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Devils Postpile National Monument Geologic Resources Inventory Report

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Devils Postpile National Monument Geologic Resources Inventory Report National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Natural Resource Program Center Devils Postpile National Monument Geologic Resources Inventory Report Natural Resource Report NPS/NRPC/GRD/NRR—2009/160 THIS PAGE: The dramatic columns of Devils Postpile are between 12 and 18 m (40 and 60 ft) tall and up to 1.1 m (3.5 ft) in diameter. Seismic and weathering processes fracture the columns along joints. Broken columns litter the slopes beneath Devils Postpile. ON THE COVER: Top view of the 100,000 year-old columns of Devils Postpile. The columns are world-renowned and many form the ideal hexagonal shape. The striations and scratches are evidence that glaciers advanced over the columns, scouring their surface. National Park Service photographs. Devils Postpile National Monument Geologic Resources Inventory Report Natural Resource Report NPS/NRPC/GRD/NRR—2009/160 Geologic Resources Division Natural Resource Program Center P.O. Box 25287 Denver, Colorado 80225 February 2010 U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service Natural Resource Program Center Denver, Colorado The National Park Service, Natural Resource Program Center publishes a range of reports that address natural resource topics of interest and applicability to a broad audience in the National Park Service and others in natural resource management, including scientists, conservation and environmental constituencies, and the public. The Natural Resource Report Series is used to disseminate high-priority, current natural resource management information with managerial application. The series targets a general, diverse audience, and may contain NPS policy considerations or address sensitive issues of management applicability. All manuscripts in the series receive the appropriate level of peer review to ensure that the information is scientifically credible, technically accurate, appropriately written for the intended audience, and designed and published in a professional manner. This report received informal peer review by subject-matter experts who were not directly involved in the collection, analysis, or reporting of the data. Views, statements, findings, conclusions, recommendations, and data in this report are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect views and policies of the National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use by the National Park Service. Printed copies of this report are produced in a limited quantity and they are only available as long as the supply lasts. This report is available from the Geologic Resources Inventory website (http://www.nature.nps.gov/geology/inventory/gre_publications.cfm) and the Natural Resource Publications Management website (http://www.nature.nps.gov/publications/ NRPM). Please cite this publication as: Graham, J. 2009. Devils Postpile National Monument Geologic Resources Inventory Report. Natural Resource Report NPS/NRPC/GRD/NRR—2009/160. National Park Service, Denver, Colorado. NPS 120/100620, February 2010 ii NPS Geologic Resources Division Contents List of Figures .............................................................................................................. iv Executive Summary ...................................................................................................... v Introduction ................................................................................................................... 1 Purpose of the Geologic Resources Inventory ........................................................................................................... 1 Regional Location and Geologic Setting ..................................................................................................................... 1 Formation of the Devils Postpile ................................................................................................................................. 2 Park History ................................................................................................................................................................ 2 Geologic Issues ............................................................................................................. 5 Column Collapse ........................................................................................................................................................ 5 Preservation of Glacial Features ................................................................................................................................ 5 Recurring Volcanism .................................................................................................................................................. 5 Potential Research Projects ....................................................................................................................................... 6 Geologic Features and Processes ............................................................................. 11 Devils Postpile .......................................................................................................................................................... 11 Glacial Features ....................................................................................................................................................... 11 Other Volcanic Features ........................................................................................................................................... 12 Rainbow Falls ........................................................................................................................................................... 12 Mineral Springs ......................................................................................................................................................... 13 San Joaquin River and Soda Springs Meadow ........................................................................................................ 13 Map Unit Properties .................................................................................................... 16 Geologic History.......................................................................................................... 23 Paleozoic Era (542 to 251 million years ago) ........................................................................................................... 23 Mesozoic Era (251 to 65.5 million years ago) ........................................................................................................... 23 Cenozoic Era (65.5 million years ago to the present) ............................................................................................... 25 Glossary ....................................................................................................................... 35 Literature Cited ............................................................................................................ 39 Appendix A: Overview of Digital Geologic Data ....................................................... 43 Appendix B: Scoping Summary ................................................................................. 45 Attachment 1: Geologic Resources Inventory Products CD DEPO Geologic Resources Inventory Report iii List of Figures Figure 1. Location map of Devils Postpile National Monument. ..................................................................................... 6 Figure 2. The Sierra Nevada fault block ......................................................................................................................... 3 Figure 3. Basalt columns of the Devils Postpile. ............................................................................................................ 4 Figure 4. General stratigraphic column showing rock units exposed in Devils Postpile National Monument. ................ 4 Figure 5. Historical earthquake map of California .......................................................................................................... 7 Figure 6. Seismicity of California showing earthquakes from 1990 to 2006. .................................................................. 8 Figure 7. Glacial polish and glacial striations on the top of the columns at Devils Postpile National Monument. ........... 8 Figure 8. Long Valley Caldera and vicinity. .................................................................................................................... 9 Figure 9. Exposed ends of the columns at Devils Postpile National Monument. .......................................................... 10 Figure 10. A hexagonal pattern is the ideal shape for columnar joints in basalt ........................................................... 10 Figure 11. Pothole Dome, a large roche moutonnée in Yosemite National Park ......................................................... 13 Figure 12. Rainbow Falls. ............................................................................................................................................ 14 Figure 13. Original channel of the Middle Fork of the San Joaquin River, Devils Postpile National Monument ........... 14 Figure 14. Iron from Soda Springs creates the orange color visible in mid to late summer. ......................................... 15 Figure 15. The Middle Fork of the San Joaquin River meanders through Soda Springs Meadow. .............................. 15 Figure 16. Geologic time scale.. ..................................................................................................................................
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