DOCSLIB.ORG

Race, Gender, and the Post-Combat Transition by Victor Erik Ray

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Race, Gender, and the Post-Combat Transition by Victor Erik Ray Collateral Damage: Race, Gender, and the Post‐Combat Transition By Victor Erik Ray Department of Sociology, Duke University Date: __________________________________ Approved: ___________________________________ Eduardo Bonilla‐Silva, Co‐Supervisor ___________________________________ Linda Burton, Co‐Supervisor ___________________________________ Linda George ___________________________________ Carol Stack ___________________________________ William Darity, Jr. ___________________________________ Rebecca Bach Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Sociology in the Graduate School of Duke University 2014 ABSTRACT Collateral Damage: Race, Gender, and the Post‐Combat Transition By Victor Erik Ray Department of Sociology, Duke University Date: __________________________________ Approved: ___________________________________ Eduardo Bonilla‐Silva, Co‐Supervisor ___________________________________ Linda Burton, Co‐Supervisor ___________________________________ Linda George ___________________________________ Carol Stack ___________________________________ William Darity, Jr. ___________________________________ Rebecca Bach An abstract of a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, in the Department of Sociology in the Graduate School of Duke University 2014 Copyright by Victor Erik Ray 2014 Abstract Research on the military has historically focused on the potentially de‐stratifying effects of service, including reductions of racial inequality and social mobility. Taking a life course approach, this prior research tends to claim that the military is a positive turning point in the lives of disadvantaged men. Scholars point to the educational benefits of the GI Bill, racial integration, and health care to claim that military service, especially during peacetime, is largely beneficial to service members. While it is certainly the case that the military has provided some historical benefits to marginalized groups, recent research has given us strong reasons to question how beneficial military service is to stigmatized groups. Significant racial and gender inequalities remain, and in some cases, are deepening. Drawing on 50 in‐depth interviews with veterans this dissertation examines how the organizational habitus of the military, despite organizational proclamations of meritocracy, may contribute to inequality. Focusing on the unintended consequences of military polices surrounding mental health problems, discrimination, and family relations, I create a synthesis of organizational and critical race theories to show how military policies may compound problems for soldiers and veterans. Focusing on the contradictions between stated organizational policies and actual practice, I show how the organizational arrangements of the military normalize overt expressions of racial and gender based discrimination, creating a sometimes‐ hostile environment for women and minorities and leaving them little recourse for iv recrimination. When policies protecting the stigmatized undermine the power and prerogatives of commanders or conflict with the militaries mission, it is not the powerful that suffer. Further, I show how military policies promoting family, such as extra pay for married soldiers, are at odds with the multiple deployments and high mental health incidences of this generations wars. Although the military relies on women on the ʺhome front,ʺ as a basis of support, the exigencies of service undermine relationship stability. I argue that traditional findings on the de‐stratifying effects of service are partially a product of an analytical frame that neglects internal organizational dynamics. v Dedication This wouldn’t have happened without Louise. vi Contents Abstract ......................................................................................................................................... iv Contents ....................................................................................................................................... vii 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 This is Not a Movie .......................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Background ....................................................................................................................... 4 1.3 Subject Selection ............................................................................................................. 12 1.4 Data and Methods .......................................................................................................... 15 1.5 Subjectivity Statement .................................................................................................... 24 1.6 Outline of the Dissertation ............................................................................................ 29 2. Classic Theorists on the Military........................................................................................... 32 2.1 Contemporary Theorists on the Military .................................................................... 33 2.2 The Military and Post‐Service Mental Health ............................................................ 35 2.2.1 A Note on Race ...................................................................................................... 39 2.3 Race in the Military ........................................................................................................ 43 2.3.1 A Note on Gender ....................................................................................................... 