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Wetenschappelijke Integriteit Lessen 2019-2020

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Wetenschappelijke Integriteit Lessen 2019-2020 DEPARTMENT HEALTH INNOVATION AND RESEARCH INSTITUTE GHENT UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL WETENSCHAPPELIJKE INTEGRITEIT Prof. Dr. Catherine Van Der Straeten, MD, PhD, FIOR Diensthoofd Health Innovation & Research Institute UZ Gent DEFINITIE WETENSCHAPPELIJKE INTEGRITEIT: FWO • niet helemaal hetzelfde als onderzoeksethiek. • Integriteit: aspecten van kwaliteit van de wetenschapspraktijk en haar resultaten. • Ethiek: normen en waarden met het oog op welzijn van mensen en dieren in het onderzoek en de resultaten daarvan. e.g. data vervalsen, zonder onmiddellijk mens of dier in gevaar te brengen: = geen integere wetenschap, resultaten zijn onbetrouwbaar direct onethisch gedrag tegenover mens, dier en hun milieu. • Het toepassen van die gemanipuleerde resultaten kan uiteindelijk toch mensen, dieren en hun omgeving schaden: integriteit en ethiek nooit volstrekt te scheiden. • In de ruime betekenis van ethiek is vervalsen van onderzoeksresultaten of knoeien met wetenschap onaanvaardbaar. Wetenschappelijke integriteit is dus te beschouwen als een bijzondere dimensie van wetenschappelijke ethiek. 2 UGENT 3 SCIENTIFIC INTEGRITY: DEFINITIE KUL Scientific or academic integrity = conducting scientific research in a careful, reliable, controllable, reproducible, repeatable, objective, neutral, independent way. Authenticity is of great importance. Principles of scientific integrity: • integrity of authorship • correct citing of peers • mentioning acknowledgements • mutual respect, e.g. equal contribution in group work • transparency • veracity Replication MiniMise breaches • authenticity Collaboration Identify when they occur Peer review ⎬ 4 ‘Truth nowadays is not what is, but what others can be brought to accept’ Michel de Montaigne 1533-1592 Elsevier Editorial on World Conference on Research Integrity 2016 The Oxford English Dictionary: • fraud = “wrongful or criminal deception intended to result in financial or personal gain” • deceit = “the action or practice of deceiving someone by concealing or misrepresenting the truth.” Research organizations and literature define these behavioral patterns within the umbrella title of “Research Misconduct”. “Behaviour by a researcher, intentional or not, that falls short of good ethical and scientific standard.” UK Committee on Public Ethics (COPE): misconduct = the “intention to cause others to regard as true that which is not true.” 6 7 WETENSCHAPPELIJKE FRAUDE OF WANGEDRAG 8 9 USA Office of Research Integrity (ORI): FFP model: 10 TAXONOMY OF RESEARCH MISCONDUCT 11 12 13 Academic pressure Personal desire for fame “Sloppy” science Financial gain Inability to determine right from wrong Careerism is the cause of Much research fraud 14 “PUBLISH OR PERISH” 16 17 18 Time Magazine: one of “100 people who matter in 2004” 19 20 21 Recente opmerkelijke gevallen van wetenschapsfraude Nederland en België • De Vrije Universiteit (VU) in AmsterdaM wil het hele oeuvre van professor ruimtelijke economie Peter Nijkamp laten onderzoeken, vanwege mogelijk plagiaat. Hieronder een overzicht van recente gevallen van wetenschapsfraude. • Januari 2014: De VU wil het werk van Peter Nijkamp, zeker honderden publicaties, laten beoordelen op (zelf)plagiaat. Aanleiding voor het onderzoek is ophef rond een proefschrift van een promovenda die Nijkamp tot voor kort begeleidde. Daarin zou sprake zijn geweest van zelfplagiaat van het werk van de promovenda zelf en van Nijkamp. • SepteMber 2013: Gepensioneerd hoogleraar aan de Vrije Universiteit Mart Bax heeft in tientallen van zijn publicaties verzinsels opgeschreven. Ook hebben een boel prestaties van hem in werkelijkheid niet plaatsgevonden. Dat concludeert een onderzoekscommissie van de Amsterdamse universiteit in een rapport. Verdenking van fraude kwam in oktober 2012 naar voren. • Augustus 2013: Het LUMC in Leiden ontslaat een Belgische onderzoekster van de afdeling reuMatologie, nadat uit intern onderzoek blijkt dat zij laboratoriuMonderzoek heeft geManipuleerd. Het medisch centrum trekt twee wetenschappelijke publicaties van haar terug. • Maart 2013: Een Belgische professor die in eigen land op staande voet is ontslagen, blijkt ook verbonden te zijn geweest aan de Universiteit Leiden, als gastmedewerker. Zijn rol in Leiden zou ‘heel beperkt’ geweest zijn, volgens de universiteit. De biomedicus deed onderzoek naar epilepsie. • Juni 2012: De Erasmus Universiteit in RotterdaM maakt bekend dat twee wetenschappelijke artikelen worden teruggetrokken van professor Dirk Smeesters. De hoogleraar Consumentengedrag en Samenleving zou data zodanig geselecteerd hebben dat de gezochte effecten statistisch significant werden. Smeesters heeft zelf ontslag genomen. • NoveMber 2011: Het Erasmus MC in RotterdaM maakt