Managers’ Trends Report #1 - September 2017

Managers’ Trends Report Labour markets, employment, business & social dialogue

#1 - September 2017 second version every 6 weeks for CEC members only 1 Managers’ Trends Report #1 - September 2017

Content

News CEC event reports ...3 Policy and legal ...4 Politics ...4 Industry ...6 Recent publications ...7

Focus Labour market reforms in ...8 Young adult mobility in Europe ...11

Glossary Legend

CEPS: Centre for Economic Policy Studies (think tank) Source reference links are CESI: European Confederation of Independent Trade underlined in black Unions Further information links are EU-OSHA: European Agency for Safety and Health underlined in orange at Work EC: European Commission ECB: European Central Bank ECHR: European Court of Human Rights EESC: European Economic and Social Committee ETUC: European Trade Union Confederation EURES: European Job Mobility Portal FECCIA: European Federation of Managers in the CEC European Managers Chemical Industry September 2017 GDP: Gross Domestic Product [email protected] selective French higher education Rue de la Loi 81a, 1040 Brussels Grandes écoles: Published: 27.09.2017 insitutions outside the university system ILO: International Labour Organisation OECD: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Disclaimer: CEC European Managers Development cannot guarantee for the accuracy of OHS: Occupational Health and Safety the information provided.

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■■ > Against that background, employers, CEC event reports public services, social partners and others will be able to propose digital internships within the digital opportunity framework. ■■ The Future of Work - Making it E-asy The framework includes recruitment Conference, Tallinn, 13-14.09 procedures (in liaison with universities) and an Estonian Presidency “erasmusintern” candidate platform. > Read The event was one of the several conferences more organised by the Estonian Presidency of the ■■ Bruegel Annual Meeting to debate about issues of Conference, Brussels, 7-8.09 relevance for the EU policy-making agenda. Bruegel (think tank) The high-level conference, attended by The annual high-level conference, organised around 300 participants, mainly government by the economic think tank Bruegel, offered and business representatives, comprised debates about key issues in European and discussions about employment trends, the global economics. During the “future of prevalence of new forms of employment industry” session, Lowri Ewans, Director over “traditional” ones, the modernisaton of General of DG GROWTH, called for a “real” the welfare state and skills. The meeting, also single market for services and a European attended by BusinessEurope, ETUC and CESI procurement market; said that the EU’s representatives, was a good opportunity to main competitors are from unregulated increase CEC’s visibility towards stakeholders markets; that data protection was an export with little knowledge about the European of jobs and that a horizontal approach social dialogue. At the two-day conference, is needed for industry innovation (e.g. knowledge clouds). During the session on some national best practices in an effort “structural determinants of inequalities”, to become “E-champions” were presented Commissioner Thyssen (Employment and (Finland and Estonia in particular). The Social Affairs) called for better labour majority of speakers shared the idea that market coordination and cohesion policies European social systems need to cover in Europe; said that the European Pillar everyone, irrespective of the job. Iarla Flynn, of Social Rights was of guidance for all Head of Public Policy and Government Affairs member states and that workers may of Google Australia underlined managers’ acquire social rights through social partner pivotal role in making things change and agreements, member state legislation and preparing for the future, as “they represent benchmarks; that Member States should the single most important driver for the envolve social partners more before making wellbeing and professional satisfaction within labour market reforms; called for increasing a team.” capacity building for social partners; for > Read more granting them more impact in the European semester and for or a European budget for ■■ Digital opportunity initiative workshop, the social dimension aiming at harmonising European Commission, 22.09 and reducing inequalities. However, social Digital opportunity schemes will be dialogue traditions, such as co-determination, introduced in the framework of the Erasmus+ should not be imposed on countries. Reiner programme. The schemes, based on the Hoffmann, President of the German DGB pilot project with the same name, will provide trade union, criticised the “explosion of students of all disciplines grants for digital the low-wage sector due to deregulation” cross-border traineeships as of January 2018. in , European downward tax 37% of the EU labour force does not have competition, as well as EU company law threatening workers rights. any basic digital skills.