50 2.3.2 Women’s Post‐Service Transitions ............................................................................ 52 2.4 Critical Race Theory Meets Military Sociology .......................................................... 59 2.7 Discussion ........................................................................................................................ 66 3. Friendly Fire: Punitive Empathy and Mental Health Careseeking in the Military ....... 67 3.1 Andre’s Story .................................................................................................................. 67 vii 4.1.1 Integrating Organization Theory into Studies of the Military .............................. 71 4.2 Bringing the War Home ....................................................................................................... 80 4.2.1 Help That Hurts: Mental Health Care and Punitive Empathy ............................. 85 4.3. Punitive Empathy Beyond the Military ..................................................................... 95 5. “We’re all Brothers Here”: Race and Gender in the Military ........................................... 98 5.1 Chapter Preface ............................................................................................................... 98 5.2 Race in the Modern Military ....................................................................................... 102 5.2.1 Theoretical background ............................................................................................ 108 6. The Army Didn’t Issue You a Wife .................................................................................... 137 6.1 Chapter Preface ............................................................................................................. 137 6.2. Chapter Outline ........................................................................................................... 139 6.1.2 The Challenges of Military Family Life .................................................................. 140 6.4 Difficulty Relating and Ambiguous Presence .......................................................... 148 7. Conclusion and Policy Implications ................................................................................... 156 7.1 Summary ........................................................................................................................ 156 7.1.1 Limitations and Future Directions .......................................................................... 160 Appendix A: Questionnaire .................................................................................................... 174 Appendix B: Informed Consent .............................................................................................. 177 Works Cited ............................................................................................................................... 181 Biography ................................................................................................................................... 195 viii 1. Introduction 1.1 This is Not a Movie ʺI actually was in the MEP [Military Entrance Processing] station and I think I finished everything around, like, 8:30 and I walked into the TV room (laughs) and asked them were they watching a movie because I saw the first plane hit. And they was, like, ʺOh, this is not a movie.ʺ And Iʹm, like, ʺWell, whatʹs going on?ʺ Everyone was, like, ʺWeʹre being attacked.ʺ So, I ran out the MEPS room and I actually ran to the counselors that...tell you where youʹre going. And they told me that I had just finished raising my right hand, so it was too late for me to actually opt out of anything. ʹCause, you know, once you
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The 'Criminology of War', What Is It Good For? Absolutely Nothing!
    The ‘Criminology of War’, what is it good for? Absolutely nothing! Ross McGarry and Sandra Walklate, University of Liverpool Within this short article we intend to make some brief critical comments in response to a question we have previously posed elsewhere (see McGarry and Walklate, 2016b). As per the title of this article, we ask: ‘the criminology of war, what is it good for?’ In brief, and to complete the lyric by Edwin Starr through which we posed this question, our answer is: ‘absolutely nothing!’ (or at least, potentially). In what follows, we wish to explain our reasoning for this answer in relation to the precarious co-option of ‘war’ as a criminological ‘specialism’. It is the case that ‘criminological’ attention to ‘war’ has been intermittent during the past century, but it is not a ‘new’ object of study for social science. Our own previous work has suggested that the study of ‘war’ should be of more sustained concern to ‘criminologists’ than has previously been the case, given its existence on a complex continua of (gendered) violence, harm and victimisation (qua Cockburn, 2012); a lack of concern which (for us at least) typifies the mainstream centrefolds of criminological interests in ‘street’ crime, criminal justice processes, and so on. These interests were, and remain to be, informed by a rationale put forward by Jamieson (1998) advocating for a ‘criminology of war’. From our reading of this work however, the study of ‘war’ was not intended to be pursued as a criminological ‘specialism’; quite the opposite. A later paper, penned in Studi Sulla Questione Criminale, offers this position some additional clarity whereby Jamieson (2012) continues that, “the war/crime nexus is, or ought to be, an object of enquiry that belongs to no one, not even criminology”.
