Town of Mammoth Lakes Trail System Master Plan

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Town of Mammoth Lakes Trail System Master Plan Town of Mammoth Lakes Trail System Master Plan Adopted: October 19, 2011 Acknowledgements This Town of Mammoth Lakes Trail System Master Plan (2011) is the result of a multi- partnered and multi-jurisdictional Concept and Master Planning (CAMP) process. The CAMP Process, and the update of the previous Town of Mammoth Lakes Trail System Plan, was initiated by the Mammoth Lakes Trails and Public Access Foundation (MLTPA), a non- profit organization, in the spring of 2007. Jurisdictional Partners Town of Mammoth Lakes United States Forest Service Funding Partners The Town of Mammoth Lakes (TOML) Mammoth Mountain Ski Area, LLC (MMSA) The Developers’ Forum (A joint effort of the Mammoth Lakes Chamber of Commerce and MLTPA) Cardinal Investments Mammoth Crossing The Mammoth Lakes Trails and Public Access Foundation (MLTPA) Funding through the generous support of the following: The Sierra Nevada Conservancy* The Flora Family Foundation The Virginia Wellington Cabot Foundation Planning Partners The Town of Mammoth Lakes United States Forest Service Mammoth Mountain Ski Area The Mammoth Lakes Trails and Public Access Foundation (MLTPA) Consultant Team Alta Planning + Design Trail Solutions Corbin Design Beneficial Designs *A portion of the funding for MLTPA was provided by the Sierra Nevada Conservancy, an agency of the State of California. Cover photo in second row (right) provided by Christian Pondella. All other photos and images in this document were provided by TOML, MLTPA, or the consultant team unless otherwise noted. Table of Contents Executive Summary ....................................................................................................... 1 Setting ......................................................................................................................... 2 Vision, Goals and Objectives .................................................................................. 2 The Existing Trail System ........................................................................................ 3 Analysis of Needs and Benefits .............................................................................. 4 Future Trail System .................................................................................................. 5 Signage and Wayfinding ......................................................................................... 11 Design Guidelines ................................................................................................... 11 Operations and Maintenance ................................................................................ 13 Costs and Funding .................................................................................................. 13 Benchmarking and Evaluation .............................................................................. 14 Conclusions ............................................................................................................. 14 CHAPTER 1. Vision, Goals & Objectives ............................................................... 15 1.1. Vision ............................................................................................................. 15 1.2. Goals and Objectives ................................................................................... 16 1.3. Existing Plans, Policies and Data Sources ................................................ 18 CHAPTER 2. Existing Conditions .......................................................................... 27 2.1. Setting and Context ...................................................................................... 27 2.2. Jurisdictional Issues ...................................................................................... 28 2.3. Major Activity Centers and Recreation Nodes ........................................ 30 2.4. Paved Multi-Use Paths (Class I) ................................................................. 41 2.5. On-Street Bikeways ...................................................................................... 46 2.6. Pedestrian Facilities ...................................................................................... 53 2.7. Interface Between Mountain Bike Trails and Paved Facilities .............. 62 2.8. Soft-Surface Bike Trails ............................................................................... 63 2.9. Bicycle Parking .............................................................................................. 69 2.10. Public Transportation and Multi-Modal Opportunities ....................... 72 2.11. Accessibility Issues ..................................................................................... 73 CHAPTER 3. Needs Analysis .................................................................................. 75 3.1. Benefits of Trails .......................................................................................... 75 3.2. CAMP: Summer ........................................................................................... 77 3.3. Summer Trail Use Survey ............................................................................ 81 3.4. CAMP: Winter .............................................................................................. 91 3.5. Winter Trail Use Survey .............................................................................. 96 3.6. Safety / Collision Analysis ........................................................................ 109 CHAPTER 4. Future Trail System Recommendations .......................................... 111 4.1. General Recommendations ....................................................................... 