A DESK-BASED ASSESSMENT

ARCHAEOLOGY AND HISTORIC FEATURES (December 2012)

REMPSTONE, EAST LEAKE QUARRY, NOTTINGHAMSHIRE

For CEMEX UK OPERATIONS LTD Cemex House Evreux Way Rugby Warwickshire CV21 2DT

Prepared by THE GUILDHOUSE CONSULTANCY The Old Guildhouse, 19 Ladygate, Beverley, East Yorkshire HU17 8BH (Tel & Fax 01482 861003)

CONTENTS

1 SCOPE OF THE ASSESSMENT 1 1.1 The Commission 1.2 The Reason 1.3 The Purpose 1.4 The Methodology 1.5 The Study Area 1.6 The Sources

2 POLICY FRAMEWORK 5 2.1 National Planning Policy Framework (27th March 2012) 2.2 Nottinghamshire Minerals Local Plan (adopted 5th December 2005) 2.3 New Minerals Local Plan Consultation 2.4 The Rushcliffe Borough Council Non-Statutory Replacement Local Plan (Adopted 14th December 2006) 2.5 Rushcliffe Publication Core Strategy Development Plan Document (March 2012) 2.6 Summary of Archaeological Policies

3 PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT AREA (PDA) 10 3.1 Location 3.2 Proposal Details 3.3 Walkover Survey 3.4 Boundaries 3.5 Former and Current Landuse 3.6 Internal Features

4 PHYSICAL SETTING 14 4.1 Topography 4.2 Solid and Drift Geology 4.3 Soils 4.4 Drainage and Water Levels

5 BASELINE CONDITIONS ~ ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONSTRAINTS 18 5.1 Scheduled Monuments 5.2 Other Formally Designated Archaeological Sites and Historic Features 5.3 Known Archaeology Within the Proposed Development Area 5.4 Known Archaeology Adjacent to the Proposed Development 5.5 Known Archaeology in the Remainder of the Study Area

6 BASELINE CONDITIONS ~ NON-ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONSTRAINTS 46 6.1 Listed Buildings Within the Proposed Development Area 6.2 Listed Buildings Adjacent to the Proposed Development Area 6.3 Listed Buildings in the Remainder of the Study Area 6.4 Public Rights of Way Within the Proposed Development Area 6.5 Public Rights of Way Adjacent to the Proposed Development Area 6.6 Public Rights of Way in the Remainder of the Study Area 6.7 Registered Parks, Gardens and Battlefields

7 OTHER SOURCES RELATING TO THE PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT AREA 47 7.1 Cartographic Sources 7.2 Documentary and Printed Sources 7.3 Aerial Photographic Sources

8 ASSESSMENT OF HERITAGE ASSETS 50 8.1 Known Archaeology and Historic Features Within the PDA 8.2 Known Archaeology and Historic Features Adjacent to the PDA

9 POTENTIAL FOR ARCHAEOLOGY 62 9.1 Topography and Soils 9.2 Prehistoric Periods 9.3 Roman Period 9.4 Early Medieval (Anglo-Saxon) Period 9.5 Later Medieval (AD 1066 - c.1450) Period 9.6 Post-Medieval & Recent Periods 9.7 Undated Features 9.8 Non-Archaeological Features 9.9 Environmental & Organic Remains 9.10 Factors Affecting Survival 9.11 Quality of Data

10 CONCLUSION 70

11 IMPACT AND MITIGATION 74 11.1 Assessment of Impact 11.2 Proposed Mitigation Strategy

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

PRINTED, DOCUMENTARY AND CARTOGRAPHIC SOURCES

LIST OF FIGURES AND APPENDICES

APPENDIX 1 ~ NHER HISTORIC BUILDINGS RECORD LISTING

APPENDIX 2 ~ PROVISIONAL CHRONOLOGY OF THE CHURCH OF ST PETER`S IN THE RUSHES

NB : This Study has been prepared for Cemex UK Operations Ltd and in accordance with normal policy it is intended solely for the above specified use. It is for use by the named Client and any professional advisor. No responsibility for the whole or any part of the contents is accepted in relation to any third party.

© Guildhouse Consultancy REMPSTONE, EAST LEAKE QUARRY, NOTTINGHAMSHIRE DESK-BASED ASSESSMENT - ARCHAEOLOGY & HISTORIC FEATURES

1 SCOPE OF THE ASSESSMENT (Figures 1 - 3)

1.1 The Commission (Figs 1 & 2)

1.1.1 The Guildhouse Consultancy has been commissioned by Kirsten Hannaford-Hill, Development Planner in the Estates Department, Cemex UK Operations Limited, to produce a Desk-based Archaeological Assessment of a large parcel of land lying c. 11k south of West Bridgeford and c. 6k to the north east of Loughborough (Fig 1). Located to the NW of the small settlement of Rempstone the area under consideration consists of a single field known as `The Rempstone Estate Land`. This lies immediately to the east of the previous and current workings at East Leake Quarry. The land covers 47.26ha (116.73 acres) and is centered on NGR SK 572 247 ; it is referred to throughout this report as the `Proposed Development Area` (`PDA`) or the `Site`.

1.1.2 Both previous and current workings (Fig 2) have been the subject of ongoing archaeological investigations since 1995. Although siteworks on the former have been concluded, those on the currently Consented Area (known as `Jenk`s Land) are ongoing (Application Ref. 8/07/02187/CMA) ; these cover an Application Area of c. 8.4h (nett extraction area of 5.8h). A further area, known as `Burton`s Land`, which abuts the SE of the previous workings and the SW of Jenk`s Land is under Application.

1.1.3 Since 1995 extensive fieldwork on the original workings at East Leake Quarry has been reported on by two archaeological contractors (Lyndsey Archaeological Services – LAS 2001, 2004, 2004a, 2004b, 2005a & b, 2006, 2007, 2008a & 2008b and Trent & Peak Archaeological Trust – TPAT 1995 & 2006). Desk-based archaeological assessments to inform Planning Applications have also been produced for Jenk`s Land (CA 2007a) and Burton`s Land (TGC 2010). Further to evaluation by limited trial trenching (CA 2007b) work on the former Consented area is being undertaken to a Mineral Planning Authority (MPA) approved Written Scheme of Investigation (WSI) (TGC 2009) and a Contractor Project Design (T&P 2010). Ground works consists of three Extraction Phases (1a-1c) which have now been stripped and cleared of archaeology with the exception of a small strip lying between Extraction Phases 1a and 1c. The final minor site works are expected in 2013 ; these will enable formal post-excavation works. Brief interims on the results of Phase 1a (T&P 2011), Phase 1b (T&P 2012a) and Phase 1c (T&P 2012b) have been included in this Assessment.

1.1.4 With regard to the PDA, previous researches and archaeological assessment were carried out in 2006 to inform on the archaeological potential and context of the Site (TGC 2006). These works included a detailed Nottinghamshire Sites and Monuments Record search (NSMR - now the Nottinghamshire Historic Environment Record), a `walkover` survey, examination of the available Soils, Drift Geology/Borehole information and a review of the readily available documentation on the church site of St Peter`s in the Rushes which lies immediately adjacent to the NW corner of the PDA.

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1.2 The Reason

1.2.1 Cemex UK Operations Ltd. propose making an application for mineral extraction (sand and gravel) and associated works and wish to address in detail the issue of archaeology as required by the Planning process. In line with policies at Borough, County and National level Cemex follows `best practice` in giving due regard to any necessary archaeological provision.

1.3 The Purpose

1.3.1 To enable the Minerals Planning Authority (MPA) to make informed judgements and considered decisions on the archaeological impact of any Application the following have been examined :

i) The Physical and Topographical Context

ii) Known Sites and Historic Features and

iii) The Potential for Sites

1.4 The Methodology

1.4.1 This has been based on : -

i) The collection of readily available archaeological data and relevant information from cartographic, documentary, printed and aerial photographic sources

ii) Assessment of identified heritage assets and the general potential for sites

iii) Assessment of the impact of the PDA and a Proposed Mitigation Strategy

1.4.2 All researches, data collection etc. together with the writing of this report were carried out by Adrian Havercroft of The Guildhouse Consultancy acting as Consultant to Cemex UK Operations Limited.

1.5 The Study Area (Figs 1-3)

1.5.1 As part of the 2006 Archaeological Assessment an initial c. 2k search radius (centered on SK (4)5720/(3)2480) yielded over 140 entries in the then Nottinghamshire Sites and Monuments Record (NSMR). Further to discussion with the NSMR staff at that time it was agreed that a smaller c. 1.5k radius would be adequate to `context` the PDA and enable that Assessment. As the footprint of the present Site lies entirely within that of the previous Assessment the original Study Area has been retained.

1.5.2 The main data collection and information assessment was originally undertaken in June/July 2006. In 2010 these works were updated, extended and re-focussed to enable the Burton`s Land Assessment and this same approach has been undertaken with regard to the present PDA with new a `walkover` survey, Nottinghamshire Historic Environmental Record and other searches in 2012 (See 1.6 below).

1.5.3 The Study Area lies within parts of the parishes of Costock, East Leake, Rempstone and

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Stanford on Soar. The boundaries of the first three of these meet c. 300m beyond the NW corner of the PDA and a section of the boundary between Rempstone and Costock lies, for a short distance, on (or very close to), the Sheepwash Brook where it also marks part of the PDA northern boundary (Fig 3). . 1.5.4 The PDA lies entirely within the north western sector of the parish of Rempstone. The common parish boundary with East Leake lies, at its closest point, c. 200m to the west. This has been investigated on two occasions in 1992 (TPAT 1992) & 2011 (T&P 2011). Results of the former (See 5.5.1 M18297) confirmed a low bank/lynchet of variable height/offset which was thought likely to be the result of ploughing. The second investigation, at the SW corner of Extraction Phase 1a of Jenk`s Land (See 5.4.2 T&P 1 P5), indicated an upcast earth bank with a shallow ditch adjacent to the west. No conclusive dating evidence was recovered from either investigation and both areas sampled were heavily disturbed by rabbits.

1.6 The Sources

1.6.1 The following sources have been consulted :

Cotswold Archaeology (Cirencester) : - Screening of `grey` literature relating to adjacent `Jenks Land` Application (Planning Ref 8/07/02187/CMA)

English Heritage (London) : - Screening of `The National Heritage List for England` for Listed Buildings (website) - Leicestershire County Council (Heritage Services) – Archaeology Section : - Search of Leicestershire Historic Environmental Record by LCC staff (June 2006) (No Locations Identified)

Lindsey Archaeological Services (LAS) (Lincoln) : - Visit (7/6/2006) for screening of `grey` literature, general data gathering and discussion re results of fieldwork on ongoing works (Extraction Phases 4-11 and parts of Phases 3, 14 & 15)

Nottinghamshire County Council (Nottingham) : Environment and Planning (Archaeology) : - Historic Environment Record (Visits 13/6/06 & 24/1/10) (Print outs ; Checking of Primary & Secondary Sources) (Historic Parks and Gardens and Battlefields, Listed Buildings (Designated List) & Scheduled Ancient Monuments ; All re-searched May 2012 - Screening 1992-2008 `grey` literature - Historic Landscape Character Map (Sept 1999) (East Leake & Rempstone area)

Environment and Planning (Minerals) : - Nottinghamshire Minerals Local Plan (adopted 15/12/2005) - Local Development Framework New Local Minerals Plan Consultation (2012)(website)

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County Record Office (NCRO) (Nottingham) : Search under `Rempstone` (Visits 13/6/06 & 24/1/10) - Maps and Plans Card Index - Index of Nottinghamshire Local Maps to 1800 - an Inventory` by Harold Nicholls - Maps of Larger Areas (Parishes and Estates) - Primary References as indicated in Bibliography

Library Service – East Leake Library (ELL)(June 2006) - Library Catalogue (Rempstone Boxfile) - Open Shelves - Primary References as indicated in Section 2

Portable Antiquities Scheme (PAS), Derby/London : - Checking of PAS Database for `Rempstone` and `East Leake` areas (website)

Rushbrooke Borough Council (West Bridgeford) : - Plans etc - Greater Nottinghamshire Landscape Character Assessment (Rushbrooke)

Trent and Peak Archaeological Trust (TPAT) (Nottingham) : - Screening of `grey` literature relating to the previous workings (Extraction Phases 1-2 and parts of 3, 4 & 15).

Trent and Peak Archaeology (T&P) (Nottingham) : - Screening of `grey` literature relating to Jenk`s Land (Extraction Phases 1a, 1b & 1c)

Cemex UK Operations Limited (Rugby) :

Geological Services - `Final Report on Geological Investigations Of Land Known as `The Rempstone Estate, Rempstone, Nottinghamshire` Report No. SK5724/R.03 dated 22nd February 2008 (including 1992 and 2007 `Borehole Logs & Location Plan`

Planning - Copy of Report `Land at East Leake Quarry, Nottinghamshire (Mr Burton`s Land) - Soils and Agricultural Land Classification` by Dr S G McRae (May 2009)

- Copies of Environmental Impact Assessment `Proposed Extension to East Leake Quarry` (Jenks Land) Vol 1 – Environmental Statement Vol 2 – Appendices Vol 3 – Non-Technical Summary Vol 4 - Application Plans

- Copy of Report `Agricultural Land Classification & Soil Characteristics Report for Cemex UK Materials Ltd (August 2012) : Proposed Extension to Existing

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Quarry involving sand and gravel with Restoration to Wetland, Land at Rempstone, East Leake, Nottinghamshire` by Adrian Rochford Land Management.

1.6.2 Throughout this Study information from the Nottinghamshire Historic Environment Record is referred to in the abbreviated form of `NHER`.

2 POLICY FRAMEWORK

The Application Area lies in the Borough of Rushcliffe, the Minerals Planning Authority is the Nottinghamshire County Council. Any application will need to satisfy archaeological policies at National, County and Borough level. The relevant current policies are as follows :

2.1 National Planning Policy Framework (27th March 2012) (Chapter 12 – Conserving and enhancing the historic environment)

2.1.1 This document replaces Planning Planning Policy Statement 5 issued in 2010 which itself replaced Policy Guidance Notes 15 (Planning and the Historic Environment 1994) and 16 (Archaeology and Planning 1990). It relates to `heritage assets` i.e. those parts of the historic environment that have significance because of their historic, archaeological, architectural or artistic interest. Such assets can be `designated` e.g. Scheduled Monuments, Listed Buildings or undesignated` e.g. a building, monument, site, place, area or landscape positively identified as having a degree of significance meriting consideration in planning decisions.

2.1.2 The Framework advises as follows :

126 `Local Planning Authorities should set out in their Local Plan a positive strategy for the conservation and enjoyment of the historic environment, including heritage assets most at risk through neglect, decay or other threats. In doing so they should recognise that heritage assets are an irreplaceable resource and conserve them in a manner appropriate to their significance. In developing this strategy, local planning authorities, should take into account

• The desirability of sustaining and enhancing the significance of heritage assets and putting them to viable uses consistent with their conservation ; • The wider social, cultural, economic and environmental benefits that conservation of the historic environment can bring ; • The desirability of new development making a positive contribution to local character and distinctiveness ; and • Opportunities to draw on the contribution made by the historic environment to the character of the place.

127 (Designation of Conservation Areas) …………………………

128 In determining applications, local planning authorities should require an applicant to describe the significance of any heritage asset affected, including any contribution made to its setting. The level of detail should be proportionate to the assets` importance and no more than is sufficient to understand the potential impact of the proposal on their significance. As a minimum the relevant historic environment record should be consulted and the heritage assets assessed using appropriate expertise where necessary. Where a site on which development is proposed includes or has the potential to include heritage

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assets with archaeological interest, local planning authorities should require developers to submit an appropriate desk-based assessment and, where necessary, a field evaluation.

129 Local authorities, should identify and assess the particular significance of any heritage asset that may be affected by a proposal (including by development affecting the setting of a heritage asset) taking account of the available evidence and any necessary expertise. They should take this assessment into account when considering the impact of a proposal on a heritage asset, to avoid or minimize conflict between the heritage asset`s conservation and any aspect of the proposal.

130 (Deliberate neglect or damage)……………………………….

131 In determining planning applications, local planning authorities should take account of :

• the desirability of sustaining and enhancing the significance of heritage assets and putting them to viable use consistent with their conservation ; • the positive contribution that conservation of heritage assets can make to sustainable communities including their economic vitality ; • the desirability of new development making a positive contribution to local character and distinctiveness

132 When considering the impact of a proposed development on the significance of a designated heritage asset, great weight should be given to the asset`s conservation. The more important the asset, the greater the weight should be. Significance can be harmed or lost through alteration or destruction of the heritage asset or development within its setting. As heritage assets are irreplaceable, any harm or loss should require clear and convincing justification. Substantial harm to or loss to a grade II listed building, park or garden should be exceptional. Substantial harm to or loss of designated heritage assets of the highest significance, notably scheduled monuments, protected wreck sites, battlefields, grade I and II* listed buildings, grade I and II* registered parks and gardens, and World Heritage Sites, should be wholly exceptional.

133 Where a proposed development will lead to substantial harm to or total loss of significance of a designated heritage asset, local planning authorities should refuse consent, unless it can be demonstrated that the substantial harm or loss is necessary to achieve substantial public benefits that outweigh that harm or loss, or all of the following apply :

• the nature of the heritage asset prevents all reasonable uses of the site ; and • no viable use of the heritage asset itself can be found in the medium term through appropriate marketing that will enable its conservation ; and • conservation by grant-funding or some form of charitable or public ownership is demonstrably not possible ; and • the harm or loss is outweighed by the benefit of bringing the site back into use.

134 Where a development proposal will lead to less than substantial harm to the significance of a designated heritage asset, the harm should be weighed against the public benefits of the proposal, including securing its optimum viable use.

135 The effect of an application on the significance of a non-designated heritage asset should be taken into account in determining the application. In weighting applications that affect directly or indirectly non designated heritage assets, a balanced judgement will be

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required having regard to the scale of any harm or loss and the significance of the heritage asset.

136 Local planning authorities should not permit loss of the whole or part of a heritage asset without taking all reasonable steps to ensure the new development will proceed after the loss has occurred.

137 (New development within Conservation Areas and World Heritage Sites and within the setting of heritage assets) ………………..

138 (Significance of elements of World Heritage Sites or Conservation Areas) ………..

139 Non-designated heritage assets of archaeological interest that are demonstrably of equivalent significance to scheduled monuments, should be considered subject to the policies for designated heritage assets.

140 (Departure from policies) …………………………

141 Local planning authorities should make information about the significance of the historic environment gathered as part of plan-making or development management publically accessible. They should also require developers to record and advance understanding of the significance of any heritage assets to be lost (wholly or in part) in a manner proportionate to their importance and the impact, and to make this evidence (and any archive generated) publically accessible. However, the ability to record evidence of our past should not be a factor in deciding whether such loss should be permitted.

2.2 Nottinghamshire Minerals Local Plan (adopted 5th December 2005)

2.2.1 Under the Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004 which created the Local Development Framework (`LDF`) a number of the policies of the Nottinghamshire Minerals Local Plan were `saved`. Those relating to the `Historic Environment` are as follows :

Policy M3.24 Archaeology Planning Permission will not be granted for minerals development which would destroy or degrade nationally important archaeological remains and their settings, whether scheduled or not. Planning Permission will only be granted for development which would affect archaeological remains of less than national importance where it can be demonstrated that the importance of the development outweighs the regional or local significance of the remains and where appropriate provision is made for the excavation and recording of the remains

Policy M3.25 Listed Buildings, Conservation Areas, Historic Battlefields and Historic Parks and Gardens Planning Permission will not be granted for minerals development which would cause an unacceptable level of harm to the character, appearance, condition or setting of conservation areas, listed buildings, historic battlefields and historic parks and gardens

2.3 New Minerals Local Plan Consultation

2.3.1 As part of the review of the Minerals Plan to enable the Local Development Framework the County Council have issued a 1st Consultation Document which had a closing date of the 30th March 2012. This proposes the main archaeological issues and options for the Plan as

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follows (Social and Environmental Issues/Archaeology/Issues and Options) :

The main archaeological issues for the plan are :

• To avoid harm to nationally significant heritage assets, whether designated or not • Ensure appropriate mitigation for any loss of heritage assets that are not nationally significant ; and • Recognise that our understanding of the County`s archaeology remains quite poor across most time periods and parts of the county • Review the designation of the South Muskham archaeological site of national importance The main options for the plan are : a) To take forward the existing Minerals Local Plan approach, promoting a proportionate response to proposals that will impact upon the County`s historic environment ; or b) Promoting the preservation in situ of nationally important sites in their wider settings whether designated or not, including the area of special archaeological interest at South Muskham. The policy could also make reference to the treatment of remains of lesser significance; or c) Give weight to new mineral extraction proposals that would help fill the knowledge gaps about the County`s archaeology.

2.4 The Rushcliffe Borough Council Non-Statutory Replacement Local Plan (Adopted 14th December 2006)

2.4.1 This Plan contains two policies which relate directly to archaeology ; these are as follows :

EN6 – Ancient Monuments Permission will not be granted for development which would destroy or detrimentally affect Scheduled Ancient Monuments or their settings.

EN7 – Sites of Archaeological Importance Development affecting sites of known or suspected archaeological importance will only be permitted where : a) There is a need for the development which outweighs the importance of the archaeological site or its setting b) The proposal is supported by an archaeological field evaluation of the site, and c) The proposed development would not damage the archaeological remains where these can be preserved in situ.

2.5 Rushcliffe Publication Core Strategy Development Plan Document (March 2012)

2.5.1 As part of the Local Development Framework the Rushcliffe Borough Council have issued a Core Strategy Document with a six week consultation period (23/3-8/5/2012). In this document the policy for the Historic Environment and the `Justification` for same is proposed as follows :

Section 3.2.4 Policy 10 : Historic Environment 1. Proposals and initiatives will be supported where the historic environment and heritage assets and their settings are conserved and enhanced in line with their interest and significance. Planning decisions will have regard to the contribution heritage assets can make to the delivery of wider social, cultural, economic and environmental objectives.

2. The elements of Rushcliffe`s historic environment which contribute towards the

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unique identity of areas and help create a sense of place will be conserved and, where possible, enhanced with further detail set out in later Local Development Documents. Elements of strategic importance include : a) industrial and commercial heritage such as the textile heritage and the Grantham Canal ; and b) Registered Parks and Gardens including the grounds of Flintham Hall, Holme Pierrepoint Hall, Kingston Hall and Stanford Hall c) prominent listed buildings

3. A variety of approaches will be used to assist in the protection and enjoyment of the historic environment including : a) the use of appraisals and management plans of existing and potential conservation areas ; b) considering the use of Article 4 directions ; c) working partners, owners and developers to identify ways to manage and make better use of historic assets ; d) considering improvements to the public realm and the setting of heritage assets within it ; e) ensuring that information about the significance of the historic environment is publically available. Where there is to be loss in whole or in part to the significance of an identified historic asset then evidence should first be recorded in order to fully understand its importance ; and f) considering the need for the preparation of local evidence or plans.

4. Particular attention will be given to heritage assets at risk of harm or loss of significance, or where a number of heritage assets have significance as a group or context in a wider area.

Justification 3.2.4.1 Historic assets are buildings, monuments, sites or landscapes of historic, archaeological, architectural or artistic interest, whether designated or not, that have a degree of significance. National Planning Policy defines significance as ` the value of a heritage asset to this and future generations because of its heritage interest` and this is measured in terms of the assets, rarity, representativeness, association, aesthetic appeal and integrity. 3.2.4.2 Heritage Assets in Rushcliffe include Listed buildings (both religious and non- religious), Conservation Areas, Historic Parks and Gardens and Scheduled Ancient Monuments. The definition also covers assets which have not been designated and afforded protection by separate legislation, including historic trees. The significance of these `undesignated assets` is a material consideration in determining planning applications as identified in the national planning policy……………………….. 3.2.4.3 When considering applications which impact on the historic environment or heritage assets and their settings, the Local Authority will look to ensure they are conserved in accordance with their value and that the ability of the development to enhance that value is explored and taken where possible. When considering sites of archaeological importance, as identified in the Historic Environment Record for the area, the Local Planning Authority will, where appropriate, request a prospective developer to arrange for an archaeological assessment or field evaluation before any decision on a planning application is taken. This will apply to sites currently identified and to any new sites subsequently identified. 3.2.4.4 In looking to protect and enhance the historic environment and heritage assets there is the opportunity to help deliver other objectives …………… 3.2.4.5 Conservation and sustainable economic growth are complementary objectives and should not generally be in conflict with one another. …………. 3.2.4.6 The preparation of local evidence and plans offers the scope to identify heritage assets of local value ………

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3.2.4.7 Rushcliffe has 29 Conservation Areas……

2.6 Summary of Archaeological Policies

2.6.1 It is generally held that archaeology of national importance should be preserved `in situ` if at all possible. For archaeology of lesser significance, further to appropriate assessment, evaluation and the consideration of possible mitigation measures, `preservation by record` i.e. excavation prior to, and/or observation/excavation/recording during development, with appropriate archiving, assessment, analysis and publication of results together with archive deposition (including artefacts and ecofacts) in an appropriate repository is the accepted response.

3 PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT AREA (PDA) (Figures 1 - 5)

3.1 Location (Figs 1-3)

3.1.1 The PDA is located in open countryside c. 15k to the south of Nottingham. It lies within the angle formed by the E-W A6006 Ashby Road to the S (aka `Melton Road`) and the N-S Loughborough Road to the E. With the exception of c. 200m at its western end which is marked by scubby woodland the entire northern boundary is marked by the Sheepwash Brook. The western boundary is marked by the current workings at Jenk`s Land. A public footpath runs diagonally SE-NW across the site whilst another, temporarily diverted from Jenk`s Land, runs alongside the western boundary. Within this overall block of land two small areas lying on the eastern boundary are excluded (Fig 3). The first lies centrally and consists of a small rectangular parcel of land (c. 125m x 90m) used as paddocks (with sheds) and from which, at its NW corner, a finger of land extends northwards for c. 100m ; this contains `Beech Tree Lodge`, a recently built single detached dwelling with gardens which are accessed by a drive lying along the northern edge of the paddocks. The second area lies across the SE corner of the block and is roughly triangular in shape - this consists of three elements (from W to E) – a small fenced public car park, the churchyard/church of All Saints, and a house/grounds known as `Clifton Lodge` which itself occupies a roughly triangular footprint abutting the Loughborough Road. With these exceptions the PDA forms a single approximately rectangular parcel c. 425/500m N-S and c. 750/1000m E-W which has no internal physical divisions.

3.1.2 The nearest principal settlement is the village of Rempstone which lies close to the SE corner of the PDA (Fig 3). Most of the village and its historic core lies to the east of the Loughborough Road. However several `later` individual properties lie centrally to, and within c. 50-100m of the PDA southern boundary. These all lie on the south side of the Ashby Road and are for the most part, heavily screened from the road by dense vegetation and trees. From E to W these consist of `Rempstone Hall Farm Bungalow`(private residence), `Rempstone Hall Farm` (farm/buildings), `Rempstone Hall` (former Convent ?presently vacant), `Rempstone Hall Courtyard` (function uncertain), Harold`s Cottage/ Gardners Cottage (?private residences) and `Lings Farm`. Elsewhere the nearest properties are `The Lings Farm` (c. 600m to the NW), `Oaklands Farm` (c. 175m to the N). The site of the former parish church and churchyard of St Peters in the Rushes (see 5.4.1 M20 below) abuts the NW corner of the PDA.

3.2 Proposal Details (Fig 4)

3.2.1 At the time of writing draft proposal details have been advised. Although the Assessment Area covers 47.26ha a nett extraction area of only c. 30.22ha is proposed (Fig 4). This will

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afford significant stand-offs to the southern, eastern and northern boundaries.

3.2.2 Extraction in six Phases which form a single broadly rectilinear block and with an anticipated duration of 10-20 years is proposed (Fig 4). The existing processing plant and access road which lie adjacent and to the west would continue to be used together with a new connecting haul road running east to west across Jenks Land approximately on the junction of Extraction Phases 1a/1c of that Consent. Mineral movement would be by dump truck to the processing plant. Extraction Phase 1 lies N-S across the western end of the block and is separated from the other Phases by a c. 10m wide N-S strip intended to act as a `buttress` for Phase 1 as this is intended for silt disposal. This strip will only be lowered to the silt level. The remainder of the Extraction area is divided by a central E-W line with Phases running in sequence in an anti-clockwise direction with Phase 2 starting adjacent to the southern half of the `buttress`. Phases 2 & 3 form two large rectilinear blocks lying along the southern boundary whilst Phases 4-6 lie to the north of the central dividing line. Dewatering of the mineral will be undertaken with restoration being to low-level wetland (Extraction Phase 1) and agriculture (Extraction Phases 2-6). Works will require the diversion of Footpath No. 1 (See 6.4.1 below).

3.3 `Walkover Survey` (Fig. 5)

3.3.1 Walkover surveys were previously undertaken in June and July 2006 for the original Assessment under bright sunshine further to heavy showers. The western sector of the PDA was further examined on 23rd April 2012 (overcast and threatening rain) and the eastern sector on 7th June 2012 (overcast with some sunny intervals). On all four visits the general light and visibility was good. However on all occasions most of the field surface was covered in crop - in 2006 with mature rape seed and, in 2012, by young cereal crop c. 20-40cms high over the western half and young rape seed over the eastern half. On the various occasions viewing has taken place from along all four boundaries, from the SE-NW diagonal footpath which bisects the western half of the site and from the N-S division in the crop which lies approximately between Eastings 457200/300. In addition to the formal walkovers it should be noted that the central and western parts of the field have been viewed informally during other site visits and during the 2011 works on Jenk`s Land.

3.3.2 Given the various crop covers it has not been possible to examine the ground surface in any detail. However it is clear that whilst general variances in the contour are present, no evidence has been noted to suggest that these are anything other than natural in origin or that any significant surface `earthworks` are present. Along the line of the footpath from the SE corner of the site the land rises gently for much of its length only falling towards the NW corner and the marshy ground which lies north of the St Peter`s churchyard site. However this rise is not constant being more marked in the SE corner of the Site adjacent to Rempstone village and less in the central western sector where the overall impression is one of more level ground. To either side of the central sector of the path substantial shallow depressions were evident covering large areas – these were also thought to be natural (?glacial) in origin although previous superficial gravel digging remains a possibility. No obvious variances in crop growth or colour were noted during any visits

3.3.3 A significant knoll with `topographical` potential for archaeology is present lying generally E-W in the north central sector of the field. The potential for colluvium (hillwash) deposit to be present at/towards the base of the numerous gentle slopes was also noted.

