1.954 . J CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE 7803 projects while the administration continues zatlon. . It -Is a fallacy to believe that there I want again to thank the committee for its attitude of prohibiting or limiting new· is any economy In alternately mobilizing and its time and to assure It that the Nationar starts. Large sections of our people ob demobilizing the engineering talent and Rivers and Harbors Congress stands ready serve with displeasure that some projects plant required to prosecute these programs. and willing to give whatever assistance it can that have been thoroughly justified and ap I am sure you will agree that steady prog to the committee and to the Congress gen proved by law remain on the books for years ress on these programs with adequate ap erally to further sound and coordinated -de while some recently authorized projects with propriations following authorization in a velopment of the Nation's water and land equal, but no better, justification will be more logical sequence will assure greater resources. initiated almost immediately upon author!- economy in the long run. I thank you.
tion of judgments in or from the District tary or naval service rendered during the SENATE Court for the Territory of Alaska; Korean conflict, and for other purposes; . H. R. 6113. An act to amend title 18 of the S. 2761. An act to approve repayment con TUESDAY, JUNE 8,1954 United States Code, so as to increase the pen tracts negotiated with the Hermiston and alties applicable to the smuggling of goods West Extension Irrigation Districts, Oregon,
-~ 7808 .'' CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE .- June 8 ·s. 3575. A bill to provide for the· relief ot · Under section 629 personnel who complete Federal Declaratory Judgments Act to the certain members of the Armed Forces who their overseas or Alaskan tour and return to Territory of Alaska; were required to pay certain transportation the States under orders relieving them from H. R. 1976. An act to amend title 28, United charges covering shipment of their bouse duty on 1 July 1953. are protected under the States Code, to permit the registration of hold goods and personal effects upon return saving provision of that section; personnel judgments in or from the district court for from overseas, and for other purposes. who were ordered overseas prior to 10 July the Territory of Alaska; 1952 but who returned on 30 June 1953, or H. R . 6113. An act to amend title 18 of the The letter accompanying Senate bill earlier, are not so protected. In the first United States Code, so as to increase t.he 3575 is as follows: case, the transportation, crating, etc. (if penalties applicable to the smuggling of DEPARTMENT OF THE Am FoRCE, within the limiting provisions of the joint goods into the United States; and Washington, May 26, 1954. travel regulations) are paid for by the Gov H. R. 7404. An act to amend section 3731 Hon. RICHARD M. NIXoN, ernment; in the second case the individual of title 18 of the United States Code relating President of the Senate. must reimburse the Government for pound to appeals by the United States; to the Com DEAR MR. PRESIDENT: There is enclosed a age in excess of 9,000 pounds net. The in mittee on the Judiciary. draft of legislation, "To provide for the relief dividual required to make such reimburse H. R. 6276. An act to amend the Ship of certain members of the Armed Forces who ment had, in good faith, shipped household goods to the overseas or Alaskan theater in Mortgage Act, 1920, as amended; were required to pay certain transportation H. R. 7468. An act to amend certain pro charges covering shipment of their house accordance with joint travel regulations then in effect. In some cases personnel for whom visions of part II of the Interstate Com hold goods and personal effects upon return merce Act so as to authorize regulation, for from overseas, and for other purposes." relief is sought are members of the Reserve who were recalled to active duty, had their purposes of safety and protection of the pub This proposed legislation is a part of the lic, of certain motor-carrier transportation Department of Defense legislative program household goods shipped at Government ex pense, were led to believe the return ship between points in foreign countries, insofar for 1954, and the Bureau of the Budget inter as such transportation takes place within poses no objection to submission of this ment would be at Government expense, and have since been called upon to defray part the United States; and proposal. . . H . R . 8647. An act to amend Revised Stat The responsibility for representing the De of the cost of the return shipment when being returned to an inactive dut y status. utes 4426; to the Committee on Interstate partment of Defense on this legislation has Actions of this nature len d support to the and Foreign Commerce. been delegated to this Department by the charge that the services are constantly H. R. 6487. An act to approve the repay Office of the Secretary of Defense. The De changing the conditions of service from ment contract negotiated with the Roza partment of the Air Force, on behalf of the those in effect at the time military personnel Irrigation District, Yakima project, Wash Department of Defense, recommends that came on active duty. ington, and to authorize its execution, and the proposal be enacted by the Congress. While the military departments have not for other purposes; PURPOSE OF THE LEGISLATION considered the 9,000-pound limitation to be H. R . 6893. An act to provide for a payment The purpose of this proposed legislation is applicable to intratheater moves of person to the Shoshone Irrigation District o:f a to afford relief for certain military personnel nel who were not subject to the limitation share of the net revenues from the Shoshone who, on their return from an overseas or on their overseas shipment, the proposal powerplant, and for other purposes; and Alaskan tour of duty, were charged with does empressly exempt suc.h moves from the H. J. Res. 356. Joint resolution authorizing transportation, packing, crating, temporary limitation. the erection of a memorial gift from the peo storage, drayage, and unpacking of household COST AND BUDGET DATA ple of the Netherlands; to the Committee goods and personal effects for poundage in If this proposal is enacted during fiscal on Interior and Insular Affairs. excess of 9,000 pounds net. year 1954, it is estimated that the following H. R. 6725. An act to reenact the author Certain provisions of the Joint Travel Reg increased costs will result: Army, $50,000; ity for the appointment of certain officers of ulations covering weight limitations on ship Navy, $13,000; Marine Corps, $500; Air Force, the Regular Navy and Marine Corps; and ments of household goods, established pur $5,000; total, $68,500. These amounts can be H. R. 8456. An act to provide for the con suant to the Career Compensation Act of absorbed within the funds available for fiscal veyance of certain hospital supplies and 1949, were limited by the Appropriation Acts year 1954. equipment of the United States to the city of 1953 and 1954. Sincerely yours, of Gulfport and to Harrison County, Miss.; Section 632 of Public Law 488, 82d Con HAROLD E. TALBOTT. to the Committee on Armed Services. gress (Department of Defense Appropriation H. R. 8041. An act to provide benefits un Act, 1953) , provides that no part of any ap der the laws administered by the Veterans' propriation contained in that act shall be Administration based upon service in the available to expense of transportation, pack OFFICIAL SEALS FOR USE OF SPEAK~ Women's Army Auxiliary Corps under cer ing, crating, temporary storage, drayage, and ER OF THE HOUSE OF REPRE~ tain conditions; unpacking of household goods and personal H. R. 8488. An act to restore eligibility of effects in excess of an average of 5,000 pounds SENTATIVES AND PRESIDENT PRO TEMPORE OF THE SENATE certain citizens or subjects of Germany or net, such average to be based on the total Japan to receive benefits under veterans' number of shipments authorized for perma Mr. BRIDGES submitted the follow laws; and nent change of station during the previous ing concurrent resolution Mr. HENDRICKSON. Mr. President, Maine ______------~ --- ~ --- __ 84 (4) (4) 49 99 yesterday my distinguished colleague New Hampshire ______72 (4) (4) 83 100 Vermont. __ ------32 (4) (4) 89 100 the senior Senator from New Jersey Massachusetts ______72 (4) 68 96 Rhode Island ______66 (4 ) [Mr. SMITH] paid a just and fitting Oonnecticu t. ______(i~ 68 100 tribute to the late Governor Hoffman, of 63 12 (4 68 88 New York ______53 2 2 68 96 New Jersey, whose sudden passing on last New Jersey ______78 2 2 64 98 Friday was a shock to all the people of Pennsylvania ______59 6 5 77 93 Ohio. ___ ------57 15 14 68 79 New Jersey. Indiana. __------61 15 14 68 74 I wish to take this opportunity to asso illinois __ ------55 21 21 60 6.5 Michigan ______55 10 10 63 85 ciate myself with everything the distin Wisconsin. ______46 1 1 87 97 guished senior Senator from New Jersey Minnesota ______59 7 7 73 79 had to say about Mr. Hoffman. I knew 79 8 8 84 86 63 14 14 71 76 the Governor intimately. I had served ~1~~oilli~N orth Dakota ~~~= =_ =_ ==___ ==__ ==_ ===______======__ = 30 44 44 32 38 with him in the New Jersey Senate when South Dakota ______68 17 17 71 74 Nebraska ______67 24 24 69 72 we were both clerks. I was clerk to the Kansas. ______48 42 42 52 55 majority and he was secretary to the Delaware ______-----_----____ 81 8 8 78 90 58 15 7 69 84 president of the New Jersey Senate. 57 27 9 54 71 Later I served in the Senate when he was West~~~f~~ Virginia == = = _= =- =- =-- = -----======- =----- = = = = -= =-- = -= 77 3 2 79 96 Governor of New Jersey---one of the most N orth Carolina ______24 67 19 22 29 South Carolina ______31 59 36 23 35 trying periods in our State's history. Georgia ______48 42 32 39 54 He had some stormy periods in his po Florida. . __------_------83 7 2 26 91 Kentucky------45 40 4 52 58 litical life, but he survived them all well. Tennessee.------__ ---- __-- -- 40 4.0 26 48 55 He was a man of great courage and fine Alabama._------43 45 45 37 49 M ississippL __ _- ---__ -_------__ - _- 27 53 53 29 35 humor. He was a great son of New Jer Arkansas. ______33 49 49 34 39 sey and distinguished soldier in two wars. Louisiana. ------_ 30 50 50 27 37 We shall miss him sorely. I join with Oklahoma ___ __------53 36 36 56 61 Texas.------45 39 39 45 51 my senior colleague, who yesterday ex Montana ___ _------50 40 40 47 54 tended his deepest sympathy to Mrs. Idaho.------58 18 18 41 69 Wyoming __ ------_------74 7 7 72 78 Hoffman and the other members of the Colorado. __------71 16 16 62 76 Hoffman family. The Hendricksons New Mexico. ------60 26 26 56 65 Arizona. ------48 39 39 29 li2 join with the other friends of Harold Utah ______------______71 7 7 70 86 Hoffman as they express their sorrow. Nevada. ______: ______87 (4) (4) 79 95 Washington------60 24 24 35 73 Oregon ____ ----____ ------67 12 12 43 81 California._------67 13 13 38 79 PRICE SUPPORTS AND THE SOURCES United StaU.S. ------56 23 20 56 70 OF FARM INCOME 1 Includes meat animals, poultry and eggs, vegetables, fruits, and nuts, and miscellaneous crops. Mr. FERGUSON. Mr. President, I ask 2 Wheat corn, cotton, rice, peanuts, and tobacco. unanimous consent that I may speak at 3 Most of the purchases of dairy products for price support are ~ncentrated in 5 States-Wisconsin, Minnesota, this time for approximately 5 minutes Tilinois, Missouri, and Iowa- with Nebraska and New York rankm gnext. 4 Less than 1 percent. on a matter relating to the farm program. Source: Agricultural Marketing Service. The VICE PRESIDENT. Without ob Mr. FERGUSON. Mr. President, I $1.3 billion; corn, $1.2 billion;· and to jection, the Senator from Michigan may may also point out that the great bulk of bacco, $275 million. While these few se proceed. our price-support operations today in lected crops receive the bulk of the price Mr. FERGUSON. Mr. President, dur volve only a few of the basic commodi support protection, 56 percent of our ing recent months, most of the debate on farm marketings are not under price sup the farm question has centered about ties. Roughly $5 billion of the $6.3 bil ports of any kind. Pt oducers of hogs, the question of ftexible price supports for lion which Commodity Credit Corpora cattle, poultry, eggs, and fresh fruits the six basic commodities-wheat, cot tion has invested in price supports is tied and vegetables not only have no direct ton, corn, tobacco, peanuts, and rice. up in wheat, corn, cotton, and tobacco. price support, but generally they have The President has recommended that Wheat loans and inventories account indicated that they do not want such a the present law, which provides for fiex- for approximately $2Y4 billion;_ cotton. program. 