112 4.2. Major Activity Centers and Recreation Nodes ...................................... 117 4.3. Paved Multi-Use Paths .............................................................................. 127 4.4. Crossing Improvements ............................................................................ 133 4.5. On-Street Bikeways .................................................................................... 135 4.6. Interface between Soft-Surface Trails and Paved Facilities ................. 141 4.7. Pedestrian Facilities .................................................................................... 142 4.8. Bicycle Parking ............................................................................................ 149 4.9. Soft-Surface Trails ...................................................................................... 150 4.10. Education, Encouragement and Enforcement Programs .................. 154 4.11. Accessibility ............................................................................................... 156 4.12. Long-Term Vision .................................................................................... 157 CHAPTER 5. Signage & Wayfinding ..................................................................... 167 5.1. Signage ......................................................................................................... 167 5.2. Analysis ........................................................................................................ 168 5.3. Wayfinding .................................................................................................. 177 5.4. Pros and Cons of Design Considerations ............................................... 178 5.5. Signage Vocabulary .................................................................................... 179 5.6. Conclusion ................................................................................................... 184 5.7. Updated Framework .................................................................................. 184 CHAPTER 6. Design Guidelines ............................................................................ 187 6.1. Multi-Use Paths (MUP) ............................................................................. 188 6.2. Bike Lanes ................................................................................................... 201 6.3. Bike Routes ................................................................................................. 208 6.4. Bicycle Parking ............................................................................................ 216 6.5. Pedestrian Facilities .................................................................................... 221 6.6. Soft-Surface Trail Design Guidelines ...................................................... 226 6.7. Easements .................................................................................................... 245 CHAPTER 7. Operations and Maintenance ......................................................... 247 7.1. Maintenance Roles and Responsibilities ................................................. 247 7.2. Maintenance Guidelines ............................................................................ 251 7.3. Existing Town of Mammoth Lakes Maintenance Policies................... 258 7.4. Maintenance Budget and Costs ................................................................ 260 7.5. Recommended Maintenance Policies ...................................................... 262 CHAPTER 8. Implementation Strategy – Costs & Funding ................................ 267 8.1. Phasing ......................................................................................................... 267 8.2. Cost Estimates ...........................................................................................
Recommended publications
  • Late Holocene Forest Dynamics, Volcanism, and Climate Change at Whitewing Mountain and San Joaquin Ridge, Mono County, Sierra Nevada, CA, USA ⁎ Constance I
    Quaternary Research 66 (2006) 273–287 www.elsevier.com/locate/yqres Late Holocene forest dynamics, volcanism, and climate change at Whitewing Mountain and San Joaquin Ridge, Mono County, Sierra Nevada, CA, USA ⁎ Constance I. Millar a, , John C. King b, Robert D. Westfall a, Harry A. Alden c, Diane L. Delany a a USDA Forest Service, Sierra Nevada Research Center, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Berkeley, CA 94701, USA b Lone Pine Research, Bozeman, MT 59715, USA c Smithsonian Institution, Center for Materials Research and Education, Suitland, MD 20746, USA Received 17 June 2005 Available online 16 June 2006 Abstract Deadwood tree stems scattered above treeline on tephra-covered slopes of Whitewing Mtn (3051 m) and San Joaquin Ridge (3122 m) show evidence of being killed in an eruption from adjacent Glass Creek Vent, Inyo Craters. Using tree-ring methods, we dated deadwood to AD 815– 1350 and infer from death dates that the eruption occurred in late summer AD 1350. Based on wood anatomy, we identified deadwood species as Pinus albicaulis, P. monticola, P. lambertiana, P. contorta, P. jeffreyi, and Tsuga mertensiana. Only P. albicaulis grows at these elevations currently; P. lambertiana is not locally native. Using contemporary distributions of the species, we modeled paleoclimate during the time of sympatry to be significantly warmer (+3.2°C annual minimum temperature) and slightly drier (−24 mm annual precipitation) than present, resembling values projected for California in the next 70–100 yr. © 2006 University of Washington. All rights reserved. Keywords: Paleoecology; Medieval climate; Late Holocene; Climate change; Long Valley volcanism; Inyo Craters; Forest history; Paleoclimatic modeling; Tree-ring dating Introduction bance remain poorly understood.