3.3.4 In 2006 the Sheepwash Brook was noted in the west and west central sections as being restricted to a small ?ditched channel which varied between c. 1-3m in width and c. 1-1.5m in depth. In the east central sector it was defined by a band of boggy/marshy ground whilst on the rising ground towards the eastern boundary, coarse grasses and mixed

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scrubby vegetation mark its line. Although the feature today is small and dries up at times it is likely that it was much more substantial in the past and there is thus a potential for alluvium to be present along the line of the northern boundary.

3.3.5 The only significance in variance of ground level noted during the walkovers which may not be of natural origin was on the eastern margin of the Site where a fall of c. 1-2m between the Loughborough Road and that of the field adjacent to the Sheepwash Brook was evident. The reason for this is not readily apparent ; however it may simply be the combined result of the natural slope of the field, downslope ploughing and the ?artificial profiling of the road surface/verge hereabouts.

3.3.6 There was good visibility of the soils around most of the exposed ploughed edges of the Site. A good depth (c. 30cms or more) of a deep loamy brown ploughsoil was evident in most locations with varying fractions of sand, small gravel and clay. The soils adjacent to the northern boundary were noted as being finer and with only a small gravel content (less than 10%).

3.4 Boundaries (Fig 5)

3.4.1 The boundaries of the PDA are as follows :

W boundary : This runs for c. 440m N-S and is marked by a dense hedge with occasional small gaps. It has a small but clear offset approximately half way along its length. It is possible that this feature relates to an earlier field boundary. The first c. 20m of ground within the site is marked by an unploughed strip of scrubby stand-off.

N boundary : For a distance of c. 240m from the NW corner of the Site, the boundaries are linear and entirely artificial. Here four sections of well established substantial hedgerow `dog-leg` twice to the north. These mark the limit of a small block of rough woodland which abuts the south side of the Sheepwash Brook where the ground is marshy. For the remainder of its line (c. 830m) the boundary follows the natural course of the Sheepwash Brook. Over the first c. 380m it also curves c. 100m southwards and here, on its northern side, there are traces of a once substantial hedgerow. At this point the boundary turns to the NE for c. 220m and becomes `open` to the fields on both sides of the Brook. For the final c. 250m to the NE corner of the Site the boundary runs to the ENE where mixed vegetation marks the poorly defined line of the Brook ; a substantial and mature hedgerow with some small trees lies immediately to the north. Lying approximately centrally on the northern boundary close to the turn to the NE, structural remains (including concrete blocks) indicate clear evidence for revetting of the Brook ; a sheepwash is suggested. A cross-over just to the E of this affords access to the fields north of the Brook.

E boundary : This runs southwards from the Sheepwash Brook for c. 230m before turning respectively to the W, N, W, S and then E to exclude the detached house (Beech Tree Lodge) and the rectangular block of paddocks (see 3.1.1). Beech Tree Lodge is generally well screen from the Site ; however its western and parts of its northern elevation are clearly visible from a number of locations on the northern part of the site. The paddock boundaries are marked by more gappy, shrubby and less substantial vegetation. From the SE

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corner of this block a large and mature hedgerow curves for c. 140m to the SSW before leaving the line of the Loughborough Road. From here it curves to the SW and skirts the rear boundaries of Clifton Lodge and the All Saints churchyard. This section of the boundary is again generally marked by high and substantial hedges and mature vegetation. Exceptions to this are the presence on the boundary of the sidewall of an old ?outbuilding relating to Clifton Lodge and several small gaps where the vegetation thins on the NE side of the churchyard. The west side of the churchyard is marked by a dense and high hedge whilst the car park on its N and W sides is bounded by a wooden post and rail fence.

S boundary : This runs for c.750m adjacent to the Ashby Road and is marked by a virtually continuous high mature hedgerow which has some small gaps for access and towards its western end. Immediately beyond this boundary lies a relatively narrow and overgrown verge which immediately abuts the Ashby Road.

3.5 Former and Current Landuse

3.5.1 The entire PDA has been under arable cultivation in recent years and the historic cartographic evidence (See 7.1.1 below) confirms that the western and southern portions at least were subject to the same use in the C18th & 19th, and it is a reasonable assumption the northern and eastern sectors were similarly used. There is also evidence for some `early` enclosures on the eastern boundary (See 7.1.1 `1769` & 8.1.1 `C3`). Given the amount of truncation and plough scouring noted in fieldwork on both the previous and current workings (See 5.4.1 TPAT 1-2, LAS 1-9, 2007b CA1 & T&P 1-2), the presence of the earthwork (a ?headland) marking the East Leake/Rempstone parish boundary and the vestigial ridge and furrow noted during the Burton`s Land Assessment (See 5.5.2 `W1` below) there is strong evidence that the area has probably been in cultivation for some centuries. As such it may have also have been used as temporary pasture from time to time. It almost certainly formed part of the later medieval and early post-medieval Rempstone Open Field system. Cartographic evidence also indicates the occurrence of small scale gravel extraction by 1769 (See 7.1.1 & 8.1.1 `C2`).

3.5.2 It is unclear if any artificial drainage has been inserted in the field although this seems unlikely in view of the sand and gravel `natural`. However several land drains were noted in the previous workings and given the potential for areas of colluvium at the base of slopes and the boggy/marshy land close to the Sheepwash Brook this cannot be entirely ruled out.

3.5.3 Informal conversation with the landowner in 2006 indicated that `several fields in the area` have been used for steam rallies and that metal detecting has also taken place in the past.

3.6 Internal Features (Fig 3)

3.6.1 The line of the public footpath which clearly served as a pedestrian routeway between the church/churchyard of St Peter`s in the Rushes and the Rempstone settlement until the ?early C19th remains as a diagonal feature running SE to NW across the western sector of the PDA (See 7.1.1 `1769` & 8.8.1 `C1`) Although still in regular use today as a route between Rempstone and East Leake it appears to be ploughed out annually and `reinstated` by usage.

3.6.2 Overhead power lines are present running on poles close to, and parallel with, the

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southern boundary. These run W-E from the southern sector of Jenk`s Land to the car park in the SE corner of the PDA before turning to the NE and running within the eastern sector of the PDA to the rear of Clifton Lodge. It is not known if any other services are present.

4 PHYSICAL SETTING (Figures 1, 3 5 - 6)

4.1 Topography (Figs 1 & 5)

4.1.1 The PDA lies towards the northern side of a broad `peninsular` of land which stretches westwards for c. 5k to Sutton Bonnington (as defined by the 50m contour hereabouts) (Fig 1). Located between the SE-NW course of the River Soar which lies c. 4k to the SW and a much smaller E-W flowing watercourse, the Kingston Brook, which lies c. 1.5k to the N, the main topographical axis is E-W. The land forms part of the extensive Boulder Clay plateau hereabouts which is much dissected by a number of small watercourses. To the S and SW of the Site these generally flow NE-SW to the River Soar, whilst to the N these generally flow SE-NW to the Kingston Brook. One of these latter is the Sheepwash Brook which hereabouts runs E to W/NW. At the western end of the PDA northern boundary there is an area of marshy ground which marks a drop in the contour and the beginning of a small SE-NW valley which contains `The Lings Farm` c. 500m to the W. Contours to the W. have, for the most part, been lost to the previous and current workings.

4.1.2 A detailed topographical survey (1m contour interval) has been undertaken of the PDA (Fig. 5). Its four corners lie at 67.62mOD (NW), 73.47mOD (NE), 76.50mOD (SW) & 73.63mOD (SE) and much of the site therefore lies between the 70-80m contours. . The highest point (c. 78m+ OD) is on the eastern boundary just to the S of the rectangular block of paddocks whilst the lowest point (c. 67.50mOD) lies adjacent to the junction of the Sheepwash Brook and the small area of woodland which marks the NW corner of the PDA. Along the length of the northern boundary the Sheepwash Brook falls by c. 6m (from c. 73.50mOD in the E to c. 67.50mOD in the W). Although overall the Site gradient falls to the NW and the slopes are everywhere gentle the landform displays significant variation. There are substantial areas of rising ground (between c. 75-78mOD) in the SW and central eastern sectors of the Site and an area of relatively level ground lying between the 74-75mOD contours separates the two. The central northern area of the Site is marked by a substantial rounded knoll which rises to c. 75m+OD. To the north its profile falls evenly to the Sheepwash Brook whilst to the south a shallow E-W crease/valley in the landform running on/around the 74mOD contour skirts the knoll and the area of high ground to the SW. Towards the `base` of the higher ground in the east this crease/valley turns northwards and then eastwards to pick up the contour of the Sheepwash Brook ; to the south it runs into the area of `level` ground lying to the west of the car park and Church of All Saints before it falls away to the SE. It should be noted that this shallow `valley` has been partially sectioned in the Jenk`s Land workings (T&P 2012a & b) where its natural origins and shallow nature have been confirmed (and see 5.4.2 T&P 2 below).

4.1.3 Beyond the PDA boundaries to the N, E and SW the landform continues to rise to 84/86+m - the highest ground hereabouts (Fig 1). It is worth noting that the land which forms the northern flank of the Sheepwash Brook immediately beyond the PDA rises over 15m in a distance of less than 0.5k.

4.1.4 Views (May 2012) from within the PDA are variable and very much dependent upon the location of the view point. From the SE corner (adjacent to the car park) views to the N and W are almost immediately obscured by rising ground/crop and only the tops of the trees are visible around Oaklands Farm, on the Sheepwash Brook and at the northwestern corner of the PDA adjacent to old churchyard of St Peter`s. Views to the south are also

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entirely obscured by the hedgerow on the southern boundary of the PDA and beyond that by the trees/vegetation on the S side of the Ashby Road. Views to the E are immediately limited by the hedging/vegetation which screen the church/churchyard of All Saints. As one moves westwards along the southern boundary and the ground begins to rise views begin to open up over the PDA whilst to the SW there is an increasing view over fields towards Stanford Park, which is entirely shrouded in trees. To the W near views are blocked by the bunding of the current workings whilst long distance views reach the cooling towers of Ratcliffe on Soar power station some c.6k distant. To the N views are over the PDA to the Sheepwash Brook and the arable fields beyond which form the rising northern flank of the valley hereabouts. To the NE the site of the Oaklands Farm complex, partially obscured by its adjacent vegetation, is visible as is the top of Beech Tree Lodge. From the middle of the western boundary the properties on the S side of the Ashby Road are concealed by trees and vegetation when these are under full leaf ; however it was noted in previous visits to the quarry that when there was little or no leaf cover varying portions of some of the structures were visible here. The uppermost section of All Saints Church is also visible from this location but it is only visible as an outline given the distance. From the NW corner of the PDA and along the western sector of the Sheepwash Brook views to the N are initially limited by the adjacent woodland and to the east by the knoll. As one moves eastwards these open up to rising ground which increases steeply in gradient N of the Sheepwash Brook and more gently towards Beech Tree Lodge and the PDA eastern boundary. The building of Beech Tree Lodge itself is not screened on the west and thus, from within the PDA northern and central sectors, there are open views of this property. From the NE corner of the PDA close views are limited to the N by rising ground and to the S by the Beech Tree Lodge parcel and the paddocks beyond. From the higher ground across the E end of the PDA there are open views to the N and W. From the PDA boundary to the N of Clifton Lodge and the Church of All Saints views to the E and S are immediately blocked by high mature hedges and other vegetation whilst to the north they are limited by rising ground ; to the west views open out across the PDA.

4.1.5 In sum the immediate boundaries of the PDA are thus for the most part well screened and the entire Site internally is open with variable but gentle slopes. Due to the undulating topography and peripheral vegetation external views from both the boundaries and within the PDA are variable - to the N they are limited to the `near` and `middle` distance by rising ground whilst those to the E and S are largely restricted to the `near` distance by trees/vegetation. Views to the W and SW are more open and `long distant`.

4.1.6 The broad landscape setting is that of the southern flank of a shallow valley in open, rolling countryside which contains occasional small blocks of woodland. Settlement is in the form of scattered farms, with the Rempstone village core adjacent to the SE. Two detached residential properties and the Church of All Saints abut the eastern boundary whilst an E-W band of woodland/shrubbery containing several other detached properties lies close to the S side of the Ashby Road and thus PDA southern boundary. Undesignated parkland (Rempstone Hall) lies to the S of these whilst more extensive formally designated parkland (Stanford Hall) lies some distance to the SW. The current workings lie immediately to the W.

4.1.7 The landscape of the PDA is identified in the Greater Nottinghamshire Historic Landscape Character Assessment (NCC 2009) as lying in `Nottinghamshire Wolds` Regional Character Area (op cit Fig 17) and Landscape Description Unit `LDU 186` (op cit Fig 13). It is further identified as consisting of `modern modified fields` (op cit Fig 11). The only `Archaeological Designations` present in the Study Area are Listed Buildings and Registered Parks and Gardens ; there are no formally designated sites noted within the PDA itself.

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4.2 Solid and Drift Geology (Fig 5)

4.2.1 The Superficial (or Drift) Geology over much of the Site is identified as `Glaciofluvial deposits – undifferentiated brown to red-brown sand and gravel` (BGS Sheet 142 `Melton Mowbray` 1: 50000). An isolated patch of Thrussington Till (reddish-brown to green sandy clay diamicton with Triassic and Carboniferous rock fragments) lies in the central north sector of the site and forms the knoll noted in 4.1.2 above. The glacio-fluvial deposits are said to be of Anglian date whilst the latter are thought to be of earlier pre-Anglian or Anglian origin. The line of the Sheepwash Brook is identified as being alluvium - here a grey brown clayey water-bourne silt. The bedrock is known to be the Mercian Mudstone Group of Triassic Age which are predominantly mudstones with subordinate siltstones and thin limestones.

4.2.2 Borehole surveys have been carried out in February and September 1992 (BH 5-21) and another in Sept/October 2007 (BH 22-52 excluding BH47). In total some 46 boreholes have been sunk across the Site (Fig 5). The 1992 surveys consisted of three W-E traverses which lay adjacent to the northern and southern boundaries and just to the south of the center line of the Site. Topsoil was present in all places (0.3m-0.4m in the N traverse ; 0.3m-0.5m in the central traverse and 0.2m-0.45m in the S traverse). Exceptionally BH 21 lying adjacent to the SE corner of the Site recorded 0.8m of topsoil. The 1992 records indicate that `subsoil` was recognized directly under the topsoil in 7 boreholes (BH 8, 9, 14, 15 & 20 in the eastern half and BH 11 & 18 in the western half). Elsewhere a further 9 boreholes revealed the immediately underlying deposit to be various clays (BH 5-7, 10, 12, 13, 16, 17 & 19). Clays were also present under the subsoil except in BH8 close to the Sheepwash Brook where the subsoil lies directly over sand and gravel. One location (BH 21) indicated sand to be present directly under the topsoil and overlying the sand and gravel. The 2007 survey (Cemex 2008) was primarily intended to further examine the mineral composition and workability ; it also confirmed the glacial origin of the mineral and that the `knoll` was largely formed of clay and silt (BH 28). Together the surveys indicated overburden (soils and variable deposits above the mineral) as ranging between 0.2m-13m in thickness (average 3.07m) with interburden (discrete lenses and partings of silt, clay and fine grained sands within the mineral) ranging between 0.1m-3.5m (average 1.38m). The mineral was noted as `silty or clayey fine sand to a coarse sand and gravel with occasional cobbles which shows little lateral or vertical consistency` with thickness ranging from 0m-9.95m (average 4.96m) ; it lies thickest in the NW, SE and NE corners.

4.2.3 Although none of the boreholes indicate the present of any dark or organic material significant variances in the numbers of deposits, which themselves reflect a degree of depositional complexity, are present. On the lower northern part of the Site associated with the line of the Sheepwash Brook deposits are general 4 or less in number (from W to E – BH22, 7, 38, 23, 8 & 9) whilst to the south of the knoll (BH26-29), on the southern boundary (BH17, 48,19, 50, 44, 45 & 74) and in the east of the Site (BH 10, 15, 32, 36-37, & 46) identified deposits generally number between 4 & 5. Interestingly the highest frequency of deposits is along the line of the central crease/valley where 9 boreholes (BH39, 51, 41, 35, 42, 43, 52, 30 & 31) each have 7-8 deposits, a frequency only equalled in two other locations – BH25 towards the NW corner of the site and BH49 close to the Ashby Road c. 230m from the SW corner of the Site. The increase in deposit frequency in the central crease/valley coupled with the topography may suggest a an infilled channel (See 9.2.1 below).

4.3 Soils (Fig 6)

4.3.1 A specialist assessment of the soils within the PDA has recently been undertaken (ARLM 2012). This notes that the Soil Survey of England and Wales (Sheet 3 – 1983) identifies

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three Soil Associations with the Site – these are as follows :

Wick I Association (most of the Southern Half of the Site) : Soils developed over Permo- Triassic reddish mudstones – reddish coarse and fine loamy over clayey soils with slowly permeable sub-soils and slightly seasonal waterlogging.

Dunnington Heath (in the NW) : soils developed from reddish till – reddish, fine, loamy and clayey soils with slowly permeable sub-soils and slight seasonal waterlogging

Flint Association (in the N/NE) : Soils formed in glaciofluvial or river terraces – deep well drained coarse loamy and sandy soils, locally over gravel.

4.3.2 Physical assessment of the PDA identified two types of topsoil (TS1 & TS2) and two Subsoils (SS1 & SS2) (Fig. 6) which have been noted as follows :

TS1 : Covering most of the Site this consists of a uniform very slightly to slightly stony medium sandy loam having an average depth of 35cms (range 30-50 cms)

TS2 : Covering a small area in the north to the west of the Site centre. This is very slightly stony, non-calcareous, medium clay loam varying between 30-50cms in depth

SS1 : This dominates the eastern sector of the Site but also occurs in a block on the western side. This subsoil is said to be variable in texture,ranging from sandy loam to a loamy sand or sand to depth and sometime gives way to a gravelly lower subsoil ; stone content with the coarse loamy and sandy horizon ranges from less than 5% to 60%

SS2 : This occurs beneath TS2 but also extends further to the west, east and south ; it is also found in localised areas in the Eastern sector. Most profiles comprise a variably stony sandy loam, loamy sand or sand upper sub-soil over clay loam or clay lower sub-soil. Occasionally, the clay loam or clay occur immediately below the subsoil and this extends to depth.

4.3.3 The Agricultural Land Classification indicates Grade 2 (very good quality agricultural land) lying across much of the central block of the proposed Extraction Area, Grade 3a (good quality agricultural land) covering the western sector (Extraction Phase 1) and small areas in the northern parts of Extraction Phases 2 & 3 and the southern sector of Extraction Phase 6. Sub-grade 3b (moderate quality agricultural land) was noted on the eastern margins and in small areas on the southern boundary. A general tendancy to wetness was noted along the northern margins of the PDA, with the severity being related to the closeness of any underlying clay and the stone content of the soils.

4.3.4 The presence of crop masked much of the Site surface during the various walkovers. The only soil marks noted were some sandy patches seen from the footpath in the western sector of the Site in the general area of BH13.

4.3.5 The 1992 borehole survey identified a variable layer of `subsoil` lying directly below the topsoil in 7 boreholes (BH8, 9, 11, 14, 15, 18 & 20). Varying in their silt, sand and gravel content these are generally described as dark reddish-brown/orange-brown loams which vary in thickness between 0.2m (BH15) & 0.8m (BH 9). Although no similar horizon was differentiated in the 2007 survey on the 1992 evidence and the results on Jenk`s Land (T&P 2012a) where subsoil (colluvium) were noted infilling the lower profile of the continuation of the E-W crease/valley noted in 4.1.2 above, there is clear potential for similar deposits (?in `pockets`) across the site – especially on lower slopes and at their bases. On Jenk`s Land no specific date could be assigned to these deposits but they did

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mask archaeological features and, although these latter were poorly dated, it seems probable that the subsoils here at least formed after the Anglo-Saxon period. They are assumed to be the product of long term cultivation and the downslope movement of soils.

4.4 Drainage and Water Levels (Fig 3 & 5)

4.4.1 With the exception of the westward running Sheepwash Brook also known as the `White Syke` (Raynor 2010 42) on the northern boundary there are no water sources associated with the PDA (Fig 3). Surface drainage is generally E to W and S to N towards the Brook and the NW corner of the Site (Fig 5). In the summer months the Brook frequently dries up and generally has very limited, if any real flow The area of marshy ground to the NW of the PDA is said to be the site of a former fishpond and Holy Well (See 8.2.1 M269 below). Investigations on the previous workings to the west have noted the potential for springs (TPAT 2 Extraction Phases 1, 2 and parts of 3, 4 & 15) and others may be present within the Site.

4.4.2 The 1992 borehole logs (Cemex 2008) note only a single water strike at 65.12m OD (BH5) close to the NW corner of the Site. However the 2007 survey noted 14 strikes across the site (BH25-28, 31, 34, 38-41, 44-45, 48 & 50) at depths between 65.53mOD (BH26) and 68.48mOD (BH48) (Fig 5). Interestingly three boreholes close to the Brook were dry (BH22-24). Where positively identified the surface of the bedrock (Mercian Mudstone Group) varies considerably (between 57.42mOD in BH 5 and 71.92mOD in BH 16). Although water strike levels above the bedrock varied between 0.67m (BH41) and 7.7m (BH5) the majority suggest that the true water table probably lies c. 1m or so above the bedrock (BH25-26, 34, 38-39, 41, 44-45, 48 & 50). Four boreholes indicated water levels some 3.5-4.2m above the base (BH 27-28, 31 & 40) whilst in a fifth (BH 5), exceptionally, it lay at 7.7m above the base. These latter suggest localized perching of the water table and similar circumstances may be present elsewhere.

5 BASELINE CONDITIONS ~ ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONSTRAINTS (Figures 7-11)

Notes : All entries are presented here either under the headings of Locations `Within` (5.3) and Locations `Adjacent to….`(5.4) the Proposed Development Area or, as Locations in the `Remainder of….` (5.5) the Study Area ; this is intended to give a `weighting` to the potential significance of the entry. NHER entries are described as . either a `Monument` (`M`), or an `Element` (`L`) and Entries are listed in numerical sequence irrespective of the `M` or `L` prefix. Where an `Element` relates to a `Monument` the former are simply listed under the latter and only the Monument code is shown on the Figures. It should be noted that several overlapping codes omitted on the NHER Base Map because of its format and the scale have been added and that the position of two locations (L7937 & L11070) have been adjusted further to the researches.

In the preliminary Assessment on the Site by the Consultancy undertaken in 2006 (TGC 2006) the results of the works by the archaeological contractors on the original quarry area (Trent Peak Archaeological Trust - `TPAT` and Lindsey Archaeological Services - `LAS`) had not been entered in the NHER and for reference purposes these were coded by contractor and year (TPAT 1 – 1992 ; TPAT 2 – 1995 ; LAS 1 – 1999, LAS 2 – 2002, LAS 3 – 2003, LAS 4 – 2004, LAS 5 – 2004/5, LAS 6 – 2005). By the time of the 2010 Burton`s Land Assessment (TGC 2010) the final works on the original quarry had been completed (LAS 7 – 2006, LAS 8 – 2007 & LAS 9 – 2008). In addition Assessment and trial trenching had been undertaken on `Jenk`s Land` (Cotswold Archaeology –

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CA 2007a & b respectively). Also by 2010 the results of all of the fieldwork had been entered in the NHER. However as the original 2010 format contains a fuller description and context of these results Section 5 of that Assessment has been retained here and all of the respective NHER codes have been added to the text and Figures. This has avoided wholesale reconfiguration of the Section. Interim reports on the ongoing fieldwork on Jenk`s Land (Extraction Phases 1a, 1b & 1c) by Trent and Peak Archaeology (T&P 2010, 2012a and 2012b respectively) have provided further locations. These are identified here as `P1-P24` - the suffix `P` indicating a Printed Source. In addition other non-NHER locations have also been included as follows : 2006 Assessment `P25` formerly `LH1` & `P26` formerly `20/22` ; 2009 Walkover `W1` and 2012 Assessment - Cartographic Sources, `C1`- `C3` and `P27`.

Entries have been put into a standard format by the writer using an abbreviated NHER print-out format. Where NHER `Sources` and `Data Held` references have been checked (`Locations Within…` and `Locations Adjacent…` only) this is noted. Additional information added by Guildhouse is shown as {………} as are comments by the writer intended to clarify NHER vaguaries. Additional `Sources` identified during the 2006, 2010 & current work have been added and identified with letter codes thus (A), (B) etc. Where recorded in the NHER the `confidence level` of the accuracy of the information entry has also been shown as a percentage figure in the `Monument Type and Date` line.

Locations are identified on the accompanying figures as follows : Figure 7 NHER Locations (also showing Inset Map Area & Guildhouse Locations) Figure 8 Inset Map – Detail of Rempstone Village (NHER & Guildhouse Locations) Figure 9 Locations on Current Workings (Jenk`s Land) CA 2007 Trenches (CA 1-6 with NHER references) & T&P work 2010-2012 (T&P 1, 2 & 3) Figure10 Location of Trent and Peak Archaeological Trust work 1992 &1995 (TPAT 1 & 2 with NHER references) Figure 11 Location of Lindsey Archaeological Services Work 1999-2008 (LAS 1-9 with NHER references)

5.1 Scheduled Monuments

5.1.1 There are no Scheduled Monuments within, or adjacent to, the PDA.

5.2 Other Formally Designated Archaeological Sites and Historic Features

5.2.1 There are no formally designated archaeological sites or historic features within, or immediately adjacent to the PDA but it should be noted that a short section of the northern Site boundary lies close to the Rempstone/East Leake Parish boundary.

5.3 Known Archaeology Within the Proposed Development Area (Fig 7)

5.3.1 There are four locations noted in the NHER ; these are as follows

NHER M5196 : Battlefield in Costock Parish Monument Type & Date : Battlefield (Documentary) (NHER L5196) ; Post Medieval 1644 (100%) NGR : TG 457000 325000 (Locality Only) Parish : Costock ; East Leake ; Rempstone Description : In the late summer of 1644, Parliamentary troops travelling from Leicester

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were intercepted by Royalists at Costock. Local tradition says that the attack was made near the little stream between Rempston and Costock, the Warrills and Brickley Hill. A communal burial of 5 outside Costock churchyard may be connected to the encounter. East Leake church register records the burial of 3 Royalist and 2 Parliamentary soldiers slain in a skirmish in the Lordship (17/09/1644) (1). {This was almost certainly a fluid cavalry action} ; a precise siting for the centre of the fracas cannot now be determined (2) Sources : (1) Transactions of the Thoroton Society 1902 p 30-31 (2) Colquhoun F D 1975 pers comm Data Held : None noted Geology : Not recorded

NHER L5207 : Early Medieval Finds from Rempstone Parish Monument Type & Date : Finds Scatter ; possible Anglo-Saxon cemetery (AD 410-1065) NGR : TG 457100 324600 (Centroid) (NB Location identified in Parish File as being to N of footpath c. 100m+ to NW of NHER map location) Parish : Rempstone Description : Found by Metal Detector – a cruciform brooch headplate, an almost complete cruciform brooch; also mentioned {but not seen} are more brooch `knobs` and other brooch fragments and a girdle hanger (1) & (2) Sources : (1) Leicester Museum pers comm (2) Grattan pers comm Data Held : Correspondence (1) Parish {Checked} Geology : Not recorded

NHER L11061 : Early Medieval Finds from Rempstone Monument Type & Date : Finds Scatter ; Early Medieval NGR : TG 457400 324800 (Centroid) Parish : Rempstone Description : (1) Bronze and enamel dragon finial from A/S ?crozier ; brass snake found nearby. From Rempstone, found with metal detector in sandy ploughed field. (2) Snake said to have been identified as the end of a drinking horn Sources : (1) A MacCormick 1981-19 Finds enquiry notebook (2) Pers comm to Virginia Badderley (NHER) from A MacCormick 1998 Data Held : - Geology : Sandy

NHER L11070 : Mount from Rempstone Monument Type & Date : Find/Early Medieval NGR : TG 456600 324500 (estimated only from description) Parish : Rempstone Description : Horned head – bronze mount. Anglo-Saxon style II-IIb. Found on north side of road west of village opposite Mr Derbyshire`s (farmer) house (1). {Published as `The Rempstone Mount` claimed to represent a `horned god` (?Woden or Odin)(A)} {NB Although the NHER plan (Fig 7) shows the location as being on the A6006 an OS extract in the NHER shows the provenance as being c. 150m to the north east i.e. actually in the SW corner of the PDA. This later location is that given in the published note where it is said to come from `a field south- east of the old abandoned medieval Church of St Peters in the Rushes` (A)} Sources : (1) A MacCormick 1981-19 Finds Enquiry Notebook 91 (A) Raynor K 2012 Data Held : None Geology : -

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5.3.2 During the course of the cartographic researches (See 7.1 below) three additional locations have been noted as follows (Fig 7) :

C1 : Old Footpath between Rempstone & the Church of St Peter`s in the Rushes – First depicted on 1769 Rempstone Inclosure Award Map where it is identified as `Footway from Great Leak`. This follows the line of the modern footpath.

C2 : Gravel Pit and Access – Identified on the Rempstone Inclosure Award Map of 1769 as Parcel `2` this was noted as being assigned to the `Surveyor of the Highways for Gravel` and being of 1 acre, 1 rood and 13 perches` in extent. On an Estate plan of 1797 it is shown as a `Gravel Pit` and it is similarly identified on another plan of c. 1850 when a linear access ?track is shown linking it to the modern Ashby Road.

