Toward the Origin of Amniotes: Diadectomorph And
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Distributions of Extinction Times from Fossil Ages and Tree Topologies: the Example of Some Mid-Permian Synapsid Extinctions Gilles Didier, Michel Laurin
Distributions of extinction times from fossil ages and tree topologies: the example of some mid-Permian synapsid extinctions Gilles Didier, Michel Laurin To cite this version: Gilles Didier, Michel Laurin. Distributions of extinction times from fossil ages and tree topologies: the example of some mid-Permian synapsid extinctions. 2021. hal-03258099v2 HAL Id: hal-03258099 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03258099v2 Preprint submitted on 20 Sep 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributions of extinction times from fossil ages and tree topologies: the example of some mid-Permian synapsid extinctions Gilles Didier1 and Michel Laurin2 1 IMAG, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France 2 CR2P (\Centre de Pal´eontologie { Paris"; UMR 7207), CNRS/MNHN/SU, Mus´eumNational d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France September 16, 2021 Abstract Given a phylogenetic tree that includes only extinct, or a mix of extinct and extant taxa, where at least some fossil data are available, we present a method to compute the distribution of the extinction time of a given set of taxa under the Fossilized-Birth-Death model. Our approach differs from the previous ones in that it takes into account (i) the possibility that the taxa or the clade considered may diversify before going extinct and (ii) the whole phylogenetic tree to estimate extinction times, whilst previous methods do not consider the diversification process and deal with each branch independently. -
The Mammary Gland and Its Origin During Synapsid Evolution
P1: GMX Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia (JMGBN) pp749-jmgbn-460568 January 9, 2003 17:51 Style file version Nov. 07, 2000 Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia, Vol. 7, No. 3, July 2002 (C 2002) The Mammary Gland and Its Origin During Synapsid Evolution Olav T. Oftedal1 Lactation appears to be an ancient reproductive trait that predates the origin of mammals. The synapsid branch of the amniote tree that separated from other taxa in the Pennsylva- nian (>310 million years ago) evolved a glandular rather than scaled integument. Repeated radiations of synapsids produced a gradual accrual of mammalian features. The mammary gland apparently derives from an ancestral apocrine-like gland that was associated with hair follicles. This association is retained by monotreme mammary glands and is evident as ves- tigial mammary hair during early ontogenetic development of marsupials. The dense cluster of mammo-pilo-sebaceous units that open onto a nipple-less mammary patch in monotremes may reflect a structure that evolved to provide moisture and other constituents to permeable eggs. Mammary patch secretions were coopted to provide nutrients to hatchlings, but some constituents including lactose may have been secreted by ancestral apocrine-like glands in early synapsids. Advanced Triassic therapsids, such as cynodonts, almost certainly secreted complex, nutrient-rich milk, allowing a progressive decline in egg size and an increasingly altricial state of the young at hatching. This is indicated by the very small body size, presence of epipubic bones, and limited tooth replacement in advanced cynodonts and early mammali- aforms. Nipples that arose from the mammary patch rendered mammary hairs obsolete, while placental structures have allowed lactation to be truncated in living eutherians. -
Reptiles A. Cladistics 1. Many Groups of Organisms
Reptiles A. Cladistics 1. Many groups of organisms are “polyphyletic” a. This means that the group combines 2 or more lineages - example=fish 2. Cladistics follows only pure lineages going back in time - example Osteichthys B. Reptile Classifiecation - looks like a polyphyletic group 1. Dry skin - no loss of water through skin like amphibians 2. Aminotic egg - an egg that can survive on dry land - in contrast with the amphibian egg C. Mammals and Birds are derived from different lineages of reptiles (We will see below) D. Stem Reptiles 1. Different lineages based on the temporal region of their skulls - number of holes (or bars) a. These holes are necessary to accommodate large jaw muscles b. Anapsid Skull - no holes in temporal - jaws can move fast, but with little force 1. Muscles that move the jaw are small 2. There is no good paleotological evidence for the transition between amphibians and reptiles - no fossil intermediates a. Fossil amphibians have lots of dermal bones in skull b. Amphibians have no temporal openings in skull 1. (Aside) both fossil amphibians and primitive reptiles have a parietal “eye” that senses light and dark (“third” eye in middle of head) c. Reptile skull is higher than amphibian to accomodate larger jaw muscles d. Of the modern reptiles only turtles are anapsids 2. Diapsid Skull - has holes in the temporal region a. Diapsid reptiles gave rise to lizards and snakes - they have a diapsid skull 1. Also Tuatara, crocodiles, dinosaurs and pterydactyls Reptiles b. One group of diapsids also had a pre-orbital hole in the skull in front of eye - this hole is still preserved in the birds - this anatomy suggests strongly that the birds are derived from the diapsid reptiles 3. -
2018 NMGS Spring Meeting: Abstract-748
FIRST DISCOVERY OF A TETRAPOD BODY FOSSIL IN THE LOWER PERMIAN YESO GROUP, CENTRAL NEW MEXICO Emily D. Thorpe1, Spencer G. Lucas2, David S. Berman3, Larry F. Rinehart2, Vincent Santucci4 and Amy C. Henrici3 1 POBox 147, Morrisonville, WI, 53571, [email protected] 2New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science, 1801 Mountain Road N. W., Albuquerque, NM, 87104 3Carnegie Museum of Natural History, 4400 Forbes Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213 4National Parks Service, 1849 C Street, NW, Washington, DC, 20240, United States The lower Permian Yeso Group records arid coastal plain, shallow marine, and evaporitic deposition across much of central New Mexico. Generally considered to have few fossils, recent study of Yeso Group strata has discovered a diverse fossil record of marine micro-organisms (mostly algae and foraminiferans), terrestrial plants, and tetrapod footprints. We report here the first discovery of a tetrapod body fossil in the Yeso Group—a partial skeleton of a basal synapsid, varanopidae eupelycosaur. The fossil is the natural casts of bones in two pieces, part and counterpart, that were preserved in a sandstone bed of the lower part of the Arroyo de Alamillo Formation in the southern Manzano Mountains. The fossil-bearing sandstone is fine-grained, quartz rich, and pale reddish brown to grayish red unweathered, weathers to blackish red, and is in part encrusted by white caliche. The casts preserve part of the pelvis(?), 18 caudal vertebral centra, both femora and tibia-fibulae, and most of the pedes, largely in close articulation, of a single individual. The skeleton is of a relatively small (femur length = 62 mm, total length of the preserved cast from the pelvis to tip of the incomplete tail = 325 mm) and gracile eupelycosaur most similar to Varanops. -
Continental Invertebrate and Plant Trace Fossils in Space and Time: State of the Art and Prospects
48 3RD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF CONTINENTAL ICHNOLOGY, ABSTRACT VOLUME & FIELD TRIP GUIDE Continental invertebrate and plant trace fossils in space and time: State of the art and prospects M. GABRIELA MANGANO1 *, LUIS A. BUATOIS1 1 Department of Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 114 Science Place, Saskatoon SK S7N 5E2, Canada * presenting author, [email protected] Continental invertebrate ichnology has experienced a substantial development during the last quarter of century. From being a field marginal to mainstream marine ichnology, represented by a handful of case studies, continental ichnology has grown to occupy a central position within the field of ani- mal-substrate interactions. This evolution is illustrated not only through the accumulation of ichnolog- ic information nurtured by neoichnologic observations and a detailed scrutiny of ancient continental successions, but also through the establishment of new concepts and methodologies. From an ichnofacies perspective, various recurrent associations were defined B( UATOIS & MÁNGANO 1995; GENISE et al. 2000, 2010, 2016; HUNT & LUCAS 2007; EKDALE et al. 2007; KRAPOVICKAS et al. 2016), a situation sharply contrasting with the sole recognition of the Scoyenia ichnofacies as the only valid one during the seventies and eighties (Table 1; Fig. 1). The ichnofacies model now includes not only freshwater ich- nofacies, but also terrestrial ones, most notably those reflecting the complex nature of paleosol trace fossils (GENISE 2017). Trace fossils are now being increasingly used to establish a chronology of the colonization of the land and to unravel the patterns and processes involved in the occupation of ecospace in continental set- tings (e.g. BUATOIS & MÁNGANO 1993; BUATOIS et al. -