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■■ Companies including Google, Facebook Policy and Legal and Twitter could face European Union laws forcing them to be more proactive in removing illegal online content if they do ■■ Posted workers: Announed in its political not do more to police what is available on guidelines and confirmed in its 2016 work the Internet. However, the liability exemption programme (COM(2015) 610 final), the would not be affected, the European European Commission proposed a revision Commission said. > Read more of the rules on posting of workers. Rules for stricter regulations under the slogan of “same pay for same work” have been prominently supported by France. The new

French president Macron has been seeking Politics support and dialogue with sending countries in Eastern Europe. However, countries like ■■ Juncker’s state of the union speech Poland remain particularly opposed to such on 13.09: the European Commission president called, among others, for: changes, fearing decreasing freedom to A European Social Standards Union, a propose services in the single market. European Labour Authority, a Member ■■ Working time precisions: The UK States agreement on the European Pillar Employment Appeal Tribunal has ruled of Social Rights, no Eurozone chamber of that, under the EU Working Time Directive, budget, fairer trade agreements, a new industrial strategy, a defense union, unifying voluntary overtime pay, out of hours standby Commission and Council presidency, payments and call-out payments should be transnational European Parliament lists, included in the calculation of the 4 weeks Romania and Bulgaria “immediately” joining statutory holiday pay, provided they are Schengen and other Member States joining sufficiently regular or recurring. > Read more the EU. Positions: ETUC said it was “too light” ■■ ECB monetary policy will remain loose, especially regarding the reference to social maintaining the historic low of interest rates, rights and regretted that the European while leaving the timing and scope of the semester would not become an economic bond-buying programme phase-out open. and social semester. BusinessEurope > Read more published its own scenario, warning that the social dimension should not be extended ■■ The European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) further. > Read more has ruled that employers will now need to inform workers before they monitor their ■■ Ireland and its tax regime: following communications at work. The decision Comission President Juncker’s proposal overrules a previous judgement which on introducing majority vote on EU tax had effectively given employers the right legislation (especially applying to digital to privately monitor the activities of their companies - Ireland had not asked Apple employees on company messaging systems. to pay back taxes of 13bn Euros as claimed > Read more by the European Commission) to counter downward tax competition, Ireland refused ■■ A financial scheme of 120 million Euros for to change voting rights on corporation tax. in the EU, local wireless access points The island state could lose up to €4 billion free of charge and without discriminatory worth of corporation tax if EU-wide tax conditions, has been approved by the rules for multinationals were set. European Parliament.

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■■ > Here are the main political parties’ Politics positions (and their election results) on the EU and foreign policy: CDU/CSU (conservatives, 33%): stabilise ■■ > The current corporation tax is 12.5% for EU; no common debts; for strong economic trading income and 25% for non-trading ties with UK; new trade agreements income - lower than in other EU Member SPD (social democrats, 20,5%): calls for States. > Read more more European cohesion and solidarity; European constitution; increase power of ■■ Brexit European Parliament; reduction of European Employment: 1,2 million UK citizens live Member States’ debt; a European economic in other EU Member States, whereas 3,16 government; avoid arms race million EU citizens live in the UK. 88% of the Die Linke (left, 9,2%): fight EU isolation and EU residents would not be able to qualify for arms race; calls for EU constitution; more VISA in case of a hard Brexit. The financial solidarity; disintegration of EU capital markets; sector may lose up to 100.000 jobs to Greek debt relief financial hubs like Paris, Dublin or Frankfurt. B’90/Die Grünen (greens, 8,9%): calls for A controversial Deutsche Bank report warned peace-oriented Europe; harmonisation of that the Brexit immigration curbs would wages for same work in EU; increase power rather lead to jobs going offshore and higher of European Parliament; criticise violation of automation rates, rather than higher wages international law hoped for by some actors. One third of non- FDP (liberals, 10,7%): calls for more British workers are considering leaving the reforms and transparency; increase power UK, with highly skilled workers from the EU of European Parliament; a common foreign minister; common defense union; more trade most likely to go (47%), according to a June agreements study from Deloitte. A leaked UK Home Office AfD (right-wing radicals, 12,6%): anti-EU document states that Britain will end the free and anti-immigration movement of labour immediately after Brexit Read more about the > parties’ EU stance and introduce restrictions to deter all but here and on > EU and forgeign policy (in highly-skilled EU workers. German) here Negotiations: While the question on the Brexit divorce bill remains open, discussions around the membership in the single market continue with seemingly little results. Countering the accredited hard-Brexit strategy of the Tories (and German industry preparing for it too), Labour-leader Corbyn said he would seek to remain in the single market. ■■ German elections: After the legislative elections on 24 September, a “Jamaica coalition” (CDU/CSU, FDP, Greens) or another “grand coalition” (CDU/CSU, SPD) seem to be the most likely government constellations. Depending on the coalition agreement, different scenarios are likely to influence the future of Europe.