    [Show full text]
  • Sociology of War Sociology 40190 Spring 2015 John Levi Martin University of Chicago Fridays, 9:30 AM – 12:30 PM Classics 111
    The Sociology of War Sociology 40190 Spring 2015 John Levi Martin University of Chicago Fridays, 9:30 AM – 12:30 PM Classics 111 Overview: War is a large scale social endeavor, often the most sophisticated coordination carried out by a polity. Here we investigate the nature of war, the sociological characteristics of the organizations developed for its pursuit, and its connection with different political forms. There will be a few brief forays into the consideration of the military as an occupational world, and perhaps one into quasi-war forms of political or economic violence, but the focus here will be on the organization of sustained conflict between armies and the preparation for same. This is not a class on violence, nor is it a class on military sociology. While we will bump into these topics, our focus is on war first and foremost, the preparations for and consequences of secondly, and only thirdly these other topics. However, I do bend to reach some of the more pivotal work in sociology. In some cases, that means using a somewhat less central source by a sociologist in preference to a more central one by a historian or political scientist. This is the first time I have taught this class; I am doing it to learn more about this topic. Class Format: Each class has a focal reading or set of related readings but usually only illustrating one portion of the topics to be covered in that day. Students whose work is related to these topics are encouraged to take unusual degrees of direction for these days.
    [Show full text]
  • Obeying Orders: Atrocity, Military Discipline, and the Law of War
    California Law Review VOL. 86 OCTOBER 1998 No. 5 Copyright © 1998 by California Law Review, Inc. Obeying Orders: Atrocity, Military Discipline, and the Law of War Mark J. Osielt TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction ..................................................................................... 944 General Background ......................................................................... 946 A. Genealogy of Terms ............................................................. 951 B. "Cracking the Culture" of the "Separate Community" ...... 953 C. Civilian and Military Approaches to Legal Error ................... 959 D. Current Law as Compromise ................................................. 961 E. Why Ever Excuse Obedience to Illegal Orders? ............ .. .......965 I. Obedience to Superior Orders: The Uncertain Scope of Manifest Illegality ....................................................................... 969 A. The Nature of the Defense .................................................... 971 Copyright © 1998 California Law Review, Inc. t Mark J. Osiel, Professor of Law, University of Iowa. J.D., Ph.D., Harvard University, 1987. For their helpful comments, I would like to thank Steven Burton, Eliot A. Cohen, Mary Dudziak, Sir Michael Howard, Kenneth Kress, Col. Howard Levie, Lt. Col. Mark Martins, John Norton Moore, Maj. Gen. A.P.V. Rogers, Tina Rosenberg, Col. Scott Silliman, Robert F. Turner, Detlev Vagts, Lea Vandervelde, and the participants in faculty seminars at Stanford and the University of Iowa. Conversations with several leading Judge Advocate General (hereinafter JAG) officers and civilian Defense Department lawyers, whose anonymity must be preserved, proved invaluable. Discussions with Carlos Nino and Jaime Malamud-Goti, while they were prosecuting officers for crimes arising from Argentina's "dirty war," were also very helpful. I am grateful to several members of legal academia who were willing, on condition of anonymity, to share some rather unflattering tales of their own military activities during World War II and the Korean War.
    [Show full text]
  • The Army in Peace Time: the Social Status and Function of Soldiers
    394 Rance Chapter 11 The Army in Peace Time: The Social Status and Function of Soldiers Philip Rance During the Late Roman and Middle Byzantine periods, the place of soldiers in society and their roles and activities when not at war embraced great variations of time, place and context. The evidence for soldiers’ status and function is chronologically and geographically uneven: documentation accu- mulates in late antiquity, owing to imperial law codes and Egyptian papyri, while corresponding Middle Byzantine source-material is comparatively meagre, especially during the 7th-/8th-century “dark age”. In both periods the problem of defining a “soldier” (stratiotes) arises. Although different sources employ this term with varying degrees of specificity, between c. 300 and c. 1200 its usage encompasses a spectrum of full- or part-time, indigenous or foreign servicemen, ancillary forces and semi-private retainers, ranging from an elite guardsman patrolling a palace in Constantinople to a paramilitary “irregular” on seasonal lookout duty at a frontier pass, while in 10th-/11th-century texts “soldier” can signify a landholder who personally performed no military ser- vice but contributed to the upkeep of a combatant. “Soldiers” therefore differed not merely by rank, seniority or unit-type, but in their terms and conditions of service, legal status and institutional identities, which variously reflected their environment, socio-economic background, mode of recruitment, regional affiliations and/or ethnicity. Within this diversity, different mechanisms and approximate levels of remuneration, along with fiscal and juridical immuni- ties, suggest that soldiers shared a relatively privileged position in society, even if Middle Byzantine sources record disparities in income and assets.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter Gives a Background of the Journal and Information About Each Editor