C3 : Rectilinear Enclosures on Eastern Boundary – Four enclosures composed of a group of three to the N and a single one to the south separated by a gap are shown on the Rempstone Inclosure Award Map of 1769. The representation suggests possible low banks as marking their perimeters. The line of the modern Loughborough Road, noted as the `Road to Nottingham` runs up to the northern boundary of the complex and recommences at its southern limit. A single enclosure is shown in the same location in 1797 where it is identified as Parcel No. `14 – The Grange` (when it belonged to the Reverend Pearson) and again c. 1850 as Parcel No. `22` - Grange Close` (when it belonged to the Reverend R N Adams).

5.4 Known Archaeology Adjacent to the Proposed Development Area (Fig 7-9)

5.4.1 The NHER notes following locations within c. 200m of the Site boundary :

NHER M20 : Earthwork ~ St Peter`s in the Rushes, Rempstone (Also L20 – Foundations & Finds ; L8976 – Earthwork ; L8977 - Graveyard & L8978 – Documentary ref.) Monument Type & Date : Church (100%) (AD 1066-1771) NGR : TG 456600 324940 Parish : Rempstone Description : Rempstone Church once stood ½ mile to the NW of the present village with the name of St Peter`s in the Rushes (1). C18 church (NHER M61) built using stone from the ruinous St Peter`s Church – location continued in use as a graveyard. A low, indistinct grass-grown mound with a max height of 0.4m marks the site, part encircled by a boundary bank of similar maximum height (2) The earliest reference to St Peter`s Church, Rempstone occurs in 1231 (3). Excavation by an amateur group (in) 1962 revealed foundations (walls c. 5ft thick, of sandstone and rubble). Finds of glass and tile fragments (4). See M61 (for C18th church). Sources : (1) `The Lost Villages of England` by M Beresford 1954 p 378 (2) Harper F R pers comm (3) `Churches of Nottinghamshire – Hundred of Rushcliffe` by Godfrey J T 1887 p 221-231 {Checked NCRO} (4) Williams B C J 1987 pers comm {Checked + plan} (5) Loughborough Echo 13/07/1 (?) {not present in Parish File ; however another dated 3rd August 1962 & entitled `The Ancient Church of St Peter in the Rushes at Rempstone` by D Hartley is present}. (6) Transactions of the Thoroton Society 1978 p 11 {Checked NHER}

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(A) `St Peter`s in the Rushes` by Charlie Firth (written 1986) The Leake Historian No 7 p12-3 March 2003 (ELL) (B) `Robert Marsden B D. - Rector of Rempstone 1702-1748` William Buchanan The Leake Historian No 5 p 4- 8 November 2001 (ELL) (C) `Churches of Nottinghamshire J C Cox 1912 p 170 (NCRO) (D) `Thoroton`s Nottinghamshire` (with ?Additions) p?65 (photocopy) (ELL) (E) Blacks `Guide to Nottinghamshire` Undated photocopy (ELL) (F) Nottinghamshire & Derbyshire Notes and Queries 1896 p 126 Photocopy (ELL) (G) `East Midlands Villages – Rempstone` Unidentified ?Topic Magazine article dated August 1980 ; photocopy (ELL) (H) `Rempston` The Church of St Peter`s-in-the-Rushes and the Early Medieval Village` by R Owen Wood April 1980, East Leake and District Local History Group Newsletter No 4 Spring 1980 - Data Held : Four colour prints from ground (02894/10-12, 12A 1987 SMR) Correspondence (4) Parish File {Checked} Geology : Sand and Gravel

NHER M61 : All Saints Church, Rempstone (Also L61 – Stone used at All Saints Church ; L9854 - Church building) Monument Type & Date : Church ; Post Medieval (from 1771) (100%) NGR : TG 457530 324510 Parish : Rempstone Description : All Saints Church, Rempstone was built in 1771 using stone from the ruinous St Peter`s Church (1) & (2) Tower dated 1771, church consecrated (in) 1773. A complete village church of that date is rare in Notts, and with so much of the original furnishings rarer still (3) See SMR Nos. M20 (for St Peter`s Church), M21 (for shrunken village) & L7881 (for nearby banks and mounds) Sources : (1) Harper F R pers comm (2) Seymour Wright Mr pers comm (3) The Buildings of England : Nottinghamshire p 294 Pevsner N (2nd ed) Data Held : None Geology : Sand and Gravel

NHER M235 : Milestone, Rempstone Monument Type & Date : Milestone ; Post Medieval/Modern (L235)(100%) (AD 1547-2000) NGR : TG 456820 324510 (Centroid)) Parish : Rempstone Description : Milestone (See NHER M1546 for road) Sources : (1) NIAS Sept 1 Gazetteer - Rushcliffe Data Held : None Geology : Sand and Gravel

NHER M240 : Fish pond, Rempstone Monument Type & Date : Earthwork (L240) ; Medieval-Modern (100%) NGR : TG 457670 324160 Parish : Rempstone Description : At the above grid reference (1) is a fishpond, probable Medieval in origin (2) No change – waterfilled (3) ; See M7879 (for part of shrunken village) Sources : (1) OS 1921 County Series 1 : 25000 (2) Harper F R 1961 pers comm (3) Cloquhoun 1975 pers comm Data Held : None

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Geology : Tea Green Marl

NHER M243 : Smithy, Rempstone Monument Type & Date : Blacksmiths Workshop – Documentary (L243) (1547 – Modern) (100%) NGR : TG 457610 324380 Parish : Rempstone Description : Smithy (1) Sources : (1) OS 1921 1 : 2500 County Series Data Held : None Geology : Tea Green Marl

NHER M244 : Sand Pit, Rempstone Monument Type & Date : Sand pit – Documentary (L244) ; Unknown - Modern (100%) NGR : TG 457740 324410 (Centroid) Parish : Rempstone Description : Old Sand Pit (1) (See L7879 for nearby earthworks) Sources : (1) OS 1921 1 : 2500 County Series Data Held : None Geology : Tea Green Marl

NHER M246 : Well, Rempstone Monument Type & Date : Well (L246) ; Date Unknown (100%) NGR : TG 457650 324860 Parish : Rempstone Description : Well Sources : (1) O S 1 : 2500 County Series Data Held : None Geology : Sand and Gravel

NHER M247 : Gravel Quarry, Rempstone Monument Type & Date : Gravel Pit (L247) ; Date Unknown (100%) NGR : TG 457850 324870 Parish : Rempstone Description : Old Gravel Pit (1) Quarry (2) Sources : (1) OS 1921 Edition : 2500 County Series (2) OS 1 : 25000 Data Held : None Geology : Sand and Gravel

NHER M269 : Holy Well, Rempstone Monument Type & Date : Holy Well (L269), Date Unknown (75%) NGR : TG 456700 325000 Parish : Rempstone Description : Holy Well ; now beneath modern fishpond Sources : (1) Wood R O pers comm (2) Williams B pers comm Additional References noted during current researches : (A) `St Peter`s in the Rushes` by Charlie Firth (written 1986) The Leake Historian No 7 p13 March 2003 (ELL) (B) `Rempston` The church of St Peter`s-in-the-Rushes and the Early Medieval Village` by R Owen Wood April 1980, East Leake and District Local History Group Newsletter No 4 Spring 1980 - Data Held : None Geology : Sand and Gravel

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NHER M1546 : A6006 Turnpike Road Monument Type & Date : Toll Road ; Post Medieval (75%) (1700 – Modern) NGR : TG 455840 324410 (in Rempstone – linear feature) Parish : Rempstone Description : Turnpike Road now in use as A6006 (See M235 for Milestone) Sources : Documentary reference to A6006 Turnpike Road Data Held : None Geology : Not recorded

NHER L5204 : Medieval Silver Halfpenny found in Rempstone Parish Monument Type & Date : Find spot ; Medieval (1199-1216) NGR : TG 457800 324800 Parish : Rempstone Description : Silver Short Cross halfpenny cut diagonally. Obverse legend `ENRC(?)` but presumably a curved `I` and therefore `ENRI` ; Reverse legend `REV ON`, reign of John ; found by metal detector (1) & ( 2) Sources : (1) Leicester Museum pers comm (2) Grattan Mr P pers comm Data Held : Correspondence (1) Parish File Geology : Not recorded

NHER L5205 : Anglo-Saxon Small Long Brooch from Rempstone pa(rish) Monument Type & Date : Brooch ; Early Medieval (410 - 1065 AD) NGR : TG 457700 324600 (Findspot) Parish : Rempstone Description : Anglo-Saxon small long brooch, cross pattee derivative ; not yet properly recorded – found by metal detector (1) and (2) ; See L5204, 6 & 7 (for nearby finds) and L7880 (for nearby earthworks) Sources : (1) Leicester Museum pers comm (2) Grattan Mr P pers comm Data Held : Correspondence (1) Parish File (ABH - Checked) Geology : Not recorded

NHER L7880 : Banks and Hollows, Rempstone Shrunken Village Monument Type & Date : Bank, Hollow, Building Platform ; Date Unknown NGR : TG 457700 324620 (Group/Complex Centroid) Parish : Rempstone Description : Complex set of banks and hollows including a large curving bank in the SE corner. Possible building platforms and property plots to the North (1) Sources : (1) Trent and Peak Archaeological Trust 1996 Village Earthwork Survey III Data Held : 3 colour prints, 7/2-4 (F49/1), NHER {checked} Geology : Not recorded

NHER L7881 : Banks and Mounds, Rempstone Shrunken Village Monument Type & Date : Banks and Mounds ; Date Unknown NGR : TG 457500 324430 (Group/Complex Centroid) Parish : Rempstone Description : Three N-S linear banks. Part of two small mounds surviving on north side of the southern field boundary, in the SE corner ; See NSMR M61 (for nearby church) Sources : (1) Trent and Peak Archaeological Trust 1996 Village Earthwork Survey III {Checked} Data Held : 1 colour photograph, 7/5 (F49/1) NHER Geology : Not recorded

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NHER L7937 : Roman Tiles, Rempstone Monument Type & Date : Tiles ; Roman NGR : TG 456700 325000 Parish : Rempstone Description : Site now under modern fishpond (See M269 Holy Well) (1) (2) Sources : (1) Wood R O pers comm (2) Cousins R pers comm (Lincs Folk Museum) Data Held : None Geology : Not Recorded

CA1 : August 2007 Evaluation on Jenk`s Land (Fig 9) Parish : Rempstone Description of Results : (1) No known features/finds from within the Site (2) Negative Evidence Six trial trenches cut in Oct 2007 (each 25m x 1.8m) on a c.7h parcel. Topsoil varies between 0.16-0.32m which overlies a sandy, silty brown subsoil (0.15-0.28m in thickness) with the natural surface of sand/gravel lying between 0.38-0.47m below ground surface. Oval-shaped pit of post-medieval date was revealed in Trench 2 sealed by topsoil and subsoil (NHER L11917). There was slight evidence for farming activity indicated by the presence of plough scars on a NW-SE alignment in Trenches 4-6 (NHER L11918). No other archaeological features ; finds only a single residual worked flint from subsoil in Trench 5 (NHER L11919) otherwise only modern/recent material. (NHER L11917). No evidence for spread of St Peters in the Rushes churchyard within NE sector of site strongly suggesting that existing boundaries were in place in the Medieval period. Sources : (1) CA 2007a (2) CA 2007b

5.4.2 In addition to the NHER locations there are a further twenty-four (`P1 – P24`) identified from the 2010 -12 fieldwork on Jenk`s Land Extraction Phase 1a – 1c (Fig 9). All of these lie immediately to the west of the PDA and can be summarized as follows :

T&P 1 : May 2010 Watching Brief and Excavation on Jenk`s Land Phase 1a Parish : Rempstone Description of Results : Covering c. 1.57ha the stripped surface comprised a highly variable deposit of mid orange/brown silty sand interspersed with blocks of red clay. Archaeological features were generally poorly defined and preservation was variable with truncation varying from moderate to heavy. Homogeneous feature fills mitigated against the recovery of detailed evidence for phasing, although some observations were possible based on plan and form. Finds and features indicated activity as follows : P1 - Six Residual Undiagnostic Worked Flint P2 - Distinctive NE-SW aligned Boundary P3 – Small Romano-British Rectilinear Ditched Enclosure P4 - Four Sherds of C12th-C14th Medieval Pottery P5 - Section across the East Leake/Rempstone Parish Boundary P6 - Traces of C19th structure Environmental evidence from the Romano-British enclosure yielded only small quantities of charcoal and poorly preserved carbonised grain and weed seeds ; uncharred weed seeds indicated modern contamination and this and the sparse presence of archaeobotanical remains indicated the deposits had little interpretive value. Source : (1) T&P 2011

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T&P 2 : March-June 2011 Watching Brief and Excavation on Jenk`s Land Phase 1b Parish : Rempstone Description of Results : Covering c. 2.6ha this Phase occupies gently sloping land which falls from S (c. 78mOD) to N (c. 72mOD). Further to topsoil stripping the sub-surface landform revealed a more pronounced S to N slope and a prominent knoll in the SE corner of the site. The subsoil consisted of a highly variable and mixed deposit composed of orange/brown sandy silt loam interspersed with lenses of white and red sand and patches of pea gravel. As previously on Phase 1a, features were generally poorly defined and preservation was variable with truncation ranging from moderate to heavy. Colluvium and downslope deposits presumably formed by long term ploughing were seen to mask the archaeological interface in the central, and to a lesser extent, the southern sectors of the site which necessitated a separate subsoil strip in these areas. Despite the negative results of the Desk-based Assessment (CA 2007a) and the (limited) evaluation by Trial Trenching (CA 2007b) multi-period activity was recorded as follows : P7 - Early Bronze Age Beaker Ware Vessel & Flint P8 - ?Bronze Age Ring Ditch & Pit P9 - ?Later Prehistoric Boundary Ditch P10 - Roman Pottery and ?Coin P11 - Anglo-Saxon `Grub Huts` & ?Field System P12 - Medieval Pottery Sherds & Tile P13 - Early Post Medieval ?Structure and Features and Windmill Foundation P14 - Later Post-Medieval Windmill Foundation and Carriageway P15 - Post Medieval- Early Modern Field Boundary & Associated Features With the exception of the Early Bronze Age pit/Beaker (P7) the prehistoric activity remains ill-defined due to the lack of dating evidence. An Early Bronze Age date is suggested for the ring ditch (P8) by analogy with similar features elsewhere and the presence of only worked flint and heat-affected stone. Dating evidence for the major boundary ditch (P9) was limited to a single sherd of general 1st millenium BC character. The alignment of this ditch is shared by the triple ?pre-Roman/Early Romano-British boundary recorded in Phase 1a (See T& P 1 `P2` above) – a potential pattern of development consistent with the regional sequence of landscape demarcation and enclosure originating in later prehistory is suggested. Evidence for Romano-British activity was sparse (P10). Anglo-Saxon settlement activity (P11), dated by ceramics, appears to be focused on the higher ground in the south with a N-S/E-W field system to the north. The later medieval period is only represented by residual finds of pottery and a tile fragment (P12). By contrast a cluster of features in the SW corner of the site associated with a ?structure (P13) suggests possible occupation in the early post-medieval period (C16th) whilst a cruciform windmill foundation (P13) of apparently similar date lying in the SE quadrant may be associated. A second windmill foundation (P14) of C17th-C18th date lay immediately adjacent whilst the carriageway to/from the churchyard (P14) was also identified ; known to be present in 1769 its origins are likely to be earlier. More recent locations including field boundaries and associated features attest to continued agricultural activity (P15). Source : (2) T&P 2012a (Draft Interim only).

T& P 3 : March-June 2012 Watching Brief and Excavation on Jenk`s Land Phase 1c Parish : Rempstone

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Description of Results : Covering c. 2.6ha this Phase occupies more gently sloping land than Phase 1b with the upper subsoil layer thinning significantly from S to N. In the central northern and NE sector of the Phase a rise of natural gravel Formed the true subsoil whilst elsewhere it consisted of much more mixed clayey deposits. The following features/feature groups were recorded : P16 - Early-Middle Bronze Age Ring Ditch P17 - Undated Prehistoric Flintwork P18 - Undated ?Prehistoric Sinuous, Irregular Gully, Associated Features & 4 Four Discrete Pits P19 - ?Later Prehistoric Boundary Ditch (continuation of `P9`) P20 - Anglo-Saxon Cemetery with Associated Features P21 - Post Medieval N-S Gully and Pits P22 - Two Undated Cremations (?Prehistoric or Anglo-Saxon) P23 - Undated E-W Linear Ditch (?Later Prehistoric or Anglo-Saxon) P24 - Geological Features The earliest datable feature/finds from this Phase was a c. 17.5m diameter ring ditch of Early-Middle Bronze Age date (P16). This lay towards the western end of the slight gravel rise and was noticeable prior to the removal of the topsoil. In view of the presence of the Anglo-Saxon Cemetery the entire ditch was excavated and six sherds of Collared Urn were recovered from the basal fills in the NW quadrant. Approximately 100 pieces of worked flint (P17) came from the Phase as a whole, some from a single pit (P18) with most occurring residually. An irregular gully of sinuous form associated with other short lengths of gully/slot lying were noted lying close to the eastern margin of the site and several isolated discrete pits were also recorded (all P18). The substantial NE-SW Boundary ditch of ?Later Prehistoric date noted in Phase 1b (P9) was seen to continue across the SE corner of the Phase (P19). Five hand-dug sections across it produced no useful dating evidence. Apparently focussed on the ring ditch and lying adjacent to the N and S but mainly to the E, were c. 130+ pits/graves (P20). For the most part devoid of bone few grave goods were present (2 intact pots & other sherds, ironwork (3 spearheads, 8 knives, 1 ?seax & 1 bucket handle together with single examples of a ?strike alight, a coin, a brooch and a buckle) (NB provisional identifications only) and together these suggest a date in the C6-C7th. Given the complete lack of any occupation material and the similarity of the feature-type the possibility of many of the numerous undated features representing occupation has been ruled out. Often very shallow and obviously heavily truncated by ploughing the surviving graves mainly respected the footprint of the ring ditch ; however it is quite likely that other burials here would have been lost given the albeit slight rise in the natural surface hereabouts. It is felt reasonable to assume that the ring ditch was still a visible feature in the landscape when the cemetery was active but one clearly identifiable grave containing a fine bead ?necklace cut through the upper ditch fill suggesting that some truncation of the feature had already taken place by the C6th-C7th AD. If the ring ditch was a funerary monument truncation of the old ground surface could account for the lack of any surviving contemporary burial(s). Although for the most part the pits/graves are discrete features, perhaps suggesting surface markers, several loose clusters could suggest `family` groups. The only other features thought likely to be contemporary with the cemetery was a horseshoe- shaped ditch which cut the SE corner of the ring ditch and two possible cemetery boundary ditches (all P20) – these latter recorded in the NE and NW corners of the Phase. No direct evidence for medieval activity was noted although a degree of ploughing can be surmised. Post medieval features (P21) were limited to a N-S gully (?field boundary) and several pits. Other significant undated features were two cremations lying within the Anglo-

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Saxon cemetery which could be contemporary with it or be of prehistoric date (P22) and an E-W linear ditch running along the southern boundary of the Phase (P23). This feature appeared to cut the large NE-SW boundary ditch (P19) and although its alignment could suggest an Anglo-Saxon date its leached fill similar to that of P19 hints at a prehistoric origin. Of note lying mainly across the southern part of the Phase (but also running onto the gravel E of the ring ditch) where the more mixed natural subsoil was present a whole series of sinuous linear and curvilinear features were identified `in plan` during soil stripping (P24). Initially these appeared to be convincing features but extensive hand excavation revealed irregular internal sections not in keeping with man-made features and totally sterile fills. Specialist advice further to a site visit confirmed these were likely to be the results of natural glacial/periglacial activity. Source : (3) T &P 2012b (Draft Interim only)

5.5 Known Archaeology in the Remainder of the Study Area (Figs 7, 8, 10 & 11)

5.5.1 The NHER records the following in the Remainder of the Study Area :

NHER M21 : `Village Ring`, Rempstone (Also L21 Linear Earthwork) Monument Type & Date : Earthwork - Dyke (Defensive) ; Medieval (50%) NGR : TG 457800 324100 Parish : Rempstone Description : A small bank, surmounted originally by a fence or hedge, is not uncommon among Midland villages. The Enclosure Award (1769) refers to `the ring of the village` which is still clearly visible round the south side of the village. It encloses an area about 450yds by 700 yds (1) Investigation of “ring of a village” to the S of existing settlement (2) M21 is not clearly defined as a bank. Enclosure ditches link to it and it may be simply a composite boundary alignment within the field system (3) See M7879 (for shrunken village) and M240 (for Fishpond) Sources : (1) Barley MW `Nottingham Medieval Studies` 1957 p 77 (2) East Midlands Archaeological Bulletin 1961 p 15 (3) Trent and Peak Archaeological Trust Village Earthworks Survey III 1996 Data Held : None Geology : Sand and Gravel

NHER M217 : Icehouse, Stanford on Soar Monument Type & Date : Icehouse – Documentary (L217) ; Post Medieval (100%) NGR : TG 455760 324380 Parish : Stanford on Soar Description : Icehouse (1) Sources : (1) OS 1921 1 : 2500 County Series Data Held : None Geology : Sand and Gravel

NHER L218 : Pits, Stanford on Soar Monument Type & Date : Pit – Documentary ; Date Unknown NGR : TG 455760 324360 Parish : Stanford on Soar Description : Pits (1) (2) Sources : (1) OS 1921 1 : 2500 Series (2) OS 1 : 25000 Data Held : None

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Geology : Not recorded

NHER M219 : Old Sand/Gravel Pit, East Leake Monument Type & Date : Sand Pit/Gravel Pit – Documentary (NHER L219) ; Date Unknown (100%) NGR : TG 455960 324780 Parish : East Leake Description : Old Sand Pit (1); Gravel Pit (2) & ?Quarry Pit (3) Sources : (1) OS 1921 1 : 2500 County Series (2) Sanderson G `Nottinghamshire` 1836 (3) OS 1 : 25000 Data Held : None Geology : Sand and Gravel

NHER L224 : Stanford Hall Country House Monument Type & Date : Pit – Documentary ; Date Unknown (100%) NGR : TG 455900 323870 Parish : Stanford on Soar Description : Brick mansion of Charles Vere Dashwood, 1771-4 by Henderson of Loughborough. Much altered and extended c. 1892 by W H Fletcher, altered again for Sir Julien Cahn by Messrs Allom in the late 1930`s and extended for college theatre 1937-38 Sources : (1) Chapman J 1774 Nottinghamshire (2) Pevsner 1979 The Buildings of Nottinghamshire 2nd ed p335 (3) Listed Buildings Description (4) Sanderson G 1836 Nottinghamshire Data Held : None Geology : Keuper Marl

NHER L225 : Stanford Hall Fish Pond Monument Type & Date : Pit – Documentary ; Date Unknown NGR : TG 456300 323500 Parish : Stanford on Soar Description : Large fish pond (1) ; fish ponds (2) Sources : (1) Chapman 1774 Nottinghamshire (2) OS 1921 1 : 2500 County Series Data Held : None Geology : Keuper Marl

NHER M229 : Wind pump, Rempstone Monument Type & Date : Wind pump – Documentary (NHER L229) ; Modern (from 1780) (100%) NGR : TG 456190 324380 Parish : Rempstone Description : Windpump (1) Sources : (1) OS 1921 1 : 2500 County Series Data Held : None Geology : Sand and Gravel

NHER M230 : Wind pump, Rempstone Monument Type & Date : Wind pump – Documentary (L230) ; Modern (from 1780) (100%) NGR : TG 456560 324260 Parish : Rempstone Description : Windpump (1) Sources : (1) OS 1 : 25000

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Data Held : None Geology : Keuper Marl

NHER M231 (NHER M8909): Ford, Rempstone Monument Type & Date : Ford – Documentary (L231) ; Date Unknown (100%) NGR : TG 456790 323520 Parish : Rempstone Description : Ford on old routeway - map depiction (1) Sources : (1) OS 1 : 25000 Data Held : None Geology : River Gravel 2 and Alluvium

NHER M232 : Hydraulic Ram, Rempstone Monument Type & Date : Hydraulic Ram - Documentary (L232) ; Modern (from 1780) (100%) NGR : TG 456890 324230 Parish : Rempstone Description : Hydraulic Ram (1) Sources : (1) OS 1921 1 : 2500 County Series Data Held : None Geology : Keuper Marl

NHER M233 : Well, Rempstone Monument Type & Date : Well – Documentary (L233) ; Date Unknown (100%) NGR : TG 456890 324250 Parish : Rempstone Description : Well (1) – Map description Sources : (1) OS 1921 1 : 2500 County Series Data Held : None Geology : Keuper Marl

NHER M238 (NHER M8910) : Quarry, Rempstone, (Also L9002 Brick kiln) Monument Type & Date : Quarry – Documentary (L238) ; Date Unknown (100%) NGR : TG 457440 324860 (centroid) Parish : Rempstone Description : Quarry (1) & (2) Sources : (1) OS 1921 1 : 2500 County Series (2) OS 1 : 25000 Data Held : None Geology : Keuper Marl

NHER M239 : Wind pump, Rempstone Monument Type & Date : Wind pump – Documentary (L239) ; Modern (from 1780) (100%) NGR : TG 457570 323900 Parish : Rempstone Description : Windpump (1) Sources : (1) OS 1 : 25000 Data Held : None Geology : Clays and Limes

NHER M242 : Sheepwash, Rempstone Monument Type & Date : Sheepwash – Documentary (L242) ; Post-Medieval – Modern (100%) NGR : TG 457790 324290

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Parish : Rempstone Description : Sheepwash (1) Sources : (1) OS 1921 1 : 2500 County Series Data Held : None Geology : Tea Green Marl

NHER M245 : Wind Pump, Rempstone Monument Type & Date : Wind pump – Documentary (L245) ; Modern (from 1780) (100%) NGR : TG 458230 324370 Parish : Rempstone Description : Wind pump (1) ; documentary Sources : (1) OS 1 : 25000 Data Held : None Geology : Boulder Clay

NHER L248 : Pit, Rempstone Monument Type & Date : Pit - Documentary ; Unknown NGR : TG 457970 324850 Parish : Rempstone Description : Pit (1) Sources : (1) OS 1921 1 : 2500 County Series Data Held : None Geology : Not Recorded

NHER M249 : Works, Rempstone Monument Type & Date : Works – Roofed Building (L249) ; Modern (100%) NGR : TG 457700 324290 (Centroid) Parish : Rempstone Description : Works built with bricks and roofed with pantiles (1) Sources : (1) NIAS Gazetteer Data Held : None Geology : Tea Green Marl

NSMR M261 : Damhead Plantation, Rempstone Monument Type & Date : Dam – Documentary (L261) ; Unknown (50%) NGR : TG 457100 324100 (Centroid) Parish : Rempstone Description : Damhead Plantation (1) Sources : (1) OS 1921 1 : 2500 County Series Data Held : None Geology : Keuper Marl

NHER M270 : Medieval Fish Pond, Rempstone Monument Type & Date : Earthwork (L270) ; Medieval (75%) NGR : TG 456500 325100 (Centroid) Parish : Rempstone Description : Medieval Fish pond. Earthern banks visible (1) Sources : (1) Fairey Air Photograph(s) 1971 6/285 & 6/286 Data Held : None Geology : Sand and Gravel

NHER M276 : Quarry, East Leake Monument Type & Date : Earthwork (L276) ; Unknown (50%) NGR : TG 456400 325300 (Centroid) Parish : East Leake

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Description : ?Rectangular banked enclosure, N of Sheepwash Brook. Visible on aerial photographs (1) Visible on ground (2) ; Medieval open field name `Brickliffe` or `Brickley Field` Sources : (1) Wood R O 1984 pers comm (2) Fairey Surveys 1971 6/285, 6/286 Data Held : Correspondence (1) Parish File Geology : Sand and Gravel ; Boulder Clay

NHER M277 : Maltings, Costock Monument Type & Date : Malthouse (L277) ; 1780 - Modern (50%) NGR : TG 457000 326000 (Locality Only) Parish : Costock Description : Maltings ; position unknown not drawn on map Sources : Information held on NHER with no reference Data Held : None Geology : Not Recorded

NHER L287 : Stanford Hall - Embankment Monument Type & Date : Bank ; Unknown NGR : TG 456090 323780 (Linear) Parish : Stanford on Soar Description : Hachures Show embankment around Stanford Hall (1) Sources : (1) OS 1921 1 : 2500 County Series Data Held : None Geology : Not recorded

M5206 Anglo-Saxon Cemetery in Rempstone Parish (Also L5206 – Anglo-Saxon finds from Rempstone) Monument Type & Date : Cemetery ; Early Medieval (410-1065)(75%) NGR : TG 456000 324500 (Centroid) NB for location only {actual findspot thought to be c. 100m+ to NE of this} Parish : Rempstone Description : Found by metal detector – a cruciform brooch fragment, a fragment of what may be tweezers, copper alloy {minature} shears {as at Spong}, 5 pot sherds C5-C6 {2 with linear decoration}. Also reported a good pair of tweezers and tweezer fragments. {the following also noted under this entry but identical to NSMR M5207 and presumably intended as a cross reference but not noted as such : `Also a cruciform brooch headplate and an almost complete cruciform brooch ; Also mentioned more `brooch knobs` and other brooch fragments and a girdle-hanger} Anglo-Saxon small long brooch, cross pattee derivative (1), (2) and (3) Finds are indicative of an Anglo-Saxon cemetery in area (4) Sources : (1) Leicester Museum pers comm (2) Grattan Mr P pers comm (3) Carlyle T pers comm (4) Newsome S E 1999 pers comm Data Held : Correspondence (1) Parish File {this also notes `M7222` against this Location but NHER confirm this is not an NHER record reference} Geology : Sand and Gravel

NHER L5881 : 3 Roman Bronze Coins from Rempstone Parish Monument Type & Date : Finds Scatter ; Roman (270-346) NGR : TG 457000 324000 (Locality only) Parish : Rempstone Description : 3 Roman bronze coins found 10/1990, all in very worn condition. Antoninianus, probably of Carausius (287-293 AD) – bust looking right