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Industry

■■ Uber: after accusations of “modern slavery” ■■ Diesel emissions: The diesel-affair involving and protests, the French division of the many German and international diesel car producers (timeline here) has led to a drop driving service platform intends to improve of diesel car sales. Their market share has relationships with its “partners”, the drivers. fallen (2016-2017) from 50% to 43,7% in the Measures include a zero percent loan for UK; 45% to 37,7% in Germany and to 47,8% drivers wanting to buy a car and a free in France. Several countries have announced accident insurance coverage. > More in to either ban diesel and petrol vehicles in French The legal situation of Uber in Europe the future (the UK and France in 2040), to often still remains unclear, although the require zero-emission vehicles (Norway 2025) European Court of Justice advocate-general’s or to impose electric car quotas (India 100% has issued a non-binding opinion (in May), in 2030). Austria, Denmark, Ireland, Japan, often followed by other courts, considering it the Netherlands, Portugal, Korea and Spain a service company in the transport sector. have also set official targets for electric car At national level, Uber has been banned in sales. Globally, 95% of electric cars are sold Bulgaria, Denmark and Hungary and has won in only 10 countries: China, the U.S., Japan, Canada, Norway, the U.K., France, Germany, an appeal against a ban in Italy. Uber has also the Netherlands and Sweden. The world’s faced suspensions in Finland, Spain, France, biggest vehicle market, China, is considering Germany and the Netherlands, primarily over a ban on the production and sale of fossil fuel its UberPOP service. > Read more. cars “in the near future”. At European level, > More about how the platform economy last April, the European Parliament submitted shapes industrial relations recommendations to the Commission and > More about legal regulation of the member states for tightened regulations and platform economy greater oversight of car emissions levels. ■■ Solar industry: after an EU agreement to set ■■ Ryanair: the European Court of Justice has minimum import duties (“anti-dumping”) for ruled that air crews, as the weaker party in Chinese solar modules and cells that could employment disputes, can bring proceedings price them up to 30% above market, the solar before courts in the place where they industry has condemned this move as having perform their duties or where they regard as being closest to their interests. > Read more “huge negative effects” for the industry. > Read more ■■ The European Commission has opened an investigation to assess the proposed ■■ The German industry federation has criticised acquisition of Monsanto by under Germany’s permanent and large trade the EU Merger Regulation. The instiution surplus. > Read more (German) has concerns that the merger may reduce ■■ Artificial intelligence: Tesla and SpaceX CEO competition in areas such as pesticides, seeds Elon Musk voiced concern over governments, and traits. An approval would create the worlds largest agribusiness corporation. Read especically the Russian one, competing for more artificial intelligence superiority and sparking World War III. > Read more ■■ A new 50:50 joint venture of SpaceX has already supplied the ISS and ThyssenKrupp and Tata Steel could create plans commercial space explorations. Tesla Europe’s second largest steel business behind will launch a new electric lorry, to be tested in ArcelorMittal, potentially saving 8000 jobs in the UK. > Read more October.

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Recent publications Publications

