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Aquaculture Puget Sound

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Aquaculture Puget Sound DOUGLAS SKIDMORE KENNETH K. CHEW LOAN COPY ONLY MUSSEL AQUACULTURE PUGET SOUND .p .TECHNICAI. REPORT ! r OP@QN4~ I I;IMKSTII'QI'~ g, I;.;,«0:;n~t~v MusselAquaculture in PugetSound DouglasSki6nore and Kenneth K. Cher. WashingtonSea Grant Program Universityof Washington~ Seattle Preface 1 Growingbrussels 1 Sealro tom ,'ulture SeedCr>llection Derrsities Substrates Cleansing About the Authors Wasllrllgarrd Packillg DouglasSkidmore received a Master ol' Fisheries degree from the Lrruversih rrfWashingtmr School Irroirlems 4 ol'Fisheries. He is nova partnerirr RaceI,agoon Mussels. Kenneth K Chewis professor arrd Pote»tialof Seaho tomCulture rrr Puget Sound chairmanof L!ivisionof Aquacultureand invertebrate Fisheries at the I'niversity rrf Washington Ijouchot arrd intertida! '.ulture 6 School of Fisheries. SeedCollection 6 Chrc~ photo of Race/agoon mrrsre/rAF Roger rcbrerbor TransferrirrgMussel Seed to HigherGrou»d 6 .onstnrctron 6 KeyWords I Mussels 2. Aquaculture Mussels Tides,Temperatures, a»d Salirrities 7 Harvesting I'rohlerns 8 Corrsiderationsof Houchot or intertidalCulture irr Puget Sourrd 8 irrterrirlalCulture Methods I:sed in PugetSound 8 Raft Culture 9 SeedCollection 10 AttachingSeed to Ropes 10 RaftConfigurations 11 Thisresearch and this publication were supported by grant NA84AA-D-I I, projects R?A-16 T}«rrrrrrrg 11 andA PC-S,from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration to the Washington 1!epuration I I SeaGrant Program. Problems 11 Sur'talrilityof RaftCulture for PugetSound 11 RaftCulture in pugetSound 12 Lorrglines I ' Copiesol'this report may he ohtairred from Washi»gto» SeaGrant Commurrications, Collegeof SeedCollectors I 'r Ocearra»d Fishery Sciences, I'niversity of Washington,Seattle, WA 98195 prov,Out I'rohlems I'r Washingto»SeaGrant Program Suitahilityof I.o»glineCulture Ii CollegeofOcean and Fishery Sciences 2 SeedCollection in PugetSound 15 'rr versitlrrf Washington HG-,'r0 Methods I S Seattle,WA 9819! Dtiliai»gNatural Seed Iteds IS CatchrngSeed on CollectorLines 1S WSG8>-< MusselLarvae Settlement i» Puget Sound Ih October1985 .ountingSamples I? $S.00 AreasSampled 17 SeasonalPatterns of Seulernent 17 Fouling 5? SenlementDensities 22 PennCove 52 WhySome Areas are Better Than Others 22 hianchester 5? I,arvalSettlements Prediction Model 24 Burki In! et 53 TemperatureModel 24 I-:ftectsof IntertidalConditioning on Raft-or Longline-grownMussels to ColdStorage Correlationof EyedLarvae to SettledLarvae 24 Survival 53 HatcheryRearing of Aihrr'luseduir's I.arvae 24 ShellLife of Intertidaland Continuously Submerged htussels 53 Settlement 25 Effectsof IntertidalHardening on ShelfI.ife 54 5 Growth,Mortality and Conditionof NyBlms edNBsand Mythslus References 55 californhxNNsin PngetSound 26 Growthand hlortality of,Qytilus eclulis 26 GrowthResults 27 SeawaterAnalysis 27 FactorsAffecting Growth 27 hiortalities 29 ComparitiveGrowth of Mvlilusedulis from Three Seed Sources in PugetSound 31 Results 32 Condition Index 33 ConditronIndex Evaluations 33 Seabeckand Manchesi.er 34 FightStation Study in PugetSound 34 DryWeight Comparisons 35 Factorsthat influence Condition and Tissue Weight 35 Growthand Survival Comparisons of,V>~tilus err le ornianusand iti'yrilus edult's 36 ExpertrnentalSet-up 37 Resuhs 38 CulturePotential ofNy6!us californianus 39 HatcheryExperiments with Nytilus californianus 40 Spavning of theAnimals 40 RearingLarvae 41 Results 41 Settlement 42 BiologicalConsiderations 44 Conclusions 46 4 Additional Considerations 47 Socio-politicalAspects Permits and leases! 47 Predators 48 ScoterI!ucks 48 Starfish 49 Crabs 49 Weather5VIndwaves and Exposure! 49 Pollution 49 Para!>licShellfish Poisoning 50 REFACK :uiturinaeconomically important marine organismsis hecoruingm<>rc prvvalsnr worldwide.One animal which has experienced vast utilization in marine aquaculture is the mnusse.Mylilus edulis, the bay mussel, is found worldwide and is the predominant species culturedfor humanconsumption, though several other species are used as weH, In thePacific Northwesta new aquaculture industry is emergingthat is producinghigh quality mussels- againtfytilusedrdis is thecommon species used. Theintent of thispaper is to describetypes of musselaquaculture used around the worldand the evolution of musselaquaculture in thePacific Northwest. ln addition,this reportwill presentinformation concerning mussel aquaculture in PugetSound that has been the resultof tenyears of researchby studentsand facuhyof the Schoolof Fisheriesin the CoHegeof Ocean and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington.We hope this publication will be of valueto existingand future musselaquacuhurists in PugetSound. DouglasSkidmore and Kenneth K. ;hew Februaryl 985 2llrrsrel,0quaeritiiirern