bekend dat hoogleraar Don Poldermans is ontslagen wegens schending van de wetenschappelijke integriteit. De internist en vasculair geneeskundige zou gegevens hebben gefingeerd en bij verschillende studies zouden onregelMatigheden gevonden zijn of data niet Meer te achterhalen. • NoveMber 2011: Het Universitair Medisch Centrum St Radboud in NijMegen maakt bekend dat een senior onderzoeker zijn ontslag heeft ingediend, nadat is gebleken dat hij oncontroleerbaar en mogelijk onjuist heeft gehandeld bij het verzamelen van onderzoeksgegevens. De onderzoeker was betrokken bij een onderzoek naar pijnbeleving bij patiënten. • SepteMber 2010: De Tilburgse hoogleraar sociale psychologie Diederik Stapel blijkt op grote schaal te hebben gefraudeerd met onderzoeksgegevens. Drie commissies bestuderen zijn publicaties en komen tot de conclusie dat hij Met zeker 55 artikelen en 10 boekhoofdstukken heeft gefraudeerd. Bij 10 artikelen, waarvan er twee ook als hoofdstuk in een boek zijn gepubliceerd, bestaat een sterk vermoeden van fraude. In juni 2013 schikt Stapel met justitie: hij accepteert een werkstraf van 120 uur en verliest het recht op een aantal uitkeringen, ter waarde van circa 1,5 jaarsalaris. 22 ̶ Yoshitaka Fujii (Japan), an anesthesiologist, was found to have fabricated data in at least 183 scientific papers, setting what is believed to be a record for the number of papers by a single author requiring retractions. A committee reviewing 212 papers published by Fujii over a span of 20 years found that 126 were entirely fabricated, with no scientific work done. Only 3 were found to be valid. He was also found to have forged the signatures of scientists he listed as co-authors without their knowledge.[67][68][69] ̶ Alfredo Fusco (Italy), a cancer researcher at the University of Naples, has since 2012 been under criminal investigation for fraud, including manipulation of images in his published studies.[70][71] Fusco has had 21 of his publications retracted.[72] ̶ Dong-Pyou Han (US), former assistant professor of biomedical sciences at Iowa State University, added huMan antibodies to saMples of rabbit blood in an effort to falsely enhance the utility of an experiMental HIV vaccine.[73][74] In 2015 Han was sentenced to nearly five years in prison and ordered to return $7.2 million to the NIH.[75] ̶ Marc Hauser (US), an evolutionary biologist and former Professor of Psychology at Harvard University, was found by a University committee and the US Office of Research Integrity to have fabricated and falsified data in his research.[76][77][78][79] ̶ Friedhelm Herrmann and Marion Brach (Germany), formerly of the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, admitted to fabricating data in their research on cancer. [80][81] Herrmann has had 21 of his publications retracted.[82] ̶ Woo-suk Hwang (Hwang Woo-suk) (South Korea), former Professor of Biotechnology at Seoul National University, was found by a University committee to have committed "deliberate fabrication" in his research on stem cells, and to have coerced female members of his research team to donate their eggs.[83] In 2009 Hwang was found guilty by the Seoul Central District Court of embezzlement and bioethical violations in connection to his research program.[84][85] ̶ Sophina ("Sophie") Jamal (Canada), former Professor of Medicine at University of Toronto and former staff Endocrinologist at Women's College Hospital, Toronto, falsified data from studies of nitroglycerin compounds in osteoporosis.[86] Results published in the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) in 2011 were retracted by the Journal in 2016.[87] In 2016 Jamal received a lifetime funding ban from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research,[88][89] and in 2018 had her license to practice medicine revoked by the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario in 2018.[90] ̶ Santosh Katiyar (US, India), former associate professor at the University of Alabama, Birmingham and the Birmingham VA Medical Center who investigated the effects of "natural products" upon cancer, was in 2017 dismissed from his academic positions following an institutional investigation that found evidence of image manipulation in 20 of his research papers, all of which UAB has called to be retracted.[91][92][93] Katiyar has had 12 of his research papers retracted.[94] ̶ Kim Tae-kook (South Korea), formerly of the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, falsified research on modulating cellular proteins with the synthetic compound CGK733.[95][96] ̶ Gideon Koren (Canada), former Director of the Motherisk Program at The Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto, published an article without the informed consent of co-author Nancy Olivieri, and sent her anonymous harassing letters.[97][98] A December 2018 article in The Toronto Star reported apparent problems in more
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