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with radiate crown, name beneath. Rev- standing figure ?Antoninianus, probably of Tetricus I (270-273 AD) …ICVS…PFA – Tetricus Pius Felix Aug. Rev – female figure with horn of plenty and scales - ?Equity. AE4, helmeted bust, possibly a sceptre behind. Commemorative issue 330- 346 AD? Rev completely worn (1) {NB Grid ref approx - not drawn on map} Sources : (1) Rutland R A 1/11/1990 pers comm (Leicester Museum) (2) Widdicombe Mr pers comm Data Held : LCM Card and SMR Card Parish File Geology : Not Recorded

NHER L7868 : Lynchet, Costock Monument Type & Date : Earthwork ; Unknown NGR : TG 457000 326040 (Centroid) Parish : Costock Description : Lynchet (1) Sources : (1) Trent and Peak Archaeological Trust 1996 Village Earthworks Survey III Data Held : 1 colour print, 6/12 (neg 47/7), SMR Geology : Not Recorded

NHER L7869 : Hollow Way and Ridge & Furrow, Costock Monument Type & Date : Earthwork {also Pond} ; Unknown NGR : TG 457280 326170 (Centroid) Group/Complex Parish : Costock Description : Ridge and furrow with a pond to the southern edge. Hollow track running SW from Miller`s Lane (1) ; Possible building plot in NE corner, next to Miller`s Lane (1) Sources : (1) Trent and Peak Archaeological Trust 1996 Village Earthworks Survey III Data Held : 1 colour print, 6/13 (neg 48/1), NHER Geology : Not Recorded

NHER L7870 : Earthworks West of Loughborough Road, Costock Monument Type & Date : Ridge and furrow, Pond, Ditch and Building Platform, Unknown NGR : TG 457540 326200 (Centroid) Group/Complex Parish : Costock Description : In the SE, ridge and furrow and infilled pond. Ridge and Furrow in the SW ; Deep ditch running north from the central pond. Raised platform of ground between the ditch and the road (1) Sources : (1) Trent and Peak Archaeological Trust 1996 Village Earthworks Survey III Data Held : 1 colour print, 6/14, 15 (negs F48//1), NHER Geology : Not Recorded

NHER M7879 : Rempstone Shrunken Village (Also L8979 – Quarry Hollows ; L8980 – Earthwork Complex) Monument Type & Date : Shrunken Village ; Medieval-Post Medieval (AD 1066-1779) NGR : TG 457800 324440 (Centroid) (Group/Complex) Parish : Rempstone Description : Medieval Deserted Village (1) Bank, part of `ring of village` NWB Enclosure Award 1769 (2) Earthworks, probably representing “back lane” and ditches and banks between individual crofts (3) Boundary ditches visible on Aerial Photographs (4) Many plots in/around the village contain earthworks of various types, including many probable building platforms, within the area defined by the “ring” (M21) (5) See M20 (for Church site) and M240 (for Fish pond). These have been surveyed by TPAT and a copy of their village plan

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is included here as Appendix 1 Sources : (1) Beresford M and Hurst J G 1971 Deserted Medieval Villages Studies p 201 (2) Barley M W 1957 Nottingham Medieval Studies p 77 (3) East Midlands Archaeological Bulletin 1961 p 15 (4) Undated RAF Aerial Photographs 27/8/1945 (Refs : 106G/UK 734/4233-4) (5) Trent and Peak Archaeological Trust 1996 Village Earthworks Survey III Data Held : 2 colour prints, 6/37, 7/9 (F48/2 & 49/2), NHER Geology : Sand and Gravel and Boulder Clay

NHER M7882 : Quarries, Rempstone Monument Type & Date : Quarry (L7882 Ridge/Furrow & Hollows) ; Post Medieval (AD 1547-1779) NGR : TG 457440 323960 (Centroid) Parish : Rempstone Description : Very large Quarry hollows (1) See M238 (for nearby Quarries) Sources : (1)Trent and Peak Archaeological Trust 1996 Village Earthwork Survey III Data Held : 1 colour print, 7/6 (F49/2), NHER Geology : Tea Green Marl, Keuper Marl and Alluvium

NHER L7883 : Ridge and Furrow and possible Building Platforms, Rempstone Monument Type & Date : Earthwork {also Terraced ground} Unknown NGR : TG 458260 324200 (Centroid) Group/Complex Parish : Rempstone Description : Ridge and furrow with Terraced area in NE corner that has signs of possible Building Platforms (1) Sources : (1) Trent and Peak Archaeological Trust 1996 Village Earthworks Survey III Data Held : 1 colour print, 7/15 (49/4), NHER Geology : Not Recorded

NHER L7884 : Hollow and Mound, Rempstone Monument Type & Date : Earthwork {also Terraced ground} ; Unknown NGR : TG 458060 324380 (Centroid) Group/Complex Parish : Rempstone Description : Large Hollow in the centre of the field. 1m high, flat topped mound with a slight depression in the top at the west end of the field. Large terrace banks in the north and east (1) Sources : (1) Trent and Peak Archaeological Trust 1996 Village Earthwork Survey III Data Held : 4 colour prints, 7/16-19 (F49/4-5), NHER Geology : Not Recorded

NHER L7920 : Ridge and Furrow and Linear Bank, East Leake Monument Type & Date : Earthwork ; Unknown NGR : TG 455990 325540 (Centroid) Group/Complex Parish : East Leake Description : Ridge and Furrow and Linear Bank (1) See M150 (for nearby Sheepwash) Sources : (1) Trent and Peak Archaeological Trust 1996 Village Earthworks Survey III Data Held : 1 colour print, 4/29 (neg F45/6), NHER Geology : Not Recorded

NHER L7930 : Building Platforms to SW of Rempstone Village Monument Type & Date : Earthworks {Also `Terraced Ground`} Medieval AD 1066-1546 NGR : TG 457570 324230 (Centroid) Parish : Rempstone Description : Building Platforms at the above grid reference – village shifted (1) Double terrace platform and right angled bank on the W side of the field. Numerous building platforms across the slope from the stream. Terrace bank

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north of the path in the east (2) Sources : (1) TVARC 1980 Gazetteer (2) Trent and Peak Archaeological Trust 1996 Village Earthworks Survey III Data Held : 2 colour print, 7/7 18 (49/2), NHER Geology : Not Recorded

NHER L7931 : Building Platform near centre of Rempstone Village Monument Type & Date : Earthwork {also Trackway} ; Medieval (AD 1066-1546) NGR : TG 457850 324320 (Centroid) Parish : Rempstone Description : Possible house site at above grid reference (level platform in side of hill) with possible track running beneath immediately N of platform and along S side of stream (1) ?(2) Platform visible, now built on (3) (See M21 for Village Ring) Sources : (1) East Midlands Archaeological Bulletin 1961 p 15 (2) TVARC 1980 Gazetteer p 44 (3) RAF Undated Aerial Photographs (Ref 106G/UK/734/4233-4) Data Held : None Geology : Not Recorded

NHER M8908 : Stanford Hall Park (Also L9001 – Stanford Hall Park Map depiction) Monument Type & Date : Park ; Post-Medieval (in use by 1774) NGR : TG 455900 323870 (Centroid) Parish : Stanford on Soar Description : {The park comprises irregular expanses of open ground, now (2002) largely grazing pasture divided into paddocks by timber stock fencing. To the N of the Hall an area of flat parkland is planted with individual and small groups of mature deciduous trees with a double line of trees adjacent to the N boundary with Melton Road. An icehouse is indicated within the park, c. 50m SW of the principal entrance, on the OS map of 1884 and is understood to survive. Open areas of ground within this northern area formerly included a football pitch and, to the W of the principal approach drive, a cricket field laid out in the 1930`s. To the NW this northern area is enclosed by a belt of woodland comprising `Ash Plantation` and `Lings Spinney` and to the SW `Dog Kennel Wood`, with the western approach drive leading through an open area of ground between the two. This open area is enclosed to the west, adjacent to Middle Lodge, by the meeting of two further belts of woodland, `The Belt` to the N and `The Privets` to the S. Further enclosure is provided by a field hedge linking `The Belts` to `Lings Spinney` and to the S by `The Privets` which extends E to Dog Kennel Wood.. All of these woodland belts are largely as indicated on the 1884 OS map but with Lings Spinney now extended to the E and a former area of open ground between The Privets and Dog Kennel Wood now wooded. To the S of the Hall and pleasure grounds the sloping parkland is generally more open with occasional individual mature trees and, c. 180m S of the Hall, a copse adjacent to a field boundary. To the NW this area is enclosed by Dog Kennel Wood and to the NE by an irregular area of woodland extending from the pleasure grounds to Cherry Hill, adjacent to the eastern boundary. To the SE the parkland is defined by two elongated ponds in the valley bottom, the larger to the SW with a wooded island providing a focal point for views from the terraced gardens. The pond banks are partially lined with shrubs and mature trees. The ponds are indicated on the 1884 OS map and in the location of more formal ponds illustrated in 1730 by Harris {5} & {6}} Sources : (1) Chapman J 1774 Map of Nottinghamshire (2) Sanderson G 1836 Nottinghamshire

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(3) OS 1921 1 : 2500 County Series (4) OS ! : 25000 Series {5 The National Heritage List for England} {6 Illustrations by J Harris, Bird`s Eye view of Standford Hall, the seat of Francis Lewis Esq (in Bradslade and Roque 1739)} Data Held : None Geology : Keuper Marl

NHER L7932 : Embankment in Rempstone Village Monument Type & Date : Bank and Boundary ; Unknown NGR : TG 457950 324290 (Centroid) Parish : Rempstone Description : Hachures show embankment. Perhaps former boundaries (1) Sources : (1) OS 1921 1 : 2500 County Series Data Held : None Geology : Not Recorded

NHER L9012 : Ditch and Bank, East Leake Monument Type & Date : Earthwork ; Unknown NGR : TG 457200 323900 (Centroid) Parish : Rempstone Description : Ditch and Bank previously recorded as a natural linear feature (earthwork) and unknown linear feature Sources : National Mapping Programme, Notts E 1076 Data Held : - Geology : Not Recorded

NHER L11069 : Brooch from Rempstone Monument Type & Date : Find/Roman NGR : TG 457000 324000 (Find spot) Parish : Rempstone Description : Small Romano-Celtic trumpoet brooch found in 1977 Sources : (1) A MacCormick 1981-19 Finds enquiry notebook 91 Data Held : - Geology : Not Recorded

NHER L11071 : Seal Matrix from Rempstone Monument Type & Date : Find/?C13th NGR : TG 457000 324000 (Locality only) Parish : Rempstone Description : C13th Lead Seal Matrix Sources : (1) A MacCormick 1981-19 Finds enquiry notebook 91 Data Held : - Geology : Not Recorded

NHER M18297 : Section of Parish Boundary between East Leake & Rempstone (Also L11403 – Ditch ; L11404 Bank ; L11407 Headland) Monument Type & Date : Parish Boundary - Earthwork ; Date Unknown 1066-2000 NGR : TG 456200 324700 Parish : East Leake/Rempstone Description : (1) Earthwork running along part of boundary between East Leake and Rempstone. Its form is variable but it appears to be the result of ploughing i.e. lynchets implying some form of physical boundary at the edge of a ploughed field. The ridge identified as a possible headland running parallel to and N of part of the boundary is probably a feature of medieval ploughing. The boundary can be demonstrated in its present position from at least 1798

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though the position of the medieval headland suggest it is of much greater antiquity. Excavation identified a ditch containing some pottery sherds of C19th date including substantial fragments from near the base. Given the date of the {East Leake} Enclosure award (1798) it may be suggested that the ditch was the boundary marker dug at Enclosure. {The 22 profiles recorded across it confirm it as a low bank/lynchet of variable height/offset being generally of low profile at its boundary with the PDA and somewhat greater in its northern arm where it separates the existing quarry from Jenks` Land. It is much disturbed by burrows especially in the slighter south-eastern parts. The northern side of the feature has been either removed by the current access road (western arm) or else has been masked/buried beneath a soil bund (northern arm). Two trenches (each 3m wide x 4m long) and giving partial sections were cut across the western arm. The bank was seen to be made of ploughsoil.} Sources : (1) TPAT 1992 Data Held : None Geology : -

TPAT 1 : Evaluation in 1992 (Fig 10) (Also L11405, L12038, L12039 & L12040 – All Flints) ; Post-Medieval and modern finds L11406 & L12041) from ploughsoil Parish : East Leake Works : Fieldwalking, Geophysical Survey, and detailed survey of a bank and lynchet which marks the East Leake/Rempstone boundary and the excavation of 2 trenches across it. Description of Results : Fieldwalking - no concentration of artefacts ; 15 post medieval (1 tile, 10 pottery & 3 clay pipe, 1? ; 10 prehistoric Flakes (1 core remnant & 2 ?unfinished tools) Geophysical Survey - produced no obvious archaeological features other than those associated with a typical agricultural landscape. Bank/Lynchet Survey & Excavation revealed bank to consist of ploughsoil ; its position perhaps determined by an infilled ditch which may relate to Inclosure in 1798. However a ridge running parallel and north of part of the boundary was identified as a possible headland and this suggests that the boundary is of some antiquity (See M18297 above). Sources : (1) TPAT 1992 (2) TPAT 2006

TPAT 2 : August 1995 Extraction Phases 1 and 2 (and parts of 3, 4 & 15) (Fig 10) Parish : East Leake Works : Beginning of Watching Brief (mainly intermittent) on c. 80h of Extraction Description of Results : (1) & (2) Negative Evidence Noted as being on glacial deposits of sands and gravels overlying Mercian Mudstone ; Site slopes from 80m mOD in the south to 67.5mOD in the N where a small stream – the Sheepwash Brook marks the boundary. Topsoiled by box-grader and blade ; removal of overburden revealed mixed sand and gravel but with silty grey clay (due to waterlogging) in NW corner of Silt Lagoon 2. Parts of Phases 3 and 4 also stripped due to lack of topsoil elsewhere . Features recorded during the Watching Brief : a) A shallow `V` shaped feature filled with grey silty clay noted in the NE corner of plant site when a 15m x 15m area excavated to a depth of 4m for water collection (NHER L11662) b) Several long narrow (0.4-0.6m wide) features running across the site, several parallel and thought to be to modern drains used to control springs which rise in that area c) Close to eastern screen, a disturbed area of burning and fire-cracked stone

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up to 3m in diameter and c. 0.5m below the original ground level ; also a sub-circular feature ?pit (0.95m/0.75m in diameter & c. 0.28m deep) with soft dark grey fill of which c. 60% was burnt and fire-cracked stone up to 0.13m in diameter with c.10% charcoal fill (NHER M18332 - Burnt Mound ; L11663 pit/burnt stone ; ). No evidence of burning in situ no finds and no dating evidence. The adjacent area closely monitored but no other features present. Finds generally modern pottery, brick and tile with 2 undated flint flakes in Phase 2 (NHER L11664) TPAT Comment : Pit thought to be remnant of occupation site and only identified further to the removal of topsoil and 0.2m of subsoil suggesting that agricultural practice had removed shallower features. Sources : (1) TPAT 1995

LAS 1 : September 1999 ~ Central Southern Sector of Extraction Phase 15 (Fig 11) Parish : East Leake Description of Results : (1) & (2). Negative Evidence No finds or features or archaeological interest ; c. 0.4h monitored, c. 0.6h not monitored. Formerly part of Lings Farm and in agricultural use ; topsoil depth c. 0.2m, no extensive subsoil but some discolouration to natural surface. Topographically area lay on a slight slope. Sources : (1) LAS 2001 (2) LAS file on same

LAS 2 : April-May 2002 Extraction Phases 3 (part of), 4 and 5 (Fig 11) Parish : East Leake Description of Results : (1), (2) & (3) Phases 3 (part of) & 4 Watching Brief revealed a single pit, a NE-SW orientated ditch and another running approx NW-SE ; 3 worked flint flakes and some medieval pottery recovered (NHER L11936 – Medieval-Modern Features) Phase 5 revealed a barrow ditch, pits and ditches on hilltop and adjacent slope together with a C6th Anglo-Saxon cemetery on the SW face of the slope with grave goods indicative of `high status` burials. Small quantities of pottery hint at possible multi-period occupation. Bone only survived when in contact with metal ; some `staining` giving evidence of artefacts e.g. a shield. Initially only graves with metal detector response dug but one negative grave then produced metal artefacts so these also dug. Not all features excavated. Formal excavation revealed the following : Natural features : Ice wedges marked by outer band of brown sand/silt with gravel over Tree boles scattered across the area – 2 produced 2 flint flakes ; also 2 burnt root disturbed areas uncertain if ?natural/hearths/cremation related Plant disturbances (at least 5) ?Animal run Round Barrow : (NHER M18372 & L11934 – ring ditch) c. 9m diameter with 0.6m wide ditch on top of hill at 76.50mOD. 2 ?Bronze Age (BA) pot sherds in ditch fill ; traces of remnant mound within with 1 flint flake and 1 BA abraded sherd ; beneath this a series of pits – one central (?crouched burial), another also possibly a grave & 2 others poorly defined and disturbed by plant action but no dating evidence.

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Pits and Post Holes : A cluster of 7 features c. 40m to SW of barrow ; these produced significant quantities of Collared Urn pottery and some flints of BA date – these could have been contained within a ploughed out barrow ; 4 scattered pits c. 20-60m distant – I produced a sherd of abraded Beaker pottery ; also burnt stones (but no in situ burning) and charcoal rich fills ; a spread of silt/sand also produced 64 sherds of BA pottery from the same vessel but no associated feature Anglo-Saxon Activity : Feature to N of site produced a sherd of A/S pottery – all other features burial related. Burials (NHER M18373 & L11935 – Early Medieval burials) in an area c.50m x 90m - no ditches but running from a ridge over the crown of the hill and respecting BA barrow ; No radial, but possible linear patterning ; Grave orientations N-S, E-W & NW-SW, no obvious grouping but burials on southern slope very truncated. 14 unequivocal graves and another 6 almost certain burials excavated and at least a further 20 possible burials noted. Truncation by ploughing, lack of grave goods and restricted excavation affect feature interpretation. However all graves of sufficient length to suggest adult burials but some anomalous features could have been child graves ; Graves classified as either `extended` i.e. longer than 1.5m or `flexed/crouched` if less than this. Uncertain if grave length reflected any juvenile burials due to possibility of use of flexed/ crouched position and/or truncation. Only 3 graves produced any bone and only 1 fragment identifiable (adult lower jaw). Of the 20 burials excavated 15 contained grave goods ; 8 were flexed or juveniles of which 6 contained grave goods ; sexing from bones clearly not possible but grave goods indicated sex in 9 cases (4 female, 5 male) ; Grave goods included shield bosses, annular and square-headed brooches (bronze and silver), spearheads, knife blades, copper allow disc, a purse ring, beads (incl. green glass, `melon` beads, a silver coin, a silver bracteate (?thin metal) buckle, rivets. Remarkably some organics (leather, wood and textile) survived – this latter identified as red- dyed, diamond twill, wool and linen. Residual flint flakes, BA pottery and a sherd of ?Beaker pottery were recovered from the grave fills. A number of graves had markers indicated by post-holes. Several sherds of pottery (Early/Mid Saxon where datable incl. Saxon Charnwood Ware & sandstone tempered fabric) from grave fills. Medieval Activity : This was limited to a large expanse of red-brown `till` c. 50m wide on the hill slope which also produced 5 flints (one Early Neolithic), a piece of glass and C19 pot – interpreted as being of medieval date. Post-Medieval Activity : This was limited to several ditches, post pits and a gully - possible part of an enclosure but certainly related to late landuse. Residual BA pottery and flints in their fills as well as pottery and C17-18th date Undated Features ; These were limited mainly to post-holes, a gully and a

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ditch. Sources : (1) LAS 2004a (2) LAS file on same (3) Discussions with LAS staff (4) LAS 2008a

LAS 3 : May - September 2003 ~ Southern Sector of Extraction Phase 14, Extraction Phases 6 & 7 (Fig 11) Parish : East Leake Description of Results : (1) & (2). Negative Evidence No features of archaeological interest ; in places this was thought to possibly be due to plough damage which had reached the natural sand and gravel. Three worked flints of prehistoric (?Neolithic) date and 1 modern copper alloy object were recovered from the topsoil.

Phase 14 – May 2003 (Monitored by visit) 0.2m of topsoil and, in places, 0.1m of red/brown subsoil ; elsewhere the modern ploughing scouring the gravel surface ; concern that ploughing may have removed the subsoil and archaeological features in places.

Phase 6 – June 2003 (Monitored by visit) Previously pasture but north-south ploughmarks noted ; these not thought to be ridge and furrow as parallel to a backfilled ditch visible on the surface (NHER L11921) and which contained modern pottery and tile.

Phase 7 – September 2003 (Monitored by visit) Previously pasture, c. 2ha sloping down to a small watercourse on its western side ; evidence for a c. 2m high `flood` prevention bank indicating that the stream was on occasion more active. 0.15m of topsoil ; a 20m wide spread of fine gravel (and larger pebbles) on the western edge of the field said to be suggestive of a watercourse deposit ; upslope c. 0.15m of reddish subsoil present ; land drains + large irregular depressions in centre of the field where thought to be shallow post medieval quarrying although no dating evidence was recovered (NHER L11921). Topsoil produced only post medieval and modern finds. The potential for bias in the retrieval of the flints (NHER L11920) was noted since conditions were `good` in the north of the field.

Overall these works confirmed the western extent of the Saxon cemetery identified in 2002 and suggested possible Neolithic activity on the hillside but with no evidence for occupation.

NB In 2005 3 much abraded quartzite artefacts of likely pre-Anglian date were recovered during a field trip by the Quaternary Research Association. These are noted in this Assessment in detail in Section 5.5.2 `P27`below). Sources : (1) LAS 2004b (2) LAS file on same

LAS 4 : July 2004 ~ Extraction Phase 8 (Fig 11) Parish : East Leake Description of Results : (1). Early Bronze Age Cemetery (NHER M18368), 4 Cremations (NHER L11923) ; Pits and Post holes (NHER L11924) ; Post-medieval plough marks and other (undated) features. Phase located on generally sloping ground between 64-70.8mOD. At least 3 Bronze Age cremation pits present but these heavily truncated by ploughing - this

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possibly due to location on brow of a ridge. Post-medieval plough marks (NW/SE) running upslope indicative of truncation ; land drains running NNE-SSW ; large ditch NE-SW at base of slope may indicate a former stream course ; a pit and post hole contained burnt stone but no dating evidence ; also other pits cut by field drains but no archaeological material – these thought to possibly related to a hedge line or path Upslope and to the west between 67.8-69.8mOD : 6 prehistoric/Bronze Age pits on a NE/SW alignment as follows : Pit - oval but no finds ; base uneven, therefore not thought to be a grave Pit - circular, cremation of an adult c. 30-45 years old, some animal bone, oak charcoal and hazelnut shell present Pit - with grey loamy fill, some charcoal but no finds Pit - Circular with cremation of neonate (0-6 months old) with evidence for a cremation vessel evidenced by sherds of Early Bronze Age undecorated Collared Urn of c. 1700 BC Pit - Cremation of a child of less than 13 years of age with fragments of undecorated Collared Urn of c. 1700 BC containing cremation of neonate 3-8 month old child Pit - Grey/black sandy fill with charcoal but no finds

Ploughing could have removed other features ; the only other Bronze Age from the Quarry so far is noted as ring ditch with associated pits in Phases 4 and 5. Sources : (1) LAS 2004c

LAS 5 : December 2004 ; February - March 2005 Extraction Phases 9 and 10 (Fig 11) Parish : East Leake Description of Results : (1), (2) & (3). Two areas of Iron Age activity (NHER M18371 – Settlement ; NHER L11930 – Iron Age Features ; NHER L11933 – Worked Flint) in NW part of quarry Stage 1 (15th/16th December 2004) 2 pits, no artefacts 4 E-W ditches seen in Watching Brief (but only three seen in machining) ; central ditch the largest with very faint N and S ditches (?plough furrows) Stage 2 (February – March 2005) Area 1 – SE part of Phase 9 spread of burnt flint, 6 large pits and 3 smaller ones with burnt material, a corner of a large enclosure ditch and 7 post holes where geophysical survey suggested a possible building (See below) ; A sub-oval burnt mound (NHER M18370) with burnt material and other features (NHER L11931) 8m x 12m with burnt material & black sand and a possible buried soil profile with Mesolithic/Neolithic end scraper, some ?post holes and pits under burnt mound – but all contained burnt material. Also a large rectangular pit to N of burning c. 5.5m x 6m with an irregular stepped profile and at least 1.04m in depth (not bottom due to water table) with various fills including dumped burnt material and 2 late Neo/Early Bronze Age flakes. Sequence suggests periods of dumping and others of activity but no in situ burning noted 4 other pits and a ditch – the latter with Middle Iron Age pottery in its fill ; also 9 other Neo/Early Bronze Age flakes

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from ditch fills ; sequence suggests that ditches were in use before the burnt mound. Other features present, both natural and modern – land drains and post holes, 4 pit-like features, ?tree bole, a number of pits and 2 square post holes Comment : 18 features seen as of archaeological origin, these clustered at the corner of an enclosure ditch. The presence of Neolithic/Bronze Age flints residually with Middle Iron Age pottery suggests the truncation of earlier features. Some pre-burning features (mainly pits) clearly identified but no dating evidence. Burnt mound has no trough or hearth and only a single flint flake for dating ; by association a Middle Iron Age date is possible but this could be of earlier date ; No features showed any signs of burning in situ and there was no evidence for crop or metal working.

Area 2 – N of Area 1 with evidence of Iron Age domestic settlement. A substantial ditch (?part of same field system as Area 1) enclosing, and to the north of, an oblong/sub-oval enclosure, c. 25m x 9m formed by linear and curvilinear ditches – the latter with Middle Iron Age pottery & Neo/Bronze Age flake ; Also another ditch with Early/Middle Iron Age pottery. 6 pits and 3 post holes within the enclosure. To the N of this latter enclosure, a pit and ?spreads with post holes from a possible fence line. A 10m diameter ring ditch with entrance to the SW and an external ?hearth with 5 pits and 4 post holes ?for roof supports. Comment : Possible Iron Age farmstead with associated enclosure(s) located at the lowest point (below 63mOD) of the Phase. Pottery mainly Middle Iron Age but occasional sherd of ?residual Early Iron Age suggests earlier activity with an as yet unknown focus. Some fired clay present and environmental evidence suggests a small agricultural settlement with barley, wheat and oats ; oak and hazel charcoal present, the latter in roundwood form suggests possible woodland management. The enclosure may have been for stock ; one feature may pre-date the ring ditch whilst those features outside of the enclosure could be of any date.

Area 3 – To E of hedge on boundary between Phases 9 and 10 Numerous ditches (some of ?prehistoric date), field drains, furrows and plough scores – many clearly modern with several ditches having identical fills

Pottery Report : 21 separate vessels (7 Early Iron Age, 11 Mid-Late Iron Age & 3 `prehistoric`) Lithics Report : 19 pieces, all flint of generally large form ; 11 pieces Retouched ; 2 pieces indicate Late Mesolithic/Early Neolithic with more evidence for Late Neolithic/Early Bronze Age. A general absence of material noted from the main feature complex of the 1st millenium BC (Late Bronze Age/Iron Age). Environmental Report : Largely oak with some hazel, birch and alder indicative of a mixed deciduous woodland ; the hazel suggests open woodland `core` or woodland edges with the

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birch and alder indicating wetter areas. Carbonised cereal grain and weeds of cultivation indicate a settlement involved with mixed arable agriculture Exploratory Topographic and Geophysical Survey : Carried out in Oct 2004 on an area of hummocky ground in Phase 9 to assess likelihood of earthworks ; geology reported as glacio-fluvial sands and gravels. Topographic survey based on 10m and 1m intervals ; two possible platforms (NHER L11929) present between 10-20m in length and separated by a track whilst a hollow to the north was seen as the result of lorry subsidence Geophysical survey 60m x 30m across possible platforms – Identified strong magnetic anomalies c. 20m x 10m on an E-W alignment adjacent to the E part of the westerly platform with numerous ferrous readings beyond. Interpretation notes the spreads as being typically associated with structural remains, possibly agricultural, incorporating `fixed` magnetic material e.g. in flooring or construction. Conclusion : Slight earthworks detected likely to relate to structures (?of post-medieval date) as they would not have survived long given the degree of agricultural ploughing. Subsequently bricks and other post medieval material (NHER L11932) revealed during machining. Sources : (1) LAS 2005a (2) LAS file on same (3) `East Leake Nottinghamshire, Exploratory Topographic & Magnetometry Gradiometer Survey` A E Johnson, Oxford Archaeotechnics Ltd 2004

LAS 6 : August 2005 Extraction Phase 11 (Fig 11) Parish : East Leake Description of Results : (1) Negative Evidence No archaeological remains ; topsoil depth 0.3-0.45m ; some recent/modern features ?associated with Lings Farm. LAS Comment : Lack of features not unexpected. No evidence for the continuation of the Iron Age features in Phase 9 to the W ; this suggestive of a `modest` scale to these Sources : (1) LAS 2005b

LAS 7 : 2006 Extraction Phases 12 & 13 (Fig 11) Parish : East Leake Description of Results : (1) NHER L11925 - 3 sherds of Roman greyware pottery from topsoil close to highest part of field NHER L11926 - Flint blade from topsoil – down slope NHER L11927 - Rectangular 2m x 1.2m pit ; cluster of pot sherds and charcoal at top ; 15 sherds of early-mid Saxon pottery representing no more than 4 vessels from upper fill with charcoal, burnt sand and heat-affected pebbles. Only charcoal (no artefacts) in lower fill. ?Cooking Hearth. Pottery not abraded and feature `probably C6th` in date. One vessel is from the Charnwood forest area NHER L11928 – Oval pit 0.8m wide x 0.32m deep filled with mixed sand, charcoal and several heat-affected pebbles ; also a sherd of Bronze/Iron Age pottery. To the E a smaller and earlier feature with no finds.