■■ The World Employment and Social ■■ The Going Digital: The Future of Work Outlook 2017 (ILO) provides figures and for Women OECD policy brief shows that analysis on women in the labour market, women may benefit from increased flexibility including the economic impact that could be in work but the unscrupulous use of new made by closing gender gaps. It shows that atypical work arrangements may also the more women earn, the less they earn reduce job quality. However, flexible working compared to men who do the same job. arrangements are shown to reduce gender Click here pay gaps and increase women employment ■■ According to the European Agency for Safety rates. Click here and Health at Work (EU-OSHA) together with ■■ The Taxation Trends in the European the ILO, work-related ill-health and injury Union report responds to the need for better are costing the European Union 3.3 % of European data about taxation revenues, tax its GDP. That’s €476 billion every year which structures and reforms over recent years. 22 could be saved with the right occupational Member States recorded an increase in tax safety and health strategies, policies and revenue relative to GDP in 2015 compared practices. with 2014, while 6 saw a decrease. The level Further findings: Work-related illnesses account for of taxation in the EU differs greatly according 89% % of all deaths related to work in the EU. 7.1 to the Member State, with Denmark, France million DALY (disability-adjusted life years) are lost in and Belgium having the highest ratio of tax the EU as a result of work-related injury and illness. Of revenue to GDP (46.6 %, 45.9 % and 45.1 % these, 3.4 million are accounted for by fatalities and 3.7 respectively), and Ireland (23.9 %), Romania million by disability. In most European countries, work- (28.0 %) and Bulgaria (29.0 % of GDP) the related cancer accounts for the majority of costs (€119.5 lowest. Click here billion or 0.81% of the EU’s GDP), with musculoskeletal disorders being the second largest contributor. ■■ The EESC/CEPS study “impact of Click here digitalisation and the on-demand economy on labour markets and the ■■ Eurofound’s Developments in working time consequences for employment and 2015-2016 report takes a closer look onto industrial relations” concludes that the recent trends in EU member states regarding labour market of the future will look for work–life balance and flexible working workers with digital and entrepreneurial skills arrangements. The difference in working and creativity. As a result of digitalisation, time between workers in the 28 EU Member work organisation is characterised by States remains large and is especially marked increased flexibility, affecting when, where and between the ‘older’ 15 EU Member States and how tasks are performed. the 13 new Member States that joined the Click here EU since 2004. This is particularly apparent when comparing annual leave entitlements for workers: a gap of 2.5 working weeks is evident between the most and the least generous. The trend of converging working time between the 28 EU Member States has clearly stalled. Click here

7 Managers’ Trends Report #1 - September 2017 Focus French labour market reforms

The recent French labour market reforms, launched by labour minister Muriel Pénicaud under the Macron presidency, are the last example of a series of attempts to reorganise the world of work in France. This time, the proposed reforms, adopted by the council of ministers on 22 September, go further than any other French President Emmanuel Macron. Credit: French Embassy in the U.S. previous attempts, including the 2016 El Khomri reforms. ■■ Economic dismissal now possible, if the company orders or sales revenues shrink On the following pages, you will find a summary consecutively (1-4 trimesters, depending on of the key provisions of the 2016 and 2017 company size) reforms. ■■ Forfaits jours (daily working allowance): certain categories of workers (especially managers / cadres) are exempted of the 1. El Khomri reform 2016 weekly 35h working time, foreseeing 11h of daily rest and 24 consecutive hours of rest per Myriam El-Khomri was labour minister under Hollande week. The forfait jour has to be adopted by a ■■ Working time: maximum stays at 48h / week collective agreement and a pay agreement of and 44h in average over 12 weeks. New: the employee. possibility to derogate within limit of 46h New: collective agreement needs to include through company agreement health and safety provision (e.g. right to disconnection, WLB, work time load, ■■ Exceptional working time and salary communication) flexibility: 1. possibility to reduce working time and ■■ Company agreement validity: company salary for max. 5 years, if the company is in agreements are only valid, if they are signed economic difficulty with agreement of trade by trade union representatives representing union delegates (délégués syndicaux) at least 50% of the workforce. Company 2. Increase of working time for max. 2 years referendum possible, if trade union represents to fit “growth path”. Possibility of dismissing at least 30% of the employees and collects employees refusing to increase working time at least 50% of the employees’ votes. Trade for economic reasons unions lose their right to oppose these referendums. ■■ Overtime: Normally employees get paid 25% more / h for the first 8h and 50% for the ■■ infringement compensation following hours. A company agreement can (was not in vigour): non-obligatory scale now decide to reduce it to 10%. for labour courts to apply compensations fixed by law, according to seniority and other criteria

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■■ Obligatory medical visit at hiring does not ■■ Social dialogue: apply to all categories of employees anymore ■■ Youth: vacation day allowances can now be 1. unification of three employee calculated on a monthly basis in the first year; representation bodies: unification of Youth guarantee extended to whole territory: employee committee, personnel delegates it comprises the right for 18-25 year olds to and OHS council into social and economic get job seeking assistance and an allowance committee (companies with more than 50 employees) and maintenance of trade union ■■ Personal activity accounts: unique delegates. Social and economic committee information system for access to rights in will be able to negotiate agreements in terms of training, burdensome work (e.g. companies without trade union delegate and early retirement) and voluntary work (e.g. has a veto right on issues regarding VET and right to days off for training) gender equality. Company agreement can ■■ Right to disconnect: right to not be decide upon maintaining bodies or creating available through communication channels; new ones. The number of representatives regulation decided by company agreement and their working time will be subject to a future decree (are likely to shrink). A new ■■ Electronic pay slips: employers are allowed hygiene, security and working conditions to issue pay slips electronically, employees commission will be obligatory for risk-affected have the right to require a paper form companies and companies with more than 300 employees.