Morphology, Phylogeny, and Evolution of Diadectidae (Cotylosauria: Diadectomorpha)
Morphology, Phylogeny, and Evolution of Diadectidae (Cotylosauria: Diadectomorpha) by Richard Kissel A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of doctor of philosophy Graduate Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology University of Toronto © Copyright by Richard Kissel 2010 Morphology, Phylogeny, and Evolution of Diadectidae (Cotylosauria: Diadectomorpha) Richard Kissel Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology University of Toronto 2010 Abstract Based on dental, cranial, and postcranial anatomy, members of the Permo-Carboniferous clade Diadectidae are generally regarded as the earliest tetrapods capable of processing high-fiber plant material; presented here is a review of diadectid morphology, phylogeny, taxonomy, and paleozoogeography. Phylogenetic analyses support the monophyly of Diadectidae within Diadectomorpha, the sister-group to Amniota, with Limnoscelis as the sister-taxon to Tseajaia + Diadectidae. Analysis of diadectid interrelationships of all known taxa for which adequate specimens and information are known—the first of its kind conducted—positions Ambedus pusillus as the sister-taxon to all other forms, with Diadectes sanmiguelensis, Orobates pabsti, Desmatodon hesperis, Diadectes absitus, and (Diadectes sideropelicus + Diadectes tenuitectes + Diasparactus zenos) representing progressively more derived taxa in a series of nested clades. In light of these results, it is recommended herein that the species Diadectes sanmiguelensis be referred to the new genus -
Distributions of Extinction Times from Fossil Ages and Tree Topologies: the Example of Some Mid-Permian Synapsid Extinctions
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.06.11.448028; this version posted June 11, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. Distributions of extinction times from fossil ages and tree topologies: the example of some mid-Permian synapsid extinctions Gilles Didier1 and Michel Laurin2 1IMAG, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France 2CR2P (“Centre de Recherches sur la Paléobiodiversité et les Paléoenvironnements”; UMR 7207), CNRS/MNHN/UPMC, Sorbonne Université, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France June 11, 2021 Abstract Given a phylogenetic tree of extinct and extant taxa with fossils where the only temporal infor- mation stands in the fossil ages, we devise a method to compute the distribution of the extinction time of a given set of taxa under the Fossilized-Birth-Death model. Our approach differs from the previous ones in that it takes into account the possibility that the taxa or the clade considered may diversify before going extinct, whilst previous methods just rely on the fossil recovery rate to estimate confidence intervals. We assess and compare our new approach with a standard previous one using simulated data. Results show that our method provides more accurate confidence intervals. This new approach is applied to the study of the extinction time of three Permo-Carboniferous synapsid taxa (Ophiacodontidae, Edaphosauridae, and Sphenacodontidae) that are thought to have disappeared toward the end of the Cisuralian, or possibly shortly thereafter. The timing of extinctions of these three taxa and of their component lineages supports the idea that a biological crisis occurred in the late Kungurian/early Roadian. -
Early Tetrapod Relationships Revisited
Biol. Rev. (2003), 78, pp. 251–345. f Cambridge Philosophical Society 251 DOI: 10.1017/S1464793102006103 Printed in the United Kingdom Early tetrapod relationships revisited MARCELLO RUTA1*, MICHAEL I. COATES1 and DONALD L. J. QUICKE2 1 The Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, The University of Chicago, 1027 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637-1508, USA ([email protected]; [email protected]) 2 Department of Biology, Imperial College at Silwood Park, Ascot, Berkshire SL57PY, UK and Department of Entomology, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW75BD, UK ([email protected]) (Received 29 November 2001; revised 28 August 2002; accepted 2 September 