    [Show full text]
  • Inyo National Forest Visitor Guide
    >>> >>> Inyo National Forest >>> >>> >>> >>> >>> >>> >>> >>> >>> >>> >>> Visitor Guide >>> >>> >>> >>> >>> $1.00 Suggested Donation FRED RICHTER Inspiring Destinations © Inyo National Forest Facts “Inyo” is a Paiute xtending 165 miles Bound ary Peak, South Si er ra, lakes and 1,100 miles of streams Indian word meaning along the California/ White Mountain, and Owens River that provide habitat for golden, ENevada border between Headwaters wildernesses. Devils brook, brown and rainbow trout. “Dwelling Place of Los Angeles and Reno, the Inyo Postpile Nation al Mon ument, Mam moth Mountain Ski Area National Forest, established May ad min is tered by the National Park becomes a sum mer destination for the Great Spirit.” 25, 1907, in cludes over two million Ser vice, is also located within the mountain bike en thu si asts as they acres of pris tine lakes, fragile Inyo Na tion al For est in the Reds ride the chal leng ing Ka mi ka ze Contents Trail from the top of the 11,053-foot mead ows, wind ing streams, rugged Mead ow area west of Mam moth Wildlife 2 Sierra Ne va da peaks and arid Great Lakes. In addition, the Inyo is home high Mam moth Moun tain or one of Basin moun tains. El e va tions range to the tallest peak in the low er 48 the many other trails that transect Wildflowers 3 from 3,900 to 14,494 feet, pro vid­ states, Mt. Whitney (14,494 feet) the front coun try of the forest. Wilderness 4-5 ing diverse habitats that sup port and is adjacent to the lowest point Sixty-five trailheads provide Regional Map - North 6 vegetation patterns ranging from in North America at Badwater in ac cess to over 1,200 miles of trail Mono Lake 7 semiarid deserts to high al pine Death Val ley Nation al Park (282 in the 1.2 million acres of wil der- meadows.
    [Show full text]
  • Snow Hydrology with Dr
    Snow Hydrology with Dr. Ned Bair Ologies Podcast January 14, 2019 Oh hey, it’s that blueberry bagel that tastes like onions ‘cause it pressed its face into an everything bagel. Alie Ward, back with another episode of Ologies. It’s the middle of January, and here in the northern hemisphere, lips are chapped, feet are cold, parkas are on. I’m here to give you a snow job. But first, thank you to everyone who supports on Patreon, and who gets merch, including the new black t-shirts (yes!) at OlogiesMerch.com. Of course, thanks to everyone who rates and subscribes, who leaves reviews on iTunes, you know I read them. You know I read them. For example, this week, thank you to Evie, who said, In the hopes of Alie noticing me [heeyyy], I gotta say that this podcast just recently got me through some pretty bad flying anxiety. So thank you. Thank you for taking me into the sky with you, Evie. Also, EvanDK, I hope you and your pops are feeling okay. Okay, so: snow. Snow! Not just snow, but big cold crumbly scary dangerous avalanches. What the hell are they? I searched far and wide for a snow expert, and I connected with a dude who got his Ph.D. in Environmental Science and Management from University of California, Santa Barbara, a place Steven Ray Morris and I both attended, but this guy is primarily based up near Mammoth Mountain, which is technically a giant lava dome complex. Freakin’ volcano, near Yosemite. It’s chill.
    [Show full text]
  • Yosemite, Lake Tahoe & the Eastern Sierra
    Emerald Bay, Lake Tahoe PCC EXTENSION YOSEMITE, LAKE TAHOE & THE EASTERN SIERRA FEATURING THE ALABAMA HILLS - MAMMOTH LAKES - MONO LAKE - TIOGA PASS - TUOLUMNE MEADOWS - YOSEMITE VALLEY AUGUST 8-12, 2021 ~ 5 DAY TOUR TOUR HIGHLIGHTS w Travel the length of geologic-rich Highway 395 in the shadow of the Sierra Nevada with sightseeing to include the Alabama Hills, the June Lake Loop, and the Museum of Lone Pine Film History w Visit the Mono Lake Visitors Center and Alabama Hills Mono Lake enjoy an included picnic and time to admire the tufa towers on the shores of Mono Lake w Stay two nights in South Lake Tahoe in an upscale, all- suites hotel within walking distance of the casino hotels, with sightseeing to include a driving tour around the north side of Lake Tahoe and a narrated lunch cruise on Lake Tahoe to the spectacular Emerald Bay w Travel over Tioga Pass and into Yosemite Yosemite Valley Tuolumne Meadows National Park with sightseeing to include Tuolumne Meadows, Tenaya Lake, Olmstead ITINERARY Point and sights in the Yosemite Valley including El Capitan, Half Dome and Embark on a unique adventure to discover the majesty of the Sierra Nevada. Born of fire and ice, the Yosemite Village granite peaks, valleys and lakes of the High Sierra have been sculpted by glaciers, wind and weather into some of nature’s most glorious works. From the eroded rocks of the Alabama Hills, to the glacier-formed w Enjoy an overnight stay at a Yosemite-area June Lake Loop, to the incredible beauty of Lake Tahoe and Yosemite National Park, this tour features lodge with a private balcony overlooking the Mother Nature at her best.
