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University of Alberta "Nought Unlike the Amazonian Queene": Early Modern Political Discourse, Amazon Women, and Elizab

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University of Alberta University of Alberta "Nought unlike the Amazonian Queene": Early Modern Political Discourse, Amazon Women, and Elizabeth I by Laura May Schechter A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in English Department of English & Film Studies ©Laura May Schechter Fall 2011 Edmonton, Alberta Permission is hereby granted to the University of Alberta Libraries to reproduce single copies of this thesis and to lend or sell such copies for private, scholarly or scientific research purposes only. Where the thesis is converted to, or otherwise made available in digital form, the University of Alberta will advise potential users of the thesis of these terms. The author reserves all other publication and other rights in association with the copyright in the thesis and, except as herein before provided, neither the thesis nor any substantial portion thereof may be printed or otherwise reproduced in any material form whatsoever without the author's prior written permission. Library and Archives Bibliotheque et 1*1 Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-81249-5 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-81249-5 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par I'lnternet, preter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans le loan, distribute and sell theses monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non­ support microforme, papier, electronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. Ni thesis. Neither the thesis nor la these ni des extraits substantiels de celle-ci substantial extracts from it may be ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement printed or otherwise reproduced reproduits sans son autorisation. without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformement a la loi canadienne sur la Privacy Act some supporting forms protection de la vie privee, quelques may have been removed from this formulaires secondaires ont ete enleves de thesis. cette these. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires aient inclus dans in the document page count, their la pagination, il n'y aura aucun contenu removal does not represent any loss manquant. of content from the thesis. 1+1 Canada For my family "All this was done by a simple bird from a green branch." --Pablo Neruda, "Spring" Abstract This dissertation examines discursive intersection and failure in representations of Elizabeth I as an Amazon or otherwise martial woman. While the Amazon shared with Elizabeth a public presentation of militaristic prowess, national leadership, beauty, and the regulated use of sexuality, the former could also signal the points at which discrete representational strategies for Elizabeth overlapped, collided, or otherwise became untenable. This project suggests that the Amazon woman marks a space for the subversion of conceptions of female power and authority, particularly when those conceptions appear to be naturalized, uncomplicated, or infallible. This study further maintains that early modern literary treatments of the Amazon woman contribute to larger discussions about and with Elizabeth, as various authors and courtiers attempted to engage with, work through, and reconfigure various aspects of female rule. Chapter One focuses on Sir Walter Ralegh's Discoverie of Guiana (1596) and Ralegh's attempts to engage simultaneously with discursive expectations for male patronage and friendship, courtly love, and travel and exploration literature. Chapter Two examines Edmund Spenser's The Faerie Queene (1590 and 1596), as various literary depictions of Elizabeth suggest popular and courtly anxieties about the queen's political succession, and the ramifications of representational strategies that focused on Elizabeth's virginal chastity as a site of monarchical authority. Chapter Three investigates descriptions of female physical abnormality- -the Amazon woman's monomasty and Elizabeth's rumoured extra, vaguely hymeneal membrane—and their connection to apparently naturalized conceptions of femininity, motherhood, women's (mis)use of authority, and sexuality. Chapter Four considers the subversive possibilities for allusions to Boudicca and Penthesilea in nationalist and encomiastic historiographies, texts that attempt to construct authoritative, honourable origins and histories for the English people. The Coda examines Queen Anna's participation in English court masques. Specifically, I suggest that The Masque of Blacknesse (1605) and The Masque of Beauty (1608) become sites for critical analysis of the gendered implications for patronage and female authority in the masculinized Jacobean court. This dissertation contributes to academic work on Elizabethan and Jacobean court culture; monarchical representation and self-presentation; and conventional and subversive iterations of femininity, sexuality, female rule, and female authority. Acknowledgements This project has required the help of so many, and I am grateful to all of you for your friendship, love, and support. My years at the University of Alberta have been full of laughter, camaraderie, and commiseration. Although I'm frequently accused of being entirely too independent, the completion of my dissertation is proof of my reliance on you. My first thanks must go to my wonderful committee members. Thank you to Sylvia Brown, Patricia Demers, and Corrinne Harol for meetings that felt like conversations, not interrogations. Thank you for your encouragement and for providing such exceptional models for academic work. Yours are shadows in which I've been happy to walk. Sylvia, thank you for being so certain that I would uncover the central aspects of each chapter. If you ever had doubts about my ability to finish, I was blissfully unaware. I was lucky to find a supportive mentor who allowed me such a productive blend of push and pull. Thank you also for showing me that a healthy, happy balance can be achieved between work and private life. Patricia, thank you for always having a kind word in the hallway and for providing such an encyclopaedic knowledge of early modern women. My dissertation actually began when I was an MA student in your seminar on early modern women translators. I noticed the brief appearance of an Amazon woman in Margaret Tyler's The Mirrour of Princely Deeds, and I immediately thought of Britomart and Radigund in The Faerie Queene, and Hippolyta in A Midsummer Night's Dream. I wondered what work the Amazons were really doing in those texts, and I knew that I had a PhD project to pursue. Corrinne, thank you for pushing me to find my own voice and to become more confident in my arguments. Your questions and comments undoubtedly made for stronger chapters. Thank you also for your willingness to read drafts while out of town and on sabbatical. Even with geographical distance, you were always the first reader to respond with suggestions. Thank you to Ted Bishop, for chairing my defense, and to Rob Merrett, for participating as my departmental examiner. Dr. Merrett, you also provided thoughtful comments as a reader for my MA research project, completed in 2005, so I was pleased to share some of my more recent work with you. Thank you, Lesley Cormack, for generously taking time away from your work as Dean of Arts to act as my internal-external examiner. Thank you to Kathryn Schwarz, for agreeing to be my external examiner, and for quite literally writing the book on Amazon women in early modern English literature. Dr. Schwarz, your supportive, engaging comments will be invaluable as I begin to consider the alterations necessary for publishing my dissertation. Thank you as well to Carolyn Sale for chairing my candidacy exam; to Beverly Lemire, for your helpful questions during my candidacy exam, and to Rick Bowers, both for your participation in my candidacy exam, and for your general acts of goodwill and support throughout my time in the PhD. Lastly, thank you to MEMI participants John Considine, Michael Fox, David Gay, Isobel Grundy, and Stephen Reimer for providing less official contributions and support over the years. I owe a huge debt of gratitude to the wonderful support staff in the Department of English & Film Studies. Kim Brown made the grad school paperwork seem easy, and Mary Marshall Durrell provided amazing help with teaching matters. Liz Kuiken was an invaluable resource for book ordering, and I appreciated her work in building up the Salter Reading Room as a resource for undergraduate and graduate students in the department. I'm saddened to see what's become of that room in recent years. My thanks go out to Kris Calhoun and the office staff- especially Marcie Whitecotton-Carroll, Carolyn Laverdiere, and Linda Thompson—for helping me with all of my administrative needs. Thank you all for sharing your gossip, baking, and laughter! Thank you to the lovely staff at the Folger Shakespeare Library, especially Erik Castillo, who made my research trip both pleasant and productive. I only wish that I could have spent more time taking advantage of your remarkable collection. Thank you also to the many people who made my research trip to England and Scotland so informative and useful, especially the employees and volunteer guides at Hampton Court Palace, Hatfield House, Woburn Abbey, Windsor Castle, the British Museum, the National Portrait Gallery, Edinburgh Castle, the Scottish National Portrait Gallery, and the Palace of Holyroodhouse.
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