2002) ABSTRACT In an attempt to investigate differences between the most widely discussed hypotheses of early tetrapod relation- ships, we assembled a new data matrix including 90 taxa coded for 319 cranial and postcranial characters. We have incorporated, where possible, original observations of numerous taxa spread throughout the major tetrapod clades. A stem-based (total-group) definition of Tetrapoda is preferred over apomorphy- and node-based (crown-group) definitions. This definition is operational, since it is based on a formal character analysis. A PAUP* search using a recently implemented version of the parsimony ratchet method yields 64 shortest trees. Differ- ences between these trees concern: (1) the internal relationships of aı¨stopods, the three selected species of which form a trichotomy; (2) the internal relationships of embolomeres, with Archeria -
Curriculum Vitae
CURRICULUM VITAE AMY C. HENRICI Collection Manager Section of Vertebrate Paleontology Carnegie Museum of Natural History 4400 Forbes Avenue Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213-4080, USA Phone:(412)622-1915 Email: [email protected] BACKGROUND Birthdate: 24 September 1957. Birthplace: Pittsburgh. Citizenship: USA. EDUCATION B.A. 1979, Hiram College, Ohio (Biology) M.S. 1989, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (Geology) CAREER Carnegie Museum of Natural History (CMNH) Laboratory Technician, Section of Vertebrate Paleontology, 1979 Research Assistant, Section of Vertebrate Paleontology, 1980 Curatorial Assistant, Section of Vertebrate Paleontology, 1980-1984 Scientific Preparator, Section of Paleobotany, 1985-1986 Scientific Preparator, Section of Vertebrate Paleontology, 1985-2002 Acting Collection Manager/Scientific Preparator, 2003-2004 Collection Manager, 2005-present PALEONTOLOGICAL FIELD EXPERIENCE Late Pennsylvanian through Early Permian of Colorado, New Mexico and Utah (fish, amphibians and reptiles) Early Permian of Germany, Bromacker quarry (amphibians and reptiles) Triassic of New Mexico, Coelophysis quarry (Coelophysis and other reptiles) Upper Jurassic of Colorado (mammals and herps) Tertiary of Montana, Nevada, and Wyoming (mammals and herps) Pleistocene of West Virginia (mammals and herps) Lake sediment cores and lake sediment surface samples, Wyoming (pollen and seeds) PROFESSIONAL APPOINTMENTS Associate Editor, Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, 1998-2000. Research Associate in the Science Division, New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science, 2007-present. PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATIONS Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Paleontological Society LECTURES and TUTORIALS (Invited and public) 1994. Middle Eocene frogs from central Wyoming: ontogeny and taphonomy. California State University, San Bernardino 1994. Mechanical preparation of vertebrate fossils. California State University, San Bernardino 1994. Mechanical preparation of vertebrate fossils. University of Chicago 2001. -
Frequently Asked Questions Reverse-Engineering the Locomotion of a Stem Amniote John A
Frequently Asked Questions Reverse-engineering the locomotion of a stem amniote John A. Nyakatura, Kamilo Melo, Tomislav Horvat, Kostas Karakasiliotis, Vivian R. Allen, Amir Andikfar, Emanuel Andrada, Patrick Arnold, Jonas Lauströer, John R. Hutchinson, Martin S. Fischer and Auke J. Ijspeert. Nature 565, 351–355; 2019. Why was a robot useful for this study? 2 Why is Orobates important? 2 Why do you use the term reverse engineering? 2 Who Funded the project? 2 Where was Orobates found? 2 Where could this method or research be taken in the future? 2 What were some of the considerations that came into play as you reconstructed the way this animal walked? 3 What was the most surprising finding in this work? 3 What made Orobates such a good candidate for this kind of analysis? 3 What is new compared to other projects involving simulations or robots? 3 What is a stem amniote? 3 What does the term ‘stem’ mean? 3 What does the term “advanced locomotion” in the context of the study mean? 4 What do the terms amniote and anamniote mean? 4 What did you learn that you didn't know before? 4 What are the dimensions of the OroBot? 4 Were you surprised at the result that Orobates had a more "advanced" locomotion? 4 How was it possible to link the fossil trackways to the body fossil of Orobates? 4 How useful is this work to other fields? 4 How long did the project take and who was involved? 5 How expensive is the robot? 5 How did you validate your simulations? 5 Have there been similar robotic or simulation studies of fossils before? Can you give some examples? 5 Is Orobates older than dinosaurs? 6 Can the robot swim? 6 Can OroBOT be used to study other extinct animals as well? 6 1 Why was a robot useful for this study? Our robotic model allowed us to test our hypotheses about the animal’s locomotion dynamics, otherwise elusive to explore in an extinct animal. -