    [Show full text]
  • The History of Valentine Camp by Mary Farrell
    History of Valentine Camp Mary M. Farrell Trans-Sierran Archaeological Research P.O. Box 840 Lone Pine, CA 93545 November 7, 2015 Prepared for Valentine Eastern Sierra Reserve University of California, Santa Barbara, Natural Reserve System Sierra Nevada Aquatic Research Laboratory 1016 Mt. Morrison Road Mammoth Lakes, CA 93546 Abstract Located in Mammoth Lakes, California, Valentine Camp and the nearby Sierra Nevada Aquatic Research Laboratory form the Valentine Eastern Sierra Reserve, a field research station in the University of California's Natural Reserve System. The University’s tenure at Valentine Camp began over 40 years ago, but the area’s history goes back thousands of years. Before the arrival of Euroamericans in the nineteenth century, the region was home to Paiutes and other Native American tribes. Land just east of Valentine Camp was surveyed under contract with the United States government in 1856, and mineral deposits in the mountains just west of Valentine Camp brought hundreds of miners to the vicinity in the last decades of the nineteenth century. Even as mining in the region waned, grazing increased. The land that became Valentine Camp was patented in 1897 by Thomas Williams, a rancher and capitalist who lived in Owens Valley. It was Williams’s son, also Thomas, who sold the 160 acres to Valentine Camp’s founders. Those founders were very wealthy, very influential men in southern California who could have, and did, vacation wherever they wanted. Anyone familiar with the natural beauty of Mammoth Lakes would not be surprised that they chose to spend time at Valentine Camp. Valentine Camp was donated to the University of California Natural Land and Water Reserve System (now the Natural Reserve System) in 1972 to ensure the land’s continued protection.
    [Show full text]
  • Matthew Greene Were Starting to Understand the Grave the Following Day
    VANISHED An account of the mysterious disappearance of a climber in the Sierra Nevada BY MONICA PRELLE ILLUSTRATIONS BY BRETT AFFRUNTI CLIMBING.COM — 61 VANISHED Three months earlier in July, the 39-year-old high school feasted on their arms. They went hiking together often, N THE SMALL SKI TOWN of Mammoth Lakes in math teacher dropped his car off at a Mammoth auto shop even in the really cold winters common to the Northeast. California’s Eastern Sierra, the first snowfall of the for repairs. He was visiting the area for a summer climb- “The ice didn’t slow him down one bit,” Minto said. “I strug- ing vacation when the car blew a head gasket. The friends gled to keep up.” Greene loved to run, competing on the track year is usually a beautiful and joyous celebration. Greene was traveling with headed home as scheduled, and team in high school and running the Boston Marathon a few Greene planned to drive to Colorado to join other friends times as an adult. As the student speaker for his high school But for the family and friends of a missing for more climbing as soon as his car was ready. graduation, Greene urged his classmates to take chances. IPennsylvania man, the falling flakes in early October “I may have to spend the rest of my life here in Mam- “The time has come to fulfill our current goals and to set moth,” he texted to a friend as he got more and more frus- new ones to be conquered later,” he said in his speech.