1954 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE _7811 In my own State of Michigan, only 10 Every proposed revision o~ the pro Ther_e being no objection, the state percent of · all farm income is . derived gram that I have seen has recognized ment was ordered to -be printed in the from basic commodities. Fifty-five per. the fact that tobacco is in a situation REcORD, as follows: cent of Michigan's farm income is sup peculiar to itself, and that, because of STATEMENT BY SENATOR BARRETl' plied by products which enjoy no pri~e its importance to the Nation and the I have before me the Department of Agri supports at all. Other crops already sup States from the revenue standpoint, by culture tabulations referred to by the Sena ported on a flexible basis-mainly dairy reason of which it must be thoroughly tor from Michigan. - products-account for the remaining 35 controlled, and because it relates to such In my own State of Wyoming, cash re percent. a small amount of acreage, it is entitled ceipts from nonsupported commodities, I note that in the great farm State of to the continuation of the 90 percent principally livestock, make up 74 percent of rigid support program. the total farm income. A similar situation Iowa only 8 percent of farmers' cash exists in most of the neighboring States. marketing receipts comes from the basic Mr. President, not only does such a Only 7 percent of Wyoming's farm income commodities. In Minnesota, the figure very small percentage, as shown by this is derived from the basic commodities which is 7 percent, and in Wisconsin, only 1 table, of the agricultural production of claim most of the attention in our consider percent. In fact, there are only 12 States Florida come within any price support ation of the farm situation. Certainly these in which farmers get 40 percent or more structure, but it is also true that our basic commodities are important to the of their income from the basic commodi three most important crops, namely, people who produce them. They are of grea~ ties. On the other hand, there are 33 citrus fruits, livestock, and winter vege importance to the farm economy in several States. But there are other commodities States in which farmers get more than tables, _not only have no price support which account for a far larger part of our half of their income from crops which structure, but do not want any price national farm income. are not under any kind of direct price support structure, and are asking only I believe it is dangerous . to assume that a. supports. to be left out of any new price support program which places most of the emphasis These figures certainly indicate that program. upon just six farm commodities will solve we have been assigning to price sup At the same time, as taxpayers our the entire agricultural problem. Yet I am ports-and particularly price supports Florida people have a very real concern afraid that some of the advocates of con on the six basic commodities-an impor tinued 90-percent supports for the basics are with a program which is placing undue basing their arguments on such a premise. tance vastly out of proportion to their emphasis upon a few selected crops I agree completely with the statement of real significance. which are piling up at an alarming rate the Senator from Michigan that producers All the evidence indicates that both in Government warehouses. It is di1n of many nonsupported farm commodities do the Government and the farmers them cult to justify the continuation of a pro not look with favor upon any move to extend selves have gotten into serious difficul gram which has failed to stabilize prices Government price supports to their products. ties only on the commodities which have of some of these basic commodities des This is particula,rly true of the cattle in been supported at 90 percent of parity. pite the huge outlay of Government dustry. We have come through a period of serious This is itself is a convincing argument funds. readjustment in cattle prices. But the im for more flexibility in our farm program, It has been pointed out by the Senator portant thing is that we came through it along the lines recommended by the from Michigan that we have nearly with cattlemen, rather than the Government President. $2% billion invested in wheat price sup in control of the industry. Cattle prices port operations-more than one-third of have moved considerably higher during re cent months and except for the possibility of THE PRICE-SUPPORT PROGRAM all the funds committed to all farm price support programs. Despite price sup drought the outlook is good. I am convinced ·- Mr. HOLLAND. Mr. President, I have that the situation would not have been ports at 90 percent of parity, the De straightened out as simply and effectively it noted with a great deal of interest the partment of Agriculture reports that as the Government had succumbed to the pleas statement placed in the RECORD by the o! May 15 farmers were receiving an of some elements for a price-support pro distinguished senior Senator from average of only 80 percent of parity for gram on live cattle. Michigan [Mr. FERGUSON] relative to the wheat. The PRESIDING OFFICER 1812 June 8 r ask unanimous 'COnsent that the pre .Program in which farmers by direct vote last year as he could have purchased for the agreed to cooperate in order to -reduce the same aD?-ount of labor a quarter century pared text of this address be printed in surplus in this basic crop. It has only been ago. He could have bought more than twice the RECORD. . - this past spring that similar programs for as much cheese., and the costs of other foods There being no objection, the address '-earn and cotton, two other basic crops, have are in similar proportions. was ordered to be printed in the RECOJU>, been inaugurated. And meanwhile we have I have already cited some of the unfavor as follows: not built our exports nor established a pro able trends in real farm income which I be FARM INCOME DROPS gram to use our surplus food to meet our lieve place the farm family in a difficult situ own domestic needs or the requirements of a~ion and which if they continue would offer (Address by Senator THYE at six-county Dairy Day program, Anoka, Minn., June 3, 1954) areas in the world where scarcity exists. All a serious threat to an expanding and stable ·of these are steps which in my opinion must economy. A further index to the agricul The needs of American agriculture, as a -come ahead of any action that will upset or -tural situation today is provided by the basic industry,· and the requirements of a dislocate the parity price support program figure on farm indebtedness. The farm sound farm program, as a national economic now in effect in this country. mortgage debt in 1945-which was the lowest necessity, have many important phases. In considering what lt would mean, just in the 40-year period from 1914 to the pres President Eisenhower has presented a pro to the farmers alone, if the downward trend ent-was $4,760,000,000. It has risen every gram to Congress covering many of these in farm income is accelerated because of an year since that time until today it stands at problems, and there is a large area of agree unwise shift in the levels of price support an estimated $7,800,000,000. That is an in- ment regarding them, both in Congress and which have prevailed during these periods -crease of nearly 63 percent in the farm among agricultural leaders. when full production on the farm has been mortgage debt in the ,past 8 years. When I As we have examined these needs, from so essential to the well-being of this country, think of the credit situation, and what could the point of view of both our immediate sit let us take a look at the situation. Our happen if we had any kind of a recession uation and our long-range objectives, we American farmers, in general, have suffered in agriculture, I am particularly concerned have found the debate centering more and a very serious drop in their net income. In about the young man who has gone into more on the question of whether or not the 1947, when the realized gross income of farm farming which today requires such a large present program of price supports at 90 per operators was slightly over $34 billion, the ·capital investment in equipment, and I am cent of parity on basic commodities should net income was $16,774,000,000 Last year the .reminded of the tragic conditions in the be continued or a flexible program put into realized gross farm income was near $35 bil depression years of the early thirties when effect at the end of this year. We need to lion, but the net income of farmers was only foreclosure of farm mortgages reached the bring that point of controversy into correct $12,800,000,000. That means there was a drop "highest peak in the history of this country. perspective. We ·need to look at the facts of about $4 blllion in the annual net return and draw our conclusions from them. of farmers in spite of the larger gross income, MUST HEED WARNING SIGNALS My own position on this point can be sim all due to the fact that farmers' operating The American people have reason to be ply stated. I favor continuing the manda costs were $5 billion higher last year than in concerned about these economic warning tory level of 90 percent price supports for a comparable 12-month period 7 years ago. signals that are today apparent in agricul the 6 basic agricultural commodities for the Farmers' income is not keeping pace with ture. A further serious downward trend present. I consider unwise the action of the the national income. The percentage of the could upset the whole of our national econ Secretary of Agriculture in reducing the level national income originating in agriculture omy. It is a well-established fact, which of price supports for dairy products from was only 6 percent in 1953, the lowest per needs no restatement, that if the farmer is 90 percent to 75 percent on April 1, and I centage ever recorded. It was 7.1 percent in in economic trouble that difficulty would have urged Congress to act by writing into 1952. The lowest previous figure to these soon be retl.ected in every business, in every the law a provision that would prevent such was for 1932 when it was 7.3 percent. By industry, in the pay envelope of every worker a drastic change in a single marketing year. contrast it was 11.6 percent in 1947. in this country. In fact, only if we main ·The full effect of the drop in the dairy The Department of Agriculture only re tain this Nation's economy in ba1ance, with price-support level has not yet been felt by cently announced that this Nation's farmers every important segment sharing fairly in the producer, but I am convinced it will earned 9 percent less money last year than the national income, can we have real na prove serious unless it is modified. 'the year before, while at the same time city tional prosperity and well-being. My conclusions are based first on the pres dwellers' income increased in total by more The point I am trying to make, with ref ent economic condition of the farmer, and, than 6 percent. erence to why I think we should not change secondly, on the firm conviction that if we . the basis of the price-support program at are to have an orderly program and prevent FARM SHARE OF FOOD DOLLAR LOW this time, is that we must avoid unnecessary the liquidation of many farmers we must Another development that seems serious to disrupting factors which could start a train .first bring our surpluses into manageable me is the fact that the -farmer who grows -of events of serious import to our economy. proportions and establish a basis that will the food is today getting less of the con Drastic fluctuations in policy must be avoid ]Jermit farmers to bring their production sumer's food dollar than at any time in the ed. The President himself has made clear into better balance in cooperation with the last 12 years. In fact, the farmer was ac his belief in that viewpoint when he said: Government. tually receiving only about 45 cents of the "Adjustment to a new farm program must Many of our newspapers have .printed ad .consumer's food dollar in 1953. That is the be accomplished gradually in the interest of verse editorial comment concerning the lowest the farmer's share of the consumer's the Nation's farming population and in the mandatory price-support program. They, food dollar has been since World War II, interest of the economy of the Nation as and other observers, have become alarmed at and in fact the lowest since 1941, when it a whole." the extent of Government inventories of was 44 cents. The high point in this period In the face of this basic consideration, farm commodities resulting from the price was 53 cents in 1945: we have been confronted with the order of support program. "We cannot go on this In other words, the costs of processing, -the Secretary of Agriculture in reducing from way," they have said, "and we must put the distributing, and selling are taking more 90 percent to 75 percent the price-support fiexible price-support program into effect at of the consumer's food dollar, and the pro _Ie:vel for milk for manufacture and butterfat once." I respect this point of view, but I do ducer on the farm is getting less for the sold by farmers during the marketing year not believe it is based upon a full considera basic product. These statistics alone prove beginning April 1. It has been stated that tion of what may happen to our farm econ that if food prices to the consumer are too the Secretary of Agriculture had no alterna omy if there is a further slide downward of high, that is not due to what the farmer tive under the Agricultural Act of 1949 but the farmer's income. Furthermore, I do not gets because the farmer's share is growing to reduce the level of price support from believe that the facts will support another less and less. As a matter of fact food prices the maximum to the minimum in view of contention often heard that the price-sup today are low relative to wages, and it is the surplus of dairy products and the extent port program is responsible for high prices largely as a result of the high level of pro of these commodities in Government ware which the consumer must pay for food. This duction of our American farmer that workers houses. Twenty-five members of the Sen contention is irresponsible and untrue. -can buy substantially more food with an ate have joined me in a bill to limit to 5 We must not forget that our American hour's labor than in any earlier period in percent in any marketing year the produc farmers brought their production to a: high our history. tion in the parity &upport level of milk, level during the war period to meet the needs As an example of this I have recently had butterfat and their products, and to relate of this country and its allies for food and an opportunity to examine some authentic the supports for dairy products to those fiber that were essential to ·winning the war. figures furnished me by the legislative refer S. 1400. An .act to permit .the -Secretary of . The United States -is ·the center <>f the r by, inc-reasing the dosage ef the very ·Agriculture to release th_e-reversianary ._ rigP-.1!