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Sources : (1) `East Leake Quarry, Nottinghamshire, Phases 12 & 13 Archaeological Watching Brief`, Lindsey Archaeological Services Report 962 Dec 2006

LAS 8 : Spring 2007 Extraction Phases 12 & 13 (North) (Fig 11) Parish : East Leake Description of Results : (1) No remains identified LAS Comment : 0.2m of thick sandy topsoil overlay very mixed natural deposit of sand, gravel and clay. Land drains and small ditches associated with removed post-medieval field boundaries noted ; also possible plough furrows c. 0.5m wide and c. 1m apart. Ploughing may have removed shallow features but lack of pottery indicates no extensive occupation features lost. Wet ground conditions thought likely to be responsible for lack of use with an area of less clayey soil immediately to the N of the farm perhaps being a factor in its location. Sources : (1) LAS 2007

LAS 9 : April 2008 Extraction Phase 14 (Fig 11) Parish : East Leake Description of Results : (1) No significant archaeological remains. LAS Comment : Two east-west aligned parallel very shallow features survived ploughing near NE corner (NHER L11922) – unclear if these represented medieval ridge and furrow or a post-medieval farm track Sources : (1) LAS 2008b

5.5.2 Inquiry into the `currency` of the NHER confirmed that it was generally up to date for this area. However during the 2006 researches a single further location was noted waiting to be entered onto the Record (P25) whilst bibliographic searches identified another (P26). Further researches for the current Assessment identified a third (P27) whilst researches for the Burton`s Land Assessment identified a fourth (W1). The first two relate to the Rempstone settlement (Fig 8) ; the third to Extraction Phases 6 & 7 (LAS 3) in the original quarry area (Fig 11) and the fourth to the Rempstone open field system (Fig 7). They are noted as follows :

P25 : Decorated ?Floor Tiles, Rempstone (Coded `LH1` in previous Assessments) Monument Type & Date : ?Site of Chantry Chapel (date c. 1267) NGR : TG 457763 324288 (approx only - to west of this which locates the existing late C17th Manor House (Grade II Listed Building - See Fig 9 .37.7) Parish : Rempstone Description : The finding of pieces of tile here noted by Charlie Firth in relation to others found at the site of St Peters in the Rushes and described as follows : `…. I recognised the pattern {on the St Peter`s tiles fragments} from earlier years when I worked for a period at the Manor House at Rempstone. Tiles of similar pattern were unearthed from old foundations west of the present building, when extending the lawn near the house. These in later years lead me to believe that this was the site of the Chantry Chapel known to have existed there.`{that is, in association with the manor house} (1) Given the `Manor House` name and assuming that these tiles were not reused from elsewhere this should be the site of the medieval manor house of Robert of Rempstone who in 1267 was granted a Chantry in his Chapel of his `….manor of Rempston`… (2) Sources : (1) `St Peter`s In the Rushes` by Charlie Firth (written in 1986), The Leake

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Historian no 7 p 12-13 March 2003 (2) `Rempston` in Thoroton`s Nottinghamshire p 60 (3) `The Ruined and Lost Churches of Nottinghamshire` Canon R F Wilkinson ?The Thoroton Society 1942 p68 (Photocopy) (ELL) Additional References : (A) J Charles Cox `Nottinghamshire County Churches 1912 p 170 Data Held : Not in NHER Geology : Not recorded

P26 : Hollow and Mound, Rempstone (Coded 20/22 in previous Assessments) Monument Type & Date : Earthwork {also Terraced ground} ; Unknown NGR : TG 458060 324380 (Centroid) Group/Complex Parish : Rempstone Description : A watching brief at 20/22 Main Street, Rempstone on two residential properties. Area 1 (1st building) recent animal burials, several possible post holes & a shallow linear feature Area 2 (2nd building) only geological features Finds - residual medieval pottery (1 sherd) and post medieval sherds (1) Sources : (1) `An Archaeological Watching Brief at 20/22 Main Street, Rempstone, Nottinghamshire 2005`, Sheppard R & Platt L, Trent and Peak Archaeological Unit December 2005 Data Held : Report as above Geology : Grey-green mudstone and dolerite

P27 : Three Quartzite Artefacts Monument Type & Date : Find/Lower Palaeolithic NGR : SK 558 248 (Approx only) Parish : East Leake Description : The three artefacts were recovered by the Trent Valley Palaeolithic Project in 2005 during field examination of the sections in East Leake Quarry. They were found in recently fallen talus at the base of the sections and, although they were not found in situ, their rolled condition and the absence of any other sediments in these sections implies that they came from the East Leake gravel. Their heavily rolled condition suggests a pre- Anglian date. All three artefacts are manufactured on sub-spheroid pebbles of fine grained Triassic quartzite. They consist of two cores and a broken hard-hammer flake. The larger core is of a `migrating` i.e. multiple core type which shows 8-9 removals created by alternate flaking. The small core is similar to the first but shows less intensive working with the flake scar of the first removal forming the platform for 2-3 subsequent flakes. The broken flake consists of the proximal end with an ancient medial break running perpendicular to the axis of percussion. It has been struck extremely hard and has a heavily pronounced cone and bulb of percussion. A date around Mineral Isotope Stage 12 (MIS12) c. 475kya (thousands of years ago) is envisaged although their heavily rolled condition suggests an earlier pre-Anglian date. Sources : (1) White et al 2008 Data Held : None Geology : Glacial Sands and Gravels

W1 : Traces of NW-SE Ridge and Furrow on Burton`s Land – These were noted during the `Walkover` for the Burton`s Land Assessment (TGC 2009) on 2nd June 2009 as barely imperceptible alternate bands of slightly greener and paler vegetation. Their presence suggests that Burton`s Land, and presumably the PDA, lay within the Rempston open fields.

6 BASELINE CONDITIONS ~ NON-ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONSTRAINTS (Figures 12 & 15 ; Appendix 1)

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6.1 Listed Buildings Within the Proposed Development Area

6.1.1 There are no Listed Buildings within the PDA.

6.2 Listed Buildings Adjacent to the Proposed Development Area (Fig 12 & Appendix 1)

6.2.1 There are four Grade II Listed Buildings lying within c. 50-100m of the PDA boundary ; these are as follows (from E to W) :

8.37.1 Clifton Lodge – a late C18th structure 8.37.11 All Saints Church – built 1771 to replace the Church of St Peter`s in the Rushes 8.37.12 Rempstone Hall – a large late C18th building with various later alterations 8.37.13 Gardners Cottage – a single early C19th building

6.2.2 Under full leaf cover all four are largely screened from the PDA by a mixture of dense hedges, trees and varying degrees of under storey vegetation. Substantial stand-offs are also proposed adjacent to these locations which lie to the S (Rempstone Hall and Gardeners Cottage) and SE (Clifton lodge and All Saints Church). The first two are close to the S side of the Ashby Road where the roadside curtilage of Rempstone Hall itself is marked by a largely overgrown boundary wall. It should be noted that the tower of All Saints Church and the ?entrance lodge of the Hall are visible from various parts of the PDA. However on balance it is not felt that these Listed Buildings will be directly affected by the PDA.

6.2.3 A fifth `structure` - `Headstones at All Saints Church` – although not formally designated is categorised in the NHER as being of `Landscape Interest Enhancement` (LIE) value.

6.3 Listed & Other Buildings in the Remainder of the Study Area (Fig 12 & Appendix 1)

6.3.1 Within the remainder of the Study Area there are 18 other Listed Buildings. Seven of these relate to the Stanford Hall and Park area c. 1k to the SW ; these include the only Grade II* Listed Building in the Study Area – Stanford Hall (8.45.10). The remaining eleven all relate to the Rempstone Village settlement and lie to the E of the Loughborough Road. Two other structures – `The Lings Farm` (8.14.61) which lies c. 0.7k to the W of the PDA and `Headstones at All Saints` (3.37.33) are identified in the NHER as also having `LIE` value. A further twelve structures have been identified in a Student Survey (Appendix 1 `SS`) as having historic interest.

6.4 Public Rights of Way Within the Proposed Development Area (Fig 12)

6.4.1 There is one Public Right of Way within the PDA – the diagonal SE-NW path which runs from the car park at the SE corner of the PDA to the NE corner of the old churchyard of St Peter`s in the Rushes. This forms part of the footpath between Rempstone and East Leake. It is identified as `Footpath 1` in the Nottinghamshire Rights of Way (See 5.3.2 `C1` & 8.1.1). .

6.5 Public Rights of Way Adjacent to the Proposed Development Area (Fig 12)

6.5.1 There is one Public Right of Way adjacent to the PDA, `Bridleway 11` which runs on a presently diverted route next to the W boundary. Apparently an isolated section, its original line ran N-S through the centre of Jenks Land c. 50-75m to the east. It links the A6006

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Ashby Road with the Churchyard of St Peter`s and follows the line of the `Carriage road to the church` first identified on the Rempstone Inclosure Map of 1769 (See Fig 13).

6.6 Public Rights of Way in the Remainder of the Study Area (Fig 12)

6.6.1 A single footpath, identified as `Footpath 4`, lies to the south of the A6006 Ashby Road and c. 450m to the SW of the PDA. It runs from the Ashby Road in a SW direction to the Stanford Park and the cricket pitch.

6.7 Registered Parks, Gardens and Battlefields (Fig 12)

6.7.1 Approximately 700m (closest point) to the SE lies Stanford Park which is a `registered` English Heritage Grade 2 Park. This contains Stanford Hall and its various associated Listed Buildings. From the PDA the Park is visible in the middle distance only as an expanse of woodland. An `unregistered` area of parkland associated with Rempstone Hall lies immediately adjacent to the S side of the Ashby Road.

6.7.2 There are no registered Battlefields in the Study Area. However the site of a Civil War skirmish, known as the `Battle of Costock` and which involved several fatalities (NHER M5196 ) is thought to have included the southern flank of the Sheepwash Brook. If this interpretation is correct it is highly likely that the PDA was involved with this historical event.

7 OTHER SOURCES RELATING TO THE PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT AREA (Figures 13- 18)

7.1 Cartographic Sources (Figs 13-18)

7.1.1 Searches under the `Rempstone` entry in the `Maps/Plans` Index at Nottingham County Record Office (NCRO) were also carried out. Additionally the `Index of Local Maps to 1800` (both `Maps of Large Areas` and `Parish and Estate Maps`) was also screened ; this provided nothing not already identified. The `Maps/Plans` Index revealed five items of interest. These are reproduced here (Figs 13-17) in date order and are as follows :

1769 ~ Rempstone Inclosure Award Map (Traced Extract Fig 13) : This is the earliest plan identified during the searches on which the footprint of the PDA can be discerned. The Ashby and Loughborough Roads are clearly visible but the actual boundaries of the PDA, including the Sheepwash Brook are otherwise absent. Most of the PDA was held by Edward Bell, the Rector (`6` as `Tyth for Open Land`) or by one Anne Steel (`42`). The land parcel earmarked for the new `All Saints Church` is clearly identifiable (`3`) as is a parcel for gravel extraction (`2`)(See 5.3.2 `C2`). The Costock/East Leake/Rempstone parish boundary can be traced and both the line of the existing footpath which crosses the Site (`Footway from East Leak & See 5.3.2. `C1`) and the `Carriage road to the Church` are formally labelled. The only internal boundary shown is that which separates the two main landholdings. The then derelict Church of St Peter`s in the Rushes and its churchyard are also clearly marked. The substantial site of the `grange` depicted by ?banked rectilinear enclosures lies on the eastern margins of the Site (See 5.3.2 `C3`) with the `Road to Nottingham` (aka the Loughborough Road) apparently stopping and starting at its southern and northern limits respectively. Although the actual identification of the PDA footprint in terms of the Rempstone Open Field names is unclear it is perhaps worth noting that the NCRO Award Index notes these names as `Dale`, `Grange`, `Church` and `Sutcliff` with the `Commons` being noted as `The Woulde` and `The Lings` .

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(NCRO EA 73/4 – 1937 copy)

1797 ~ `Plan of an Estate belonging to the Rectory of Rempstone the Rev`d Pearson, Rector, taken in 1797` (Photocopy Fig. 14) : This plan, not unexpectedly relates to that land shown on the 1769 Inclosure Award as belonging to the Rector with the same main land division between the Rectory lands and those of `Mrs Ann Steel` lying to the N. However considerable more detail is shown with the Rectory lands being divided into 14 numbered and separately identified parcels. Seven of these parcels (Nos`1-6 & 8`) lie within the PDA and four of these are named as follows : `1 - Church Field` ; `2 – Close above Short Hades` ; `3 Short Hades` ; `4 Gravel Pit Close`. Jenk`s Land is clearly identifiable and also lay within the Rectoral holding. The western boundary of the PDA with its slight westward offset half way along its length close to the junction of four parcels is shown as is the western section of the northern PDA boundary which today marks the limit of the woodland/scrub to the north – this land is identified as Parcels `11` and `12` the `Church Mires`. On the eastern boundary of the PDA a single rectilinear parcel identified as `14 - The Grange` appears to represent a more formalized version of some of those ?banked enclosures showing on the 1769 Inclosure Map whilst the `Road to Nottingham` is now clearly shown as running continuously alongside the eastern edge of this parcel. The Ashby Road is also noted as the `Road to Cole Orton` and the `New Church Yard` is also shown adjacent to the SE corner of the PDA where it is numbered `13`. (NCRO RE1S).

c. 1850 ~ `Plan of the Rectoral Lands in the Parish of Rempston – The Property of the Rev`d R N Adams DD c. 1850 (Sketched Extract Fig 15) As with the 1797 plan this shows the same landholding but with some additional detail in the form of ponds and gates. No ponds are noted in the PDA but seven gates mark the crossing of the SE-NW footpath through the field boundaries. As before the various Parcels are numbered, named, their landuse/area is given and their occupiers are noted. Several of the field names have changed since the 1797 plan. Those identified parcels lying within the PDA are as follows (descriptions in [ ] are modern locations) :

`7 - ? Close (Arable) [NW corner] `10 – Pond Close (Arable)` [NW sector] `13 – New Top Tilbury Close [SW corner] `14 – Turnip Close (Arable)` [SW sector] `15 – Gravel Pit Close Arable)` - [W central] and includes `Gravel Pit` and access to S `16 – The Eight Acres (Arable)` - [NE central] `17 – Second Foot Road Close (Arable) – [SE central] `18 – First Church Field part of (Arable)` – [E central] `19 – Foot Road Close or pt of 1st6(?)ft (Arable)` – [SE corner]

Parcels 15-19 were occupied by one `William Blount` and the SW sector of Parcel 19 is annotated with the word `Gardens`. Parts of several other boundaries are also shown running into the land held by Mrs Ann Steel in 1797 and now held by `Gregory Gregory Esq`. The now wooded parcels previously noted to the NW of the PDA are here described a `Middle` and `Top Meadow` (Fig. 15 `8` &`9` respectively). (NCRO RE1R)

1884 Ordnance Survey 25” Series (Sheet 50.10) (Fig 16 reduced extract) : This is the earliest OS map available of the immediate area and shows no changes in the rectoral field boundaries since c. 1850. The only change is the absence of the `Gravel Pit` in `Gravel Pit Close` which suggest that it had been infilled between c. 1850 and 1884. However the field boundaries of the land now held by Gregory Gregory Esq. which form the N and E sectors of the PDA are shown for the first time and the triangular land parcel to the NE of the All Saints churchyard which contains `Clifton Lodge` has been formed. Several of

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the PDA internal field boundaries are marked with tree symbols and the small access track/lane which currently serves Beech Tree Lodge is also present. This is seen to continue in a SE-NW direction across a field to the Sheepwash Brook from where it runs uphill to the N. Three ponds are also shown close to the Sheepwash Brook in the NE corner of the PDA. A short section of the Rempstone/East Leake parish boundary is also shown beyond the NW corner of the PDA where it can be seen to follow linear field boundaries just to the N of the Sheepwash Brook (NCRO Map)

1922 Ordnance Survey 6” Series (Sheet 50 SW) (Fig 17 reduced photocopy) This map, as well as those of the same series of both earlier (1887 & 1901) and later date (1950) confirm the 1884 boundaries but add no further detail. It is clear that there has been wholesale removal of all of the PDA internal boundaries since the middle of the C20th. Other alterations since 1950 consist of the creation of the Beech Tree Lodge property with paddocks to the south and minor boundary alterations to the north of All Saints Church which includes an extension to the churchyard. (NCRO Map).

7.1.2 Searches at the NHER also produced a further plan relating to an Earthworks Survey of Rempstone Village in 1996 (Fig 18). This identifies the surviving portion of the `Village Ring `, ridge and furrow to the S and E of the settlement and a number of earthworks. Of the latter those which may relate to the PDA are surviving N- S earthworks (L7881) present on the S side of the Ashby Road (opposite the Car Park and All Saints Church) and others lying E of the Loughborough Road which are likely to relate to the eastern sector of `Grange Close` (NHER 5204).

7.2 Documentary and Printed Sources (Appendix 2)

7.2.1 During the NCRO visit in 2006 the `Places` Index was screened for `Rempstone` documentary entries and several documents were noted (Deed from the late C13th re `Uncertain Fields` - NCRO DD 9202/2 ; Agreement re cultivating warren – NCRO PR36-7 ; a small leather bound notebook of 1724-5 on the `Rempstone Inclosures` - NCRO DDTS 14/2 ; Text of c. 1724-1735 re the Area in Lordship - NCRO DDTS 14/2 & Terriers & Plan (missing) of 1777, 1797 & 1825 - NCRO PR 46-7, 49) but none could be obviously or easily related to the PDA. A search of the East Leake Library (ELL) produced no new documentary evidence.

7.2.2 Printed sources of a specifically archaeological nature regarding the locality relate mainly to the fieldworks on the previous and current quarries immediately to the west of the PDA and minor works within the village of Rempstone – all of these lie within the Study Area and are included in Section 5 above. There is a considerable amount of information which relates to the Church of St Peter`s in the Rushes and this has been set out together with related events as a separate `Provisional Chronology` (Appendix 2). Other printed sources generally relate to the wider history of Rempstone e.g. Thoroton 1677, VCH 1970 including the `Battle of Costock` (TTS 1902 30-31).

7.3 Aerial Photographic Sources

7.3.1 The NHER advised that the Study Area had been searched as part of the National Mapping Programme (NMP) and that the area rarely shows cropmarks and only the occasional earthwork e.g. NHER M276. The G.I.S. layer for cropmarks etc. was checked at the NHER in 2010 and no locations were present other than those already noted in the NHER. The Nottinghamshire County Council also carry out surveys at c. 10 yearly intervals ; however the NHER advice was that these are flown at too high a level to be informative

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for the current purpose and these were not searched.

7.3.2 In 2007 Cotswold Archaeology searched the 1946-1990 Aerial Photographs held in the National Monuments Record (Swindon) in relation to the adjacent Jenks Land and noted no sites/features (CA 2007a 16). In view of the largely negative NMP results, the previous NHER advice and the negative Cotswold Archaeology results no further search has been carried out in relation to the PDA.

8 ASSESSMENT OF HERITAGE ASSETS (Figures 7-9)

8.1 Known Archaeology and Historic Features Within the PDA (Fig 7)

8.1.1 Some seven locations of potential interest have been identified during the researches for this Study ; they have been assessed as follows :

M 5196 : Battlefield in Costock Parish This is based on documentary evidence. The NHER relates this to the three parishes of Rempstone, Costock and East Leake although its principal description (as here) identifies it with Costock. The NHER NGR is based on `locality only` and centers the event on an OS grid square co-ordinate. This lies in Rempstone (Fig 7) within the western half of the PDA towards the northern boundary.

The primary reference (TTS 1902) notes the following as being `furnished by Mr Bagnall Wild` :

“In Bailey`s Annals of Nottinghamshire, page 729, we have the following statement : `At the layter end of the summer the Royalists having placed an ambuscade on the road near Costock, to intercept a convoy, passing under the protection of a body of Leicester troops, were defeated with the loss of eight men killed and sixty taken Prisoners` The loss of Parliamentary forces is not mentioned.

Local tradition has it that the attack was made near the little stream between Rempstone and Costock…………… and speaks of the Warrills (Warhills?) …. and of Brickley (or Brackley) Hill, ………..as the scenes of the skirmish ; and these conditions coincide with other facts in our possession. We know from information given by Mr Carver, farmer of Costock, that in 1857, on a road being made outside of the churchyard, five skulls, together with other bones, were found buried at a depth of only 2½ feet from the surface, and that in Dr Chapman`s opinion, they were the bones of men, and that one had a round hole, which might have been caused by a bullet. At East Leake there is not only the fact of a cannon ball having been found in one of buildings, but also the following definite entry under the year 1644 in the church register : - “1644 ffoure souldiers slain in a skirmish in our Lordship September ye 17th between parties of the King`s forces and the Parliaments were of two were of his Majestyes forces of Ashby de la Zouch Garrison, and two of Leicester the Parliaments Garrison.”

`Thomas Flloer alias Fllower buried September ye 19th dying of his wounds received in the same skirmish ye 17th being of the Ashby de la Zouch Garrison`

A sketch map accompanying the above text identifies the convoy location, and presumably thus the ambuscade, as lying immediately to the E of the Loughborough Road and immediately N of the Sheepwash Brook. It further identified `Brickley Hill` and `Warills` as both lying in Costock Parish to the N of the PDA.

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On the available evidence there is a potential for artefacts associated with the ambuscade and the convoy to survive close to the NE corner of the PDA adjacent to the Sheepwash Brook and the Loughborough Road. If any sub-ploughsoil features relating to the incident ever existed these will almost certainly be restricted to the same location. If the record is true the main skirmish(es) seems to have taken place to the N of the PDA in Costock and East Leake parishes and this would seem to be endorsed by the 1644 church register entry which notes `a skirmish in our Lordship` and the finding of reputed human bones in 1857 adjacent to the churchyard in Costock. The NHER correctly noted that this was `almost certainly a fluid cavalry action…. and that a precise centre for the fracas cannot now be determined`. Isolated artefacts lost during the fracas could occur almost anywhere and, if they are present, will be entirely located in the ploughsoil and as such they have only limited implications for the PDA.

NHER L5207 : Early Medieval Finds from Rempstone Parish The character of these finds (brooches/fragments/girdle hanger), which are clearly of early Anglo-Saxon date, almost certainly derive from cemetery since all are types generally associated with funerary contexts. There is some confusion in the NHER with this location and similar finds from L5206 c. 0.7k to the W. However an annotated extract of an original OS 6” Series map notes this location and also the presence of Anglo-Saxon pottery from c. 150m to the N/NW just to the N of the footpath (`C1`) (Fig 7). Whilst there is thus some reason to question the exact provenance it is clear that finds of a funerary nature were made in the general proximity of the NHER location. It is worth noting that there is a tendancy for some metal detectorists, especially if working without permission, to locate finds imprecisely and often adjacent to a public access e.g. a footpath. In the writer`s experience duplicate records of the same find with slightly different descriptions and provenances are not unknown in HER`s ; these are generally due to the duplicate submission of finds for identification, often by the same person. These finds have potentially very significant implications for the PDA since whatever their precise location, graves have been disturbed and it is therefore possible that at least one (and possibly more – see L11061 & L11070 following) Anglo-Saxon cemetery lies within the southern sector of the PDA. Although feature survival levels within the PDA are currently unknown it is worth noting that although there is clear evidence for extensive metal detecting of the Site over past years none of the graves excavated on Jenk`s Land (See P`20` below) showed any signs of recent excavation. Disturbance is therefore most likely to be the result of ploughing and the survival in places on Jenk`s Land of only 150-200mm of grave fill indicates considerable reduction of the natural subsoil surface - perhaps by as much as 0.5m or more - post the C6th-C7th AD. Settlement to accompany any cemetery is likely to have been close-by.

NHER L11061 : Early Medieval Find from Rempstone This location relates to a single find of an Anglo-Saxon `bronze and enamel dragon finial` or `brass snake` which is variously described in the NHER as a `?crozier` or `end of a drinking horn` - the latter seems most likely. As with the previous location (M 5207) this is likely to be derived from a funerary context – although it could be a `casual loss` or be settlement derived. Lying c. 300m to the NE of the L5207 it could be plough derived from this location or represent a separate funerary focus. Although only a single find it carries the potentially the same implications for the PDA as the previous location.

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NHER L11070 : Mount from Rempstone Although the NHER locates this to the S side of the Ashby Road c. 100m+ to the SW of the PDA the recent definitive publication on the find (Raynor 2010) places this in the very SW corner of the PDA (Raynor 20120 Map p 44 `1`). As an isolated metal detector find it is unclear if it is relates to a funerary context, settlement or simply casual loss. Its presumed recovery from ?topsoil suggests likely displacement. Given the known location of the cemetery on Jenk`s Land (See `P20` below), other burials c. 0.7k to the west (M 5206/L11935/M18373) and several other metalwork finds of almost certain funerary origin to the E (L5207 & L11061) and S (L11069), a burial context is the most likely source. If it is simply an isolated find it has no real implication for the PDA, however if it represents further surviving cemetery in the SW corner of the PDA it has potentially significant implications.

`C1` Footpath between Rempstone and the Church of St Peter`s in the Rushes : This is shown on all plans and maps from 1769 onwards (Figs 13-17) where it always follows the same general route and alignment - today it is identified as a Public Right of Way `Public Footpath 1`. In 1769 it is marked as the `Footway to Great Leak` (Fig 13) when it presumably also served as the regular footpath between Rempstone and St Peter`s Church. The earliest reputed reference to a church in Rempstone (and thus the site of St Peter`s in the Rushes) noted in the present researches is thought to be between ?1100-1150 AD when Robert, son of Andrew de Cortingstoc, is said to have given his churches of Cortingstock and Rempstone to Lenton Priory (Godfrey 1887, 68 & 221). A further reference in 1231 AD certainly confirms the existence of a church by that date when the Archbishop of York confirmed on the 3rd July, an annual pension of one pound of pepper from the Church at Rempstone to the Prior and Convent of Lenton (Godfrey 1887, 221).

In view of the detached location of St Peter`s Church, which clearly served as the Parish Church for Rempstone from the ?early C12 onwards until its demolition c. 1770, it seems very likely that this pedestrian route across the fields is of some antiquity. The one kilometre walk across the fields is perhaps the reason why, in AD 1267, Robert of Rempstone was permitted to have a Chantry in his chapel at his Manor in Rempstone ; this being conditioned so that he `did not admit parishioners to hear Divine Service in prejudice to the Mother Church` (Thoroton 1677, 60).

Today the line of the footpath is ploughed and `reinstated` annually by general usage and in c. 1850 it clearly ran through the fields as the various field boundary crossing points are all shown as gated. There is no physical evidence today to suggest that it was ever formally surfaced although ploughing truncation could have removed this. As simply a path across the fields to St Peter`s and beyond it is unlikely that any `sites` will be associated with it but if they are present it is felt that they will be small scale and very localized. This footpath has been assessed as having only very limited implications for the PDA. . `C2` Gravel Pit and Access : First illustrated in 1769 (Fig 13) this also occurs on the 1797 and c. 1850 plans of the Rectoral lands (Figs 14 and 15 respectively). Covering 1a. 1r. 13/10 this is a large rectangular feature with an access joining its S side to the Ashby Road. By 1884 (Fig 16) the pit appears to have been infilled and its access removed as neither are marked on the OS 25” Series at that time. Apart from indicating the potential loss of the archaeological horizon this feature has little implication for the PDA other than to indicate the potential for other areas of `early` ?superficial gravel digging to be present.

`C3` Rectilinear Enclosures on Eastern Boundary : These are first seen on the Rempstone Inclosure Award of 1769 (Fig 13) where they are identified as `Grange Close` and shown as two discrete groups lying to the E and W of a

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central linear `?trackway`. As illustrated this feature may predate the `formalisation` of the `Road to Nottingham` as this latter stops at the southern end of the enclosures and re- commences at their northernmost point. By 1797 three of the small 1769 enclosures lying in the NW of the complex are noted as a single `parcel` belonging to the Rectory of Rempston (Fig 14 Parcel `14`) where they are also recorded as `The Grange`. A short section of ?access track is also shown lying along its northern boundary. In c. 1850 on another plan of the Rectoral lands the same parcel is clearly identified as `Grange Close` when it was ?tenanted by one William Blount and in use as pasture (Fig 15 Parcel `22`). The access track and the parcel are still present in 1884 (Fig 16 Parcels `110` and `144`) and again in 1922 (Fig 17) by which time a well (NHER M246) has appeared in the NE corner of the parcel and an ?informal track is in place running from western end of the access track across the fields to the NW as far as the Sheepwash Brook. The well and post-1797 parcel outline are noted on the 1996 TPAT Village Earthworks Survey (Fig 18) which shows surviving earthworks, but no other traces of the earlier 1769 complex appear to have survived.

The origins of this `complex` are likely to be of later medieval or early post-medieval date. The single parcel recognizable from 1797 onwards, is today in use as the paddocks noted as abutting the eastern boundary of the PDA (see 3.1.1. above) whilst the track forms part of the access to the recently built `Beech Tree Lodge. The cartographic evidence suggests that the enclosures are limited in extent and there are no indications of structures. Peripheral activity associated with their ?earlier use may be present and this could impinge on the easternmost tip of the PDA but, even if this is the case, it seems probable that any such activity will be small scale and limited in extent. This location has been assessed as having only very limited implications for the PDA as there is a substantial stand-off at th eastern end of the PDA.

8.2 Known Archaeology and Historic Features Adjacent to the PDA (Fig 7-9)

8.2.1 A considerable number of locations lie adjacent to the PDA. Of these eighteen are listed here as discrete NHER locations whilst a further twenty-four have resulted from the watching brief and excavations on the current Jenk`s Land workings - `P1-P6` (T&P 2010), `P7-P15` (T&P 2012a) & `P16 -P24` (T&P 2012b). The known archaeology and historic features adjacent to the PDA have been assessed as follows :

NHER M20 - Earthwork – St Peter`s In the Rushes There is considerable documentary, cartographic and printed information relating to this location and these are presented here as Appendix 2. The church certainly has later medieval (or earlier) origins since a church was mentioned in Rempstone in AD 1231 and, by inference, possibly as early as ?AD 1100-1150 (See `C1` above). Two C15th wills of rectors which requested that they be buried in the chancel of `All Saints Church` strongly suggest that the St Peter`s name was the result of a re-dedication – a change in ownership in the mid-C16th has been suggested as a possibly related event (Owen Wood 1980). It seems likely that the existing churchyard boundaries represent the maximum enclosed area since no evidence was found for any obviously church related features e.g. burials, immediately adjacent to the W and S boundaries in the recent observation and clearance works (T&P 2011 & 2012b). These results endorsed those of the earlier evaluation (trial trenching) works also undertaken adjacent to the S and W boundaries specifically to address this issue (CA 2007b).

