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Parasite Community of Patagonotothen Cornucola (Pisces: Nototheniidae) from Intertidal Rocky Pools from Strait of Magellan

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Parasite Community of Patagonotothen Cornucola (Pisces: Nototheniidae) from Intertidal Rocky Pools from Strait of Magellan Anales Instituto Patagonia (Chile), 2020. Vol. 48(1):37-45 37 ARTÍCULO CIENTÍFICO Parasite community of Patagonotothen cornucola (Pisces: Nototheniidae) from intertidal rocky pools from Strait of Magellan Comunidades de parásitos de Patagonotothen cornucola (Pisces: Nototheniidae) de pozas rocosas intermareales del estrecho de Magallanes Gabriela Muñoz1 Abstract Key words: Notothens are abundant fish in the Austral Ocean, Caudotestis kerguelensis, Whitegonimus ozoufae, therefore they stablish many interactions with other Corynosoma beaglense, Southern Chile. species, and thus they have become important components in the ecosystem. However, the Resumen relationships between these fish and their parasites Nototénidos son peces abundantes del océano are poorly understood. The parasite community of Austral, que tienen múltiples interacciones con the intertidal notothen Patagonotothen cornucola otras especies, siendo importantes componentes has been analyzed in this study considering two de su ecosistema. Sin embargo, la relación de estos sampling sites at the Strait of Magellan and the peces y sus parásitos es poco conocida. En este sex of the fish. The fish samples were collected estudio se analiza las comunidades de parásitos in January 2017 at Rinconada Bulnes (RB), and de Patagonotothen cornucola considerando dos San Isidro (SI). A total of 98 fish individuals, with sitios de muestreo en el estrecho de Magallanes, total body length between 4.2 and 13.4 cm, were y el sexo de este hospedero. Las muestras de obtained. Of these fish, 15 parasite species were peces fueron recolectadas en enero de 2017 en recorded. Four species were the most prevalent Rinconada Bulnes (RB) y San Isidro (SI), obteniendo or abundant, three digeneans (Caudotestis 98 peces, cuyas longitudes corporales fueron de kerguelensis, Whitegonimus ozoufae and 4,2 a 13,4 cm. Del total de peces, 15 especies de Genolinea cf. bowersi) and one acantocephalan parásitos fueron reconocidas, cuatro de ellas fueron (Corynosoma beaglense). The similarity of prevalentes o abundantes, 3 digeneos (Caudotestis parasite composition based on the abundance of kerguelensis, Whitegonimus ozoufae and parasites showed significant differences among Genolinea cf. bowersi) y un acantocéfalo sites because the fish from SI had only five (Corynosoma beaglense). La similitud de la parasite species and two of them with higher composición de parásitos, basada en la abundancia abundances than RB. There were no differences de éstos, mostró diferencias significativas entre in parasite composition between male and female sitios, debido a que solo cinco especies de parásitos fish. Therefore, the sampling site was important fueron encontrados en los peces de SI, y dos de for composition and abundance of parasites, ellas tenían mayor abundancia en comparación indicating ecological and environmental differences a RB. No hubo diferencias entre peces machos between sites that affect parasite transmission. This is the first study on the parasite community of a 1 Centro de Investigación Costar-R, species of Patagonotothen in the Patagonia area, Universidad de Valparaíso, Avenida Borgoño 16344, showing a wide diversity of parasite species in this Viña del Mar, Chile. [email protected] little fish. Received: Jan. 02, 2020 Accepted: May. 14, 2020 38 G. MUÑOZ y hembras en su composición parasitaria. Por lo had different composition between sites along tanto, el sitio de muestreo fue un factor importante Patagonia (Moreno & Jara, 1984; Hüne & Vega, para la composición parasitaria lo que significa que 2016). There are only two parasite records in existen diferencias ecológicas y ambientales en los P. cornucola, the copepod Phrixocephalus sitios que afectarían la transmisión de parásitos. sp. found on the fish eye (Cañeteet al. 2013) Este es el primer estudio que entrega antecedentes and the nematode Ascarophis carvajali Muñoz de las comunidades parasitarias en una especie & George-Nascimento, 2007 found in the de Patagonotothen en el área Patagónica, en el intestine (Muñoz & George-Nascimento, 2007). cual se demostró una amplia diversidad a pesar del Therefore, the objective of this study is to gain pequeño tamaño del pez. insights about the parasite community of P. cornucola considering the sampling sites and sex Palabras clave: of the fish as factors. Caudotestis kerguelensis, Whitegonimus ozoufae, Corynosoma beaglense, sur de Chile. MATERIAL AND METHODS INTRODUCTION From 15th to 20th of January 2017, 98 fish specimens of P. cornucola were collected in two Patagonotothen Balushkin, 1976 is a intertidal sites located approximately 50 km south of genus of fish distributed in the Austral Ocean Punta Arenas City (53°10’7”S; 70°54’40”W), from along the southern coast of America on both the Rinconada Bulnes (53°35’56”S; 70°54’46”W) Atlantic and the Pacific coasts (DeWitt et al. 1990). up to Bahía Mansa (53°44’53”S; 70°54’50”W), Although these fish are abundant in this area, there hereafter