_s ·economic .syst-em -of· the free ·world. We .cpoison that -had -brought _our- downfall -of the United States in and to a tract of in .this country account for half the total by resorting to a stil1 more exaggerated land located in Wake County, N. C.; · S. 1794. An act to reimburse the South production of non-Communist countries. protectionism. Trade barriers of every Dakota State Hospital for the Insane for the We are the world's largest exporter and ·kind multiplied, and as a result unsalable care of Indian patients; and its largest impcrter. The economies of surpluses piled up everywhere. S. J. Res. 119. -Joint resolution to vali the free nations of the world are based Such was the situation in 1933. date conveyance of a 40-acre tract in Oka upon our economy, and our friends watch Emergency action was indicated, and a loosa County, Fla. .us closely for any hint of change in our .m-an from the hill country of Tennessee, The message also announced that the way of doing. business . . Failure to ex.,. a -fellow townsman of mine, former Sec House had agreed to the report of the ·tend the reciprocal trade-agreements law retary of State Cordell Hull, strode for committee of conference on the disagree before it expires is almost certain to -ward boldly to prescribe a new medicine ing votes of the two H-ouses on the -cause a nervousness in free world mar for a sick world. In 1934 he proposed the amendments of the Senate to ·the bill .kets-a fear that the United States is reciprocal trade-agreements formula to 7816 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE June 8 . we are dependent on them, to perhaps as The fact is that in most lines, the sur item did not exceed, say, 5 percent of great a degree. plus production of any one of our allies domestic production. Mr. GORE. The United States can is but a drop in the bucket when com A recent authoritative study shows not stand alone economically or mili pared to our economy. Our economy is that imports of 70 items on our tariff list tarily and be safe in a world in which an the strongest in the world, and our pro do not exceed 5 percent of our domestic · international conspiracy is driving hard duction is the greatest. In most lines of production. Of these 70 items, imports for economic domination, political dom production we are well able to stand the of 40 did not exceed 1 percent of our do ination, and military supremacy. I know competition. mestic production. Yet in some cases that the distinguished Senator from However, we do have a few lines of the duties on these very same items are Montana understands that I gave only production in which we do not enjoy prohibitive, ranging as high as 150 per a partial list of the strategic supplies comparative production advantages. In cent on an ad valorem basis. which must necessarily be obtained· in these cases a substantial increase in I submit that we can well afford to al foreign countries. The list is a long competitive exports may prove injurious low some of these products to be im one. Some of the most vital items I to them. These facts I frankly recog ported in large quantities without dam have not mentioned. nize. But I also realize that there are aging the American economy or domes We have reached a crossroads in our relatively few of these industries, all tic producers. It seems to me that if foreign trade where we must decide the relatively small. Alongside these facts any industry claims that anything less course we are to take. For decades we must be measured the overall necessity than 95 percent or 99 percent of the have been the world's largest creditor of trade with our friends of the free home market means injury, that indus nation. Every year since 1880 our ex world. try has some proving to do. ports have exceeded our imports. The I believe the facts show that substan Mr. KEFAUVER. Mr. President, will dollar gap reached the staggering total tial increases can be made in our im the Senator yield at that point? of $10.3 billion in 1944, then began to ports, on a s~lective basis, without in Mr. GORE. I am happy to yield to drop off until it was down to $1.4 billion jury to the American economy. my distinguished colleague from Ten in 1950. Most of this decline in the What we must keep in the forefront nessee. dollar gap between 1944 and 1950 is a of our minds is that the United States Mr. KEFAUVER. The Senator's result of our foreign aid programs. economy is a very, very large economy, speech is a very timely one, because However, since 1950 we have been reduc and that, in comparison, the economies while we hear a great deal about the ne ing the extent of our foreign aid, and of our allies are very small. Everything cessity of increasing foreign trade, very the dollar gap has grown until last year we do in this country in the economic little has been done about it. it amounted to $4.89 billion. I think sphere has repercussions abroad in mul On the question of whether our own it is no longer wise for this country to tiplied effect. The slightest economic industry can stand increased imports try to fill in the dollar gap in the free recession here is feared by our allies be and whether, as a matter of fact, it world balance of payments by foreign cause the backwash upon them, relatively would not be beneficial for the overall aid doles. Neither our taxpayers nor speaking, is a tidal wave. The inverse is business of this Nation to have increased the countries involved want doles to con true as to prosperity here. It creates a imports, has it not been the experience tinue. Both we and they want trade, tremendous uplift abroad. Because of during the normal years of operation not aid. this disproportionate effect, even the under the reciprocal trade agreements It is likely that we shall have to con smallest of concessions made by the program, when Mr. Cordell Hull was tinue military aid to some of our allies United States, in relation to our economy, Secretary of State, that by increasing for some time, but I believe the time has means a lot to our allies. imports slightly American production come to reduce economic aid to an ir Mr. HUMPHREY. Mr. President, will and business increased very substan reducible minimum. How, then, is the the Senator from Tennessee yield? tially? dollar gap to be filled? To my mind Mr. GORE. I yield to the distin Mr. GORE. I believe the answer to there is only one feasible answer: To guished Senator from Minnesota. the distinguished Senator's question is increase and expand trade among the "Yes." It not only benefited the bilat Mr. HUMPHREY. I have heard an eral trade, but it also spread among the free nations of the world. But trade is analogy made which I believe is appro a two-way street. priate to what the Senator is outlining nations of the free world. As the distin If we are to sell to our allies what they today. To explain the relationship of guished .Senator knows, because he has must have to thrive and prosper, then the United States economy to Western made a study of the reciprocal trade we must allow them to increase sales of Europe, it was said that when the United agreement program, the program envi their surpluses and earn more dollars in States catches cold, Western Europe gets sions not only an increase in trade on a the American market. pneumonia. I believe that analogy in bilateral basis, but also concessions and I am well aware that any proposal to dicates the very sensitive nature of the trade benefits spread to the community increase imports will bring protests relationship of the American economy to of nations. Therefore, when trade is in from the protectionist interests of some the Western European economy. In creased between two nations, as a result segments of American business. We other words, Europe is very sensitive to of the reciprocal trade agreements, its shall be told in anguished tones that this what we do. The Senator from Ten benefits are spread throughout the com business or that will be driven out of nessee is absolutely correct when he munity of free nations. existence if imports are increased ever points out that there is involved not only Mr. KEFAUVER. In other words, the so slightly. The American free enter an internal problem for our own country Senator means that increasing imports, prise businessman is supposed to be the but one that has world-wide ramifica let us say, from Norway, will likely mean most efficient operator in the world; and tions. that Norway will buy something from I believe he is. He is supposed to thrive Sweden, and that Sweden, in order to Mr. GORE. I thank the Senator very make that article, must in turn buy some and grow prosperous on competition; much. He has illustrated what I have and I believe competition is healthy. products from the United States. In been trying to indicate in my remarks. that way there is a fanning out result But some of them quake in their boots Because of this fact, I believe it is at the thought of a little competition ing in help to all the nations inv~lved. possible for the United States to lower Mr. GORE. Yes; the most-favored from some of our small allies. For those duties on a number of items that are im segments of American industry, free en nations clause is indeed an effective and ported in negligible quantities, when integral part of the reciprocal trade terprise and competition are fine on the compared with our production and our domestic front, but not on an interna agreement program. As I said earlier market. We could, for example lower the economy of the United States is tional basis. The American free enter duties and guarantee to the countries of th~ prise system has fathered some tough center of the free world economy. It is Western Europe and Japan substantially of such magnitude and its market is so operators who can :fight efficiently and increased shipments to us percentage large that if our country practices a re effectively for domestic and interna wise, with the assurance that we would strictive policy the smaller countries are tional markets on a no-holds-barred not interfere with those imports. To be forced in self -defense to do likewise. basis. But it has also fathered some who specific, we could tell these countries that Mr. KEFAUVER. Will the Senator run to Uncle Sam to fight their battles on certain items we would not invoke the yield for a further question? over the smallest foreign competition. escape clallSe so long as imports of an Mr. GORE. I yield. 1.95!, CONGRESSIONAL ~ RECORD-SENAn-- ?/817 . Mr;KEFAUVER. . AU-of us have read would · observe that this· is another in economic relationships· throu~nout -- the the statement made by Mr. Franco, the ~tance of- Democratic cooperation in world. dictator of Spain, to. the effect -that the helping the administration to put over The second point, which -came out of time had come, -in. his opinion, for the a program for which we have all been Mr. Stalin's address, was that the Soviet free nations of the world to place an calling and which we all desire. Union-must wage a rele-ntless--and these absolute embargo upon any of the free Mr. GORE. Fortunately, there are are . the wordS-"a . relentless economic nations which trade with Communist things we can do. There are means we war against the Uruted States in trade nations. Does no.t the Senator feel that can take which, instead of hurting the relationships.'' That was in September the best way to stop trade with Com Pnited States, will help both the United of 1952. · munist nations is for the free nations, States and other nations. . In April of 1953 there was a meeting with the United States taking the lead, .In numerous instances, just a small in in Moscow which was laughed at in many to have an affirmative program of -their crease in imports, in terms of the per of the American journals. It apparent own, so that their trade po1icies will centage of our production, would mean ly was not too much thought of in high not stifle .trade and in that way force a terrific difference in the balance-of places in Government. That meeting some of the free nations to trade with payment situation for the country in was the first of the trade conferences countries behind the Iron Curtain? volved. In several cases where imports which the Soviets sponsored. We did Mr. GORE. That is indeed the fact. supply less than 1 perc.ent -of our mar not hear very much about it except as it It may sound very good to some to read ket, an increase to 5 percent of our mar came through the . grapevine from a a statement or a proposal that the free ket would mean an increase of 300 to number of people who denied that they world should completely stop trade with 400 percent in exports from Western had any purpose in being there except to Iron Curtain countries. However, how Europe. see how chilly it was in Moscow in would such a prQposal operate in the This, Mr. President, is not sleight of April. - · - · case of a country like Sweden, which band. It is simply a recognition of the Then there was a m~eting in Vienna, must have coal from Poland, when she fact that our economy is so big, and the Austria, of the International Chamber is offered a trade agreement by which 'economies of our allies are so small in of Commerce. Who does the Senator she can sell her surpluses and obtain coal comparison, that we can, withQut injury think were the most honored guests from Poland? . Coal is available in the to ourselves, giv~ our allies a terrific there? Representatives of the Soviet United States. Coal is available for ex boost, reduce foreign aid without dis Union and the Soviet trade delegations. port from the State which the distin locating their· economies, and. at the I make this statement only in connec guished Senator and I have the honor same time greatly strengthen our own tion w1th -the remarks of the Senator to represent. However, how can Sweden and the free world economy. from Tennessee, that our economic re buy .American. coal and pay the wages Mr. 