STAR 230-DUC Performance-Based Specifications and Control of Concrete Durability This publication has been published by Springer in September 2015, ISBN 978-94-017-7308-9. This STAR report is available at the following address: http://www.springer.com/978-94-017-7308-9 Please note that the following PDF file, offered by RILEM, is only a final draft approved by the Technical Committee members and the editors. No correction has been done to this final draft which is thus crossed out with the mention « Unedited version » as requested by Springer. RILEM TC 230-PSC Performance-Based Specifications and Control of Concrete Durability State-of-the-Art Report Please note that the Table of Contents of the unedited version doesn’t include Chapter 6 which was in LateX format and added later.version Page numbering is not correct. Unedited version Unedited Contents Contents i 1. Introduction 5 H. Beushausen 5 1.1 Background to the work of TC 230-PSC 5 1.2 Terminology 7 References 10 2. Durability of Reinforced Concrete Structures and Penetrability 11 L.-O. Nilsson, S. Kamali-Bernard, M. Santhanam 11 2.1 Introduction 11 2.2 Mechanisms Causing Reinforcement Corrosion 11 2.2.1 Carbonation 11 2.2.2 Chloride Ingress 12 2.3 Concrete Properties Relating to the Ingress of Aggressive Agents 12 2.3.1 Resistance against Diffusion of CO2 12 2.3.2 Moisture Transport Properties 14 2.3.3 Resistance against Chloride Diffusion and Convection 15 2.4 Service Life and Deterioration Models (Principles) 16 2.4.1 Carbonation Models, In Principle 17 2.4.2 Chloride Ingress Models, In Principle 18 2.4.3 Discussion on the Influence of Cracks version 19 References 19 3. Prescriptive Durability Specifications 20 R. Torrent, R. d'Andrea, A. Gonçalves, F. Jacobs, K. Imamoto, A. Kanellopoulos, M. Khrapko, A. Monteiro, S. V. Nanukuttan. 20 3.1 Introduction 20 3.2 Exposure Classes 23 3.3 Materials 26 3.3.2 Cements 26 3.3.3 SupplementaryUnedited Cementitious Materials (SCM) 27 3.3.4 Aggregates 27 3.3.5 Admixtures 27 3.3.6 Water 28 3.3.7 Chloride Content of Concrete 28 3.3.8 Reinforcing Steel 29 3.4 Service Life 30 3.5 Concrete Strength Grades 30 3.6 Mix Composition Prescriptions 31 3.7 Contribution of Supplementary Cementitious Materials 33 3.8 Cover Depth Prescriptions 34 3.9 Concrete Practices 37 3.10 Compliance/Conformity Control 38 Contents ii 3.11 Discussion and Conclusions 40 3.11.1 Exposure Classes 40 3.11.2 Durability Indicators 41 3.11.3 Final Remarks 44 References 45 4. Test Methods for Concrete Durability Indicators 46 D. Bjegović, M. Serdar, I. S. Oslaković, F. Jacobs, H. Beushausen, C. Andrade, A. V. Monteiro, P. Paulini, S. Nanukuttan 46 4.1 Introduction 46 4.2 Gas Permeability 47 4.2.1 Principle and Mechanism 47 4.2.2 Test Methods 48 4.2.3 Overview and Criteria for Evaluation of Concrete Quality 58 4.3 Water Permeability 59 4.3.1 Principle and Mechanism 59 4.3.2 Test Methods 59 4.3.3 Overview and Criteria for Evaluation of Concrete Quality 63 4.4 Capillary Absorption 64 4.4.1 Principle and Mechanism 64 4.4.2 Test Methods 65 4.4.3 Overview and Criteria for Evaluation of Concreteversion Quality 69 4.5 Chloride Penetration 70 4.5.1 Principle and Mechanism 70 4.5.2 Test Methods 73 4.5.3 Overview and Criteria for Evaluation of Concrete Quality 86 4.6 Concrete Resistivity and Conductivity 87 4.6.1 Principle and Mechanism 87 4.6.2 Test Methods 87 4.6.3 Overview and Criteria for Evaluation of Concrete Quality 90 4.7 Final Remarks 91 References Unedited 92 5. Principles of the Performance-Based Approach for Concrete Durability 97 H. Beushausen, M. G. Alexander, M. Basheer, V. Baroghel-Bouny, R. d’Andrea, A. Gonçalves, J. Gulikers, F. Jacobs, M. Khrapko, A. V. Monteiro, S. V. Nanukuttan, M. Otieno, R. Polder, R. Torrent 97 5.1 Introduction 97 5.2 Pre-Qualification versus Compliance Control 99 5.2.1 Principles 99 5.3 Performance-Based Design and Specification (Pre-Qualification) 99 5.3.1 Principles 99 5.3.2 Test Methods, Procedures and Variables 102 5.4 Performance-Based Quality Control and Compliance Assessment 103 5.4.1 Principles 103 iii Contents 5.4.2 Test Methods and Test Parameters 106 5.4.3 Sampling Criteria and Sampling Procedures 107 5.4.4 Actions in Case of Non-Compliance 107 5.5 Environmental Actions (Quantification) 109 5.5.1 General 109 5.5.2 Quantification of the Chloride Environment 109 5.5.3 Quantification of CO2 Environment 111 5.6 Development of Limiting Values for Specification and Compliance Control 111 5.6.1 General Considerations 111 5.6.2 The Use of Transport Properties in Compliance Control 113 5.6.3 Principles of the Probabilistic Approach to Statistical Variations 114 5.6.4 Semi-Probabilistic Approach to Statistical Variations 115 5.6.5 Principles of the Deterministic Approach to Statistical Variations 116 References 117 6. Chapter Title 120 A. Author, B. Author and