    [Show full text]
  • Native Sustainment: the North Fork Mono Tribe's
    Native Sustainment The North Fork Mono Tribe's Stories, History, and Teaching of Its Land and Water Tenure in 1918 and 2009 Jared Dahl Aldern Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy from Prescott College in Education with a Concentration in Sustainability Education May 2010 Steven J. Crum, Ph.D. George Lipsitz, Ph.D. Committee Member Committee Member Margaret Field, Ph.D. Theresa Gregor, Ph.D. External Expert Reader External Expert Reader Pramod Parajuli, Ph.D. Committee Chair Native Sustainment ii Copyright © 2010 by Jared Dahl Aldern. All rights reserved. No part of this dissertation may be used, reproduced, stored, recorded, or transmitted in any form or manner whatsoever without written permission from the copyright holder or his agent(s), except in the case of brief quotations embodied in the papers of students, and in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. Requests for such permission should be addressed to: Jared Dahl Aldern 2658 East Alluvial Avenue, #103 Clovis, CA 93611 Native Sustainment iii Acknowledgments Gratitude to: The North Fork Mono Tribe, its Chairman, Ron Goode, and members Melvin Carmen (R.I.P.), Lois Conner, Stan Dandy, Richard Lavelle, Ruby Pomona, and Grace Tex for their support, kindnesses, and teachings. My doctoral committee: Steven J. Crum, Margaret Field, Theresa Gregor, George Lipsitz, and Pramod Parajuli for listening, for reading, and for their mentorship. Jagannath Adhikari, Kat Anderson, Steve Archer, Donna Begay, Lisa
    [Show full text]
  • 4.4 Biological Resources
    4.4 BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES INTRODUCTION This section describes the existing biological resources that occur or have the potential to occur within the Project Area and vicinity. In addition, a description of applicable regulations is provided. The analysis evaluates the potential impacts to biological resources that could occur in association with the development of property in the commercial districts and the implementation of the Mobility Element. The Land Use Element/Zoning Code Amendments would modify the development regulations and no specific projects are proposed at this time. Likewise, the roadway and trail alignments are conceptual in nature. Therefore, the analysis is evaluated at a program‐level. With a programmatic study, such as this EIR, subsequent projects carried out under the proposed Land Use Element/ Zoning Code Amendments and Mobility Element Update may warrant site specific biological assessments and surveys once plans have been prepared. 1. ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING a. Regulatory Framework As part of the proposed Project’s review and approval there are a number of performance criteria and standard conditions that must be met. These include compliance with all of the terms, provisions, and requirements of applicable laws that relate to Federal, State, and local regulating agencies for impacts to biological resources. The following provides an overview of the applicable regulations with regard to the biological resources that may be present within the Project Area. (1) Federal (a) Migratory Bird Treaty Act The Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA) protects individuals as well as any part, nest, or eggs of any bird listed as migratory. In practice, Federal permits issued for activities that potentially impact migratory birds typically have conditions that require pre‐disturbance surveys for nesting birds.
    [Show full text]
  • Devils Postpile National Monument Geologic Resources Inventory Report
    National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Natural Resource Program Center Devils Postpile National Monument Geologic Resources Inventory Report Natural Resource Report NPS/NRPC/GRD/NRR—2009/160 THIS PAGE: The dramatic columns of Devils Postpile are between 12 and 18 m (40 and 60 ft) tall and up to 1.1 m (3.5 ft) in diameter. Seismic and weathering processes fracture the columns along joints. Broken columns litter the slopes beneath Devils Postpile. ON THE COVER: Top view of the 100,000 year-old columns of Devils Postpile. The columns are world-renowned and many form the ideal hexagonal shape. The striations and scratches are evidence that glaciers advanced over the columns, scouring their surface. National Park Service photographs. Devils Postpile National Monument Geologic Resources Inventory Report Natural Resource Report NPS/NRPC/GRD/NRR—2009/160 Geologic Resources Division Natural Resource Program Center P.O. Box 25287 Denver, Colorado 80225 February 2010 U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service Natural Resource Program Center Denver, Colorado The National Park Service, Natural Resource Program Center publishes a range of reports that address natural resource topics of interest and applicability to a broad audience in the National Park Service and others in natural resource management, including scientists, conservation and environmental constituencies, and the public. The Natural Resource Report Series is used to disseminate high-priority, current natural resource management information with managerial application. The series targets a general, diverse audience, and may contain NPS policy considerations or address sensitive issues of management applicability. All manuscripts in the series receive the appropriate level of peer review to ensure that the information is scientifically credible, technically accurate, appropriately written for the intended audience, and designed and published in a professional manner.
