards a plural economy in Bolivia. JEL Classification: C02, P40 Keywords: Plural economy indicator, fuzzy sets Revista de Análisis, Enero - Junio 2012, Volumen N° 16, pp. 9-29 HOW PLURAL IS THE PLURAL ECONOMY OF BOLIVIA? CONSTRUCTING A PLURAL ECONOMY INDICATOR WITH FUZZY SETS 11 ¿Cuán plural es la economía plural de Bolivia? Construyendo un indicador de economía plural con conjuntos difusos RESUMEN Se propone un indicador que mide el cumplimiento de los principios constitucionales de una economía plural. Para calcular el indicador se usó un sistema de inferencia basado en conjuntos difusos. El sistema difuso resume los principios de la redistribución del ingreso y la sostenibilidad ambiental en una medida global de economía plural que permite juzgar objetivamente el cambio hacia una economía plural en Bolivia. Clasificación JEL: C02, P40 Palabras clave: Indicador de economía plural, conjuntos difusos Revista de Análisis, Enero - Junio 2012, Volumen N° 16, pp. 9-29 12 ROLANDO GONZALES MARTÍNEZ I. Introduction As part of a series of changes of the economic model of Bolivia, the government of this country enacted in 2009 a new State Constitution with the principles of a plural economy. -
Bolivia: Elections Postponed to October
INSIGHTi Bolivia: Elections Postponed to October Updated July 24, 2020 On July 23, 2020, Bolivia’s electoral tribunal announced the postponement of general elections from September 6 to October 18 due to the escalating Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Bolivia has been polarized since the November 2019 resignation of President Evo Morales of the Movement Toward Socialism (MAS) party and already postponed elections originally scheduled for May 3 due to a national quarantine. Unrest and the surging pandemic (Interim President Jeanette Añez and several in her cabinet have contracted COVID-19) could threaten the elections. The United States remains concerned about the political volatility in Bolivia and has supported efforts to ensure the upcoming elections are free and fair. October Elections Annulled Morales, Bolivia’s first indigenous president, transformed Bolivia, but observers criticized his efforts to remain in office (he won elections in 2006, 2009, and 2014). In 2017, Bolivia’s Constitutional Tribunal removed limits on reelection established in the 2009 constitution, effectively overruling a 2016 referendum in which voters rejected a constitutional change to allow Morales to run for another term. Allegations of fraud marred Bolivia’s October Figure 1. Bolivia at a Glance election. The electoral tribunal said Morales exceeded the 10-point margin necessary to avoid a runoff over former president Carlos Mesa, but Mesa rejected that result. Some protesters called for a new election; others demanded Morales’s resignation. On November 10, 2019, the Organization of American States (OAS) issued preliminary findings suggesting enough irregularities to merit a new election. (Some experts have since challenged aspects of those findings.) Morales Sources: CRS Graphics, International Monetary Fund (IMF), agreed to hold new elections, but the opposition Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), Instituto Nacional de rejected his offer. -
Sink Or Swim: Deciding the Fate of the Miss America Swimsuit Competition
Volume 4, Issue No. 1. Sink or Swim: Deciding the Fate of the Miss America Swimsuit Competition Grace Slapak Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA ÒÏ Abstract: The Miss America beauty pageant has faced widespread criticism for the swimsuit portion of its show. Feminists claim that the event promotes objectification and oversexualization of contestants in direct contrast to the Miss America Organization’s (MAO) message of progressive female empowerment. The MAO’s position as the leading source of women’s scholarships worldwide begs the question: should women have to compete in a bikini to pay for a place in a cellular biology lecture? As dissent for the pageant mounts, the new head of the MAO Board of Directors, Gretchen Carlson, and the first all-female Board of Directors must decide where to steer the faltering organization. The MAO, like many other businesses, must choose whether to modernize in-line with social movements or whole-heartedly maintain their contentious traditions. When considering the MAO’s long and controversial history, along with their recent scandals, the #MeToo Movement, and the complex world of television entertainment, the path ahead is anything but clear. Ultimately, Gretchen Carlson and the Board of Directors may have to decide between their feminist beliefs and their professional business aspirations. Underlying this case, then, is the question of whether a sufficient definition of women’s leadership is simply leadership by women or if the term and its weight necessitate leadership for women. Will the board’s final decision keep this American institution afloat? And, more importantly, what precedent will it set for women executives who face similar quandaries of identity? In Murky Waters The Miss America Pageant has long occupied a special place in the American psyche. -