However the situation on the E side of the churchyard within the PDA is unknown and given its `detached` location c. 1k to the NW of the known contemporary later medieval core of Rempstone village there is also the possibility of some associated features and/or `localised` small scale occupation being present close to the church ; if so this is likely to predate 1771 when the medieval church was demolished and the new All Saints Church

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was built adjacent to the SE corner of the PDA.

In addition to the clear association of the C12th-C13th church and its boundaries it should be noted that its origins could pre-date this despite the absence of a church reference in the Domesday Book entry (Thoroton 167, 58-9). The obvious detachment of the church site from its contemporary settlement core coupled with its location close to the junction of three parishes is unusual and there is always a possibility of a pre-Norman church on the same site. However given the entirely negative results adjacent to the W and S boundaries it is felt very likely that any church related features will be contained within the existing churchyard boundaries. This location has been assessed as having no real implications for the PDA unless minor occupation was associated with its eastern side – if so it is felt likely that it will be small scale and limited in extent.

NHER M61- All Saints Church, Rempstone : Built in 1771 out of materials from the St Peter`s in the Rushes and from `those of a chapel in this village, which has long been disused` (Thoroton 1677, 69) its proposed site is shown on the Rempstone Inclosure Award of 1769. A year earlier the cost of demolishing and rebuilding the church was estimated at £1427.11s. 10d with £408 for salvaged stone. This seems to have been built on virgin ground. Comparison of the current boundary and that of 1922 (Fig 17) indicates a C20th northwards extension to the graveyard. Given the later C18th origins of the church and in the absence of any direct evidence for earlier activity on its site this location has been assessed as having no implications for the PDA other than its designation as a Grade II Listed Building.

NHER M235 – Milestone, Rempstone : Lying close to the SW corner of the PDA this identifies the modern A6006 as a likely toll road. It has no implication for the PDA (Fig 7).

NHER M240 – Fishpond, Rempstone : The NHER notes this as being of `Medieval-Modern` in date. It is said to overlie the reputed `Holy Well` (M269) and some Roman tiles (L7937) have also been recorded from the same general location. It has been suggested that this fishpond and another of supposed medieval date which lies c. 200m+ to the W relate to a medieval manor in the immediate vicinity. Whilst such a complex could account for the apparent isolation of St Peter`s Church there is as yet no direct physical evidence for a manorial complex in the area. Topography and drainage would clearly favour fishponds here but a manorial complex need not be present close-by. Given the negative excavation results to date, its distance from the PDA and as a fishpond of uncertain date this feature is not seen as having any implication for the PDA.

NHER M243 – Smithy, Rempstone : This identifies a smithy lying close to the crossroads of the Loughborough Road and the Ashby Road (Fig 8). This location has no implications for the PDA.

NHER M244 – Sand Pit, Rempstone : This identifies an old sand pit lying c. 200m+ to the E of the PDA boundary (Fig 8). It has no implications for the PDA other than to highlight the potential for the small scale ?superficial extraction of sand and gravel in the general area.

NHER M246 – Well, Rempstone : Located in the NE corner of the parcel identified in c. 1797 as `The Grange` (Fig 14) this is first recorded in 1884 (Fig 16). Apparently an isolated feature, today this location lies in the paddocks to the E of the PDA. Unless it was associated with a dwelling lying to the N within the PDA boundary (for which there is no evidence) this has no implication for the PDA.

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NHER M247 – Gravel Quarry, Rempstone : Lying c. 200m+ to the E of the PDA boundary (Fig 7) close to, or within, the rectilinear enclosures relating to `Grange Close` in 1769 and `The Grange` in 1797 (Figs 13 & 14 respectively) this is a localised feature. As with NHER M244 above it has no implications for the PDA other than to highlight the potential for small scale sand and gravel in the general area.

NHER M269 – Holy Well, Rempstone : This is reputedly located c. 50-100m from the NW corner of the PDA under a modern fishpond (Fig 7 M240). The earliest reference noted in the current researches to a `Holy Well` is that by Owen Wood in 1980 for which no corroborative evidence has been found. However a `church well` is identified in the 1724-35 notebook of Robert Marsden, Archdeacon of Nottingham (See Appendix 2, Buchanan 4-8) and this may be its origin. There is good evidence that the location has always been boggy and that at least one spring is present in the immediate locality (See Appendix 2, Hartley 1962) and as such a Holy Well could be present but on balance it seems unlikely given the lack of earlier references. There are also suggestions, in an account relating to investigations on the church site in 1962, of `?earthworks` (a platform of 150` X 50` - Williams 1962 & 1987) relating to a possible moated medieval manor or fishpond just to the NW of the church site. Again no corroborative evidence has been noted in the current researches for this and the writer considers these accounts to be dubious and possibly the result of over interpretation. On balance as a discrete feature it is not felt that the Holy Well (if such it is) has any real implication for the PDA.

NHER M1546 – A6006 Turnpike Road Identified today as the Ashby Road its line runs along the entire southern boundary of the PDA. It has been assessed as having no implication for the PDA.

NHER L5204 – Medieval Silver Halfpenny found in Rempstone Parish Found c. 100m to the E of the PDA in the area identified with Grange Close. Dated to the reign of King John this hints at possible medieval activity in the early C13th AD. It could however simply be the result of `casual loss`. It is not seen as having any significant implication for the PDA.

NHER L5205 – Anglo-Saxon Small Long Brooch from Rempstone Parish Found only c. 50m from the PDA in the area of earthworks lying to the E of the Loughborough Road (See NHER 7880 following) and identified as `Grange Close` in 1769. As with other finds of this general date from the Study Area (NHER M5206, L5207, L11070, L11081, M18373/L11935 & P20) this is most likely derived from a funerary context although, given that it is a single find and that it lies close to the Rempstone village core, there is a slightly increased potential here for it to be derived from early settlement. It seems very unlikely that it is related to the earthworks. It has been assessed as having significance as it illustrates the potential for likely further early Anglo-Saxon activity at the eastern end of the PDA and in emphasizing the potential for ?further cemetery (and thus also associated settlement) along the southern flank of the Sheepwash Brook.

L7880 – Banks and Hollows, Rempstone Shrunken Village These earthworks are located in the SE sector of the enclosures showing on 1769 Inclosure Award where they may relate to `Grange Close` ; the western half of these are coded `C3` in this Assessment. As such they are likely to be of later medieval/early post-medieval date. Interpreted as possible building platforms with property plots to the N they lie towards the northern limit of the main Rempstone village core as recorded in the 1996 Village Earthworks Survey (Fig 18). These earthworks has been assessed as having no direct implication for the PDA.

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L7881 – Banks and Mounds, Rempston Shrunken Village Lying c. 50-100m to the S of the car park/All Saints Church parcels and just beyond the SE corner of the PDA these are thought to represent three linear N-S banks and the remains of two small mounds lying close to the southern boundary of the parcel (Fig 18). They are assumed to be of later medieval/post-medieval date. If the banks continued northwards they may have run into the very SE tip of the PDA but since this would have effectively blocked the E-W line of the Ashby Road, a post medieval date seems unlikely. They highlight the general potential for earthworks close to the Rempstone village core but have been assessed as having no real implication for the PDA in view of the large stand- off at its SE corner.

NHER L7937 – Roman Tiles, Rempstone The NHER information is based on a verbal report which affords little comment. It is not recorded how many tiles were present only that the site, along with that of the reputed Holy Well (M269), is under a ?modern fishpond close to the NW corner of the PDA. If the identification is correct, Roman tiles are frequently reused in later structures and their original provenance could be some distance from their findspot. They infer a structure of some substance but within the Study Area there are no identified potential sources. There is clearly some Roman activity in the area as evidenced by the series of parallel ditches and small enclosures in the NE extremity of Jenk`s Land (See `P2` & `P3` below) but it is highly unlikely that these are the source. The tiles could relate to the reputed medieval manor site (Hartley 1962 & Owen Wood 1980) ; however the existence of such a focus is, at best, unconfirmed and considered highly dubious by the writer. This location has been assessed as having minimal implications for the PDA although the potential for a Roman structure(s) in the area cannot be entirely ruled.

NHER L11917 – Post Medieval Pit at Rempston Excavated during the Trial Trenching in 2007 on Jenk`s Land to the W of the PDA (See CA1) this feature relates to a light scatter of others of similar date seen during the subsequent Watching Brief and Clearance works in 2010 and 2011 (See T&P 1 and 2). In general the features are likely to be associated with farming activities. This location has been assessed as having no significant implication for the PDA.

NHER L11918 – Modern Finds from Rempston Comment and Assessment as for NHER L11917 above.

NHER L11919 – Worked Flint from Rempston This is a single item found during Trial Trenching in 2007 on Jenk`s Land to the W of the PDA (See CA1). As an isolated flint it has been assessed as having no implication for the PDA other than to confirm the prehistoric activity known from other contexts on the previous and current workings.

P1 - Six Residual Undiagnostic Worked Flints (Jenk`s Land Phase1a) : Recovered from the fills of Romano-British ditches there were no contemporary features. These have been assessed as having no real implication for the PDA other than to highlight the presence of prehistoric activity in the area..

P2 - Distinctive NE-SW aligned Boundary (Jenk`s Land Phase 1a) and P3 – Small Romano-British Rectilinear Ditched Enclosure (Jenk`s Land Phase 1a) : Consisting of at least three small parallel linear ditches running close together `P2` suggests a significant landscape feature running SW-NE across the slope of the valley towards the Sheepwash Brook. Although in use in the Romano-British period associated residual and abraded pottery suggests a possible pre-Roman Iron Age origin although the small number suggests only limited activity. Enclosures `P3` are co-axially aligned and had been placed against the south-easternmost of the `P2` ditches. No pits or evidence for structural remains were noted but evidence for some internal sub-division of the

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enclosures was present. Over 150 sherds of Romano-British pottery of general C2nd AD date were recovered from the P3 ditches. It seems likely that this focus represents rural activity. Features were generally shallow and truncated with several of the ends of the linears simply shallowing and fading out. The lack of any peripheral features to the east and south suggests that this is small scale and localized. As an indicator of Romano- British activity on the valley floor close to the Sheepwash Brook these have been assessed as having potential implications for the PDA. However given the shallow character of these and the large stand-offs along much of the northern boundary any such implications have been assessed as minor.

P4 - Four Sherds of C12th-C14th Medieval Pottery (Jenk`s Land Phase 1a) : Thought likely to be derived from manuring these sherds were recovered from the upper fills of Romano-British features. Given the presence of the Church `complex` close-by to the east this could also be a source. However whatever their origin the low number of sherds and lack of any features strongly suggests that there was no settlement activity in the area associated with the reputed (dubious) manor house and Holy Well to the N/NW of the church. This location has been assessed as having no implications for the PDA other than to inform on the lack of medieval activity adjacent to the churchyard.

P5 - Section Across the East Leake/Rempstone Parish Boundary (Jenk`s Land Phase 1a) : This revealed a ditch c. 2.2m wide with a much disturbed ?upcast bank to the east. A continuation of this parish boundary between Rempstone and Costock lies just to the north of the Sheepwash Brook and the western sector of the northern PDA boundary (Fig 16) where it follows linear field boundaries. This location has been assessed as having no direct implication for the PDA.

P6 - Traces of C19th Structure (Jenk`s Land Phase 1a) : Located close to the SW boundary of the site of the Church of St Peter`s in the Rushes this consisted of two shallow parallel gullies aligned NNW-SSE with several small associated postholes/pits. It is of probable late C19th date and was interpreted as a likely agricultural building, possibly a field barn. Alternatively, as it lays close to the northern end of the carriageway which accessed the church from the south in 1769 (See Fig 13) it could relate to some form of covered structure which served the churchgoers. Interestingly the Inclosure Map of 1769 shows this access as running to the centre of the southern boundary of the churchyard whereas the 1797 map (Fig 14) shows it running to its SW corner. The excavated evidence of Extraction Phases 1b & 1c (Fig 9) supports the alignment of the former. The c. 1850 `Plan of the Rectoral Lands` (Fig 15) shows a pond in this locality whilst the OS 25” map of 1884 shows a small E-W rectangular block (?structure or enclosure) hereabouts but it is difficult to see how it relates to the excavated evidence. As a `standalone` feature of recent date it has been assessed as having no implications for the PDA .

P7 Early Bronze Age Beaker Ware Vessel and Flint (Jenk`s Land Phase 1b) : No trace of the depositional context remained although the ?originally complete vessel and the associated flint suggest a funerary context. The finds lay close to the west side of the major boundary ditch (See `P9` and `P19` below) and an undated small pit lay just to the west. Within Jenk`s Land identified finds and features of potential contemporary date are limited to the ring ditches lying c. 70m to the SE (P8) and c. 200m to the N (P16), the major boundary ditch (P9 & P16 - but which is felt likely to be much later in date) and the light scatter of worked and burnt flint (P1 & P17). However all of these are either undated or not closely dateable and any association is speculative. Positively identified Beaker Ware pottery was also noted from the previous workings c. 5-600m to the west in LAS 2 (1 sherd from an Anglo-Saxon grave fill and another from a pit in a `scattered` group). The `Jenk`s Land Beaker` is an important indicator of Early Bronze Age activity in the locality and, if a burial, it pre-supposes the possibility of settlement close-by. As an isolated

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feature it has been assessed as having only indirect implications for the PDA in terms of highlighting the potential for other isolated finds/features in the area and for the possibility of small scale settlement.

P8 ?Bronze Age Ring Ditch & Pit (Jenk`s Land Phase1b) : This defined the upper section of the knoll in the SE corner of the site. However it is unclear if it fully encircles the knoll top as its southern continuation lay outside of the stripped area. A single irregular elongated pit lay towards its centre in the NE quadrant of the ring ; it contained a large amount of heat affected stone and three worked flints. Subsequent detailed hand cleaning and then re-machining of the enclosed area revealed no further features. With the exception of later intrusive material, finds from the ditch sections were similarly limited to small number of struck flints and heat-affected stone. The general character of the features and the paucity of finds was seen as consistent with a prehistoric date. There is little doubt that the ring is topographically located and it appears to be isolated on the evidence of the excavated areas. The same is true of those other features with which it may be contemporary, i.e. the Beaker vessel and the undated pit (P7), ring ditch (P16) and possibly the boundary ditch lying close-by (`P9` & P19). In view of its isolated and topographic context it has been assessed as having only indirect implications for the PDA as likely evidence for further small scale monuments (ring ditches) and localised prehistoric activity in the area.

P9 – ?Later Prehistoric Boundary Ditch (Jenk`s Land Phase 1b) : Aligned SW-NE this was a substantial feature c. 0.9m in depth which had a consistent V-shaped profile throughout its recorded 151m length. Despite some 19 sections across its fill little dating evidence was recovered. A single fresh body sherd from c. 0.7m in the fill could only be broadly dated to the `1st millennium BC`. This appears to be a major land boundary which divided the southern flank of the Sheepwash Brook. No other such boundaries have been identified in the locality. It could relate to the Early Bronze Age Beaker Ware vessel and the adjacent pit (P7) together with the undated ring ditches (P8 & P16) but this seem unlikely since such a substantial feature is more likely to be of later prehistoric date by analogy with other significant land boundaries elsewhere. Its alignment also mirrors that of the NE-SW boundary ditch (`P2`) which may have Late Pre-Roman Iron Age origins. Also seen in Phase 1c (See P19 below) it has been assessed as a potentially significant feature which will occur in NW corner of the PDA ; however its implications are seen as limited to hinting at the possible presence of similar discrete features in the locality on a similar or co-axial alignment.

P10 – Roman Pottery and ?Coin (Jenk`s Land Phase 1b) : The presence of a single sherd of imported pottery (Samian Ware) and a ?coin is in entirely in keeping with the boundary ditches and associated dated enclosure lying in the NW of Phase 1a (See `P2` & `P3`). Other than to highlight the potential for limited Roman activity in the locality these have been assessed as having only indirect implications for the PDA.

P11 – Anglo-Saxon `Grub Huts` & ?Field System (Jenk`s Land Phase 1b) : Two sub-rectangular pits interpreted as `Grubenhauser` (also known as `Sunken Floored Buildings`, `SFB`s or `Grub Huts`) were located close together in the NW lee of the knoll immediately to the south of an E-W ditch which was traced for c. 94m. The lower fill of this yielded Anglo-Saxon pottery sherds ; the upper fill post-Medieval material. This latter was seen as intrusive and likely to be related to the early post medieval ?structure/ features and windmill (P14) which lay in the vicinity. Other E-W/N-S ditches to the north and west would, if related, suggest a field system which could be contemporary with the `grub hut` occupation. The apparent widespread presence of Anglo-Saxon cemeteries (both actual and inferred) pre-supposes significant contemporary settlement and thus the presence of `grub huts` is to be expected and their scant presence in the excavated areas to date is surprising. The location of these features does however endorses the

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expectation that occupation/field systems and cemetery areas will be discrete. These heritage assets have been assessed as being of significance to the PDA as indicators of the potential for occupation and associated features in the PDA, especially in its S half .

P12 - Medieval Pottery Sherds & Tile (Jenk`s Land Phase 1b) : Activity during this period is limited to a light scatter of material found residually in later features. Most notable was a distinctive fragment of roof tile/furniture comparable with finds from the Austin Friars in Leicester. This had been incorporated into the fill of the later windmill foundation (P14). Given the general absence of features of this date from the excavated areas it is likely that these finds relate to `imported` material used for manuring and the formation of the windmill base. With the exception of the roof tile fragment which could hint at a significant building in the area these finds have been assessed as having only minimal implications for the PDA.

P13 Early Post-Medieval ?Structure, Features and Windmill Foundation (Jenk`s Land Phase 1b) : Two areas of activity were noted. The first, a cluster of features, lay in the SW quadrant of the extraction area and yielded a significant assemblage of material including pottery (provisionally dated to the C15th-C16th) and a silver coin of Mary Tudor (1553-58). Features included an `L-shaped` slot which may have been structural, pits and four parallel lengths of gully/slots - two of which cut the `L-shaped slot` suggesting a degree of phasing. The second consisted of a cruciform arrangement of slots lying on the knoll c. 100m to the east and within the earlier ?Bronze Age ring ditch (P8). Typical of a post-mill these deep trenches would have supported a massive pair of cross-beams which supported an upright timber post on which the mill mechanism and sails were supported. These foundations were packed with a stiff grey clay which contained C15th-C16th pottery, millstone fragments and a rare medieval roof tile fragment (See P12). Although no trace was found for the cross-beams the presence of millstone fragments and a massive iron collar suggest material salvaged from an earlier mill. These two apparently discrete foci could be contemporary and have been assessed as having no direct implication for the PDA other than to highlight the potential in the area for small scale activity in the early post-medieval period.

P14 Later Post-Medieval Windmill Foundation & Carriageway (Jenk`s Land Phase 1b): A second mill foundation lay adjacent and 5m to the NW of the first (P13). The foundation trench for this was `T-shaped` and had vertical edges, a flat base and squared-off terminals. Its fill was also much more humic, darker and topsoil-like than the earlier example. It was rich in finds including pottery of the C17th & C18th. Traces of two parallel N-S linear ditches marked the line of a carriageway to the old churchyard as noted on the Inclosure Map of 1769 (Fig 13). Only the very base of the features had survived and in places these were no more than stains or `ghost` features indicating considerable truncation. It is worth noting that on the 1797 (Fig 14) and c. 1850 (Fig 15) `rectoral` plans the carriageway is shown further to the W but no physical evidence was found for this in the Phase 1b and 1c excavations. On the same basis as P13 above these localized features have been assessed as having only indirect implications for the PDA.

P15 Post-Medieval - Early Modern Field Boundary & Associated Features (Jenk`s Land Phase 1b) : Stripping revealed that later post-medieval and early modern material (mainly potsherds) were plentiful in the topsoil and in the vestigial plough scores cutting the subsoil surface. Two main boundary ditches were noted running N-S and E-W and seen as part of the later post-medieval field system shown most clearly on the mid-C19th `Plan of Rectoral Lands… ` (Fig 15). The field areas can be identified there as follows : SE - `11 Far Top Tilbury Close`, SE `12 – Middle Top Tilbury Close`, NW `5 – Far Bottom Tilbury Close`

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and NE`6 – Near Bottom Tilbury Close` ; all were in arable cultivation. Close to the junction of these fields towards the northern edge of the Phase a large well defined and shallow pit suggested a short-lived structure relating to agricultural activity in the C19- early C20th. Close by to the east short lengths of N-S slot and/or gully were thought likely to be associated. Other than confirming the potential in the area for the survival of the later/early-medieval field system and occasional associated deposits these assets have been assessed as having no implication for the PDA.

P16 Early-Middle Bronze Age Ring Ditch (Jenk`s Land Phase 1c) : This substantial monument was located towards the western edge of a slight gravel rise which was discernable in the north central and NW sector of the Phase prior to topsoil stripping. Although undated it has the potential to be of the same broad date as the ring ditch (P8), the Beaker Burial and pit (P7) and possibly the substantial NE-SW linear boundary ditch (P9) in Phase 1c. Sherds of `Collared Urn` from the lower fills of the ditch suggest a Bronze Age date. Although no surviving burials were associated with it given the degree of truncation it is quite likely that any such features were set on the old ground surface and that these (and any protective mound) have been completely ploughed away. The distribution of the C6th-C7th Anglo-Saxon graves which mainly cluster around it and primarily to the E (within c. 150m) indicate that it was almost certainly still an existing landscape feature at the time of the interments. As with the other features of potential Bronze Age date it has been assessed as having only indirect implications for the PDA insofar as other similar discrete features/feature groups may occur.

P17 - Undated Prehistoric Flintwork (Jenk`s Land Phase 1c) : A light scatter of worked flint was recovered from the Phase, mainly from likely residual contexts. The only significant group of flint was associated with the group of features lying in the NE sector of the Phase close to the eastern boundary (P18). The flintwork has yet to be examined in detail but is likely to be predominantly Bronze Age in date given the known presence of Bronze Age features close by. Other than confirming the known activity in the area at this time this generally residual flint has no other significant implication for the PDA.

P18 - Undated ?Prehistoric Sinuous, Irregular Gully, Associated Features & Four Discrete Pits (Jenk`s Land Phase 1c) : This was the only convincing and demonstrable group of features of likely prehistoric date identified. Their function was not determined but they may represent truncated occupation The presence of a significant number of worked flints and the `negative evidence` afforded by the absence of other dating evidence was felt sufficient to indicate a tentative prehistoric date. Given the presence of ring ditches of potentially broadly comparable date and the other evidence for Bronze Age activity from the previous workings to the W some occupation is to be expected. However given that this group appears to have been very localized i.e. it did not spread to the N, W or S and, since it was the only such group located on the whole of the Jenk`s Land Consent, it would seem that such remains have either been largely removed by truncation or that they were only very small occasional foci. If this location represents occupation it therefore has potentially significant implications for the PDA as an indicator for the occurrence of similar Bronze Age feature groups.

P19 - ?Later Prehistoric Boundary Ditch (Jenk`s Land Phase 1c) : This is a continuation of the same feature seen in Phase 1b to the S. Additional hand dug sections across it provided no dating evidence. Its leached fill again suggested a prehistoric date. It was thought to have been cut by the undated E-W ditch (P23) which lay along the very south edge of the Phase. (See P9 for assessment).

P20 - Anglo-Saxon Cemetery with Associated Features (Jenk`s Land Phase 1c) :

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This is a major feature group lying on a slight gravel rise adjacent to the Bronze Age ring ditch (P16). Consisting of c. 130+ pits, many, if not all are likely to have been inhumation burials. Given the virtual absence of any surviving bone only the grave goods identify the feature type. It is likely that the small linear ditches lying across the NW and NE corners of the Phase formed its northern and western boundaries - its relationship to the large ?later prehistoric NE-SW linear (P9/P19) is currently unclear but this may have still been a surface feature when the cemetery was created. The only other identified `non-grave` feature was a small horseshoe-shaped enclosure which cut part of the southern sector of the Bronze Age ring ditch (P16). Several burials cut the ring ditch fill and others had been cut into its interior. As a virtually complete cemetery this location is an important asset especially given its scale and association with the ring ditch – a relationship noted on other sites elsewhere. It has potentially major implications especially in the light of the spread of metalwork finds of likely funerary origin from the PDA and surrounding area. Further ring ditch and cemetery associations may be present especially where any, even slight, gravel rises occur. However the significance level of the present cemetery is much reduced given the heavy truncation, poor preservation (absence of bone and organics) and the relatively `poor` finds assemblage (only c. 1 in 10 burials produced any artefacts). This location has therefore been assessed as having potentially important implications for the PDA but with much reduced significance levels due to poor survival.

P21 - Post Medieval N-S Gully and Pits (Jenk`s Land Phase 1c) : The sparse presence of features of post-medieval date is in keeping with its known C18th and later agricultural use and there seems no reason to doubt that it served a similar function for a number of centuries before then. The gully is on the same alignment as the field boundaries identified in Phase 1b (P15) which show on the c.1850 plan of the Rectoral Lands (Fig 15) - although this Phase 1c gully appears to be slightly to the W of the field boundary identified there. Notwithstanding this it is likely to relate to the C18/C19th field system. As such it has little implication for the PDA other than to confirm the likely survival of the same system across the PDA.

P22 - Two Undated Cremations (Jenk`s Land Phase 1c) : Excavated from within the spread of the Anglo-Saxon cemetery these two features may be associated with it. However given the Bronze Age activity in the area they could be isolated burials of this earlier date. If they relate to the former they could represent the earliest phase of the cemetery ; if the latter they suggest that isolated burials could occur in the PDA.

P23 - Undated E-W Linear Ditch (Jenk`s Land Phase 1c) : This is a substantial ditch which is thought to overlie the NE-SW linear (P9/P19). Its E-W alignment is comparable to the ?Anglo-Saxon field system in Phase 1b but its leached fill suggests a prehistoric date. It is expected to continue into the western margin of the PDA. As an undated discrete linear feature it has been assessed as having only minor implications for the PDA.

P24 - Geological Features (Jenk`s Land Phase 1c) : These were extensive and, given their plan coupled with the problems of feature definition on parts of the site, they initially appeared to be of archaeological origin. However hand excavation revealed these to be of natural glacial/periglacial origin and this was confirmed by a soil specialist. They have a potential time implication for the PDA since they are likely to occur anywhere across the PDA and some hand excavation is likely to be required to separate these out from the `true` archaeological features.

9 POTENTIAL FOR ARCHAEOLOGY

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9.1 Topography and Soils

9.1.1 The PDA lies on open undulating terrain with overall S to N and E to NW slopes with rising ground towards the SW corner and the E boundary. A large knoll lies in the central northern sector and a shallow crease/valley runs W to E between this and the rising ground to the SW. Towards the eastern margin this feature splits to the N and S of the rising ground. The knoll appears to relate directly to a deposit of the Thrussington Till of pre-Anglian or Early Anglian date whilst the main body of the mineral consists of glacial sand and gravels of general Anglian date. Although existing slopes are everywhere gentle it is likely that in antiquity these were more acute and sufficient to enable the formation of significant subsoil deposits (especially hillwash) towards, and at, their bases. Works on Jenk`s Land have already confirmed the presence of subsoils which partially mask the main archaeological horizon in the shallow crease/valley and these are known to continue into the western sector of the PDA. Given the degree of truncation seen on both the previous and current workings most of these deposits are likely to have formed due to long-term cultivation. A formation date after the Early Medieval (Anglo-Saxon) period is suggested for the deposits in the shallow crease/valley deposits based on the evidence from Jenk`s Land but they could be of any date elsewhere.

9.1.2 The PDA lies on the southern flank of the Sheepwash Brook, which forms its northern boundary. Although only a very minor watercourse today it is likely to have deposited significant amounts of alluvium in the past and this may be masking the main archaeological interface anywhere along, and close to, the northern PDA boundary.

9.1.3 The previous workings have highlighted that the land was clearly used for funerary (Bronze Age) and at least some settlement (Iron Age) in the later prehistoric periods and again for cemetery in the Early Anglo-Saxon period whilst the current workings have identified activity in the Early-Middle Bronze Age, ?Late Pre-Roman Iron Age, Roman, Early Medieval (Anglo-Saxon cemetery, limited occupation and ?field system), early post- medieval and more recent activity. Topography has clearly played a significant part in the location of both funerary and monument remains which appear to favour `elevated` ground including not only the obvious high ground but also more subtle gravel rises and ridges. Topography was also clearly a factor in the siting of the two post-medieval windmills on the top of the knoll and the ring ditch at the SE corner of Jenk`s Land. Within the PDA the large knoll in the central northern sector as well as any slightly elevated ground are seen as having higher potential but it should be noted that archaeology also occurred in other parts of the landform profile. Overall the PDA is viewed as topographically `favourable`.

9.1.4 Soils across the site are, with the exception of the land close to the Sheepwash Brook, (especially the NE and NW corners), generally well drained and have also been viewed as generally `favourable` for both settlement and cultivation.

9.2 Prehistoric Periods

9.2.1 There is a single record of Palaeolithic artefacts from the Study Area and these are almost certainly derived from the East Leake gravels which are currently dated to the Anglian Cold Stage around MIS 12 (c. 475-500k). They consists of three heavily abraded quartzite tools recovered from the fallen talus at the base of a section in the south central part of the previous quarry workings (Fig 7 `P27` NB NGR approx only). Given their poor condition a pre-Anglian date is likely and as such they would normally be seen as having occurred `residually` in the mineral. However the recovery of three artefacts in close proximity from the same section face advises caution and this is endorsed by a recent re-examination of the East Leake deposits (White et al 2008, 11-12) who have

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commented as follows :

`Early mapping of the area to the south of Nottingham by the Geological Survey (Sheet 142) indicated a number of hilltop patches of `Glacial Sand and Gravel` at a range of altitudes. The quarry at East Leake is situated within one of the most extensive of these, at an altitude of c. 80m O.D. These deposits had not previously been included in reconstructions of the Trent terrace stratigraphy due to the assumption that they were glacial outwash of probable Anglian date. Although the most recent Geological Survey mapping has redefined some of these patches as Thrussington or Oadby Till, the nature of many of these deposits remains uncertain.

