Osmotic Bioreactor Combined with Reverse Osmosis and Uv/H2o2 to Treat Wastewater Containing Pharmaceuticals and Produce High Quality Reuse Water

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Osmotic Bioreactor Combined with Reverse Osmosis and Uv/H2o2 to Treat Wastewater Containing Pharmaceuticals and Produce High Quality Reuse Water OSMOTIC BIOREACTOR COMBINED WITH REVERSE OSMOSIS AND UV/H2O2 TO TREAT WASTEWATER CONTAINING PHARMACEUTICALS AND PRODUCE HIGH QUALITY REUSE WATER Jessica Rodrigues Pires da Silva Tese de Doutorado apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Química, COPPE, da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, como parte dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do título de Doutor em Engenharia Química. Orientadores: Cristiano Piacsek Borges Fabiana Valéria da Fonseca Rio de Janeiro Março de 2021 OSMOTIC BIOREACTOR COMBINED WITH REVERSE OSMOSIS AND UV/H2O2 TO TREAT WASTEWATER CONTAINING PHARMACEUTICALS AND PRODUCE HIGH QUALITY REUSE WATER Jessica Rodrigues Pires da Silva TESE SUBMETIDA AO CORPO DOCENTE DO INSTITUTO ALBERTO LUIZ COIMBRA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO E PESQUISA DE ENGENHARIA (COPPE) DA UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO DE JANEIRO COMO PARTE DOS REQUISITOS NECESSÁRIOS PARA A OBTENÇÃO DO GRAU DE DOUTOR EM CIÊNCIAS EM ENGENHARIA QUÍMICA. Orientadores: Cristiano Piacsek Borges Fabiana Valéria da Fonseca Aprovada por: Prof. Cristiano Piacsek Borges Profa. Fabiana Valéria da Fonseca Prof. Frederico de Araujo Kronemberger Prof. João Paulo Bassin Profa. Marcia Marques Gomes Prof. Vítor Jorge Pais Vilar RIO DE JANEIRO, RJ – BRASIL MARÇO DE 2021 Silva, Jessica Rodrigues Pires Osmotic bioreactor combined with reverse osmosis and UV/H2O2 to treat wastewater containing pharmaceuticals and produce high quality reuse water/ Jessica Rodrigues Pires da Silva – Rio de Janeiro: UFRJ/COPPE, 2021. XVIII, 232p.: il; 29,7cm Orientadores: Cristiano Piacsek Borges Fabiana Valéria da Fonseca Tese (doutorado) – UFRJ/ COPPE/ Programa de Engenharia Química, 2021 Referências Bibliográficas: p. 192-227. 1. Bioreator osmótico. 2. Osmose inversa. 3. Água de reúso. 4. Fármacos. I. Borges, Cristiano Piacsek et al. II. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, COPPE, Programa de Engenharia Química. III. Título. iii Agradecimentos Agradeço, A Deus, por tudo que me foi dado na vida; A meus orientadores Cristiano P. Borges e Fabiana V. Fonseca por terem sido os melhores orientadores que eu poderia ter, sempre atenciosos, justos, generosos em repassar conhecimento, além de muito queridos. Agradeço imensamente por terem me acolhido no laboratório, confiado em mim e me guiado ao longo de todos esses anos; À minha família, e em especial a minha mãe, meu pai, minha avó, meu padrasto e meu namorado, que sempre me apoiaram e incentivaram a fazer doutorado em engenharia química, que nunca deixaram de acreditar em mim e que entenderam minhas ausências nessa jornada de quatro anos de dedicação ao doutorado; A meus amigos e parceiros dos laboratórios Larissa, Clarissa, Leandro, Sabrina, Felipe, Meliza, Sarah e Aline, que me ajudaram com os percalços da vida no laboratório, me incentivaram e foram um ouvido amigo nas horas difíceis; Aos amigos fora da vida da UFRJ, Daniela, Patrícia, Camila, Natasha, Ana Carla, Christine, Flávia, Gláucia, João e Paula, parte da minha vida há muitos anos, que me ajudavam a relaxar e lembrar que existe sim, vida além da vida acadêmica, sem nunca deixarem de me apoiar; À Dra. Mychelle Alves Monteiro e à Dra. Soraya Ochs da Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, pela parceria para o desenvolvimento desta Tese; E a todos que de alguma forma me apoiaram e torceram por mim para que esse sonho de ter um doutorado se concretizasse. iv Resumo da Tese apresentada à COPPE/UFRJ como parte dos requisitos necessários para a obtenção do grau de Doutor em Ciências (D.Sc.) BIOREATOR OSMÓTICO COMBINADO COM OSMOSE INVERSA E UV/H2O2 PARA TRATAMENTO DE EFLUENTE CONTENDO FÁRMACOS E PRODUÇÃO DE ÁGUA DE REÚSO DE ALTA QUALIDADE Jessica Rodrigues Pires da Silva Março/2021 Orientadores: Cristiano Piacsek Borges Fabiana Valéria da Fonseca Programa: Engenharia Química O objetivo desta Tese foi avaliar os processos de biorreator osmótico com membranas (OBRM), osmose inversa (OI) e oxidação avançada com ultravioleta e peróxido de hidrogênio (UV/H2O2) para o tratamento de efluente sintético visando a remoção de fármacos e produção de água de reúso. A combinação do OBRM com a OI é imprescindível quando se pretende reusar a água, já que o OBRM sozinho gera somente solução extratora (SE) diluída. Nesse trabalho, o sal pirofosfato de potássio (K4P2O7) foi usado como SE, e a OI foi usada para reconcentrar a SE. O permeado da OI é a água de reúso. Os resultados mostraram que com K4P2O7 se obteve baixa permeabilidade inversa de sais (0.05 LMH) enquanto se manteve atividade biológica no biorreator, medida em termos de taxa de consumo de oxigênio. A água de reúso produzida teve