Institutions and Agricultural Growth in Bolivia and New Zealanda
Research Programme Consortium on Improving Institutions p g for Pro-Poor Growth INSTITUTIONS AND AGRICULTURAL GROWTH IN BOLIVIA AND NEW ZEALANDA STEVE WIGGINSA DISCUssION PAPER SERIES NUMBER TWENTY-ONE OCTOBER 2008 IPPG A Many thanks to the stimulating and encouraging comments received on this paper from colleagues in IPPG — Paul Hare, Adrian Leftwich, and Kunal Sen. Some of the ideas about Bolivia owe much to the guidance of George Gray, Alexander Schejtman and Carlos Toranzo. The interpretations here are not necessarily those of my helpers, and certainly not whatever omissions and misjudgement remain in this essay. B Overseas Development Institute Paper prepared for the DFID-funded Research Programme, Institutions and Pro-Poor Growth (IPPG). The authors are grateful to DFID for the funding that made this research possible. The views expressed in this paper are entirely those of the author and in no way represent either the official policy of DFID or the policy of any other part of the UK Government. Material published by the IPPG may be reproduced free of charge in any format or medium provided it is reproduced faithfully, not used in a misleading context and properly attributed to the author(s). Copyright exists in all other original material published by members of the Programme and may belong to the author or to the University of Manchester depending on the circumstances of publication. Enquiries should be sent to the editor at the above address. IPPG Programme Office, IDPM, School of Environment & Development University of Manchester, Arthur Lewis Building, 2.023, Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL; Telephone 0161 306 6438; [email protected] www.ippg.org.uk IPPG SUMMARY This essay compares the experiences of agricultural development and overall development in two similar but very different countries: Bolivia and New Zealand. -
Analyzing Bolivia's 2020 General Elections (PDF)
ELECTION REPORT ✩ Analyzing Bolivia’s 2020 General Elections Final Report Analyzing Bolivia’s 2020 General Elections Final Report 2021 June The Carter Center One Copenhill 453 John Lewis Freedom Parkway NE Atlanta, GA 30307 www.cartercenter.org Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 3 INTRODUCTION 11 RECOMMENDATIONS 12 CONCLUSIONS 16 CONTEXT 16 LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR ELECTIONS 17 VOTER REGISTRATION 18 ELECTION CAMPAIGN 20 CAMPAIGN FINANCING 21 ELECTION ADMINISTRATION 21 ELECTION DAY 24 RESULTS AGGREGATION AND PUBLICATION 25 The preliminary results system 25 Official results aggregation 26 OUT-OF-COUNTRY VOTING 27 FREEDOM OF THE PRESS 28 IMPACT OF COVID-19 ON THE ELECTION 29 NATIONAL ELECTION OBSERVATION 29 PARTICIPATION AND REPRESENTATION 30 PARTICIPATION OF WOMEN 31 Political violence against women 34 PARTICIPATION OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES 34 PEOPLE WITH DISABILITIES 35 LGBTQI PERSONS 35 YOUTH 36 DISINFORMATION ON SOCIAL MEDIA 37 ANALYSIS OF FACEBOOK POLITICAL ADVERTISING DURING THE 2020 BOLIVIAN ELECTIONS 38 ANNEX A: DISINFORMATION ON SOCIAL MEDIA 41 ANNEX B: ANALYSIS OF FACEBOOK POLITICAL ADVERTISING 61 2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The October 2019 elections were followed by a post-electoral crisis that was characterized by extreme polarization between the country’s political and social forces and numerous episodes of violence. Nonetheless, in the midst of this crisis, complex negotiations enabled the unanimous approval of the Nov. 24, 2019, Exceptional and Transitory Law for holding general elections. The law decreed the cancellation of the October 2019 elections and established deadlines for a new Tribunal Supremo Electoral (TSE) to organize a new electoral process. From the time the TSE was constituted as a result of wide political consensus, the task of the election administration was particularly challenging: to organize elections in a short timeframe with largely new personnel and a significant part of its infrastructure demolished — all in the context of extreme political polarization. -
An Analysis of American Propaganda in World War II and the Vietnam War Connor Foley