The deposits at East Leake consist of somewhat clayey sands and gravels, disposed as stacked `bar-core` gravels interspersed with supra-bar sands, suggesting deposition in a braided river environment (cf. Bryant, 1983a & b). Clast lithological analysis indicates that the sediments are dominated by re-worked Triassic (`Bunter`) quartz and quartzite, derived locally from the Sherwood Sandstone Group, with flint being almost entirely absent. ….. Palaeoflow measurements …. indicate an easterly direction, suggestive of a course flowing towards the Ancaster Gap. Historically, the majority of high level sands and gravels were correlated with deposits attributed to the former Hilton Terrace (which has since been redefined as three separate units………..). However the deposits at East Leake are situated at a significantly higher altitude, relative to the longitudinal profile of the Trent, than any of the above ; they may, therefore, represent older Trent deposits, albeit possibly fed by glacial outwash`

Other work has identified a series of infilled palaeochannels in close proximity to the Thrussington and Oadby Tills (of Middle Pleistocene date) in the East Leake-Rempstone area and one of these, the `Fox Hill Palaeochannel`, may be present running E-W through the PDA. (Carney 2007).

A late Cromerian date of MIS13 (c. 525-500k or earlier) has been suggested for the artefacts (White & White 2007 73). They provide the first substantial evidence for human occupation of the Trent Valley at a date no later than c. MIS12 and their abraded condition suggests that they could be considerably earlier. The only other artefacts of such `demonstrable antiquity from the English Midlands are the andesite handaxes and associated material from the Cromerian Complex (MIS 13 or 15) deposits at Waverley Wood, Warwickshire` (White et al 2008, 13).

As redeposited finds in the mineral these items have been assessed as having only limited implications for the PDA. However should in situ material be present associated with pre-Anglian or early Anglian deposits any such finds/site(s) would be of national significance. The potential for redeposited material has been assessed as low; the potential for in situ material has been assessed as very low

9.2.2 There is no confirmed Mesolithic activity in the Study Area. However two flints from the previous workings (LAS 2 Area 1) in 2005 may be of this date. Other undiagnostic flints may also be present in the general assemblage but given the overall paucity of flintwork the potential for Mesolithic remains has been assessed as `low`.

9.2.3 At the present time there are no securely dated Neolithic features from the Study Area. Less than twenty flints have so far been identified from the previous workings as being of likely Neolithic date of which only one, from LAS 2 in 2002 is claimed to be `early Neolithic`. Other flintwork from the previous workings to the west of the PDA (LAS 3 & 5) and from Jenk`s Land (P1 - 6 flints & P17 - c. 100+.) are undated and mainly occur residually in later features. However a small cluster of ?occupation type features on the E side of Jenk`s Land (P18) and an Iron Age ditch in LAS 5 both produced small concentrations of stratified material. Given the lack of Neolithic features and the Bronze Age funerary evidence it is likely that most of the undated flints belong to this latter

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period. However the small total quantity of flintwork to date from all deposits suggests only limited non-funerary activity on the land examined so far. A general lack of flintwork was specifically noted from Phase 1a on Jenk`s Land. On the current evidence the potential for significant Neolithic remains has been assessed as `low`.

9.2.4 There is clear evidence of Bronze Age landuse in the form of funerary remains from two locations within the previous workings. The first (LAS 2 – M18372) was represented by one certain ring ditch (round barrow) with ?cremation pits beneath traces of a mound ; a series of pits close-by associated with quantities of `Collared Urn` pottery may indicate the remains of another barrow or represent a `flat` cemetery. These features lay on top of a slight hill/ridge c. 0.5k to the west of PDA. The second location (LAS 4 - M18368) is evidenced by three/four cremations in pits again associated with Collared Urn ceramics. Found in the south western sector of the previous workings these also lay on the brow of a slight ridge. Settlement evidence is more difficult to identify but the presence of a number of undated features and the occasional occurrence of Bronze Age pottery sherds from residual contexts suggests that some settlement at least was present. Evidence for settlement is endorsed by the excavation of one `Burnt Mound` on the western sector of the workings (LAS 5- M18370) and a possible second (TPAT 2 - M18332) from adjacent to the west side of Jenk`s Land. Both were associated with other features and deposits containing charcoal and burnt stones with spreads of material thought to indicate occupation - although some of these features in LAS 5 may have originated with the Iron Age settlement (see below). The finds assemblage was not extensive but included a sherd of Early Bronze Age Beaker Ware from an Anglo-Saxon grave in LAS 2. It may be that the settlement was small and that it has largely been ploughed out. Results from the current workings (Jenk`s Land) complement these results with a possible burial in the form of a ?complete Beaker Ware vessel associated with a worked flint (P7) and a probable ring ditch and a large pit (P8) on the knoll in the SE sector of that site. The ring ditch (P8) is clearly related to the topography as it ?encircles the highest ground hereabouts (c. 78m OD), and although the depositional context of the Beaker Ware vessel could not be determined it too lies on the higher ground c. 60m to the NW of the ring. Both burnt and worked flint was associated with the ring ditch and pit. The central sector of Jenk`s Land (Phase 1c) revealed another ring ditch (P16) again associated with a gravel rise. Collared Urn fragments were also recovered from the lower fills of the ditch but there was no evidence for any burials. Two isolated cremations were also excavated on Phase 1c of Jenk`s Land but these were undated – a Bronze Age or Anglo-Saxon date seems most probable. . The potential for localized Bronze Age features/deposits of funerary character and settlement has been assessed as `very high`.

9.2.5 Iron Age material from within the Study Area is limited almost exclusively to a Middle Iron Age farmstead (M18371) investigated in the NW sector of the previous workings (LAS 5) where three concentrations of features (L11930) were noted. Area 1 contained the corner of a large enclosure ditch and other features including a `Burnt Mound` (also of possible Bronze Age date). Area 2 revealed domestic settlement in the form of a 10m diameter hut circle (ring ditch) associated with a ditched ?stock enclosure and ?part of a field system. Area 3 contained a number of prehistoric ditches which produced both Early and Mid-Late Iron Age ceramics (7 & 11 sherds respectively) as well as undiagnostic prehistoric pottery. The Early Iron Age pottery was thought likely to be residual. From the current workings there is a suggestion of Late Iron Age activity in the form of two boundaries both aligned SW-NE. The first lies at the northern western extremity of Jenk`s Land and consists of at least three small parallel ditches (P2) which contained abraded (probably residual) Late pre-Roman Iron Age/Conquest period pottery sherds whilst the second ran diagonally across the upper slope towards the southern end of the Site (P9/P19). This latter was clearly a significant landscape feature as it was traced for over 200m across Jenk`s Land Phase 1b & 1c and will almost certainly occur in the

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western margin of the PDA. Although undated its common alignment to the triple ditch boundary together with its general character suggest land division in the later Iron Age. A potentially similar `large` undated ditch on the same orientation was noted lying at the base of a slope on the previous workings in 2004 (LAS 4). However this lay at the base of a slope and was thought to be a ?watercourse. The potential for significant Iron Age remains has been assessed as `low-medium`.

9.3 Roman Period

9.3.1 There is a light but persistent `background` of evidence of the Roman period with six locations identified within the Study Area. Two of these (L5881 - 3 Roman coins & L11069 - `Trumpet` brooch) lie relatively close together c. 0.5k to the S of the PDA whilst a third (LAS 7 L11925 – 3 sherds Roman pottery from topsoil) came from the previous workings c. 0.6k to the W. These are minor finds and given their distance from the PDA they have no implications for it. Much closer to the PDA, reputed Roman tiles (number & type not specified) have been recorded from the site of a modern fishpond c. 100m from the NW corner of the Site (L7937). Such items are frequently reused and whilst they infer a possible Roman structure in the locality this could be some distance from the actual findspot. The final two locations relate to the current workings where traces of ditched enclosures of C2nd AD date (P3) have been excavated in the NW corner of Phase 1a whilst a pottery sherd and ?coin (undated) (both P10) have come from Phase 1b. In general Roman finds survive in considerable volume when sites are present and given their very limited recovery to date from all of the areas investigated to the W of the PDA and from the Study Areas a whole, the likelihood of a substantial site appears small. The only location with features (P3) suggests small scale rural activity focussed on the C2nd AD. Lying close to the Sheepwash Brook it relates to the multiple boundary with likely earlier origins (P2). On the current evidence, the potential for significant activity during this period has been assessed as `low`. The likelihood of small sites of a rural character being present has been assessed as low-medium ; these latter may show a preference for locations close to the Sheepwash Brook .

9.4 Early Medieval (Anglo-Saxon) Period

9.4.1 There is demonstrable evidence from the previous workings for early Medieval period burials surviving on the southern flank of the Sheepwash Brook. An Anglo-Saxon inhumation cemetery containing high-status graves and dated to the mid-C6th AD was excavated in 2002 c. 0.6k to the W of the PDA (LAS 2 - M18373). Due to truncation, selective excavation and the poor survival of human bone it is unclear how large it was but a figure of perhaps 50+ graves can be suggested. Pottery, including sherds of Charnwood Ware of the early-mid Saxon period, was recovered together with various metal grave goods. The graves lay in a cluster on a ridge and over the crown of a hill in an area c. 90m x 50m - the same hill on which was located the Bronze Age Barrow (M18372). Topography coupled with the ?survival of this as a extant landscape feature are likely to have influenced the choice of site for the cemetery. Another much larger, but ?lower status cemetery of similar date and consisting of c. 130+ graves/features (P20) is similarly associated with a Bronze Age ring ditch located on a slight rise in Phase 1c of Jenk`s Land. Possible cemetery boundary ditches may be present here to the N and W. Two other ?clusters of diagnostic metal-detected finds are likely to indicate a further two cemeteries of similar date - the first (M5206) lies c. 0.75k to the west of the PDA and finds consisted of cruciform brooch and tweezers fragments, a pair of ?minature shears and 5 pot sherds. The second (L5207) actually lies in the central southern sector of the PDA and consists of a cruciform brooch head plate, an almost complete second example, brooch knobs and a `girdle hanger`. Individual metal detected finds have also been recorded from

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three other locations– a probable terminal from a drinking horn (L11061) from the central eastern sector of the PDA, a `horned-headed` mount (L11070) said to have been found in the very SW corner of the PDA, and a `small long brooch` (L5205) from just east of the Loughborough Road north of the Rempstone village. These three items could be burial or settlement derived or simply represent casual loss. Possible contemporary settlement is evidenced from two locations, one close to the Sheepwash Brook in the previous workings and the other on the higher ground close to the southern extraction limit of the current workings in the lee of the small but pronounced knoll ?encircled by the likely Bronze Age ring ditch (P8). The former (L11927) included pits, a ?cooking hearth and 15 sherds of `early-mid Saxon` pottery ; the latter two `grub huts` and a possible field system (P11) which is likely to extend into the western margins of PDA. If the detected finds have been accurately reported the extent and frequency of the Anglo- Saxon locations are exceptional and in view of the likely presence of at least three or four cemeteries the circumstance is rare. Significant settlement must have been present in the locality and it may be that this was in the form of discrete occupation areas interspersed with a series of small cemeteries. The previous fieldwork results and the frequency of the metal detected finds indicates a considerable subsoil surface loss due to truncation by ploughing but wholesale loss of the cemeteries, although possible, seems improbable. Notwithstanding truncation the evidence from Jenk`s Land suggests that Anglo-Saxon (and earlier) features may survive under colluvium especially in the central W-E `valley` and at the base of slopes. Since burials and settlement are usually mutually exclusive the presence of the ?cemetery (L5207) in the PDA suggests that significant settlement will not be present in the immediate vicinity but it is likely to be present close-by. The proximity of these finds to the post-medieval gravel pit/access (Fig 7 C2) identified on the 1769 Inclosure Award (Fig 13) should be noted as this disturbance could be responsible for bringing the metal grave goods to the surface. The presence of Anglo-Saxon funerary remains has been assessed as `confirmed` whilst the potential for settlement and field system(s) has been assessed as `very high`.

9.5 Later Medieval Period (AD 1066- c.1450)

9.5.1 Two locations with likely later medieval origins have been identified lying within the PDA. The first is the line of the footpath (C1) linking Rempstone village with the Church of St Peter`s in the Rushes which lies immediately adjacent to the NW corner of the PDA. The second lies on the far eastern boundary of the PDA where probable rectilinear earthworks, first identifiable in 1769, defined the western sector of `Grange Close` (C3). It should be noted that the dating for both is only inferred – for the former from the known settlement and church and for the latter by the fact that it appears to pre-date the formalisation of the Loughborough Road (Fig 13). With the exception of the Rempstone/East Leake parish boundary examined during the quarry works (M18297 and P5) virtually all of the remainder of the identified earthwork locations (L7880 - Banks and Hollows ; M7881 - Banks and Mounds ; M21 - `Village Ring` ; M7879 - `Shrunken Village` ; L7930 - Building Platforms SW of village & L7931 - Building Platforms near centre of village) relate to the Rempstone settlement. Exceptions are two fishpond (M240 & M270) - the former of ?medieval/modern origin and the latter of medieval date. The site of a reputed Holy Well (M269) is claimed to lie under the former and if this is correct it seems unlikely that this fishpond is of medieval date. A `church` well is recorded in 1724-35 and this may be the origin of the claim. The same source also notes a `moated manor house` in the same area and `indications of buildings in the fields near St Peter`s Church` (See Appendix 2 1979-80 Owen Wood). The site of St Peter`s In the Rushes (?formerly `All Saints` in the C15th - See Appendix 2 Owen Wood) is, in view of its `detached` nature, unusual and a manor house close by would give a context for its location, but with the exception of ?Roman tiles (L7937) to the N of the church site there is no `hard` evidence for such a complex. The church is probably referred to in the first half of the C12th and certainly in 1231 AD (See Appendix 2) when it must have been the parish church for Rempstone. It is unknown if it had a predecessor – if

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so it was not mentioned in Domesday (AD 1086) although churches and priests are not always entered there. In view of the `negative evidence` from the recent work on Jenk`s Land adjacent to the S and W boundaries of the churchyard, these appear well defined and there are no traces of any associated burials, settlement or of an earlier church beyond these. The previous and current workings have yielded only very scant evidence for activity during this period (LAS 2 - a c. 50m expanse of red-brown till lying on hill slope ; P4 - 4 sherds of C12-14th pottery and P12 - pottery and a piece of ?decorated roof furniture (residual context)). Elsewhere finds are limited to three locations. Two are metal detector finds and likely to relate to `casual loss` (L5204 - Coin of John AD 1199-1216 from S of Rempstone Hall and L11071 – a C13th seal matrix possibly associated with the eastern sector of the Grange Close earthworks) whilst the third, (Decorated Medieval Floor Tiles - P25) lies in the SE of Rempstone village and may identify the chapel and manor site of Robert de Rempstone who was granted a `chantry` there in AD 1267 (Appendix 2). The evidence clearly indicates that the Later Medieval core settlement lay in and around the present Rempstone nucleus. With the exception of `Grange Close` and the N-S earthworks (L7881) which lie just south of the Ashby Road/S of the Car Park at the SE corner of the PDA and which could theoretically continue into the PDA as sub-surface features, the settlement has been assessed as having only limited implication for the PDA. Residual ridge and furrow noted on Burton`s Land (W1) strongly suggests that this and the PDA lay in the Rempstone Open Field system. As such long term ploughing is likely to have left only ?truncated sub-surface features relating to agricultural practice e.g. ridge & furrow headlands, field boundaries, lynchets etc. Given this landuse any associated activities are likely to be small scale and diffuse. The occurrence of Later Medieval activity within the PDA is confirmed. However given that the footpath (C1) may never have been a permanent physical feature and that the proposed stand-off in the NE corner excludes the likely footprint of Grange Close (C3) their significance for the PDA have been assessed as `low`. There is also a medium potential for general agricultural related features and for small scale settlement related foci in the eastern sector close to the Rempstone village.

9.6 Post Medieval & Recent Periods

9.6.1 Two Post-Medieval locations have been noted in relation to the PDA. The first, `C2` (Gravel pit and access) lies in the central southern sector and relates to an individual feature which serves to highlight previous localized disturbance/?loss of the main archaeological interface and the possibility of other similar occurrences in the PDA. The second, M5146 (Civil War Battle of Costock 1644), although potentially associated with the PDA by the NHER it is thought to have mainly been a cavalry skirmish with the principle focus of the `ambuscade` being to the N in Costock Parish and to the E of the Loughborough Road. The presence of related sub-surface features seems remote although there is a likelihood of metalwork e.g. musket balls, harness fittings etc. being present in the ploughsoil. In addition it is known that by no later than the end of the C18th the PDA had been divided into a series of arable fields and some of these had been further sub-divided by c. 1850 (Fig 15). On the evidence from Jenk`s Land the numerous boundaries were ditched (P15 & ?P21). A significant number of other post-Medieval and recent locations have been identified which relate to Stanford Hall/Park (M217 – Icehouse ; L224 – Hall ; L225 Fish Pond & M8908 – Park), Rempstone Hall (M323 – Windpump), Rempstone Village (M61 – All Saints Church ; M242 – Sheepwash ; M243 – Smithy ; M244 – Sand Pit, M7827 – Shrunken Village, M229, M230, M239 & M 245 – All Windpumps, M249 – Works & M7882 – Quarry) and Costock (M7870 – Earthworks, pond, ridge/furrow and M277 – Maltings). With the possible exception of the Turnpike Road (M1546), known today as the A6006 Ashby Road and where there may be an increased potential for adjacent landuse, none have any real implication for the PDA. The previous workings have also identified a number of locations (TPAT 1 : L11406 & L12041 pottery finds from fieldwalking ; TPAT 2 L11662 – ?water tank & L11664 – pottery tile and brick ;

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LAS2 - C17/C18th pottery sherds from an ?enclosure, L11936 – several ditches, pits and gullies with pottery ; LAS 3 : L11921 - ?quarrying ; LAS5 – ?building platforms with structural remains, also ditches ; LAS 8 – ditches & LAS 9 – ?trackway) but these have only minor implications for the PDA in terms of highlighting the possibility for occasional and small scale activity which is generally of C17th-C19th date and presumably related to agriculture. The current works on Jenk`s Land have produced similar results (CA1 – L11917 pit, L11918 plough scarring ; P6 - C19th structure and features ; P13 - Early post- medieval structure/features and windmill foundation of ?C16th date as well as P14 - Later post-medieval windmill foundation and carriageway to the church. The windmill foundations are worthy of note as they are clearly topographically related and the earliest of these may be associated with the cluster of features lying c. 110m to the W dated by a rare coin of Queen Mary I (1553-1558) - a period not obviously represented elsewhere in the previous and current fieldwork areas. Those confirmed locations of post-medieval and recent date within the PDA, including the field system, have been assessed as having `low` potential whilst the likelihood for isolated small scale foci, which may include occasional structural remains has been assessed as `medium` but it is felt unlikely that they will have any significant implication for the PDA.

9.7 Undated Features/Locations

9.7.1 There are inevitably a number of undated locations/features in the NHER and from the previous and current works. None lie within the PDA and only three lie adjacent to it. These are M246 - Well, M244 - Sand Pit and M247 - Gravel Quarry. Only the well, if it was associated with occupation, would have any potential implication for the PDA as this could extend into its NE sector. However given the proposed stand-off on the eastern margin of the Site any such presence would have no real implication. The only other location worthy of note is that from the 2004 investigations on the previous workings in LAS 4 where a large NE-SW ditch/?watercourse was recorded. This alignment may relate to possible later prehistoric (?Late Pre-Roman Iron Age) land division (See 9.2.5 above). Overall there is no evidence to suggest that any of the other undated locations/features relate to archaeology not already represented in the record and they have therefore been assessed as having only `low` potential and minimal implications for the PDA.

9.8 Non-Archaeological Features

9.8.1 Natural features in the form of ice-wedges, tree boles and glacio-fluvial deposits were recorded on the previous workings in LAS 2 as was an undated ?watercourse with bank in LAS 3. Truncation and plough scarring was also a very frequent occurrence. Considerable difficulty was experienced across much of Jenk`s Land (especially Phases 1b & 1c) in not only defining the `real` archaeological features but also separating these out from those of natural glacio-fluvial origin. This process was further hampered by dry ground conditions and the similarities of the natural subsoil deposits (both in plan and in character) to the `real` features and their fills. Now that this feature type has been identified they are likely to be less problematic ; however the widespread presence of such features could have a significant implication on timescales for the PDA. It is also worth noting that very significant animal disturbance (rabbits) was also recorded in some features in the previous workings and in relation to the investigations on the parish boundary (TPAT 1 & P5) ; however little such disturbance was present on the more gravelly soils in the main Phases in Jenk`s Land. .

9.9 Environmental & Organic Remains

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9.9.1 Environmental remains have been recovered from Bronze Age and Iron Age features in the previous workings. The former (LAS 5) in relation to burials where oak charcoal, hazelnut shell and, exceptionally, some animal bone survived. The latter (LAS 6) in association with the `farmstead` where carbonised cereal (barley, wheat and oats) and weed seeds indicate mixed arable farming in a landscape which included mixed deciduous woodland (oak, alder, birch) with areas of open woodland core or margins and wetter areas. No remains were noted in relation to the `Burnt Mounds` or any of the various areas/features associated with burning nor were any noted from the Bronze Age buried soil beneath the round barrow in LAS 2. Bone (both human and animal) rarely survives but organic staining from both human remains and artefacts was noted in the Anglo-Saxon cemetery (LAS 2) and both mineralised and unmineralised fabrics were associated. Environmental results from Jenk`s Land Phases 1b & 1c are not yet available but no organic staining was evident in the cemetery there. Small quantities of carbonized grain and weed seeds have also been recovered from the Romano-British enclosures in the current workings (P3). Superficial clay deposits have also been noted in several Phases of the previous workings and in the boreholes on the PDA and there is a possibility for areas of localised perched water table and thus the preservation of organics. The general potential for localised environmental remains has been assessed as `low-medium` whilst the potential for localised organic remains from burials in mineralised form has been assessed as `high`. Carbonised remains are only likely to survive in very damp or waterlogged deposits and their potential in individual features has been assessed as `low-medium`.

9.10 Factors Affecting Survival

9.10.1 During background research factors which are likely to have been detrimental to any surviving archaeology and which are either known from, or can be surmised in relation to the PDA are as follows :

Significant truncation by long-term cultivation Insertion of drainage Digging of pits for mineral Previous use of metal detectors Soil Acidity (affecting bone, and giving poor environmental and organic survival) Later post-Medieval and Recent features Animal disturbance

9.10.2 Positive factors likely to have assisted in the preservation of sites were noted as follows :

Presence of colluvium (hillwash) especially towards the NE & SE corners and the central crease/valley of the PDA at base of slopes Areas of alluvium (water bourne silt) close to the Sheepwash Brook Possible areas of perched water levels (survival of organics)

9.11 Quality of Data

9.11.1 Due to the archaeological fieldwork in the previous and current workings there is good reliable information regarding, subsoils, general feature type and deposit characterisation. However it is clear that, in some places at least, considerable truncation has occurred and survival levels may vary considerably across the PDA. In places, especially at the interface between the normal subsoil and downslope colluvial deposits, feature definition can be poor.

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9.11.2 There is a general paucity of documentary material which relates to the PDA and, with the exception of the 1937 copy of the 1769 Rempstone Enclosure Award (Fig 12) the cartographic evidence only covers the later C18th to the late C20th.

9.11.3 There is a considerable amount of printed material, but much of this relates to either the the previous/current workings or the Church/Churchyard of St Peter`s in the Rushes.

9.11.4 In view of the thorough searches made by the National Mapping Programme and others neither the vertical or oblique aerial photography cover has been re-visited for this Assessment Data quality is difficult to assess since it is unclear whether the negative results are the product of the local geology, truncation, masking by colluviums/alluvium or a true absence of archaeology. Given the fieldwork results from the adjacent quarry areas the first three of these are likely to be the main factors.

9.11.5 There is a clear bias in the geographical spread of the data available since all of the evidence for the prehistoric periods comes from the current and previous workings to the west of the PDA whilst much of the likely Later Medieval and post-Medieval information comes in the form of earthworks and buildings from Rempstone village in the east. However overall it is felt that there is adequate information to form a reliable context for the PDA.

10 CONCLUSION

10.1.1 There are no Scheduled Monuments or other formally designated archaeological sites or areas Within, or Adjacent to, the PDA.

10.1.2 There are no Listed Buildings Within the PDA ; however four lie within 50-100m of its boundaries. Two are located on the south side of the Ashby Road (8.37.12 - `Rempstone Hall` & 8.37.13 `Gardners Cottage`) whilst the other two (8.37.11 – All Saint Church & 8.37.1 - Clifton Lodge) lie adjacent to its SE corner. In the summer months all four, with the exception of the tower of All Saints Church and the ?Entrance Lodge to Rempstone Hall are largely screened by mixed vegetation and trees. In the winter months, without leaf cover it is likely that more of these structures will be visible. However given the amount of vegetation screening, the presence of the Ashby Road and the significant stand-offs on the adjacent margins it is not felt that any of these structures will be significantly affected. It should be noted that the unlisted `Beech Tree Lodge` property lying close to the NE boundaries of the PDA, is only partially screened by vegetation and that its western elevation in particular is open to the PDA.

10.1.3 There are no formally Registered Parks or Gardens Within the PDA ; however one lies in the middle distance to the SW (Stanford Park c. 0.7k closest point). Given the distance involved it is not felt that there will be any implication for the PDA. It should be noted that another unregistered `historic` park lies around Rempstone Hall immediately to the S of the Ashby Road.

10.1.4 There are no registered Battlefield sites Within the PDA or the Study Area. However in 1644 a Civil War `skirmish` is said to have taken place close-by. The `ambuscade` was probably centered in Costock parish just to the N/NE of the PDA and adjacent to the Sheepwash Brook. It involved cavalry action and as it is also documented as involving parts of East Leake and Rempstone parishes there is a strong possibility that the PDA was involved. As a `mobile` action it is not felt to have a significant implication for the PDA

10.1.5 There is one Public Right of Way (PROW) Within the PDA - `Footpath No. 1` which runs

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diagonally between its SE and NW corners. This follows the line of a footpath first identified in 1769 (C1) but which is likely to be considerably older as it probably served as the ?main pedestrian route between Rempstone, the detached medieval Church of St Peter`s In the Rushes and East Leake. This line clearly ran through arable fields c. 1850 when it was `gated`. It seems unlikely that it was ever a permanent physical feature and today it is ploughed annually and simply reset by usage. It is not seen as having a significant implication for the PDA. Another PROW (`Bridleway 11`) lies immediately on the western margin of the Site having been relocated eastwards from its original line through the centre of Jenk`s Land. Here it related directly to the `Carriage Road to the Church` present on the 1769 Inclosure Map (and later maps) which has been subsequently identified during the fieldwork on Phase 1b of Jenk`s Land. The `new` route has no implication for the PDA.

10.1.6 Cartographic and Documentary sources are limited whilst those for Aerial Photography have produced virtually no information relating to the PDA and its immediate environs. However good evidence is available from extensive recent fieldwork on the previous and current workings to the West and overall it is felt that there is a good basis for assessment

10.1.7 In terms of topography and soils both are seen as generally `favourable`. In the case of the former there are several instances in the Bronze Age, Anglo-Saxon and early post- Medieval periods where this has clearly been a locational factor and it is clear that higher ground, ridges and gravel rises all have an increased general potential, especially for the funerary remains of the Bronze Age and Anglo-Saxon periods. Given the general landform and extensive long term cultivation there is also increased potential for sites to be masked by colluvium (hillwash) especially towards the base of slopes. There is also the possibility of alluvium masking features close to the Sheepwash Brook.

10.1.8 There is a potential, albeit low, for Palaeolithic artefacts to be present within the mineral. These are most likely to be `residual` in their context. However it should be noted that, given the uncertain date of the general mineral deposits on the Site and the occurrence of three artefacts from the same general locality the possibility of in situ artefacts cannot be entirely ruled out. The recent identification of the presence of a substantial deposit of the Thrussington Till which forms the knoll in the central northern part of the PDA and which is the earliest Middle Pleistocene deposit in the area hints at the potential. Any in situ artefacts/deposits would be of national significance.

10.1.9 Early prehistoric activity is very limited with no convincing locations or significant evidence from anywhere in the Study Area. A few worked flints from the previous workings may be of Mesolithic origin and there is a higher incidence of potentially Neolithic flintwork. However, even allowing for the vaguaries of flint dating, the evidence so far suggests a minimal presence in the Mesolithic and only limited activity during the Neolithic. As a watercourse, the Sheepwash Brook may have higher potential for the Mesolithic period but there is as yet no evidence for this.

10.1.10 Later prehistoric activity is more in evidence from both the previous and current workings with an Early Bronze Age Beaker ?grave (P7) and Bronze Age cemeteries (M187372 & M18368) both associated with `Collared Urns` ; two undated cremations in Jenk`s Land Phase 1c may relate (P22). Two other isolated ring ditches (P8 & P16) lying close to the western margin of the PDA are also likely to be funerary monuments. Traces of potentially associated settlement have to date been small scale and often in the form of occasional individual features e.g. `Burnt Mounds` (M18332 & M18370) or irregular feature clusters which include pits and gullies/slots e.g. P18. In general these show a preference for the higher ground away from the Sheepwash Brook and the ring ditch `P8` is likely to have encircled the highest point in the immediate area. There is a hint of Early Iron Age activity in the form of residual pottery associated with a small area of

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Middle Iron Age domestic occupation (M18371 – 10m diameter hut circle, external hearth, enclosure and other features) but these lie at the western end of the previous workings c. 0.9k from the PDA. This focus is likely to have been a small rural farmstead which lay c. 300m from the Sheepwash Brook. No other evidence for the Early or Middle Iron Age has been noted from anywhere in the Study Area. Of particular interest from the current workings is the large SW-NE ditch (P9/P19) which, although undated may be a Late Iron Age boundary. A second location c. 225m to the NW contained another boundary consisting of at least three small parallel ditches on the same alignment (P2) ; this produced residual Late Iron Age pottery. If this dating is correct there is potential for other boundaries and possibly ?associated features/deposits of a rural character anywhere in the PDA especially adjacent to the Sheepwash Brook. However in such a circumstance it is thought likely that any such activity will be small scale and localised.