Rinconada Bulnes (RB), and at midway is little knowledge about their interactions with to El Faro San Isidro (53°36’21”S; 70°56’48”W), other species. The symbiotic relationships between hereafter San Isidro (SI) (Fig. 1). There was major fish and parasites are barely documented through sampling effort in RB (2 days) than SI (one day), taxonomic records of parasites. Patagonotothen therefore cumulative parasites species curves fish might be hosts for several parasites, such (Jacknife 1 and 2) were applied for fish samples to as digeneans, copepods, acantocephalans and determine if sample sizes were representative for nematodes. Most of the parasites known in the parasite diversity. Patagonotothen fish are digeneans, counting at The fish were captured from rocky intertidal least eight species (Bray & Zdzitowiecki, 2000; pools during low tides using hand nets and with Jezewski et al. 2014), however, there are few 0.5% clove oil anesthetic solution (AQUI-S, reports in other parasitic groups (Longshaw, Bayer®). The fish were killed with an overdose of 1997; Laskowski & Zdzitowiecki, 2004; Muñoz anesthetic solution (2% clove oil) and kept in the & George-Nascimento, 2007; Cantatore et al. solution for 3 to 5 minutes. Subsequently, the fish 2011). Apart from these parasitological records, specimens were placed in individual plastic bags, there are no studies on the parasite communities in labelled, and transferred to the laboratory where any species of this fish genus. A numeric analysis they were frozen at -20°C for further analysis. of the parasite community is necessary because The identification of the fish P. cornucola it provides substantial information about parasite was confirmed based on the description provided composition and variations according to ecological by Lloris and Rucabado (1991). The sex of each variables of the parasites and the fish. fish was also recorded based on the color of the Patagonotothen cornucola (Richardson, gonads (orange for mature female, and white- 1844) is a fish that reaches~ 13 cm in total pink for males, colorless to white for juveniles). length in the intertidal zone; it inhabits fjords Unfortunately, the sex of fish was not recorded at and channels in southern Chile (Hüne & Vega, the beginning of the study because it was not a 2016) and is frequently found in rocky substrates variable to be considered at that time. Therefore, (Moreno & Jara, 1984). This fish preys primarily the fish sex was recorded only for a third of the on small crustaceans, however the diet has entire sample. PARASITE COMMUNITY OF PATAGONOTOTHEN CORNUCOLA 39 A. C. B. Fig. 1. Sites at the Strait of Magellan, Southern Chile (A), from 50 km from Punta Arenas city (B), P. cornucola were collected at the two sampling sites, indicated with the name and black circles (C). Fish were placed under a stereoscopic parasite infracommunity were also considered: total microscope, observing the skin, fins, and gills to abundance (number of all the parasites) and parasite detect ectoparasites. Subsequently, the fish were richness (number of species) per fish sample. dissected for the collection of their endoparasites The abundance of parasites per species as from the body cavity, digestive tract, and well as the infracommunity abundance did not musculature. Thereafter, each organ was sieved fit with normal distribution. Therefore, all the using a 250 μm mesh. Both ecto- and endo- statistical analyses applied were non-parametric. parasites were stored, labeled, and preserved in The total abundance and richness of the parasite 70% ethanol in Eppendorf tubes. infracommunity was also compared (separately) The parasites were identified at the lowest between sites and sex with Mann-Whitney tests. taxonomic level possible, considering bibliographic The parasite prevalence of parasite species references such as Szidat and Graefe (1967), common in the sampling sites were compare Kazachenko (1995), Zdzitowiecki (1997), Boxshall with 2 x 2 contingency tables, using Fisher and Bravo (2000), Rocka (2004), Muñoz and exact probability. Also, the fish body length George-Nascimento (2007), Jezewski et al. was also compared between sampling sites and (2009), Cantatore et al. (2011), Jezewski et al. sexes with a Mann-Whitney test (Zar, 1996). (2014), and Laskowski and Zdzitowiecki (2017). Abundance and species richness of the parasite Prevalence and average abundance (sensu Bush et infracommunity were correlated with fish body al. 1997) were calculated for each parasite species length by the Spearman correlation analysis per sample (each site and sex). Two descriptors of (Zar, 1996). 40 G. MUÑOZ The similarity of parasite composition software PAST 3.13 (https://folk.uio.no/oham- between fish samples was calculated using the mer/past/). The significance level for all of the Jaccard index based on the presence-absence of analyses was P < 0.05. the parasite species found in each sample; it was the number of species shared between two samples RESULTS divided by the total number of species in the two samples expressed in percentage (Chao et al. There was a great difference of the fish 2006). This index was calculated between host specimens caught at each site, 12 in SI and 86 in RB. samples of different sites and sexes.
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