2. Pénicaud reforms 2017 2. Negotiation at company-level without Muriel Pénicaud is labour minister under Macron trade union delegates: introduction of ■■ Increase the applicability of company possibility to negotiate (and agree with agreements: the branches will be able to majority vote) with elected employee negotiate fixed-term contracts and project representative all non-sectorial issues in contracts, and conserve some domains companies without trade union delegation (wage minimums, professional classifications, and with 20-50 employees (companies with complementary social protection, training, less than 20 employees don’t need to elect burdensome work and professional equality) employee representative to negotiate). in which company agreements cannot Alternatively, a “referendum” can be initiated derogate the branch agreement, unless by a trade union receiving at least 30% of decided by branch agreement; introduction the employees’ votes or by a “referendum” of possibility for collective contract breaches organised by the employer on working time and organisational issues (companies with ■■ Flexibility: application of construction site contracts (limited to project duration) to less than 50 employees). other sectors in the form of project contracts; introduction of possibility for branch 3. Increasing trade union representation agreements to define modalities of fixed-term at company level: digital trade union and contracts labour rights information system; collective negotiation observatory; university and “grandes écoles” cooperations to train trade union activists

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■■ Dismissals: Reform timeline Dismissal compensation limitation (indemnité prud’homales) for cases without “serious and real reasons”; shortening of appeal period; 3 May 2016: Presentation of the El Khomri Law increase of legal dismissal compensation; in the Assemblée Nationale (AN) by the Valls facilitating economic dismissal by extending government using article 49-3 of the constitution criteria (sectoral, geographical); shortening (article allowing the government to pass a law without vote dismissal period for employers; dismissals due in the AN, if no censure motion is put in place) to individual refusal of collective agreement 12 May 2016: Censure motion of the right will lead to lower compensation rights (but rejected 100 hours of training allowance on personal account) by excluding these individuals from 28 June 2016: Redesigned El Khomri law voted social restructuring compensation rights; by Senate increase of legal dismissal allowances (from 6 July 2016: The Council of Ministers adopts the 1/5 to 1/4 of monthly salary per year of second version of the text using article 49-3 seniority) 18 and 20 July 2016: Senate reexamination and AN final lecture Unemployment benefits reform 21 July 2016: The definitive version of the El planned for summer 2018 Khomri law is adopted by the Council of Ministers using article 49-3 ■■ In April 2017, social partners had agreed 9 August 2016: publication of the law in the on a new unemployment insurance official journal convention, including: the harmonisation of Mid June – end of July 2017: new labour unemployment benefits of general regime reform concertation with social partners and regime for interim workers and short- term workers; to benefit from unemployment 1 and 2 August 2017: habilitation law passed by allowance, workers will now have to have AN and Senate giving the government the right worked at least 88 working days (instead of to regulate labour rights via decrees 122 calendar days before) Vote in favour: LR, LRM, RDSE (centre – right); Vote against: PS, EELV, PC (centre-left, green, left) ■■ President Macron proposed to reform the unemployment benefit system more 22 August 2017: concertation with social extensively: a universalisation of coverage to partners; presentation of points agreed upon independents & liberal professions; right to 31 August 2017: publication of labour law benefits in case of resignation (once every decrees reforming labour laws 5 years); more controls and introduction of sanctions for workers who refuse job offer; Until mid-September 2017: last consultations increase social contribution on salaries while 12 September 2017: general mobilisation of CGT removing the unemployment insurance trade union contributions on salaries 22 September 2017: adoption in council of ministers Sources ■■ http://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2017/08/22/code-du-travail- ■■ http://droit-finances.commentcamarche.net/faq/62011-macron-et- la-reforme-entre-dans-sa-phase-finale_5175000_823448.html assurance-chomage-le-projet-macron ■■ http://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2017/08/31/la- ■■ http://droit-finances.commentcamarche.net/download/telecharger- reforme-du-code-du-travail-devoilee-par-le-gouvernement-a- 429-loi-habilitation-macron-2017-texte-du-projet-de-loi midi_5178820_823448.html ■■ http://droit-finances.commentcamarche.net/faq/61943-reforme-du- ■■ http://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2017/08/31/droit-du-travail- code-du-travail-2017-reforme-macron le-gouvernement-defend-une-reforme-ambitieuse_5179109_823448. ■■ http://droit-finances.commentcamarche.net/faq/52536-loi-el- html khomri-loi-travail-ce-qui-a-change