10.1.11 Evidence for the Romano-British period from the Study Area is scant and mainly consists of a very low number of unstratified finds. The exception is the small `complex` of enclosure ditches (P3) dated to the C2nd AD which are attached to the eastern side of the ?Late Iron Age triple ditches (P2) at the northern end of Jenk`s Land. These are thought likely to represent very limited rural activity close to the Sheepwash Brook. Some Roman tiles (numbers not recorded but thought to be very few) are said to come from c. 100m N of the PDA and whilst these may come from a substantial feature e.g. an oven or building they are frequently reused and transported and, as such, are not on their own a reliable indicator. Whilst there is clearly a Romano-British presence in the area the evidence to date suggests the likelihood of only very limited small scale foci.

10.1.12 Much of the PDA (and probably much of the Study Area) has been extensively metal detected (?over a number of years). This has led to the recovery of significant metalwork of early Anglo-Saxon (C6th/C7th AD) date. Its occurrence could indicate settlement, casual loss or funerary origin but given the types of finds this latter is most likely - the moreso since separate cemeteries of similar date have recently been excavated in both the previous (M18373 c 50+ graves) and current (P20 c. ?130 graves) workings. Three separate findspots have also been noted in relation to the PDA ; one from the central eastern sector (L11061 - ?terminal from drinking horn), a second from the central southern sector (L5207 - brooches/brooch fragments and a `girdle-hanger`) and a third from the SW corner (L11070 - horned mount). It should be noted that in the NHER this latter is located south of Jenk`s Land but the definitive publication (Raynor 2010) places it in the SW corner of the PDA and this location is accepted here. Overall the funerary evidence is both impressive and exceptional and its widespread distribution suggests the potential for discrete ?clusters of inhumation burials lying across the southern flank of the Sheepwash Brook. Locations adjacent to prehistoric monuments located on high, or even slightly elevated ground, were clearly favoured and any such locations in the PDA will have higher potential. Evidence to date for likely contemporary settlement is limited to two `grub huts` with co-axially aligned NNW/SSE & WSW/ENE ditches indicative of a ?field system in the southern part of Jenk`s Land (P11) and a hint of domestic activity from the previous workings c. 0.6k to W (LAS 2 – L11927). The evidence suggests that any funerary sites in the PDA are likely to be located in its southern half. Logically as cemeteries and settlement usually occupy separate ground but tend to be in relatively close association there is a high potential for the latter.

10.1.13 Two locations, a footpath between Rempstone and East Leake (C1) and some earthworks (C3) identifiable as `The Grange` and `Grange Close` in C18th maps are directly associated with the PDA and are likely to have originated during the Later Medieval period. The former is not thought to have been a permanent physical feature (See 10.1.5 above) whilst the latter, if they survive below ground, lie in the margins of the substantial stand-off at the eastern end of the PDA. A third location with `banks and mounds (L7881)` lies just to the S of the Ashby Road close to the SE corner of the PDA

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and may run into it. In such an event this site would also lie in the eastern stand-off. As a consequence of their individual circumstances none of these locations are seen as having significant implications for the PDA although minor locations could in theory be associated with the footpath - but if so there is no evidence to date for this. Most of the other locations relate to either the current Rempstone settlement area or the Church of St Peter`s in the Rushes (M20 & Appendix 2) and its immediate northern environs. The Church was dismantled/demolished c. 1770/1 with the salvaged stone being used to help build its replacement, the Church of All Saints, adjacent to the SE corner of the PDA in 1771. It is not known if St Peter`s had a predecessor but if so it is likely to be on the same site. The evidence from Jenk`s Land indicates that the current western and southern churchyard boundaries represent the maximum extent of the focus and there is no evidence that this is not also the case with the eastern boundary which abuts the PDA. The environs to the north reputedly hold a Holy Well (M269) and a possible manor site but there is no real confirmatory evidence for either although one (M270) of two fishponds hereabouts is claimed to be of later medieval date. The location of the old church/ churchyard site is unusual, lying as it does close to the parish boundary and apparently detached from any settlement. The evidence indicates that this was the parish church for Rempstone until the later C18th and there is as yet no evidence for any associated occupation. Throughout this period it is highly likely that the PDA lay in the Rempstone Open Fields and as such was subject to regular cultivation.

10.1.14 Two locations of Post-Medieval and Recent date have been identified within the PDA. The first a gravel pit with access (C2) serves to highlight the existence of previous ?superficial mineral workings and the possibility that these could occur anywhere on the Site. The second relates to the Battle of Costock in 1644 (M1596 See 10.1.4 above). This was an `ambuscade` relating to the Civil War the main action of which is likely to have taken place to the north/north east of the PDA. Neither locations are felt to have any significant implication for the PDA although the former may have disturbed Anglo-Saxon burials. Most other locations relate either to the Stanford Hall estate or to the Rempstone settlement and none of these, with the possible exception of the Turnpike Road (M1546 now the line of the A6006 Ashby Road) which may have attracted adjacent small scale activity, are likely to have any implication for the PDA. Previous and current workings have identified pottery and occasionally individual features/concentrations e.g. a ?enclosure, gullies, pits, a ?trackway, and a windmill base - all of generally C17-C19th date. A second windmill base ?associated with a small feature cluster of ?mid-C16th date hints at early activity in the general locality. The two windmills were, not unexpectedly, associated with the substantial knoll at the SE corner of Jenk`s Land. A field system marked by ditches and identified on C18-C19th maps is also known to have existed across the whole of the PDA. It is felt unlikely that any of these locations will have any significant implications for the PDA.

10.1.15 The assessment of potential for the presence of significant archaeology can be summarised as follows :

Topography & Soils : Favourable Palaeolithic : Low (redeposited) ; Very low (in situ) Mesolithic : Low Neolithic : Low Bronze Age : Very high (localised funerary monuments & settlement foci) Iron Age : Low-medium Roman : Low (Significant activity) ; Low-medium (Small scale rural sites) Early Medieval (Anglo-Saxon) : Confirmed (funerary) ; Very High (settlement & field systems)

Later Medieval (AD 1066-c.1450 AD) : Confirmed (General activity - but with low

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significance) ; Medium (Agricultural features & small settlement related foci) Post-Medieval/Recent : Confirmed (Field system/footpath/gravel pit) ; Medium (Small scale foci with possible structural remains) Environmental : Low-Medium (individual features) ; High (mineralised organics associated with A/S burials) ; Low - Medium (Carbonised remains).

10.1.16 On the available evidence the principal potential for the PDA is seen as the later Prehistoric (Bronze Age) and Early Medieval (Anglo-Saxon) periods. Bronze Age monuments in the form of ring ditches and settlement – these latter possibly surviving as small feature clusters are likely. At least one Anglo-Saxon cemetery (L5207) is effectively confirmed and others may exist. Given the poor survival of bone and general environmental evidence significance of graves will depend largely on their `status` i.e. the quality and frequency of surviving grave goods – that in the previous workings (M18737) was of `high` status whilst that in the current workings on Jenk`s Land (P20) is considered to be of `low` status. Potentially extensive Anglo-Saxon settlement must have been present in the locality but to date this has proved elusive – if it survives it is likely to be discrete from any of the cemetery areas. Given results from the previous and current workings there is also some potential for Iron Age domestic occupation and, to a lesser degree, for significant Neolithic, Roman and Later Medieval (AD 1066 – c. 1450) remains - though on present evidence all are likely to be small scale. All Post-Medieval/Recent remains are felt likely to be related to agricultural use and can be considered to be of relatively low significance. The occurrence of Palaeolithic quartzite tools of `early` (potentially pre-Anglian) date associated with the mineral should be noted. Statistically the potential for `in situ` deposits/finds of this period must be very low but any such material would have major archaeological importance.

10.1.17 It is clear that there is potential for significant multi-period activity across the PDA. However on the fieldwork results to date foci tend to be localised and small scale. There is widespread evidence for subsoil scarring and feature truncation caused by long term ploughing - some A/S graves on Jenk`s Land had been reduced to only c .150-200mm in depth. There has also been consequential downslope movement of soils. On the available evidence it is felt probable that the archaeological resource is likely to have been significantly compromised. A number of the main archaeological deposits/feature groups i.e. ring ditches and cemeteries are clearly related to areas of higher ground not only in the form of obvious `hills/knolls` but also slight ridges and gravel rises and any similar areas in the PDA are likely to have a significantly higher potential. In some locations, primarily towards and at the bases of slopes, colluvium may be masking and protecting features and the same may be true of alluvium along the line of the Sheepwash Brook.

11 IMPACT AND MITIGATION

11.1 Assessment of Impact

11.1.1 The character of the proposed development will result in the unavoidable loss of the archaeological resource. However substantial stand-offs are proposed in the N, E and S where preservation in situ will be feasible.

11.1.2 It is understood that the quarry will be subject to a degree of localised de-watering. However given the superficial nature of the archaeology hereabouts, the generally poor environmental and organic survival levels seen to date and the gravel subsoils it is not felt that it will have a significant impact on the PDA.

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11.2 Proposed Mitigation Strategy

11.2.1 Further to communication with the Senior Archaeological Officer (as the Archaeological Advisor to the MPA) the following Mitigation Strategy is proposed on the basis of the `Strip, Map and Sample` methodology :

A Written Scheme of Investigation (WSI) and Archaeological Contractor Project Design (PD) for `Preservation by Record` to enable :

Siteworks :

A1) Continuous and/or Intermittent Observation of topsoil (and as necessary upper subsoil strips) as agreed with the Senior County Archaeologist (on behalf of the MPA)

A2) `Set-piece` excavation of sites of major significance with option for Rapid Assessment and Individual `Site Specific` Contractor Project Designs (if required by the Senior County Archaeologist)

A3) `Clearance` of sites of lesser significance by sample excavation and recording

A4) Intermittent Observation of the Mineral with (A2) & (A3) as necessary

Post- Excavation Works :

B) Archive Consolidation, Interim Assessment and Reporting further to each Extraction Phase/Season of Works dependent on extraction timescales, results and as agreed with the Senior County Archaeologist

C) Overall Assessment with Analysis and Publication commensurate to the significance levels of the Assessment results

D) Archive Deposition (Finds subject to landowner approval)

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The Guildhouse Consultancy would like to thank the following for their assistance :

Nottinghamshire County Council : Communities Department : Ursilla Spence (Senior Archaeological Officer) for initial advice on the Study Area and discussion re the Mitigation Strategy. Also to Virginia Baddeley (NHER Officer) for cross-checking and provision of NHER information ; also for advice and assistance with same. To David Budge (Assistant NHER) for the previous provision of NHER information and for helpful comments on the Palaeolithic.

Nottinghamshire County Record Office : Various staff members for assistance with references and general researches.

Trent and Peak Archaeology (formerly Trent and Peak Archaeological Trust) : Provision of Copies of 1995 `grey` literature and production of base plan for Figure 9. Also Dr Howard Jones for the reference to, and a copy of, extracts from `The Rempstone Mount` and Richard Parker for information on the 2012 results in advance of initial post-excavation works. Both Howard Jones and Richard Parker for helpful discussion on the Jenk`s Land results.

Lyndsey Archaeological Services : Niaomi Field for the provision of copies of 1999-2006 `grey` literature.

Portable Antiquities Scheme : Charlotte Burrill (PAS Officer for Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire) based at the Derby Museum and Daniel Pett (PAS Officer) based at the British Museum for assistance with accessing the PAS database.

Rushcliffe Borough Council Richard Mapletoft of the Planning Policy Section for clarifying the current Policy situation and the provision of a CD copy of the `Greater Nottinghamshire Landscape Character Assessment`.

Quaternary Research Association Val Silviter for a providing a copy of the QRA Newsletter 114

Cemex UK Operations Ltd (Rugby) Finally thanks go to Kirsten Hannaford-Hill (Development Planner) of the Estates Department, the provision of information and for commissioning the works.

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PRINTED, DOCUMENTARY AND CARTOGRAPHIC SOURCES SEARCHED

Abbreviations : NCRO - Nottinghamshire County Record Office ELL - East Leake Library NHER - Nottinghamshire Historic Environment Record (Figure 12) - Illustration reference in this Assessment

Printed and Documentary

ARLM 2012 : `Agricultural Land Classification and soil Physical Characteristics Report for Cemex UK Materials Ltd – Proposed Extension to Existing Quarry involving Sand and Gravel with Restoration to Wetland, Land at Rempston, East Leake, Nottinghamshire` Adrian Rochford Land Management. Client Report Dated 12th August 2012

Beresford M 1954 : `The Lost Villages of England` p 378

Buchanan W 2001 : `Robert Marsden B.D. – Rector of Rempstone 1702-1748`, Article in The Leake Historian No 5 November 2001 pp 4-8 (includes photograph - view to east - showing low mound over old church site)

Bryant N D 1983a : `Facies sequences associated with some braided river deposits of Late Pleistocene age from Southern Britain.` in : `Modern and Ancient Fluvial Systems : Sedimentology and Process (eds. J D Collinson and J Lewin) Int. Assoc. Sedimentol. Spec. Publ., 6, 267-275

Bryant N D 1983b : `The utilization of arctic river analogue studies in the interpretation of periglacial river systems in southern Britain` In : Gregory, K (Ed.), Background to P{alaeohydrology : A Perspective.` Wiley, London 413-431

CA 2007a : `Land Adjoining East Leake Quarry – Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment` Cotswold Archaeology Report No. 07068 June 2007 (Jenks Land)

CA 2007b : `Land Adjoining East Leake Quarry – Archaeological Evaluation` Cotswold Archaeology Report No. 07152 November 2007 (Jenks Land)

Carney J N 2007 : `Glacial Deposits in the Trent Valley` in `The Quaternary of the Trent Valley and Adjoining Regions (Field Guide)` by White T S, Bridgland, Howard A J & White M J, Quaternary Research Association 2007 pp 35-42

Cemex 2008 : `Final Report on Geological Investigations of Land Known as The Rempstone Estate, Rempstone, Nottinghamshire` Report No. SK5724/R.03 dated 22nd February 2008

Cox J C 1912 : `Churches of Nottinghamshire` p 170 (includes list of headstones) (NCRO Ref DD 954/1)

EH 2012 : ` `Commentary on the National Planning Policy Framework` Issued 27th March 2012

Firth C 2003 : `St Peter`s in the Rushes`, Short article in The Leake Historian No 7 March 2003 pp 12-3 (NB Written in 1986)

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Godfrey J T 1887 : `Notes on the Churches of Nottinghamshire - Hundred of Rushcliffe` p 68 & pp 221-7 (NCRO)

Hartley D 1962 : Letter as an article entitled `The Ancient Church of St Peter in the Rushes at Rempstone` in Loughborough Echo 3rd August 1962

Knight D, Vyner B & Allen C 2012 : `East Midlands Heritage – an Updated Research Agenda and Strategy for the Historic Environment of the East Midlands` Nottingham Archaeological Monographs 6, University of Nottingham and York Archaeological Trust.

LAS 2001 : `East Leake Quarry, The Lings Farm, East Leake, Nottinghamshire : Archaeological Watching Brief`, Lindsey Archaeological Services Report 517, March 2001

LAS 2004 : `Phases 4 and 5 East Leake Quarry, Nottinghamshire, Archaeological Excavation` (draft title), Lindsey Archaeological Services Report (in preparation)

LAS 2004a : `East Leake Quarry, The Lings Farm, East Leake, Nottinghamshire : Topsoil Removal Phases 6, 7 and 14 (part) - Archaeological Watching Brief` G Tann and R Pullen, Lindsey Archaeological Services Report 738, April 2004

LAS 2004b : `East Leake Quarry, East Leake, Nottinghamshire : Archaeological Watching Brief Phase 8` M Jordan, Lindsey Archaeological Services Report 792, December 2004

LAS 2005a : `East Leake Quarry, Nottinghamshire, Archaeological Excavation - Phases 9 & 10` M Jordan, Lindsey Archaeological Services Report 838, August 2005

LAS 2005b : `East Leake Quarry, Nottinghamshire, Phase 11 Archaeological Watching Brief` M Jordan, Lindsey Archaeological Services Report 859, August 2005

LAS 2006 : `East Leake Quarry, Nottinghamshire, Archaeological Watching Brief Extraction Phases 12 & 13`, Lindsey Archaeological Services Report 962, Dec 2006

LAS 2007 : `East Leake Quarry, Nottinghamshire, (Northern End of Phases 12 & 13, Spring 2007) Archaeological Watching Brief` by Geoff Tann, Lindsey Archaeological Services Report 985, May 2007

LAS 2008a : `Phases 3, 4 & 5, East Leake Quarry, East Leake, Notts. Archaeological Watching Brief, Evaluation and Excavation` Lindsey Archaeological Services Report No. 1018 March 2008

LAS 2008b : `Phase 14, East Leake Quarry, Nottinghamshire, Archaeological Watching Brief` Mike Garrett & Geoff Tann, Lindsey Archaeological Services Report No. 1046 April 2008

McRae S G 2009 : `Land at East Leake Quarry, Nottinghamshire (Burtons Land) : Soils and Agricultural Land Classification` (Developer Report)

NCC 2009 : `Greater Nottinghamshire Landscape Character Assessment` by

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Nottinghamshire County Council June/July 2009

NCRO : `Areas in Lordship c. 1724 – 1735` (Re Enclosure) NCRO Ref. DDTS 14/2 –Text only in leather bound notebook

NCRO : `Terriers and Plan 1777, 1797 & 1825` NCRO Ref. PR46-7, 49

NCRO : Deed Late C13th re Uncertain Fields NCRO Ref. DD 9202/2

NCRO : `Agreement` (Undated) re cultivating warren NCRO Ref. PR36.7

NCRO : `St Peter`s In the Rushes` Trent Valley Archaeological Survey, Committee for Redundant Churches c. 1978. (NCRO Ref DD 954/1)

N&Q 1896 : Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Notes and Queries 1896 - `Notes` ; Entry by H Eardley Field p 126

OAL 2004 : `East Leake Nottinghamshire, Exploratory Topographic & Magnetometry Gradiometer Survey` A E Johnson, Oxford Archaeotechnics Ltd 2004

Owen Wood 1980 : `Rempston : The Church of St Peter`s in the Rushes and the Early Medieval Village`, Article in East Leake and District Local History Group Newsletter No 4 Spring 1980 (ELL)

Raynor K 2010 : `The Rempstone Mount` ; privately printed, East Leake

TGC 2006 : `Land to the East of East Leake Quarry, Rempston, Nottinghamshire - Archaeological Assessment`(July 2006) Client Report by the Guildhouse Consultancy (Prospecting report)

TGC 2009 : `Extension to Existing Quarry Involving The Extraction of Sand and Gravel ; Associated Removal and Temporary Storage of Soil and Overburden ; Construction of Conveyor Link from Adjoining Processing Plant ; And Restoration of Site to Agriculture And Wetland Nature Conservation – Re Condition 27 Archaeology – Written Scheme of Investigation` The Guildhouse Consultancy, October 2009

TGC 2010 : `A Desk-based Assessment – Archaeology and Historic Features : Proposed Extension to East Leake Quarry,(Burtons), Nottinghamshire` Client Report by the Guildhouse Consultancy (February 2010)

Thoroton R 1677 : `The Antiquities of Nottinghamshire` pp 58-62 republished and extended by John Throsby as `The History of Nottinghamshire` 1790 (NCRO)

?Topic Magazine 1980 : `East Midlands Villages - Rempstone`, Issue dated August 1980 (ELL)

TPAT 1992 : `East Leake, Nottinghamshire : An Archaeological Evaluation of the Parish Boundary` by Priest V and Garter D, Trent and Peak Archaeological Trust (Survey and Excavation)

TPAT 1995 : `Results of An Archaeological Watching Brief during the Removal of Overburden from Phases 1 and 2 at East Leake on behalf of Butterley Aggregates`, by Catherine Abbott, Trent and Peak Archaeological Trust,

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Sept 1995

TPAT 2006 : `Archive Report – Fieldwalking Survey, Ling Farm, East Leake, Nottinghamshire` (Re 1992 works - Assembled by Jenny Brown July 2006, for Trent and Peak Archaeological Trust)

T&P 2010 : `Archaeological General Project Design for Sand and Gravel Extraction at the Extension to East Leake Quarry (Jenk`s Land), Rempstone, Nottinghamshire` by Elliott L and Jones H for Trent and Peak Archaeology April 2010

T&P 2011 : `East Leake Quarry Extension, Phase 1a (Jenk`s Land), Nottinghamshire – A Report on Watching Brief and Excavation 2010` by L Platt and R Parker, Trent and Peak Archaeology 2011 (T&P 1)

T&P 2012a : `East Leake Quarry Extension, Phase 1a (Jenk`s Land), Nottinghamshire – An Interim Report on Watching Brief and Excavation 2011` by H Jones, R Parker & L Platt, Trent and Peak Archaeology 2012 (T&P 2)

T&P 2012b : `East Leake Quarry, Jenk`s Land, Phase 1c, Summary` by Richard Parker (Provisional note only) (dated 23rd November 2012)

TTS 1902 : `Battle of Costock` Transactions of the Thoroton Society 1902 p 30-31

TTS 1978 : `Redundant Churches Survey` in `Editors Notes` Transactions of the Thoroton Society Vol LXXXII 1978 p 11

VCH 1970 : `Victoria County Histories of England - Nottinghamshire` Vol 1 1906 reprinted 1970 pp 265, 272 & 278, Institute of Historical Research, London (NCRO)

White T S & White M J 2007 : `Lower and Middle Palaeolithic Archaeology of the Trent Valley` in `The Quaternary of the Trent Valley and Adjoining Regions (Field Guide)` by White T S, Bridgland, Howard A J & White M J, Quaternary Research Association 2007 pp 72-80

White T S, Bridgland D R & Howard A J 2007b : `Day 1 The Middle Trent Valley – East Leake Quarry (SK 558 248)` in `The Quaternary of the Trent Valley and Adjoining Regions (Field Guide)` by White T S, Bridgland, Howard A J & White M J, Quaternary Research Association 2007 pp 84-87

White T S et al 2008 : `Lower Palaeolithic Quartzite Artefacts from the river Trent at East Leake, Nottinghamshire : New Light On A Hidden Resource`, Quaternary Newsletter 114, Feb 2008 pp 10-19

Wilkinson Canon R F ?1942 : `The Ruined and Lost Churches of Nottinghamshire`, The Thoroton Society ?1942 pp 66-72 (ELL)

Williams B C 1962 : `St Peter`s in the Rushes : site of an old Rempstone Church` ; Article in Loughborough Echo July 13th 1962 p 5

Williams B C 1987 : Letter of 14th April to `Mr Bishop` in response to his request for information ; includes plan and `slate and tomb list to go with site plan` which details inscriptions (NHER Ref. V 291681)

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Cartographic

1769 NCRO EA 73/4 : `A Plan of Rempston in the County of Nottingham` (Rempston Inclosure Award 1769 - March 1937 Copy) (Figure 13)

1797 NCRO RE 1S : `Plan of an Estate Belonging to the Rectory of Rempston, The Rev`d Pearson, Rector taken in 1797` (Figure 14) c.1850 NCRO RE 1R : `Plan of the Rectoral Lands in the Parish of Rempston – The Property of the Rev`d R N Adams DD c. 1850` (Figure 15)

1971 Soil Survey of England & Wales – Sheet 142 Melton Mowbray

1978 Sketch Map of St Peter`s in the Rushes (Owen Wood 1980)

1996 Trent and Peak Archaeological Trust Village Earthworks Survey III

1999 Historic Landscape Character Map (Nottinghamshire)

Ordnance Survey

1884 25” Series Sheet 50.10 (Figure 16)

1887 6 “ Series Sheet 50SW

1901 6” Series Sheet 50SW

1922 6” Series Sheet 50SW (Figure 17)

1950 6” Series Sheet 50SW

1987 1: 50000 Landranger Series Sheet 129

2007 Landplan

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LIST OF FIGURES AND APPENDICES

FIGURE 1 : SITE LOCATION SHOWING THE STUDY AREA AND PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT AREA (Source : OS 1 : 50,000 Landranger as base)

FIGURE 2 : THE PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT AND STUDY AREAS SHOWING PREVIOUS (Lings Farm) AND CURRENT (Jenk`s Land) WORKINGS AND LAND ALREADY UNDER APPLICATION (Burton`s Land) (Source OS 1 : 25,000 as base)

FIGURE 3 : THE PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT AREA ~ DETAIL SHOWING SITE BOUNDARY AND OTHER FEATURES (Source : Cemex Site Location Plan with Guildhouse Annotations April 2012 ; Scaled at 1: 5,000 at A3)

FIGURE 4 : THE PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT AREA ~ PROPOSAL DETAILS INCLUDING LIMIT OF EXTRACTION AND EXTRACTION PHASES (Source : Cemex Reserves & Development Dept. (Thirsk Office) Working Scheme Phase 6 - Drawing No. SK2724 D PWJ 140912F Oct `12 as base ; Extraction Phases 2-5 boundaries added by Guildhouse ; Scaled at 1 : 2500 at A2)

FIGURE 5 : TOPOGRAPHY SHOWING SITE BOUNDARY, CONTOURS AND BOREHOLE LOCATIONS 1992 (BH5-21) AND 2008 (BH22-46, 48-52) (Source : Cemex Site Topography and Borehole Location Plan with Guildhouse Annotations April 2012 ; Scaled at 1 : 2,500 at A1)

FIGURE 6 : TOPSOIL AND SUBSOIL TYPES (Source : Adrian Rochford Land Management Report 2012, Appendix 3 Maps 2 & 3 Information transferred by Guildhouse to Cemex Base Plan ELEK_CAW_240212 ; Scaled at 1 : 5,000 at A3 – reduced)

FIGURE 7 : ARCHAEOLOGY AND HISTORIC FEATURES ~ NHER LOCATIONS INCLUDING LOCATION OF INSET MAP AND GUILDHOUSE LOCATIONS (Source : NHER with Annotations by Guildhouse Jan 2010 and May 2012 using OS as base ; As Scaled)

FIGURE 8 : ARCHAEOLOGY AND HISTORIC FEATURES ~ INSET MAP SHOWING DETAIL OF REMPSTONE VILLAGE WITH NHER AND GUILDHOUSE LOCATIONS (Source : NHER with Annotations by Guildhouse April 2012 using OS as base ; As Scaled)

FIGURE 9 : `JENKS` LAND` SHOWING RESULTS OF 2007 EVALUATION BY COTSWOLD ARCHAEOLOGY AND 2010 - 2012 INVESTIGATIONS BY TRENT & PEAK ARCHAEOLOGY (Sources : CA 2007b, T&P 2011, 2012a&b with Annotations by Guildhouse April & November 2012 ; Scaled at 1 : 2,000 at A4)

FIGURE 10 : ARCHAEOLOGY AND HISTORIC FEATURES ~ LOCATION OF TRENT AND PEAK ARCHAEOLOGICAL TRUST WORKS 1992 & 1995 (Source : Base Fig 2a

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`Results of Archaeological Watching Brief during removal of Overburden from Phase 1 and 2 at East Leake` TPAT 1995 with Annotations by Guildhouse June 2006 & Jan 2010 ; As Scaled)

FIGURE 11 : ARCHAEOLOGY AND HISTORIC FEATURES ~ LOCATION OF LINDSEY ARCHAEOLOGICAL SERVICES WORK 1999-2008 (Source : Base - Fig 2 `East Leake, Nottinghamshire - Archaeological Excavation Phases 9 & 10` LAS 2005 with Annotations by Guildhouse June 2006 & 2010 ; As Scaled)

FIGURE 12 : ARCHAEOLOGY AND HISTORIC FEATURES ~ HISTORIC BUILDINGS (LISTED & OTHER), PARKS & GARDENS AND PUBLIC RIGHTS OF WAY (NHER with Annotations by Guildhouse June 2006 & April 2012) (OS as base – Unscaled)

FIGURE 13 : `A PLAN OF REMPSTON IN THE COUNTY OF NOTTINGHAM` (March 1937 copy of Rempstone Inclosure Award Map of 1769) (Source : NCRO Ref. EA 73/4 - Unscaled Sketched Extract)

FIGURE 14 : `PLAN OF AN ESTATE BELONGING TO THE RECTORY OF REMPSTON, THE REV`D PEARSON, RECTOR TAKEN 1797` (Source : NCRO Ref : RE 1S ; Scaled at 8 chains to 1” – Photocopied Extract)

FIGURE 15 : `PLAN OF THE RECTORAL LANDS IN THE PARISH OF REMPSTON - THE PROPERTY OF THE REV`D R N ADAMS DD C. 1850` (Source : NCRO Ref. RE 1R ; Sketched Extract - As Scaled)

FIGURE 16 : 1884 OS 25” SERIES SHEET 50.10 (Source : NCRO Reduced Photocopied Extract)

FIGURE 17 : 1922 OS 6” SERIES SHEET 50.10 (Source : NCRO Photocopied Extract)

FIGURE 18 : EXTRACT 1996 TRENT AND PEAK ARCHAEOLOGICAL TRUST VILLAGE EARTHWORKS SURVEY III – MAP OF REMPSTONE VILLAGE SHOWING SURVIVING EARTHWORKS AND SOME NHER LOCATIONS (Source : NHER, T& P © ; OS 1 : 10,000 as base)

APPENDIX 1 ~ NHER HISTORIC BUILDINGS RECORD LISTING WITH NCC HISTORIC BUILDINGS RECORD DETAILED DESCRIPTIONS OF THOSE LISTED AND OTHER BUILDINGS WITHIN THE PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT SITE (NCC ©)

APPENDIX 2 ~ PROVISIONAL CHRONOLOGY OF THE CHURCH OF ST PETER`S IN THE RUSHES (including Cartographic and Related Sources) (Source : Guildhouse)

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