'HUMPHREY. Mr. President, will lationships are more important than our of American coal miners, unless she can the Senator from Tennessee yield? miiitary relationships. gain some dollars somewhere? It is all Mr. GORE. I yield. . · The tragedy of the American policy is very well and good for .Mr. Franco to Mr. HUMPHREY. First of all, I wish -that it spends too little time on the ·is make the proposal, but again I come -again to congratulate the Senator from sue of economic policy-. We have been back to the point that for some nations ·Tennessee on his very splendid presenta led to believe that if we get people to trade is a stark necessity; they must tion. It is not simply a good presenta .sign a piece of paper saying we are al either trade or starve, or they must either tion, but it provides very thoughtful and lies, that is all there is to it, whereas, as trade or suffer from cold. important material which has needed to the Senator from Tennessee has pointed Mr. KEFAUVER. Is it not undoubt be discussed in the Senate Chamber for .out so well, once we establish economic edly true that most of the free nations ·a long time. patterns and trade relations, political would rather trade with us or with some About a year ago I made some com .friendship follows. That is just as true other free nation? Trade they must; ments on the question of world trade. ,today as it -was in the time of Aristotle. but if we .. are not going to make it pos I have just been checking back through Aristotle, in his book entitled "Politics," sible for them to trade with us.. then, some of the old CONGRESSIONAL RECORDS pointed out 2,500 years ago that politics -of necessity, and as a matter of sur of that period. As the Senator from and economics are inseparable and that vival, they must look elsewhere. Tennessee knows, while we were con -trade, economics, and political relation Mr. GORE. I think the Senator is ducting a very hard fought election cam ships tend to blend and tie peoples to eminently correct. As I said earlier, I paign in our country in 1952, leaders of gether. doubt if it is :within the power of the the Communist nations were called into : What the junior Senator from Ten United States to decree that the na a meeting in Moscow known as the 19th .nessee has been saying is that the Soviet tions which must trade in order to live International Congress of the Commu Union, international commu.nism, is must trade neither with the Iron Cur nist Party. That meeting took place at making progress not only by providing a tain countries nor with us. If we ex ·a very well chosen time, because the _larger, bigger air force, which has been pect them to refrain from economic ties American mind, the American press, and .referred to on this floor, and not only and friendships or from following the American public opinion were concen by putting us on the d~fensive i.n the trade routes into the Communist world, trated upon the election. Yet, in Mos .Far East, but is making progress in a it seems to me we must make it possible cow, plans were drawn for a change in _field in whicll we should be experts. for them to trade with the United States Soviet tactics, particularly in the area of How many new trade agreements has and the other free nations of the world. ·trade. _this country made in the past -year? Mr. KEFAUVER. From both sides of From the two basic speeches at that Mr. GORE. I know of none. the aisle, f-or 2 or 3 years, we have been meeting two decisions were reached. : Mr. HUMPHREY. Does the ·Senator hearing the slogan "trade, not aid." We One speech was given by Mr. Malenkov wish to know why? · It is because when -have been hearing about the necessity of who spoke for 5¥2 hours. He would we passed the Reciprocal Trade Agree -extending the reciprocal trade-agree- have possessed credentials for a good ment Extension Act a year .ago, in order ments program not only for a year' but Senator in that instance. The other .to get it through the Congress, the Sec .for several years, so that our friends may speech was made by Mr. Stalin. That )'etary of State said in testimony that if -know what our- program will be. We speech was a 25,000-word treatise en.:. .we would only pass it, nothing would be -have been hearing all kinds of organiza- done under it. In other words. we were tions, businesses, and labor talking about titled "The Economics of Bolshevism." going to put up the sign, but no business 'enlarging and extending trade and set The two thoughts and the programs would be done inside. The lights would ting the pace for trade among free na which came out of those two speeches be turned on, but there would be noth ·tions of the world, but up to this point it were, number one, for Mr. Malenkov, ing on the shelves. does not seem that the .administration that it is the supreme objective of the It is .about time we started to coordi has done very much about it. Soviet Union to divide the United States -nate our foreign policy in terms of its ·· ·I, ·for one; wish to express my grati from her Allies, or to divide her Allies ,political implications, its military and tude to the distinguished junior Senator from the United States, and as a supple -securit~ aspects, its economic .relation,. from Tennessee, and other Senators who mental point, to weaken the North At: -ships,. and its_information relationships. are actively pushing the proposal which !antic ·Treaty Organization and put We have an ·intorqtation program the administration has favored, and I .America on the defensive in terms of our which has been practically half-'wrecked 7818 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE June 8 by untimely and unwise investigations Oregon refers. I hesitate to confess that pared, and even unwilling to follow which have demoralized it. We have a I was not aware of the conferences, but through on even the· modest program New Look program and a "smaller bang that does not mean that there may not which the President announc·ed and sent for the buek," and I think it is fair -to have been some persons who were aware to Congress. Such a course could en ask anyone what is our foreign policy. of them.· However, I was not aware of able Soviet Russia to take over the trade I should like to ask any living Amer them. of the free world without firing a single ican-in fact, I should like to call upon I only say-and I say it not in a spirit shot. some of the great dead-what is the of acrimony but in a spirit of deep con Mr. GORE. I thank the distinguished American foreign policy in the Far East? cern for our country-that there is not Senator from Oklahoma for his enlight There is certainly no one in the Con~ a clear-cut, well-defined policy on the ening comments. I am certain he is gress who knows what it is, because we part of this Government in the Far East, aware of the fact that of 89 commodities, have not been informed. in the southeast Asiatic areas, and even our imports of which are less than 10 Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, will the in areas of Africa. In fact, I think what. percent of our domestic production, our Senator from Tennessee yield for one our policy may be or is in South America exports of many are greater than our question? is somewhat dubious. I know what it imports. I think those industries can Mr. GORE. I yield. is in Western Europe: a policy of collec hardly claim to be sick because of com Mr. MOREE. If I am not mistaken, tive security in an area which needs to petition. Fortunately, President Eisen the junior Senator from Minnesota is be firmed up. hower recommended a course of action a member of the Committee on Foreign, Mr. GORE. I appreciate the contri on March 30, when he asked for a 3-year Relations. Does he mean to say that he butions of the distinguished Senator extension of the Reciprocal Trade Agree is asking what the foreign policy pro- from Minnesota and the distinguished ments Act, along with some cautious gram is? · Senator from Oregon on foreign policy. amendments which he hoped would ex Mr. HUMPHREY. I mean to say that The burden of my thought is on eco pand our international trade. He made that is exactly what I am doing. I may nomic foreign policy. I know there are this request after a thorough study of not be the best informed member of the various areas of agreement and disagree the situation by the Randall Commis committee. I will plead to that weak ment, but I believe that I am coming sion. ness. But men of great repute and fame to one area in which there is agreement, I was not sympathetic with the agree have frankly said that we do not have particularly on this side of the aisle. ment reached and the understanding a foreign policy in the Far East. If we Mr. MONRONEY. Mr. President, will stated by Secretary Dulles a year ago, do have one, it is one of the closest the Senator yield? to the effect that if an extension were guarded secrets of this administration Mr. GORE. I yield. granted, the power would not be used. or of any other. It is marked, "Top Mr. MONRONEY. I wish to associ I recognized, and I think it was fair to Secret. Classified Information." ate myself with the splendid remarks have recognized, that the administration I conclude by saying to the distin and timely warning which the distin was newly in power, and that it deserved guished Senator from Tennessee that guished junior Senator from Tennessee is some time for study. Therefore, I voted it is impossible to have a foreign policy giving to the country. After the United for the 1-year extension of the Re unless there is included within it the eco States has spent untold billions of dol ciprocal Trade Agreements Act, in the nomic aspects. The Senator is emi lars to help to restore the production fa knowledge that, by so doing, the name nently correct in saying that such a for cilities and to build up the production and spirit of the act would be preserved, eign policy can be formulated with much of Western Europe by some 80 or 90 even though it was understood that the less pain and much less cost than in the percent, I believe we shall find our great power would not be used. manner we are pursuing. help in reconstructing their facilities Mr. JOHNSON of Texas. Mr. Pres Mr. MORSE. Mr. President, will the working to our disadvantage, because we ident, will the Senator yield? Senator from Tennessee yield once more? have left the European countries in a Mr. GORE. I yield. Mr. GORE. In a moment. position of being all dressed up with no place to go. Mr. JOHNSON of Texas. Is not the I thank the Senator from Minnesota Senator from Tennessee sounding a for his contribution. There have been We have shown them, through their warning that the Nation is in grave instances during this year and last year delegations which have come to Amer danger of permitting a few, but highly when I did not find it possible to support ica, how to package goods for the Amer vocal, private industries to determine the the administration; but there have been ican market. We have advised them how to market their goods, and we have Nation's trade policy? many other instances in which I have Mr. GORE. I am, indeed. I am in found it possible to support the admin advised them on selling arrangements. Then we find that, instead of having a debted to the Senator from Texas, who istration. I come now to an area :n has pointed up the situation with lan which I can give wholehearted support trade policy which will enable them to hope to obtain enough dollars to pay for guage more persuasive than that which to the recommendations of the President. I have employed. I yield to the Senator from Oregon. the materials which they buy from us, Mr. MORSE. With the same under we are lifting our tariff walls to a high Mr. JOHNSON of Texas. Is not this standing, that I may ask the distin point. a case of the economic tail wagging the guished junior Senator from Minnesota Mr. GORE. I thank the Senator economic dog? a question. from Oklahoma. I agree with him that Mr. GORE. Again, the distinguished Mr. GORE. I hope the Senator from we can easily admit to our market larger senior Senator from Texas has expressed Oregon will make his remarks brief, be quantities of certain products. himself in an inimitable way. Not only cause it is necessary for me to leave the Mr. MONRONEY. Two cents out of am I sounding that warning, but I also Chamber shortly. every dollar of American trade would wish to point out with what success those Mr. MORSE. I think it is the same balance the books of the free world and to whom he referred already have met. plane which I shall have to catch. would give the countries of the free Even though the Randall Commission I am disturbed about what the Sena world hope for full production under a made its report-and I think the admin tor from Minnesota has said. I ask him free enterprise capitalistic system. That istration, as I have said, was entitled this question: As a member of the Com would not only strengthen those coun to have a tariff study made-and even mittee on Foreign Relations of the United tries, but it would also strengthen Amer though the President had made his rec States Senate, did he read in yesterday's ica. It would frustrate an attack by an ommendation to Congress, the high-pro Washington Post and Times-Herald the E-bomb, which could be more deadly tection group has won its first engage alleged account, in chronological order, than an H-bomb or an A-bomb. The ment without so much as a skirmish. of conferences at a high level between economic bomb, which the distinguished Mr. JOHNSON of Texas. Mr. Presi the administration and foreign diplo junior Senator from Minnesota spoke of, dent, will the Senator further yield? mats? If he did, was he, as a member will have, I fear, greater repercussions Mr. GORE. I yield. of the Committee on Foreign Relations, on the freedom of the world if Russia Mr. JOHNSON of Texas. What the aware of any of those steps at the time recognizes that in order to have free Senator is saying, in effect, is that unless they were alleged to have been taken.? world trade, it is necessary for the free Congress takes action, we shall be letting Mr. HUMPHREY. I am familiar with countries to find markets for their goods. the fears of the few determine the des the article to which the Senator from· Yet the United States sits back, unpre- tiny of the many. Is that not correct? 1954 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE .7819" Mr. GORE.