    A Description of the Articles of the Past Five Years of Armed Forces & Society By Nathan Sexton An Applied Research Project Submitted in Partial Fulfillment for the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Public Administration Texas State University Fall 2003 Political Science 5397 Dr. Patricia Shields Faculty Approval __________________________ __________________________ 1 Abstract The purpose of this Applied Research Project is to describe the substantive content of recent articles in Armed Forces & Society. This paper uses the framework of Guy L. Siebold (2001) to analyze the content of 117 Armed Forces & Society articles from the past five years. The settings chapter gives a background of the journal and information about each editor. Guy L. Siebold (2001 pp. 143) identifies four areas of military sociology that require attention. The four areas include (1) the military as a profession of arms, (2) the military as an institution or organization, (3) civil-military relations, and (4) military relations with other governmental agencies and militaries (Siebold 2001 pp140). The key facets of military sociology as set by Siebold are used to classify the content in the journal. The results found that the most discussed topics in the journal are historical development; education or training; recruitment or promotion; social issues or innovation, demographics; goals, ways of operating or the I/O debate, and the degree of conflict, harmony, or cooperation as related to civil-military relations. 2 Table of Contents Chapter One .....................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Military Children and Families F C Hil Dr En VOLUME 23 NUMBER 2 FALL 2013
    Military Children and Families T he Fu Military Children and Families tu re o re f C VOLUME 23 NUMBER 2 FALL 2013 hil dr 3 Military Children and Families: Introducing the Issue en 13 The Demographics of Military Children and Families 41 Economic Conditions of Military Families 61 Military Children from Birth to Five Years 79 Child Care and Other Support Programs 99 Resilience among Military Youth 121 How Wartime Military Service Affects Children and Families 143 When a Parent Is Injured or Killed in Combat V ol um 163 Building Communities of Care for Military Children and Families e 2 187 Unlocking Insights about Military Children and Families 3 199 Afterword: What We Can Learn from Military Children and Families Nu mb e r 2 F a ll 2013 A COLLABORATION OF THE WOODROW WILSON SCHOOL OF PUBLIC AND INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS AT PRINCETON UNIVERSITY AND THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION The Future of Children and the Military Child Education Coalition jointly developed this issue of the journal to promote effective policies and programs for military-connected children and their families by providing timely, objective information based on the best available research. Senior Editorial Staff Journal Staff Sara McLanahan Kris McDonald Editor-in-Chief Associate Editor Princeton University Princeton University Director, Center for Research on Child Wellbeing, and William S. Tod Jon Wallace Professor of Sociology and Public Affairs Managing Editor Princeton University Janet M. Currie Senior Editor Lisa Markman-Pithers Princeton University Outreach Director Director,
    [Show full text]
  • Meeting the Challenge of Cyberterrorism: Defining the Military Role in a Democracy
    XVII Meeting the Challenge of Cyberterrorism: Defining the Military Role in a Democracy Charles J. Dunlap, Jr: eadline grabbing events like the denial ofservice attacks1 on "dot com" H companies2 in early 2000 and the excitement over 1999's Y2K fears3 have served to tum public and governmental attention to the vulnerability of computers in an increasingly network-dependent, infonnation-oriented society. For their part, militaries-and especially the US anned forces-have for some time been grappling with the implications of the metamorphosis spawned by the enonnous advances in computer technologies of the last twenty years. A general consensus exists that emerging digital capabilities are stimulating what is popularly known as a "Revolution in Military Affairs," or RMA.4 There are many aspects to the RMA,5 but few would dispute that one progeny is the rise of infonnation operations (10)6 as a specific military discipline. In fact, the threat of cyberattack as a fonn ofrO is a major concern of the US anned forces. In its doctrine, the military gives the defense of infonnation systems open and prominent attention.7 In military circles, 10 is viewed as an asymmetric strategy because it presents an opportunity for an adversary with a narrow capability to successfully strike a seemingly more powerful opponent like the United States. One commentator eA-plains this phenomena as follows: Meeting the Challenge of Cyberterrorism No other country or group can approach the US conventional-weapon superiority. This is why many terrorists find information terrorism an attractive alternative to traditional forms of terrorism. eyber-terrorism allows terrorists-both foreign and domestic-to inflict damage with no harm to themselves and litde chance of being caught.