Pager Sound garourng.Vuueir tore:raft culture of rnussels began in Spainwithin the last 35 years Korringa, 1976!, the first amountsof seedin PugetSound had to beestablished. In addition, the growth rates of mus- musselfarms in theUnited States were established in the early 1970s in Maine Abandoned selsin PugetSound needed to be determinedand compared to other areasof theworld, Farms!and in PugetSound Penn Cove Mussels!. Since that time the production ofmussels Primaryelforts were directed toward finding areas where adequate seed could be caught and on both coastshas increased and severalmore companiesare now in operation. determiningwhether it wasfeasible to produceseed in hatcheries.Growth and mortality rates Salesof culturedand wild harvestmussels in the PacilicNorthwest have steadily wererecorded for manyareas of PugetSound, High mortality rates of I ytr1rrsedNtis in some increasedsince 1974 Figure I!. Increasedsales are a responsetoincreasing demand for areasprompted research on the aquaculturepotential of anothermussel speciesMytiigs highquality shellfish inlocal restaurants, Manyof the finest restaurants inthe Pacific North- californianrrs.The results of theseinvestigations are presented inthis report, along with a westcommonly serve mussels asappetizers or as main entrees. The most common way they reviewof thedifferent methods used to growmussels in variousregions of theworld, areprepared is steamedin a wineand herb sauce. Musselfarming has been practiced insome European countries for 700 years, but Popularityofmussels in the Northwest has increased due to the high quality of local only sincethe 1970sin NorthAmerica Mason,1971!. Theprinciple species of musselcul. culturedmussels, Locally grown mussels have been entered in twonational mussel tasting turedhas been,Ifytilrrs edrdis L, thecommon bay or bluemussel. Over the years, techniques contestsand Washington cultured rnussels from Penn Cove have won both competitions to grow musselshave evolved into threebasic forms: seabottom culture, bouchots or interti- QeearrLeader, 1981!. Washington mussels held two of the top three positions in both com- dal culture!, and raft and longlineculture, Methods differ becausethey evolved out of the petitions. necessityto complywith differing environmental conditions between regions. Bottom culture Mostdomestic mussels now sold in the UnitedStates come from a singlemajor East canbe more successfulunder a specificsituation than bouchotsor raftculture and vice versa. Coastproducer, Great Eastern Mussel Farms, Inc. in Tenants Harbor, Maine. Great Eastern Foradditional information, see the following publications: Korringa, 1976; I.utz, 1974 and dredgeswild and cultured mussels from the sea bottom, Once ashore the mussels are taken 1980;]enkins,1979; Myers, 1981; Mason, 1976; I,utz et al., 1977; loosanoff, 1943.! Some of toa processingplant where they are held in large seawater tanks. Processing issimilar to thesetechniques will besummarized and their potentialapplication in PugetSound discussed methodsused in theNetherlands see Techrriqrres to Grorutrtiussets!, Clumps are separated in thischapter, andwashed by machine and sortedby hand on a conveyor. TheUniversity ofWashington began investigating mussel culture in 1973.This coin- Seabottom Culture cidedwith the establishment of the lirst mussel farm in Puget Sound by Peter Jefferds, Wash- Musselfarmers in The Netherlands and Germany have successfully used bottom cul- ingtonSea Grant support enabled the School of Fisheries, University ofWashmgton, toinvesti- turetechniques for 300years to producemillions of kilogramsof musselsto supplytheir own gatethe potential ofmussel aquaculture in Puget Sound. The approach was to determine countryas well as partsof Franceand Belgium I.utz, 1980!. TheNetherlands government wheremussels could survive and grow in PugetSound at a ratewhich could support viable leasesplots of bottomland 00 x 200rueters; 24 acres!in the shallows of theZeeland and commercialventures, Waddenzeeestuaries for a reasonablefee. Seed mussels are placedon the plotsof land and Severalkey parameters had to be addressed in the investigations. Wildseed sources growto marketsize in 20 months,The annual harvest from TheNetherlands has been in havebeen used by ail mussel farms throughout theworld, but the ability tocatch adequate excessof 100,000metric tons of livemussels, although it hasbeen decreasing in recent years, Bottomcuhure of rnusseisis now beingtried on the northeastcoast of the United States.Natural subtidal beds have been harvested for severalyears, but stock enhancement by planingseed may sustain the harvest of musselsin thatarea. 200 Seed Collection H Almostevery year a naturalsettlement of small mussels occurs in certain regions of 100 TheNetherlands. It is this abundantnatural set of seedmussels which makesthis productive
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