10 Managers’ Trends Report #1 - September 2017 Focus Young adult mobility in Europe

At the occasion of the Mobility and Mentoring Conference on 20-22 September in Lisbon, co- hosted by the CEC chemical federation FECCIA, we take a closer look at young adults’ mobility in Europe. Facilitating young people’s mobility in Europe can be an important contribution to ■■ Labour mobility in the EU remains low increase European comptetitiveness, to create a in terms of (figure 1): a) the share of EU sense of belonging to Europe and to promote citizens living in another EU country and b) social and occupational integration. In 2016, the annual flow of EU citizens moving into around 17 million young adults (20-34 years another EU country. old) were neither in education nor employment However, in total, young people (and those (NEET) in the EU28. An integrated approach to with higher education) remain the most mobility and activation is needed to improve mobile age group of intra-EU migrants : in education and stifle investments in human 2010, the -35year group accounted for 70% capital, assure the inclusion of the unemployed, of the total intra-EU migrant population mitigate the risk of long-term effects of youth unemployment (“lost generation”) and risks ■■ The “social trilemma”: if more economic related to health, security, polarisation, and and social convergence (e.g. a service single radicalisation. market) is to be achieved, then a more Furthermore, in the absence of monetary European social policy approach is needed adjustments or an economic governance in > Read more (p.10) the Eurozone, labour mobility was hoped to counterbalance asymmetric economic shocs in regions (see more in the 2014 Labour Mobility report of the European Commission). However, labour mobility in Europe remains low, even though young people are starting to change patterns. Here are the main challenges to European labour mobility in general and young adult mobility in particular: ■■ Language proficiency: despite progresses in English, foreign language proficiency varies widely in Europe (Commission target: 2 foreign languages per person) ■■ Company engagement: significant variation in the commitment of European ■■ Taxation and pensions: often covered by firms to skill formation and the offer of bilateral agreements between Member States good quality working conditions, which ■ : challenge to are ultimately associated with significantly ■ Social dialogue integration social partners, and especially labour unions fewer skill bottlenecks on the labour market. (but also cross-border employers), in their Companies face difficulties in recruiting efforts to organise mobile workers: they are workers from other member states due to a sometimes unskilled in dealing with language lack of integration of unemployment services and cultural differences; and sometimes have (EURES, the European Job Mobility Portal, is an exception). protectionist attitudes

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Impact of mobility ■■ Impact of youth mobility: the young and higher educated people are more prone to mobility, both rural-urban and ■■ Impact of crisis on intra-EU mobility: crossing borders. They benefit more from Mobility increased from several of the the advantages of cities and migration. This countries that were most affected by the reinforces the trend of accumulation of the crisis, such as Greece, Spain, Portugal, Italy, elderly, lower educated and less endowed in Ireland and the Baltic countries. Many of shrinking, rural or peripheral regions. Such these expats - often young people ‐ move to regional disparities deserve attention from countries and regions with more favourable local and national governments economic conditions in Europe. For instance, ■■ Impact on host countries: While there was a 52% increase in mobility from immigration might have a positive impact on Spain to Germany between 2010 and 2011, national level, it might affect some groups and a 90% increase in inflows from Greece. negatively: the so called distributional effect However, the capacity of Member States (e.g. labour market competition). Supply of to manage or regulate the freedom of cheap foreign labour may cause employers movement in the EU is limited. Thus, labour to refrain from investing in training of native mobility within the EU is mainly driven by the workers or in innovation and improving demand-side and supply-side. But employers working conditions do not always take their responsibilities, for instance, ensuring adequate housing for ■■ Impact on sending countries: The potential seasonal workers. Therefore, cooperation of detrimental impact on sending countries is local governments with employers is of crucial that they are losing part of their working-age importance, e.g. for ensuring decent housing population. On the one hand, remittances and working conditions. can bring extra capital, and outflows can alleviate unemployment. On the other hand, the loss of skilled workers (‘brain drain’) and loss of workers – and the resulting acute labour shortages in certain sectors - can harm economic growth

Source: Youth unemployment and geographic mobility in the EU. Background Paper. Irish presidency of the Council of the European Union 2013.

Figure (left) Stays abroad for education or training Considerable differences between Member States (Youth on the Move, 2011, p.24)

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