- -Indeed, that is so. The they are actually making fabulous of The thoughts I am about to express high protectionist group, as I have said, fers of trade, and such offers are already are from the standpoint of one who is a won the first engagement without a being taken advantage of. member of the Committee on Armed skirmish. I am sorry that the President Mr. MONRONEY. And to meet that Services. That committee deals daily so easily gave in. I should have much trade competition, which is entirely new with military problems. It is now hav preferred that he had restated his posi from the Communist side, and which we ing a hearing on a billion-dollar con tion of March 30 and had stuck by his have not had to face in the past, we struction program. The Committee on guns. He would have had my support. are asked not only to retreat from the Appropriations will request billions of He still will have my support for his program of a 3-year extension of the dollars for military purposes. This trade recommendations. They do not go reciprocal trade agreements act with a country is tied up in military alliances· so far as I think they should have gone, 5-percent reduction in our tariffs under with other countries all over the world. : but they are a step in the right direc such trade agreements, but we are offered More forcefully every day I realize that tion. an extension of only 1 year, without any -these military alliances cannot possibly I say that our foreign trade policy is reduction in our tariffs. Everyone knows be effective or enduring, and do not have too important to be sacrificed without a that practically all the negotiable re a chance to serve their purposes, unless struggle. The high protectionist group ductions have previously been made. they are supported by economic alli is now attempting to drive a harder bar Can a nation so great as ours, with a ances, whether formal or not, which will gain. It is seeking to get another agree market which is desired beyond all other cause trade to ebb and flow between the ment which will allow a 1-year extension markets in the world, hope to win a nations of the free world. of the act, provided the administration trade war on a year's basis? Foreign The Senator from Tennessee has agrees that it will not enter into any new trade offensives are not won in a brief spoken about a battle for survival. I trade treaties. I shall not sit -still or interval by saying, "We cannot promise think the battle is in progress right now. stand still and permit that to happen, in you anything for the future, and you The basic battle for survival of the free sofar as I can help to prevent it. I think can be sure you can have only for an world will not be fought with shooting our foreign-trade policy is too important other year what you have had for years." irons, but with the very economic weap for that kind of shabby treatment. Secondly, nations must make plans for ons the Senator from· ·Tennessee is so Mr. JOHNSON of Texas. I wish to production far ahead of time, because ably discussing. Like it or not, so far commend the Senator upon the state production . is not achieved overnight, as our Nation is concerned, we are going ment he is making today. I am not and, therefore, they will have to look in to have to yield to the necessity of having aware of any inquiries having been made, another direction than in the direction more foreign trade; otherwise, we will and perhaps it is of no interest to the of this country for friendly alliances literally drive into the arms of our paten- · administration. But I am certain that with regard to future trade. tial enemies nations with which we are the Senator from Tennessee speaks for Mr. STENNIS. Mr. President, will allied militarily in order that they may a great number of other Senators on this the Senator from Tennessee yield? survive in the trade world. That is the side of the aisle when he assures the Mr. GORE. Before I yield to the dis weak spot and the sore spot of our pro President that if he desires to carry tinguished Senator from Mississippi, I should like to answer my able friend gram, as I see it. through a realistic foreign-trade pro Mr. GORE. Does the Senator think gram, as he has suggested in earlier from Oklahoma by quoting what the we should lose, by default, to economic messages, we stand ready to support him. President said in his message to Con aggression the goal which we are spend Mr. GORE. I thank the distinguished gress on March 30. At that time he was ing billions of dollars to defend mili- · minority leader for that statement. I recommending what he described as the tarily? "minimum" which he considered to be believe the Senator is correct. I believe Mr. STENNIS. No; and the point is that the Democrats can muster substan "essential." Let me read only a para graph from the message of the Presi that we are losing in the economic battle. tial unanimity in support of the Pres We are losing because of our failure to ident's foreign trade policy, and I am now dent: take the initiative and affirmative action. preparing a bill, to submit as an amend Unless we are prepared to adopt the poli It is a negative attitude which we have ment to the next bill reported by the cies I have recommended to expand export displayed in not getting busy and open Senate Committee on Finance, to put and import trade and increase the flow of our ing more widely the channels of trade into effect the President's foreign trade c~pital into foreign investments, our friends abroad may be discouraged in their effort to between the free nations. The policy of recommendations, provided the majority reestablish a free market for their curren doing nothing about it is carrying us · leader cannot give us specific assurance cies. If we fall in our trade policy, we may downward at a rapid rate. that the Senate will be privileged to vote fall in all. Our domestic employment, our I wish to commend the Senator from upon this important matter. Of course, standard of living, our security, and the soli Tennessee. I think the subject matter before my amendment is offered, I shall darity of the free world-all are involved. want to discuss with the minority leader is in good hands. I hope he presses his - and other Members on the minority side Is that not an answer to the sentiment amendment. the advisability of offering such an expressed by the Senator from Okla Mr. GORE. I thank the distinguished amendment. I appreciate the encour homa? Senator for his fine remarks, and I ap agement of the distinguished minority Mr. MONRONEY. It is. preciate his compliment, although I do · leader. I may say also that a number of Mr. GORE. And I agree with that not feel deserving of it. other Senators have already expressed sentiment. Unless the Senate is af Mr. LONG. Mr. President, will the to me words of encouragement, and as forded by the majority, the opportunity Senator yield? sured me of their support. of voting on such a measure, I shall Mr. GORE. I yield to the Senator Mr. MONRONEY. Mr. President, will undertake to afford s~ch an opportunity from Louisiana. the Senator yield? to the Senate. Mr. LONG. The point that is dis Mr. GORE. I yield to the Senator -I now yield to the Senator from Mis tressing to the junior Senator from Loui from Oklahoma. sissippi. siana, who is a member of the Committee Mr. MONRONEY. Is it not a fact that Mr. STENNIS. On my part, I cer- on Finance, the committee charged with this Nation now "faces perhaps the great tainly wish to thank the Senator from considering any changes in the Re est trade offensive the Communists have Tennessee for bringing this important ciprocal Trade Agreements Act, is the ever undertaken? In other words, un subject matter so forcefully to the at fact that there is no administration- · til recently, the Russians have been the tention of the Senate and _the country. - supported bill on the subject before the economic isolationists of the world, but I am furthermore pleased with the an committee. Can the Senator from Ten today the Russians are on the economic nouncement of the Senator from Ten nessee tell me whether there is such a offensive to open the vast markets of nessee that he has prepared an amend bill before the appropriate committee of the Soviet-dominated areas of the world, ment so that the matter can be brought the House of Representatives? or are at least promising to open them, before the Senate, if it is not otherwise Mr. GORE. I believe a bill on the - as a propaganda weapon. Is that not a presented, although it is hoped the ma subject has been introduced by Repre• ' fact? jority leader will offer such an oppor- ' sentative KEAN, of New Jersey, and :is· · Mr. -GORE. The Russians are hot - tunity, because this is really not a party - being considered by the appropriate only promising such trade markets, but - matter. committee of the House. I am not able - 7820 CONGRESSIONAL -RECORD- SENATE Junes· to tell the Senator about the status -Of lions· to defend militarily, for, in the Mr. GORE. Before the Senator from · the bill, but I ·think that, pretty gen words of the President, "If we fail in our Arkansas entered the Chamber, I had· erally, the bill introduced by Represent trade policy, we may fail in all." indulged in the expression of a hope that ative KEAN follows the recommenda Mr. MANSFIELD. Mr. President, will the majority party leadership will make tions of the President. However, the· the Senator from Tennessee yield to me? it possible for the Senate to vote on this House committee has not asked for hear The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. UP question. But I had also suggested that ings on the bill, and, as the distinguished TON in the chair). Does the Senator I was in the process of preparing a bill junior Senator from Louisiana has said, from Tennessee yield to the Senator from embodying the President's recommenda no bill has even been introduced in the Montana? tions on trade; and if it is agreeable to Senate, and we :find ourselves now in the Mr. GORE. I yield. my colleagues of the minority, I propose · month of June. Mr. MANSFIELD. I recall hearing to offer that bill as an amendment to the Mr. LONG. As a member of the Fi the Senator from Tennessee refer, in the next bill reported to the Senate by the nance Committee, I have received a large course of his fine and, I may say, over Finance Committee. amount of mail from various protection due speech, to the fabulous values the Mr. FULBRIGHT. That is what I am ist groups who generally do not subscribe Russians are offering European and interested in, because such a measure to the theory of expanded foreign trade, other countries to engage in trade with will have to be submitted as an amend and there is already evidence of oppo them. ment to a bill that is before the Senate, sition to any recommendation the Presi Speaking of fabulous values, let me will it not? dent would care to make for expanded inquire whether the Senator from Ten Mr. GORE. Yes, unless some arrange foreign trade. nessee recalls that, in days gone by, the ments about which I am not yet advised Inasmuch as the House has not even Russians used to do the same thing for are made. begun to hold hearings or to hear wit the same objective, by means of what Mr. FULBRIGHT. I understand that nesses on the subject, it does not seem used to be called "dumping" in the vari the chairman of the committee is not that much time remains for Congress to ous markets of the world-in short, sell kindly disposed toward the Randall study this matter. I believe that the ing commodities for little or nothing, Commission report or the President's operation of the time element almost merely for the purpose of acquiring a program with regard to foreign trade. forecloses the committees from properly toe-hold. Is that not correct? considering the subject during the re Mr. GORE. I recall very well what Mr. GORE. I have read notices and mainder of the present session. the Senator from Montana has referred articles to that effect. But, fortunately, I had hoped that a bill on the subject to, and it is a matter of great importance. there are 96 Members of the United would be before the Senate Finance Com Mr. MANSFIELD. Does the Senator States Senate; and this question is one mittee and that the committee would from Tennessee agree that today one of of importance not only to every State have a chance to study it. If we are to the reasons for the solidity of most, or at represented by those 96, but also to the have any opportunity to change the pres least a considerable part, of the curren entire free world. I do not think we can ent law or to do anything other than cies of the European countries is that the dismiss it or let it lie untouched or un merely extend it, probably it will be nec Soviet Union has dumped many tons of acted upon because of the opposition of essary to proceed by way of submitting gold into them, in return for products one or a few Senators or small groups of an amendment to one of the bills that the Russians desire? our society. reaches the fioor of the Senate because Mr. GORE. I believe the record in I see no prospect of having the Senate disputably shows that to be true. Mr. FULBRIGHT. I agree with the pass, during the remaining days of this Mr. MANSFIELD. Is not that an in Senator from Tennessee. I merely session, a bill to expand or improve our dication of the importance of the point wished to make it plain where the re foreign trade, if the normal processes of that has been brought out by the dis sponsibility for the failure to report such legislation are followed. tinguished Senator from Tennessee and a bill lies, and to point out that the only Mr. GORE. Mr. President, like the the distinguished Senator from Minne approach the Senator from Tennessee able junior Senator from Louisiana, I sota, as to how serious the economic of has is by way of offering such an amend had hoped the majority leadership would fensive on the part of the Soviet Union ment to a bill reported by the committee, find a way to make it possible for the is? If that is 'so, certainly we had better because the other 95 Senators cannot re Senate to vote at this session on the wake up and devise ways and means to port a bill from the Finance Committee, President's foreign-trade recommenda meet it. can they? tions. I have followed, as has he, the Mr. GORE. Not only is it an indica Mr. GORE. That is true. practice of supporting the President's tion, but I should like to point out the Mr. FULBRIGHT. In the committee recommendations whenever I have be result. Let me read to the Senator from w~ spent all morning listening to testi lieved his program to be good. I believe Montana a list of the nations with whom mony on the foreign-aid bill. In the his recommendations on foreign trade to the Soviet Union already has concluded opinion of the Senator from Tennessee, be in the right direction and I should like trade agreements: Argentina, Canada, what is the relationship between the for to support them by my vote. As I have