concentrações de nitrito, nitrato e dos fármacos sulfametoxazol, carbamazepina e diclofenaco 4, 10, 74, 6 e 4 vezes menores, respectivamente, do que as encontradas no permeado de OI após um BRM convencional, e não houve declínio de fluxo de permeado na OI após o OBRM. Constatou-se experimentalmente a permeação de fármacos do biorreator para a SE em quantidades relevantes, alcançando concentrações na faixa de µg.L-1 após 72h de -2 -1 operação contínua. Dose de UV de 816 mJ.cm com H2O2 de 30 mg.L removeu mais de 91% de todos esses fármacos acumulados na SE. Esses resultados demonstram a viabilidade técnica do processo combinado. Em termos de viabilidade econômica, o custo mínimo da água de reúso ficou em USD 1,23 por m³ de água produzida. v Abstract of Thesis presented to COPPE/UFRJ as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Science (D.Sc.) OSMOTIC BIOREACTOR COMBINED WITH REVERSE OSMOSIS AND UV/H2O2 TO TREAT WASTEWATER CONTAINING PHARMACEUTICALS AND PRODUCE HIGH QUALITY REUSE WATER Jessica Rodrigues Pires da Silva March/2021 Advisors: Cristiano Piacsek Borges Fabiana Valéria da Fonseca Department: Chemical Engineering The objective of this Thesis was to evaluate the processes of osmotic membrane bioreactor (OMBR), reverse osmosis (RO) and advanced oxidation with ultraviolet and hydrogen peroxide (UV/H2O2) for the treatment of synthetic wastewater, aiming removal of pharmaceuticals and production of reuse water. The combination of OMBR and RO is essential when the goal is to reuse water, since OMBR alone generates only diluted draw solution (DS). In this work, potassium pyrophosphate salt (K4P2O7) was used as DS, and RO was employed to reconcentrate the DS. The RO permeate corresponded to the reuse water. The results showed that, by using K4P2O7, low reverse salt permeability (0.05 LMH) was obtained while maintaining the biological activity in the bioreactor, measured in terms of oxygen uptake rate. Reuse water had concentrations of nitrite, nitrate and the pharmaceuticals sulfamethoxazole, carbamazepine and diclofenac 4, 10, 74, 6 and 4 times lower, respectively, than those found in RO permeate after a conventional MBR, and there was no water flux decline in the RO employed after OMBR. It was demonstrated experimentally that permeation of pharmaceuticals from the bioreactor to the DS occurs at considerable levels, reaching concentrations in the range of µg.L-1 after 72h of -2 -1 continuous operation. A UV dose of 816 mJ.cm with H2O2 of 30 mg.L removed more than 91% of all pharmaceuticals accumulated in the DS. These results demonstrate the technical feasibility of the combined process. In terms of economic feasibility, the minimum cost of reused water was USD 1.23 per m³ of water produced. vi SUMMARY Chapter 1 – Thesis Introduction................................................................................. 1 1.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 2 1.2 Hypotheses and Objectives ................................................................................... 5 1.3 Motivation ............................................................................................................. 7 1.4 Thesis Structure .................................................................................................... 8 1.5 Publications of the Thesis.................................................................................... 10 Chapter 2 - Study of effects of pharmaceuticals on the activated sludge process combining advanced oxidation using ultraviolet/hydrogen peroxide to increase their removal and mineralization of wastewater .............................................................. 12 2.1 Introduction and objectives ................................................................................ 13 2.2 Literature Review................................................................................................ 15 2.2.1 Micropollutants and pharmaceuticals .............................................................. 15 Definition ............................................................................................................ 15 Chromatographic methods for pharmaceuticals detection ................................... 19 Criteria for selection of environmentally relevant compounds ............................. 21 Environmental and health concerns associated with ocurrence of pharmaceuticals ............................................................................................................................ 32 2.2.2 Activated sludge ............................................................................................. 35 Process fundamentals .......................................................................................... 35 Acclimatization ................................................................................................... 36 Pharmaceutical removal ....................................................................................
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