    [Show full text]
  • ARTICLE in PRESS + Model
    ARTICLE IN PRESS + model YQRES-02727; No. of pages: 15; 4C: Quaternary Research xx (2006) xxx–xxx 1 www.elsevier.com/locate/yqres 2 Late holocene forest dynamics, volcanism, and climate change at whitewing 3 mountain and San Joaquin Ridge, Mono County, Sierra Nevada, CA, USA ⁎ 4 Constance I. Millar a, , John C. King b, Robert D. Westfall a, Harry A. Alden c, Diane L. Delany a 5 a USDA Forest Service, Sierra Nevada Research Center, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Berkeley, CAOF 94701, USA 6 b Lone Pine Research, Bozeman, MT 59715, USA 7 c Smithsonian Institution, Center for Materials Research and Education, Suitland, MD 20746, USA 8 Received 17 June 2005 9 Abstract 10 Deadwood tree stems scattered above treeline on tephra-covered slopes of Whitewing Mtn (3051 m) and San Joaquin Ridge (3122 m) show 11 evidence of being killed in an eruption from adjacent Glass Creek Vent, Inyo Craters. Using tree-ring methods, we dated deadwood to AD 815– 12 1350, and infer from death dates that the eruption occurred in late summer AD 1350. Based on wood anatomy, we identified deadwood species as 13 Pinus albicaulis, P. monticola, P. lambertiana, P. contorta, P. jeffreyi, and Tsuga mertensiana. Only P. albicaulis grows at these elevations 14 currently; P. lambertiana is not locally native. Using contemporary distributionsED of the species, PRO we modeled paleoclimate during the time of 15 sympatry to be significantly warmer (+3.2°C annual minimum temperature) and slightly drier (−24 mm annual precipitation) than present, 16 resembling values projected for California in the next 70–100 yr.
    [Show full text]
  • Mammoth Facts
    Mammoth Facts Town of Mammoth Lakes Fact Sheet Overview: The Town of Mammoth Lakes is a small but lively region of only four square miles, filled with a special brand of people (population 7,093 year round residents – Census 2000) who have chosen to leave behind their urban lifestyles and experience the unique attributes of the Eastern Sierra. Incorporated in 1984, Mammoth Lakes is a relatively young town. Mammoth Lakes is located in the Inyo National Forest, of Mono County. The town is surrounded by acres of forest and is bordered by the Ansel Adams and John Muir Wilderness Areas. Yosemite National Park's eastern entrance is located just 32 miles north of town and its short 100-mile drive to the valley floor. The town occupies a site in the southern half of Mono County, a stunningly diverse region of eastern California. Comprising 3,018 square miles, the County's area is marked by the startling contrast between its eastern and western boundaries. Bounded on the west by the Sierra Nevada crest, this region is characterized by its mountains, lakes, streams and forests. Unlike the gentle, rolling escarpment west of the crest, the eastern slope of the Sierra plunges dramatically to the valley floors. This is probably the characteristic of the Eastern Sierra most obvious to the first-time visitor. The Town of Mammoth Lakes is situated in the southwestern, mountainous region of the county, and many of its trails, campgrounds and roads either abut or cross the crest of the Sierra. Included within is one of the finest ski resorts in the western United States - Mammoth Mountain Ski Area.
    [Show full text]
  • Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Subaerial Volcanic Regions Two Decades in Review Cynthia Werner, Tobias P
    8 Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Subaerial Volcanic Regions Two Decades in Review cynthia werner, tobias p. fischer, alessandro aiuppa, marie edmonds, carlo cardellini, simon carn, giovanni chiodini, elizabeth cottrell, mike burton, hiroshi shinohara, and patrick allard 8.1 Introduction Volcanism and metamorphism are the principal geologic processes that drive carbon transfer from the interior of Earth to the surface reservoir.1–4 Input of carbon to the surface reservoir through volcanic degassing is balanced by removal through silicate weathering and the subduction of carbon-bearing marine deposits over million-year timescales. The magnitude of the volcanic carbon flux is thus of fundamental importance for stabilization of atmospheric CO2 and for long-term climate. It is likely that the “deep” carbon reservoir far exceeds the size of the surface reservoir in terms of mass;5,6 more than 99% of Earth’s carbon may reside in the core, mantle, and crust. The relatively high flux of volcanic carbon to the surface reservoir, combined with the reservoir’s small size, results in a short residence time for carbon in the ocean–atmosphere–biosphere system (~200 ka).7 The implication is that changes in the flux of volcanic carbon can affect the climate and ultimately the habitability of the planet on geologic timescales. In order to understand this delicate balance, we must first quantify the current volcanic flux of carbon to the atmosphere and understand the factors that control this flux. The three most abundant magmatic volatiles are water (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), 8 and sulfur (S), with CO2 being the least soluble in silicate melts.
    [Show full text]