Bridgewater State University Virtual Commons - Bridgewater State University Honors Program Theses and Projects Undergraduate Honors Program 5-12-2015 An Analysis of American Propaganda in World War II and the Vietnam War Connor Foley Follow this and additional works at: http://vc.bridgew.edu/honors_proj Part of the Cultural History Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Foley, Connor. (2015). An Analysis of American Propaganda in World War II and the Vietnam War. In BSU Honors Program Theses and Projects. Item 90. Available at: http://vc.bridgew.edu/honors_proj/90 Copyright © 2015 Connor Foley This item is available as part of Virtual Commons, the open-access institutional repository of Bridgewater State University, Bridgewater, Massachusetts. An Analysis of American Propaganda in World War II and the Vietnam War Connor Foley Submitted in Partial Completion of the Requirements for Commonwealth Honors in History Bridgewater State University May 12, 2015 Dr. Paul Rubinson, Thesis Director Dr. Leonid Heretz, Committee Member Dr. Thomas Nester, Committee Member Foley 1 Introduction The history of the United States is riddled with military engagements and warfare. From the inception of this country to the present day, the world knows the United States as a militaristic power. The 20th century was a particularly tumultuous time in which the United States participated in many military conflicts including World War I, World War II, the Korean War, the Vietnam War, the Persian Gulf War, and several other smaller or unofficial engagements. The use of propaganda acts as a common thread that ties all these military actions together. Countries rely on propaganda during wartime for a variety of reasons. -
Economic and Social Council
UNITED NATIONS GENERAL. E/CN.12/SfiA8(V) 13 April 1953 ECONOMIC ENGLISH AND ORIGINALSFRENCH SOCIAL COUNCIL ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR LATIN AMERICA Fifth Session SUMMARY RECORD OF THE FORTY-EIGHTH MEETING Held at Rio de Janeiro on Monday, 13 April 1953 at CONTENTS General debate (continued) .•/prissent S E/CN.12/SR„46(V) Page 1734. PRESENT: Chairman: Mr, EUVALDC LODI Brazil Rapp&rteur: Mr, GIORDANO BRUNO ECCHER Uruguay Members: Mr, PORTELA Argentina Mr, ALCAZAR Bolivia Mr, DE MOURA Brazil Mr. ISAZA Colombia Mr, MARTONES. Chile Mr, CRESPO ORDOtEZ Ecuador Mr, GLOWER V. El Salvador Mr, BOHAN United States of America Mr. DE TliJGÚY DU POUET Prance Mr, NORIEGA MORALES Guatemala Mr, ALVARADO TRO¿HEZ Honduras Mr. MARTINES BAJiiZ Mexico MR p GANTARERO Nicaragua Mr, JONG BAW) Netherlands Mr. PEIN ) Mr, Me CULLOUGH Panama Mr, URBIETA PLEITAS Paraguay Mr. BARRETO Peru Mr, MACKEFZIE United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Mr, GARRIDO Dominican Republic Also present: Representatives of specialized agencies: fir, MONTEIR0) International Mr. SILBI2RER) Labour Organisation (ILO) Mr, MARRAMA Pood and Agriculture Organization (PAO) Mr, FORCART United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization(UNESCO] Mr» LARSEN International Bank for Reconstruction and Development /Mr* DEL CANTO E/CN,lâ/SR,ij.8(V) Rage 3 Mr. DEL CANTO) International Mr, ROBIGHEK <> Monetary Fund (MF) Representatives of inter-governmental organizations; Mr.' TAYLOR ) Inter-American Mr *,HEÜRTEMATTE) • Economic and . Social Council »Representatives of non-governmental organizations? Category At Mr, STEßELSKI International Ch&mber 3f Commerce (ICC) Secretariat: Mr. PREBISCH .Executive Secretary Fir. SWENSQN Assistant Director Mr. PEREZ GUERRERO Executive Secretary, I" Technical Assistance 3o fd' Mr., SANTA CRUZ .Secretary to the Conference GENERAL DEBATE (continued) The CHAIRMAN asked Mr, Cavallos Tovai* (Bolivia), Second Vice-Chairman,, to take the chair while Mr, Alcazar, representative of Bolivia addressd the Commission, »Mr. -
Asian-Americans: Culturally Diverse and Expanding Their Footprint
ASIAN-AMERICANS: CULTURALLY DIVERSE AND EXPANDING THEIR FOOTPRINT THE ASIAN-AMERICAN CONSUMER 2016 REPORT DIVERSE INTELLIGENCE SERIES FOREWORD Asian-Americans’ influence on everything from food to technology continues to rise in the U.S. Asian-Americans: Culturally Diverse and Expanding Their Footprint, the latest report in Nielsen’s Diverse Intelligence Series, examines not only how the entrepreneurial spirit of Asian-Americans is contributing to the U.S. economy by boosting business start-ups, sales and employment, but also how their geographic footprint is moving beyond traditional strongholds in the Northeast and West as they make population gains across the Midwest and South. Asian-Americans are diverse, spanning the languages and cultural traditions of more than 40 different ethnicities. From an aggregated view, they lead