Denmark, Egypt, Finland, France, the eign-aid bill and the measure he is dis indicated, I believe it will be possible for United Kingdom, Greece, Iceland, India, cussing? us to do so in connection with the vote Iran, Italy, Norway, Sweden, and West Mr. GORE. I have already discussed on a bill reported by the committee on ern Germany; and a few moments ago that subject. To state it briefly again, which the distinguished junior Senator I also cited a long list of nations with unless we are willing to trade with our from Louisiana serves. _ whom Red China already had concluded allies or unless we are willing to extend I am presently preparing a bill em trade agreements. aid to them, at least some of them face bodying President Eisenhower's foreign Mr. FULBRIGHT. Mr. President, will the stark necessity of choosing between trade recommendations, and in the event the Senator from Tennessee yield to me? trade with someone else or starvation. I the majority party leadership is unable Mr. GORE. I yield. think that, of necessity, we must open to to give assurances that it will provide Mr. FULBRIGHT. I wish to compli them the opportunity for trade with the the Senate with an opportunity to vote ment the Senator from Tennessee for United States and we must facilitate on them, I shall further diseuss with my once again bringing this matter to the trade among the other free nations, or colleagues on the minority side of the attention of the Senate. As the succes else they will fall victim to the economic aisle the wisdom of offering this bill as sor to Cordell Hull, it is very appropriate offensive and the trade aggression of the an amendment to the next bill reported that he should do so. Communist world. out of the Senate Finance Committee. Mr. GORE. I thank the Senator from Mr. FULBRIGHT. I agree with the Several of my colleagues have already Arkansas. Senator from Tennessee about that. offered their encouragement and sup Mr. FULBRIGHT. I wish to ask a I should like to have the Senator from port. I am hopeful that there will be few questions in connection with this Tennessee emphasize again-! know he substantial Democratic unanimity in this matter. has already alluded to this point-that move. In what manner does the Senator from although we assume that none of us I do not believe we can afford now to · Tennessee think we shall have an op want the free world to be driven behind lose by default to Communist trade ag pOrtunity actually. to vote on the ques the Iron Curtain, yet the question is, gression .that which we have spent bU-.) tion he has raised?. What is-the alternative? The only alter- · 1954 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE .7821 I native I can-see is the -lowering of·trade decision with regard to trade. It will be by the high protectionist group; namely, barriers by the United States. Is not a great ·deal more difficult to enact a an agreement to give a simple 1-year ex that true? foreign-aid program this year for that tension, provided the President and the Mr. GORE. Plus f~cilitating - trade reason, among others. Secretary of State agree that they will among the other free nations of the Mr. GORE. Would the Senator think no.t use the power thus delegated. world. More trade by our allies with us it would be a sound analogy to say that Mr. SPARKMAN. I think perhaps the means more trade among them. it is tantamount to continuing the ad- ' Senator has answered fairly well the next Mr. FULBRIGHT. I agree. ministration of a sedative when the time question I was about to ask, and that is Mr. GORE. Of course, trade with the for permanent cure has been reached? whether or not, under the proposal which United States of America is first and Mr. FULBRIGHT. I consider that to is now before us, according to press re most important, so far as that is con be a very good analogy. The longer we ports, to which the majority in Con cerned. continue to extend aid, the longer we gress and the President apparently have Mr. FULBRIGHT. Yes; and a lack of keep the patient alive without resorting agreed, there is any hope of accomplish.,. trade with us is the first cause of imbal to the real cure, which is a greater flow ing the things which we thought were t() ance in their economic programs. In of trade among the free countries. I be accomplished under the fine, new, other words, one of the main causes of think the Senator's analogy is very good. bold program which the President had difficulty for 'the economic programs of I shall be glad to support his bill or earlier proposed. the other free countries is the deficit or amendment. I think it will have to be Mr. FULBRIGHT• . The dynamic pro gap between the United States dollar or an amendment, because I do not think a gram? the Canadian dollar and the currencies - bill could be reported in time for action Mr. SPARKMAN. New and dynamic. of' the other free nations. in this Congress. I should be glad to Mr. GORE. · I would not wish to rule Mr. GORE. That is correct. introduce such a bill, or to support such out the hope of action, because judging Mr. FULBRIGHT. And the only al a bill if it should.ever come to a vote. from -expressions of encouragement and ternative we have to extending aid to Mr. GORE. I think I shall afford the support on the floor of the Senate today, them is to trade with them, unless we Senator an opportunity to cosponsor my and other such expressions which I have wish them to go behind the Iron Curtain. amendment. heard, I think the prospects of adoption Is not that correct? Mr. FULBRIGHT. I shall be glad to of an amendment to the tax bill are very · Mr. GORE. It certainly is correct. I do so. good. think we have three choices: To continue Mr. GORE. I appreciate the contri Mr. SPARKMAN. Let me say to the aid, to trade, or to lose customers to the bution of my able and distinguished able Senator from Tennessee that I Russians. If we lose our customers and friend and neighbor from Arkansas. agree with him. I certainly commend allies to the economic offensive of the Mr. MAGNUSON. Mr. President, will him for making this proposal. I wish to Communist world, we also give the Com the Senator yield? say to him now that when his bill is munist world a readymade means of Mr. GORE. I yield to my friend and ready I shall be very happy to have him penetration and political influence. colleague from Washington. add my name as one of the sponsors, be Mr. FULBRIGHT. Is it not true that Mr. MAGNUSON. The Senator has cause I believe he is offering a proposal at this late date, even aid is not so ac quoted the President of the United which means much, not only to this ceptable as it was 5 years ago? In other States, in a statement on March 30. He country, but to the entire free world. words, when the countries of Western said: The point I am trying to make is this: Europe were coming out of the war, and Our domestic employment, our standard Under the proposal of the administra at the time when they were virtually of living, our security, and the solidarity of tion, _as it now stands, there would be a down on their backs, there was some ex tJ;le free world-all are involved. simple 1-year extension of the Recipro- · cuse for the acceptance by them of direct I wonder if the Senator agrees with cal Trade Agreements Act. Under such aid· from the United States. But now me that the failure to act on the very an extension, could we hope for these those countries are doing fairly well; important question to which the Senator changes to take place? and, in a sense, it is demoralizing to them has referred might add to unemployment Mr. GORE. I do not think so. It to continue to accept gifts, inasmuch as in our country. Unemployment is rising. seems to me our allies would have no they are quite able to trade with us and It is now above 3 million, and probably choice but to act hesitantly; and when to produce the things we need, and could they act hesitantly, with the bait of Com actually 5 million. munist trade dangled before them, they use, and would have, if we would only Mr. GORE. I think it has already remove the barriers to trade. Is not that will retrench in their trade with us, and · added to it, and that failure to act will be very much tempted to accept, as many so? add further to it. Mr. GORE. I agree with the Senator. of them are already accepting, the bait Mr. SPARKMAN. Mr. President, will held before them. I do not desire aid to be continued. I do the Senator yield? not believe our taxpayers desire aid to Mr. SPARKMAN. Is it not true that Mr. GORE. I yield to my distin the power, the strength, and the capa be continued. I remember that a year guished friend from Alabama. ago the distinguished, able, and illustri bility of the Reciprocal Trade Agree ous senior Senator from Georgia [Mr. Mr. SPARKMAN. It is true that ments Act have been pretty well used up GEORGE] expressed that opinion on the earlier this year-and perhaps in state already? fioor of the Senate and indicated that ments even as far back as last year-the Mr. GORE. I believe that is true. I the bill then pending was the last eco President recommended a rather vigor should like to see a 3-year extension of nomic aid bill for which he expected to ous foreign trade policy, and I think held the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act, as out hopes to our people, and to peoples in requested by the President, but I do not vote. other areas of the world, that we might Mr. FULBRIGHT. I was coming to believe that, in itself, would be sufficient. sponsor a trade program which would· We must go further, in order to meet the that point. Director Stassen was the bring about many of the desired results. first witness to appear before our com tremendous economic offensive which is mittee. I have always supported foreign The President is not urging that sort of now being waged by the nations behind aid bills, as practically every other Sena program at the present time, is he? the Iron Curtain. - tor on this side of the aisle has done, and Mr. GORE. I believe his recom Mr. SPARKMAN. Something was as the majority of the Senate have done mendation to the Congress on March 30 said here a few minutes ago about the for many years. However, I now have contained that sort of program. At least trade relations between the Iron Curtain the feeling that to continue supporting it recommended steps in that direction, countries and some of the free countries. that program is to delay the day when but on May 20, according to the press, It is my understanding that Russia, we must face up to the foreign-trade the President agreed to a 1-year exten working through her satellites, has been problem, the question of simplifying our sion of the Reciprocal Trade Agreements building up a considerable trade activity import regulations and lowering our Act. with a great many of the free countries tariffs. I am beginning to find myself Mr. SPARKMAN. A simple extension by contracts for work to be done. I do thinking along . the line that if I con of the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act. not know whether this is true or not, but tinue to support foreign aid I shall be Mr. GORE. Yes, according to the I understand that she has had a great only affording an easy way out, an easy press. I now understand that a harder deal of shipbuilding done in Italy, in way for this country 1;o avoid making a. bargain, a. tougher deal, is being driven payment for which. she has shipped coal 7822 . CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE June 8 to Italy. Coal is something which Italy bargo on cheese in the case of Italy·, we to modify, supersede, or repeal the provisions must have. Her people can work for it, have made it even harder for other of section 403 of the District of Columbia whereas they do not have the dollars countries to trade with us than was the Law Enforcement Act of 1953. with which to buy it from the United case under the original Reciprocal Trade Mr. BARRETT. Mr. President, the States, even though they could get it Agreements Act. purpose of this amendment is to pre more cheaply from the United States. Mr. GORE. Mr. President, I appre vent any confusion as to the intent of That example could be multiplied ciate the contributions of my colleagues Congress with regard to the office ex dozens of times, with respect to various and neighbors, the junior Senators from penses of the United States Commis commodities which we could easily sup Arkansas and Alabama, and other Sen sioner for the District of Columbia. ply if we had a proper trade program ators. I shall close by again quoting one Last year the Congress passed the Dis which would remove many of the bar sentence from the President's special trict of Columbia Law Enforcement Act riers which now exist. foreign-trade message: of 1953, section 403 of which provides as Mr. GORK For what purpose does If we fail in our trade policy, we may fall follows: the distinguished Senator from Ala in an. ·Each United States Commissioner for the bama think Russia might plan to use the District may employ secretarial and clerical large number of ships she is now trying ORDER OF BUSINESS assistants in such number and incur such to purchase? other expenses as the District court considers Mr. SPARKMAN. I think the ques Mr. KNOWLAND. Mr. President, a necessary. parliamentary inquiry. tion answers itself. I believe we know. The bill before us, S. 2204, seeks to We certainly know that she is busy get The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. make similar provision for all United ting those ships. She is building up a UPTON in the chair). The Senator from States Commissioners, but does it in tremendous merchant marine, and she is California will state it. a. doing it by having people in many of the Mr. KNOWLAND. What is the pend somewhat di:fierent manner. It provides ing business before the Senate? that necessary office expenses shall be free countries build the ships in return allowed United States Commissioners for commodities which they must have. The PRESIDING OFFICER. House who are required to devote full time to Mr. GORE. And while Russia is suc bill 9004, to authorize the appointment ceeding in gaining our customers, what as United States Commissioner. Inter the duties of the office. The expenses are we doing to meet the threat? national Boundary and Water Commis would be allowed by the Director of the sion, United States and Mexico, of Col. Administrative Office of th·e United Mr. SPARKMAN. We are doing States courts. ~ nothing. It is proposed that there be a Leland Hazelton Hewitt, United States continuance of the Reciprocal Trade Army, retired, and for other purposes, The District Committees of the Senate Agreements Act for 1 year-probably is the unfinished business before the and the House, meeting jointly, gave this loaded down with restrictions which Senate. matter very thorough consideration last would prevent its being used even to the year. We were advised of the recom mendation of the Judicial Conference on limited degree it might otherwise be EMPLOYMENT BY UNITED STATES used. the matter-a recommendation which I am talking only about things I have COMMISSIONER FOR THE DIS led to the introduction and reporting heard. I do not know these to be facts, TRICT OF COLUMBIA OF SECRE of S. 2204 by the Judiciary Committee. but my understanding is, going back to TARIAL AND CLERICAL ASSIST Our committee took a somewhat differ the example of Italy building ships in re ANTS ent approach to the problem for the Dis turn for coal, and the price for that trict-di:fierent from that recommended Mr. BARRETT. Mr. President, I ask by the Judicial Conference-because of coal is the equivalent of about $28 a ton, unanimous consent that the Senate re whereas she could buy it from us for $18 the special nature of the courts and of consider the votes by which the bill who, as I have satd, has had a long and to·admit·that-the Commissioner-will have ~ accept the said position without waiving any distinguished career. to deal with a Commissioner from the · rights or privileges he may have as a retired The only question-raised by the Sen- other side .of the bord.er. · omcer of the United States Army. He s~all, ator from New Mexico [Mr. CHAVEZ]- . Mr ROBERTSON But Colonel . however, receive the compensation provided is whether Colonel Hewitt has other at- Hewitt is an engineer, i~ he not? ~~i;:eh:a;..