C. Author 120 6.1 Section Title 120 7. Responsibilities 121 D. Hooton, M. Khrapko, M. Otieno, M. Ismail 121 7.1 Introduction 121 7.2 Performance-Based Durability Limits version 122 7.3 Verification of Durability 123 7.3.1 Types of Performance Testing 126 7.3.2 Durability Tests and (Typical) Limiting Values 128 7.4 Quality Management using Performance-Based Specifications 128 7.5 Responsibilities of the Owner/Specifier, Contractor and Supplier/Producer 130 7.5.1 Responsibilities of the Owner/Specifier/Design Authority (Engineer) 131 7.5.2 Responsibilities of the Contractor 133 7.5.3 Responsibilities of the Supplier/Producer 133 7.6 Conclusion Unedited 134 References 134 8. Application Examples of Performance-Based Specification and Quality Control 137 H. Beushausen, M. G. Alexander, C. Andrade, M. Basheer, V. Baroghel-Bouny, D. Corbett, R. d’Andrea, A. Gonçalves, J. Gulikers, F. Jacobs, A. V. Monteiro, S. V. Nanukuttan, M. Otieno, R. Polder and R. Torrent 137 8.1 Introduction 137 8.2 Site Air-Permeability (“Torrent Method”) 138 8.2.1 Introduction 138 8.2.2 Specified Limiting kTs Values 138 8.2.3 Conformity Rules and Reporting 142 8.2.4 Sampling of Test Areas and Measurement Points 143 8.2.5 Age, Temperature and Moisture Conditions of the Concrete 144 Contents iv 8.2.6 Application 145 8.2.7 Estimation of Service Life 148 8.3 Oxygen Permeability Index (South Africa) 152 8.3.1 Prediction of Carbonation Depth Development 152 8.3.2 Performance Specifications using OPI Values 155 8.4 Autoclam Permeability System (UK) 156 8.4.1 Functional Purpose of the Autoclam Permeability System 156 8.4.2 Choice of Test Method For Measuring Permeation Characteristics 156 8.4.3 Principle of Operation of the Autoclam Permeability System 156 8.4.4 Classification of Concrete Using the Autoclam Permeability System 158 8.4.5 Typical Field Applications of the Autoclam Permeability System 163 8.5 Service Life Prediction using Concrete Resistivity (Spain) 165 8.5.1 Basis of the Method 166 8.5.2 The Reaction Factor 167 8.5.3 The Environmental Factor 168 8.5.4 Ageing Factor 168 8.5.5 Propagation Period 169 8.5.6 Calculation of Service Life and Application Example for the Initiation Period 170 8.5.7 Compliance Testing 171 8.5.8 Resistivity as a Durability Indicator 172 8.5.9 Site Determination in Existing Structures 172 8.5.10 Summary version 174 8.6 Surface Resistivity (USA) 174 8.7 Two Electrode Resistivity Method (the Netherlands) 175 8.7.1 Test Method 176 8.7.2 Limiting Values 177 8.7.3 Example of Production Control by Resistivity Testing 178 8.8 Chloride Conductivity Index (South Africa) 180 8.8.1 Correlation between Chloride Conductivity and Chloride Diffusion 180 8.8.2 Performance Specifications using Chloride Conductivity Values 183 8.9 Rapid Chloride Migration Test (suggested for Application in the Netherlands) 185 8.9.1 Service Life UneditedModel 186 8.9.2 Reliability Considerations and Semi-Probabilistic Approach 187 8.9.3 Limiting Values 187 8.9.4 Application in Rijkswaterstaat projects 188 8.10 In Situ Ionic Migration Test: PERMIT (UK) 188 8.10.1 Typical Applications of Permit Migration Test 191 8.11 Multi-Level Prediction of Reinforced Concrete (RC) Durability 192 8.11.1 Principles of the Multi-Level Approach 192 8.11.2 Procedure for Verification of Durability 193 8.12 Portuguese Technical Specifications 194 8.12.1 Equivalent Performance Concept 195 8.12.2 Methodology for Estimating Design Working Life 196 References 201 v Contents 9. Basis for the Statistical Evaluation of Measured Cover Depths in Reinforced Concrete Structures 206 A. V. Monteiro, A. Gonçalves, J. Gulikers and F. Jacobs 206 9.1 Definitions 206 9.2 Introduction 207 9.3 Procedure A: Inspection by Variables 208 9.3.1 Steps 209 9.3.2 Selection of the Cover Depth Population 209 9.3.3 Sampling Method 209 9.3.4 Measuring the Cover Depth 211 9.3.5 Statistical Distribution Functions and Detection of Outliers 211 9.3.6 Minimum Cover Depth Estimate 212 9.3.7 Evaluation of Conformity 214 9.4 Procedure B: Inspection by Attributes 215 9.4.1 Steps 216 9.4.2 Evaluation of Conformity 216 9.5 Procedure C: Inspection by Attributes – Large Lots 217 9.5.1 Steps 218 9.5.2 Sampling Method 218 9.5.3 Evaluation of Conformity 218 9.6 German Code of Practice 220 9.6.1 Qualitative Procedure version 221 9.6.2 Quantitative Procedure 222 9.7 Actions in the Case of Non-Conformity 223 9.8 Examples 224 9.8.1 Cover Depths in a Viaduct Deck Slab (Procedure A) 224 9.8.2 Cover Depth of the Columns Stirrups of a Viaduct (Procedure C) 227 9.9 Final Remarks 230 References 230 Appendices to Chapter 9 231 A9.1 Construction of Probability Plots and Detection of Potential Outliers 231 A9.2 Definition of the UneditedLower One-Sided Tolerance Limit [12] 232 A9.3 Dealing with Spatial Autocorrelation 233 A9.4 Construction of OC Curves [12] 234 10.