the U.S. population (on a per household basis) for expenditures and usage, in a number of consumer categories, from food and travel to baby products, mobile digital devices, and social media. They are the most affluent (by median household income) of all major ethnic groups in the U.S., including non-Hispanic Whites, and are more highly educated than any other group. Their visibility in entertainment is increasing in Hollywood and beyond. However, we can not generalize this unique, diverse segment: a more disaggregated view is necessary to understand their consumption behaviors. Young, empowered, and growing, Asian-Americans’ economic clout will continue to expand. Understanding how to connect with this vibrant and multifaceted consumer group in today’s multicultural American mainstream will help shape the strategies necessary to succeed now and in the future. This report is a collaborative effort between Nielsen and its Asian Pacific American External Advisory Council, led by co-chairs Nita Song and Michael Sherman. -
Bolivia Faces New Polls in Shadow of Fraud Row
Bolivia Faces New Polls in Shadow of Fraud Row Crisis Group Latin America Briefing N°43 Bogotá/New York/Brussels, 31 July 2020 What’s new? Bolivia is set to hold a presidential election on 18 October. Besides the challenge of holding the poll amid the COVID-19 pandemic, the legacy of 2019’s disputed poll, which provoked violent unrest and led former President Evo Morales to flee the country, means that both sides mistrust the election system. Why does it matter? In late 2019, an agreement to hold new polls under reformed election authorities curbed unrest. Still, the 2019 vote remains controversial, as does the role of Organization of American States observers, whose statements shaped perceptions of rigging. Amid deep social and political polarisation, another flawed poll could trigger further instability. What should be done? The EU, UN, donor countries, Bolivia’s neighbours and international NGOs should provide technical and political support to the electoral authorities, deploy as robust monitoring missions as is feasible, and press the main political forces to commit publicly to accept results or pursue grievances in the courts, not by protesting. I. Overview On 18 October 2020, a year after a troubled election triggered fraud allegations and deadly unrest culminating in President Evo Morales’ flight from the country, Bolivians are due to return to the polls. Standing in the way of a fair and undisputed vote is the practical hurdle of the COVID-19 pandemic, now raging across much of South Amer- ica and which has already forced election delays. Yet a more fundamental obstacle to ending the bitter aftermath of Morales’ resignation are Bolivia’s political divisions, which have been further embittered by arguments over the 2019 vote and the elec- tion system’s legitimacy more broadly. -
Bolivia's October 2020 General Elections
INSIGHTi Bolivia’s October 2020 General Elections Updated October 22, 2020 On October 18, 2020, Luis Arce and the leftist Movement Toward Socialism (MAS) party won Bolivia’s presidential and legislative elections in a landslide. Arce, former finance minister in the government of President Evo Morales (2005-2019), secured a first-round victory with 54% of the vote. Held nearly one year after Morales’s November 2019 resignation following annulled October 2019 elections that were marred by allegations of fraud, the 2020 elections demonstrated voters’ continued support for the MAS. U.S. officials congratulated Arce on his victory. U.S.-Bolivian relations could be challenging, given tension in relations under Morales and the Trump Administration’s strong support for the conservative interim government. 2020 Election Results After a year of violence and polarization since Morales’s resignation, many observers questioned whether the interim government led by Jeanette Áñez, herself a presidential candidate until September, could convene free and fair elections amid the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Although some polls suggested Arce could win in the first round, most suggested that a run-off election likely would be necessary and that the anti-MAS candidates could defeat Arce by uniting behind former president Carlos Mesa. As preelection tensions escalated, the interim government warned of “consequences” if MAS supporters protested the results. Election Day proved generally calm, and postelection violence has not occurred. In contrast to the chaos of the 2019 elections, the reconstituted Supreme Electoral Tribunal administered a process that the parties and international election observers deemed generally free and fair.