~~!c~e i~ni~~:!do~r~t~:t~r~:~~~ tributes which the· Senator from New Mr. ~{NOWLAND. He is an outstand- cer of the United states Army. Due to colo Mexico believes might be necessary on ing engineer, anq has been so recog- . nel Hewitt's outstanding qualifications, the the part of one serving on an inter- ' nized. President of the United States desires to national boundary commission. Under the circumstances I have appoint him as United States Commissioner The distinguished junior Senator from briefly outlined, I hope the Senate will · 0~ said International Boundary and Water Maine [Mr. PAYNE] knew Colonel Hewitt not recommit the bill to the Foreign Commission. Howev~r, this appointment, . . . . which is in the best Interest of the Govern- at the time when the colonel was resi- RelatiOns Committ~e, from Which It has ment, is precluded by certain provisions of dent engineer in charge of the New Eng- been reported unammously. If the pro- law. land are~, at which time the Senator ppsed legislation is enacted it will then Colonel Hewitt is barred from this appoint from Marne was Governor of that State. . be the responsibility of the President to ment by the act of July 31, 1894, which, with He has pointed out that Colonel Hewitt, nominate the Commissioner. certain exceptions, requires a special author while serving as resident engineer in · Mr. CHAVEZ. Mr. President, it is not ization ~or a retired omcer of the Armed charge of the New England area, dealt . so easy as the Senator from California Forces With retired pay of $2,500 or more per very well and very successfully and diplo- would have the Senate believe It is true annum to hold a civilian omce. The pro- . 11 "th th 'th h . . · . posed legislation would exempt him from mat ICa Y. WI e persons WI w om that the For~Ign RelatiOns Com~mttee this limitation and provide that while serv- he ca~e m contact and succ~ssfull~ and reported the bill favprably. The bill was ing in the civilian position he will receive the etf~tively performed the duties assigned introduced on May 13, and was reported pay of that position in lieu of retired pay to him. favorably on the same day. without prejudice to his status as a retired Mr. President, this measure comes to Mr. KNOWLAND. Mr. President, omcer. · us with the approval of the Department will the Senator yield? The nature of the duties of the United of State. A few minutes ago Mr. Wilcox, Mr. CHAVEZ. I yield. States Commissioner, ~nternational Bound- the Chief of Stat! of the Foreign Rela- Mr. KNOWLAND. That is simply not . ary and Water Commission, United States . tions Committee handed me the follow- i k · 'th th f t Th b"ll . and Mexico, are such that they require a . • n eeping WI e ac s. e I was man of Colonel Hewitt's experience and abil- Ulg memorandum: forwarded to the Senate under date of tty. He was graduated from the United We have called the Mexican Desk in the April 13, and a letter was addressed to States Military Academy in 1918 and Massa Department of State. They say, and may the President of the Senate, Vice Presi- chusetts Institute of Technology in 1921. be quoted, that the Department of State dent NrXON, on April 13 by the secretary C?lonel Hewitt's duties and responsibilities supports the legislation for the selection · of the Army. The bill was not reported w~th the Corps of Engineers, particularly in of Colonel Hewitt. to the Senate until May 13, as will be t~eir civil engineering functions, have made Mr. President, the Army is interested s:ttown by the report of the committee. h~ e!Jlinently qualified for this commission. in the passage of this measure only for The bill is Calendar No. 1334. The re- cosT AND BUDGET DATA the reason that Colonel Hewitt is a re- port to accompany the bill shows that it · The enactment of this proposal will cause tired Army officer. Otherwise the Army was reported on May 13, a month after no apparent increase in the budgetary re- would have no part whatsoever in this · it was forwarded to the Senate. quirements for the Department of Defense. procedure. This is not a nomination Mr. CHAVEZ. I hold in my hand Sincerely yours,RoBERT T. STEVENS, which would normally come to the Sen- Senate bi113457. I read from the report: secretary of the Army. ate. The President of the United States Mr. WILEY, from the Committee on Foreign might have selected some other person, Relations, submitted the following report So the bill came to the President of and the appointment would not even · (to accompany s. 3457). the Senate on April 13. have come to the Senate for discussion, The bill was then ordered to be placed _ Mr. CHAVEZ. Mr. President, I have debate, or confirmation. This is not a on the calendar. _ the floor. confirmation procedure. This is a case Mr. KNOWLAND. If the Senator will in which the President, in the discharge Mr. ANDERSON. Mr. President, will yield to me -to answer that point, on my colleague yield to· me? · of his responsibilities, has selected a man Mr. CHAVEZ. I yield. the 14th of April, as appears on page Who he thinks is eminently qualified. Mr. ANDERSON. I would appreciate 4,791 of the CONGRESSIONAL RECORD, in In order that there may be no violation it .if my colleague would ask the Secre- the middle column, under Executive of the dual compensation law, and in or- tary of the Senate when the bill was _ Communications, this communication der that Colonel Hewitt may not sutfer introduced. The statement has just was received in the Senate. hardship after his term as Commissioner been made that it was introduced in . Mr. CHAVEZ. That may be so; but expires by being foreclosed from receiv- so far as the record of the committee ing retirement benefits, the bill provides April. It was introduced on May 13· I . is concerned with respect to the bill now ask for the official record. that he shall receive compensation as an Mr. KNOWLAND. Mr. President, I before the Senate, all we have is a brief International Boundary Commissioner report submitted by the Senator from only during the time he serves as such, hold in my hand the letter which came Wisconsin [Mr. WILEY], dated May 13, and when he retires from that position,· to the President of the Senate, Vice to accompany the bill, which was in he shall be entitled to whatever retire- President NIXoN, from the Secretary of troduced May 13. That is all we have. ment compensation he would be nor- the Army, Mr. Robert T. Stevens. The If anything was inserted in the RECORD, mally entitled to receive from the Army. letter is dated April 13• 1954• and· reads or if some communication was sent to Mr. ROBERTSON. Mr. President, as follows: - the Vice President, those concerned kept will the Senator yield? DEPARTMENT oF THE ARMY, it to themselves. Mr KNOWLAND I . ld Washington, D. c., April 13, 1954. M KNOWLAND M Pr 'd t th ' ' Yle ' Hon. RICHARD M. NIXON, r. • r. eSI en • e Mr. ROBERTSON. Does not the President of the senate. RECORD does not support such a state- present situation involve the develop-- DEAR MR. PREsiDENT: There is forwarded ment. It is quite a serious charge to ment of certain waterpower in Texas, herewith a draft of legislation to author-·. make, to say that the Vice President for which an outstanding engineer is- ize the appointment as United States Com- received a letter and kept it to himself. urgently needed? missioner, International Boundary and The RECORD shows the receipt of the let- Mr. KNOWLAND. This position Water Commission, United States and Mex- ter on April 14, the day after the letter deals with the entire boundary situation. loo, of Col. Leland Haz~lton l!ewltt, United - was dated by the Secretary of the Army. Mr. ROBERTSON. I understand. States Army, retired, and for other purposes. It came officially to the Senate of the- This proposal has been approved by the Mr. KNOWLAND. As the Senator Bureau of the Budget. The Department of_ United States, and in the normal course knows, the States of California, Arizona, the Army on behalf· of the -Secretary of was listed under Executive Communi New Mexico, and Texas all abut the· Defense recommends that it be enacted by_ cations in the CoNGRESSIONAL RECORD of Mexican border. This is not a patronage the Congress. April 14, which was a month before the situation, in tfie normal sense of the PURPOSE OF THE Ll!lGISLATION committee reported the bill to the Sen- word. It involves primarily an engineer-- The proposed legislation is designed to ate. There is nothing either irregular ing problem. However, I am quite frank· authorize Col. Leland Hazelton Hewitt to or unusual about that situation. 1954 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE 7831 Mr. CHAVEZ. I do not think there· bill -does not ·say_whether he would be Mr. KILGORE. Is it not a fact that is anything irregular or unusual about a good commissioner-whether he knows the Boundary Commission employs en it. The only irregular or unusuai thing anything about the job, whether he gineers? about this case is the effort to take-care knows anything about · the border, Mr. CHAVEZ. It has a staff of engi of a particular mari in the Ar~.y .in .this whether he is acquainted with the psy:.. neers, and they are just as good engineers way. c·hology and reaction of the Mexicans, as any other engineers in the world. If the President of the United States· whether he knows how much water Mr. KILGORE. Therefore the pri had wanted to appoint Colonel Hewitt, ~evada is entitled to, or how much water mary re.quisite for this position is not he could have done so directly after Mr. ,arizona or California or Utah or Colo necessarily a knowledge of engineering. Lawson retired on the 14th of February rado or New Mexico or Wyoming or Mr. CHAVEZ. That is correct. of this year. The law is to this effect: Texas is entitled to. Ninety percent of the work of the Com There is an authorization for an Inter Nothing whatever is said about those mission has nothing whatever to do with national Boundary and Water Commis questions. engineering. The Commission has a sion, as between Mexico and the United Mr. President, this is a sensitive posi-. staff of engineers and they have had a States. The President has the right of tion. It involves more than actual en staff of engineers for years. The river appointment, and heretofore he has ap gineering knowledge. It involves deal was channelized in Texas and New Mex pointed. If he has not made an ap ing with friendly people. It involves ico some time ago, and it was done by the pointment in this instance up until now, acting in such a way that a military man· Army engineers. no one is to blame. No motives are will not throw his weight around, so to Mr. DANIEL. Mr. President, will the questioned. But no appointment has speak, in trying to impress upon friendly Senator yield? been made. The State Department is people how strong we are. Mr. CHAVEZ. I y.ield. endeavoring to take care of this par The commissioner should be what Mr. DANIEL. Is it not true that the ticular Army omcer. This is not Army commissioners have been in the past. Commissioner must be an engineer, un business in any sense of the word. It The position should be filled by a civil der the law which created the Boundary involves diplomatic relations between ian. It should be a civilian position. We Commission, and under the treaty? two friendly countries, Mexico and the have had good civilians in that position Mr. CHAVEZ. I cannot be positive United States. It involves the waters of in the past. about that. 7 States in 1 instance, and 3 States No one should try to tell us that we Mr. DANIEL. It is my information in another. The people of those did not have a chance to appoint him. that he must be an engineer. I under States would like to know how Colonel I:.et the appointment be made the way stood that possibly· the Senator from Hewitt feels about friendly relations with it has been made in the past. New Mexico preferred an engineer who foreign people. I believe we are enti The President could have appointed has also served in our State, Col. Delbert tled to a little more information than Colonel Hewitt months ago. However, Freeman, whose name has been men merely that he is a good engineer. My in order to give this omcer a special priv tioned on the floor. good friend from Texas, who is walk ilege, legislation is