Tracks and Evolution of Locomotion in the Sistergroup of Amniotes
A peer-reviewed version of this preprint was published in PeerJ on 31 January 2018. View the peer-reviewed version (peerj.com/articles/4346), which is the preferred citable publication unless you specifically need to cite this preprint. Buchwitz M, Voigt S. 2018. On the morphological variability of Ichniotherium tracks and evolution of locomotion in the sistergroup of amniotes. PeerJ 6:e4346 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4346 On the morphological variability of Ichniotherium tracks and evolution of locomotion in the sistergroup of amniotes Michael Buchwitz Corresp., 1 , Sebastian Voigt Corresp. 2 1 Museum für Naturkunde Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany 2 Urweltmuseum Geoskop, Kusel, Germany Corresponding Authors: Michael Buchwitz, Sebastian Voigt Email address: [email protected], [email protected] Ichniotherium tracks with a relatively short pedal digit V (digit length ratio V/IV < 0.6) form the majority of yet described Late Carboniferous to Early Permian diadectomorph tracks and can be related to a certain diadectid clade with corresponding phalangeal reduction that includes Diadectes and its close relatives. Here we document the variation of digit proportions and trackway parameters in 25 trackways (69 step cycles) from nine localities and seven further specimens with incomplete step cycles from the type locality of Ichniotherium cottae (Gottlob quarry) in order to find out whether this type of Ichniotherium tracks represents a homogeneous group or an assemblage of distinct morphotypes and includes variability indicative for evolutionary change in trackmaker locomotion. According to our results, the largest sample of tracks from three Lower Permian sites of the Thuringian Forest, commonly referred to Ichniotherium cottae, is not homogeneous but shows a clear distinction in pace length, pace angulation, apparent trunk length and toe proportions between tracks from Bromacker quarry and those from the stratigraphically older sites Birkheide and Gottlob quarry. -
From a Fossil to a Robot…And All the Steps in Between 1 2 by Kamilo Melo | Scientist; John A
August 27, 2019 Evolution & Behavior From a fossil to a robot…and all the steps in between 1 2 by Kamilo Melo | Scientist; John A. Nyakatura | Professor 1 : Biorobotics Laboratory, EPFL Lausanne, Switzerland 2 : Humboldt Universitaẗ zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany This Break was edited by Max Caine, Editor-in-chief - TheScienceBreaker ABSTRACT Orobates is an extinct species that is key in understanding the evolution of vertebrates. We used its footprints, a robot, kinematic simulations, and modern animal data to reconstruct how Orobates walked. We discover that its locomotion was more advanced than what was previously thought for these animals. Image credits: Kamilo Melo © Being almost 300 million years old, the extinct called amniotes) - they were the first to develop Orobates pabsti did not know that at some point in within eggs laid on land. Orobates is a vertebrate that the future, engineers and biologists would have is interposed in the evolutionary tree between reconstructed its fossilized bones into a robot to amphibians on one hand, and reptiles, birds, and study how it used to walk and thus, learn more things mammals on the other. Thus, the ability of these about their own evolution. The only evidence of animals to effectively locomote on land (or not) Orobates’ walk, beyond its nicely preserved bone seemed crucial to be studied. The scientists believed structure, was a set of also fossilized footprints left that knowing more about the locomotion of on ancient muddy ground. These were indeed key Orobates, will help us to also understand better at pieces that enabled us to reproduce many possible which point in time the land was colonized by gaits with the robot and to test their validity as animals.