introduced to give Mr. CHAVEZ. It is not a question of ing out of- the Chamber now, is a very him the job. Legislation is not required. who is to be appointed. If it is to be good Senator, but I do not know whether Colonel Hewitt could be appointed with an engineer it should be an engineer he would make a good banker. out the benefit of legislation. who is acquainted with the border in Mr. JOHNSON of Texas. I thank the Mr. President, I have heard talk about Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and Cali distinguished Senator for his compli patronage. This is pure and simple fornia. I believe such a man would fit ment. patronage. Why was the appointment better into the picture and into the Mr. CHAVEZ. Colonel Hewitt may be _ recommended by Secretary Stevens? I scheme of things and would be better a very good engineer, but in this particu should think that Secretary Stevens able to get along with the people below lar position we do not need an engineer would have enough trouble of his own the border. It takes more than engi so much. The engineering feature re with the Senator from Wisconsin [Mr. neering knowledge to handle that job. lates only to taking care of the water McCARTHY] without worrying as to who Mr. DANIEL. I should like to say to that belongs to the American people. should be appointed commissioner on the Senator from New Mexico that both Aside from that feature there is no ques the Boundary Commission. of the men whose names have been men tion of engineering involved in an ap tioned, Colonel Hewitt and Colonel Free pointment to the Boundary Commission. I have heard complaints of late that man, have served in Texas, and they It is a matter of patience and intelli the legislative branch of the Govern-· have served on the border. I know both · gence, and a knowledge of the people ment is interfering with the executive of them. They are both well qualified. the Commissioner must deal with. branch. Now we have before us an at If I were to make a choice between them, tempt by the executive branch of the because my personal acquaintance with I have before me the committee report. Government to interfere with the legis What does it say? It reads: Colonel Fr~eman has been over a longer lative branch. period than my acquaintance with Colo PuRPOSE OF BILL The position is not under the Army nel Hewitt, I would agree with the Sena This bill authorizes the appointment of and not under the Secretary of the Army tor from New Mexico and choose Colonel Col. Leland Hazelton Hewitt, United States but is under the Department of State. Army, retired, as United States Commissioner Freeman. on the International Boundary and Water I am satisfied that the man is a good However, since both of them are fully Commission, United States and Mexico. engineer, but before I vote to enable him qualified and the President has made Special authorization is required because to take this position I should like to know his choice, and that choice is Colonel of the provisions of the act of July 31, 1894, whether he would be a good Commis Hewitt, I intend to vote for the pend which bar retired otficers of the armed serv sioner. I have some questions I should ing bill in order to make it possible for ices with retired pay of more than $2,500 like to ask of him. There is not one Colonel Hewitt to serve on the Commis from other public otfices to which compen word in the record as to whether he sation is attached. The pending bill will ex sion without drawing his retirement pay · empt Colonel Hewitt from this limitation · knows anything about the Mexican bor as an Army officer. That is the only and permit him to accept the salary of United der, and whether he knows anything · issue now before us. He should not States Commissioner in lieu of his retired about the psychology of the Mexican drow both salaries, and this bill so pay, without prejudice to his rights as a people. All I ask is that the bill be re provides. retired officer. committed to the committee so that some · I share the Senator's high regard for questions can be asked of him. He may Colonel Freeman, and hope that he will Mr. KILGORE. Mr. President, will be the best man in the world, but, so far · be called to similar service in the future, the Senator from New Mexico yield? as the record is concerned, all we know and preferably in our section of the Mr. CHAVEZ. I shall be glad to yield is that he graduated from West Point. country. in a moment. I have no objection to· Many other men have graduated from . Mr. CHAVEZ. I do not know whether Colonel Hewitt's protecting his retire West Point, and many of them are good that is correct. I am not necessarily. ment pay. I should like to know whether engineers. objecting to Colonel Hewitt, but I should he is qualified to be a' commissioner. The - Mr. KILGORE. Mr. President, will like to know-and the Senate as a whole bill, if passed, would take care of the the Senator yield? should know-a little more about Colo compensation of Colonel Hewitt. The Mr. CHAVEZ. :I yield. nel Hewitt than merely that he is a good c--492 7832 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD- SENATE June 8 engineer. I should like to know his Mr. MALONE. I heard the-letter read, I am now saying. They said, "All right; state of mind. I should like to know but I did not hear the name of the per we will hold it up for a while." about his ability to deal with friendly son who signed the letter. Finally Colonel Hewitt had breakfast people. All my motion would do would Mr. KNOWLAND. The Secretary of with me and I had a long talk with be to have the bill go back to committee the Army, Mr. Stevens. him. He is a fine man, but he does so that we may find out something about Mr. MALONE. The Secretary said not know anything about the river. He the man. There is nothing in the rec Colonel Hewitt is well qualified for the told me he did not. I do not intend ord, I will say to the Senator frol)l Texas, position to which he has been appointed. to vote against him, but this should be which shows that even one question was From what State does Colonel Hewitt a warning that when commissioners are asked about the Boundary Commission's come? appointed for a particular job, this one, work with reference to international Mr. KNOWLAND. I do not have be for example, they should have consulted matters. Every question that was fore me the biographical material which the Colorado River Commissions of the asked of Colonel Hewitt, and all the I read. I think the official reporter has seven basin States. testimony that was given in behalf of it. When I was State engineer of Nevada Colonel Hewitt, was with reference to Mr. MALONE. He is from :Massachu the late Senator Oddie and the late Sen his engineering training and experience, setts, is he not? ator Key Pitman were Members of the which we all admit is good. However, Mr. KNOWLAND. He has lived in Senate. The Senate approved the com there is more to the job than being a Massachusetts. He has been district pact of the 7 Colorado River Basin good engineer. The . Senator from engineer at El Paso. Like a great many States and, later the Boulder Dam Texas knows that sometimes things are Army officers, he has lived in many sec Project Act requiring 5 States to approve a little touchy along the border. There tions of the country. the compact before a dam could be con can be no question about that. Mr. MALONE. This is a very im structed. When the people want to I want to know all about the man who portant position. The previous com build public projects they come to the is appointed, whether he be an engineer missioner Mr. Lawson, signed a treaty Congress, but otherwise the basin runs or otherwise. I wish to know whether with Mexico without consulting the its business. he is of a state of mind to be firm and States affected, giving that nation 1,500,- Mr. President, when we send a man to protect all our rights and to take care 000 acre feet of water annually from the from a humid area into an arid area he of our interests, but, at the same time, Colorado River which was twice what has no idea about the problems involved. able to get along with the people with they had ever utilized. If authority is in the hands of the wrong whom he is dealing. That is all I had in Mr. KNOWLAND. I may say to the man, the basin can be badly hurt. That mind in moving to recommit the bill. Senator that Colonel Hewitt was born in possibility is not confined to the Colo Let us be blunt about it. He may Northwood, Iowa. rado River alone. have racial prejudice. If the Senate Mr. MALONE. When a man is trans I am not blaming the present President thinks we are getting along south of the ferred from a humid country such as of the United States. He is one of the border as well as many people think we Iowa to an arid country, or vice versa, he finest men I have ever met. But when are, we had better have another thought. does not have the experience he needs. we are talking about a man who can We are having our troubles with Guate He probably can learn in time if he is a affect the lifeblood of the West with mala. It is not all one-sided. The peo proper person. In a humid country the reference to producing power and put ple there are not all Communists. problem is to get water off of the land ting water on the land, it is very im There may be a little exploitation by and into the streams. In the arid re portant to choose the right person. foreign interests. gion the problem is to get the water out So there are persons like Mr. Lawson, We are having trouble in Honduras. of the streams and onto the land in or who was the chairman, who would make They are not all Communists. There der to raise crops. The people in the a mistake in a treaty. I would not know may be a little exploitation by foreign East never understand the importance Mr. Lawson if he walked into the Senate powers and foreign interests there. In which we attach to water in the West. Chamber, but I shall never forget him, order to get rid of communism we should I left the Colorado River Commission because his actions hurt forever the take a little interest in feeding the peo of Nevada in 1935 and went back to my lower Colorado River Basin. I doubt ple or seeing that they are fed by those engineering practice. I warned the com that he even knew what he was doing. who are exploiting them. missions in those states to watch the I say they should be qualified. Letters Everything is not well in Chile. I Boundary Commission, because it had should be sent to the governors of the know the differences between the diplo the power to take the water away from States affected before such appointments matic agencies and the Anaconda Cop the basin and give it to Mexico. per Co. are made. So, Mr. President, all these questions I shall not go into that subject again; Mr. President, I have no candidate are involved. it was discussed in the earlier debate. whom I desire to have appointed to this Mr. President, let us ask this appointee We know Mexico has never used more position. It does not make any differ this question: "Are you going to throw than 750,000 acre-feet at any time. It ence at all to me who is appointed, so your weight around because you used to never raised crops on more than 30,000 long as it is someone who understands be an Army colonel, or are you going to acres in any one year. In 1927 I went to what he is doing. do your job properly for Uncle Sam?" Mexico and reviewed the land and wrote The Mexican water treaty gave to Mr. KNOWL.AND. Mr. President, I a report on it, which is still in existence. Mexico an additional 750,000 acre feet originally made a motion to lay on the However in 1946 we awakened to find of water annually above what they had table the motion of the Senator from that Mr. Lawson and his committee had ever used. That is 750,000 acres of land New Mexico to recommit the bill, but given Mexico 1% million acre-feet of covered with water to the depth of 1 because of the number of Senators who water in a treaty-twice the amount of foot. The treaty came before the Sen were absent from the Chamber, I did not water Mexico had ever before used in ate for approval. I spent $150 in tele want to foreclose discussion. I now ask one year. It caused a shortage of water phoning Senators with reference to the that the yeas and nays be ordered on the in the Colorado River Basin. matter, but I did not get anywhere. motion to recommit, and I hope the Sen There is 10 times the land in the 7 Had I been on the Senate floor when ate will vote against the motion. States of the basin than there is water the treaty came up for consideration, The PRESIDING OFFICER. On the to irrigate. the tracks in the carpet in the Chamber motion to recommit the yeas and nays The President can appoint anyone would have been three inches deep be are requested. without sending the name to the Sen fore I sat down or the treaty would have ate. But he did send this name to the been defeated. The yeas and nays were ordered. Senate, which gives me the opportunity But the Senate approved the treaty. THE BOUNDARY COMMISS ION PERS ONNEL to say what I have in mind. I shall vote to confirm this man but it is Mr. MALONE. Mr. President, I should I telephoned the White House when I not the way to treat any section of the like to ask the distinguished Senator saw the name in the newspapers a few country. from California a question. months ago. If they recorded that con The PRESIDING OFFICER. The Mr. KNOWLAND. I shall be glad to versation they can understand it at any question is on agreeing to the motion <;>f try to answer the Senator's question. time they play it back. I said just what the Senator from _New Mexico [Mr. 1954 CONGRESSIONAL ·RECORD- SENATE 7833 CHAVEZ] to recommit the bill .to the The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. which the Senator from Michigan d-is Committee on Foreign Relations. UPTON in the chair) : The bill is open to cussed with the majority and minority On this question the yeas and nays amendment. If there are no amend leaders, and which is the companion have been ordered, and the clerk will call ments to be offered, the question is on joint resolution to the one which the Sen the roll. the third reading of the bill. ate passed a few day ago by unanimous Mr. CHAVEZ. Mr. President, a par- The bill