    [Show full text]
  • Who Joins the Military?: a Look at Race, Class, and Immigration Status
    Syracuse University SURFACE Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Sociology Affairs Winter 2008 Who Joins the Military?: A Look at Race, Class, and Immigration Status Amy Lutz Department of Sociology, Syracuse University Follow this and additional works at: https://surface.syr.edu/soc Part of the Family, Life Course, and Society Commons, Military History Commons, and the Race and Ethnicity Commons Recommended Citation Lutz, Amy. 2008. “Who Joins the Military?: A Look at Race, Class, and Immigration Status.” Journal of Political and Military Sociology 36 (2): 167-188. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs at SURFACE. It has been accepted for inclusion in Sociology by an authorized administrator of SURFACE. For more information, please contact [email protected]. WHO JOINS THE MILITARY? A LOOK AT RACE, CLASS, AND IMMIGRATION STATUS1 AMY LUTZ Syracuse University Journal of Political and Military Sociology, 2008, Vol. 36, No. 2 (Winter):167-188. This article discusses the history of participation of the three largest racial– ethnic groups in the military: whites, blacks, and Latinos. It empirically exa- mines the likelihood of ever having served in the military across a variety of criteria including race–ethnicity, immigrant generation, and socioeconomic status, concluding that significant disparities exist only by socioeconomic status. Finally, the article offers an in-depth look at Latinos in the military, a group whose levels of participation in the armed services have not been thoroughly investigated heretofore. The findings reveal that, among Latinos, those who identify as “Other Hispanic” are more likely to have served in the military than Mexicans, while Puerto Ricans are not significantly different from Mexicans in their service.
    [Show full text]
  • Military Sociology: Past, Present, Future
    Military Sociology: Past, Present, Future Patricia M. Shields, PhD Texas State University Presented at Norwegian Institute for Defence Studies September 24, 2013 Organization 1. Short Scholarly Biography 2. Definitions of Military Sociology 3. History and Leading Military Sociologists 4. Theoretical perspectives 5. Contemporary Dimensions of Military Sociology 6. Future of Military Sociology Short Scholarly Biography J. G. Shields 1914 - 2002 College Years • 1969 – Vietnam War • 1977 – Dissertation “The Determinants of Service in the Armed Forces during the Vietnam Era” Early Publications • 1980 – “Determinants & Consequence of Service in Vietnam” (Veterans focus) • “Enlistment during the Vietnam Era and the ‘Representation’ Issue of the All Volunteer Force • 1981 – “The Burden of the Draft: The Vietnam Years” Journal of Political and Military Sociology 1988 Women in the Military “Sex Roles in the Military” The Military More than a Job (Moskos & Wood) 1989 Military Privatization “Consequence of Privatization” The Bureaucrat Shift to All-Volunteer military 1993 – Socioeconomics “A New Paradigm for Military Policy: Socioeconomics” 1996 - Family Demographics “Changing Family Demographics” in Future Soldier and the Quality Imperative Volunteer military Applied Pragmatism 1996 - 2013 Public Administration Research Methods John Dewey Decision-making (12) 2001-Present Operates in the broad intellectual and policy spheres where society and the military meet. 2003 The Bureaucracy in Military Sociology Florence Nightingale 2009 Women’s Contribution to Military and Societal Transformation Expeditionary Mindset (2011) 2013 Post Cold War – War on Terror Pragmatism & Peacekeeping Research Methods 2013 2014 Military sociology is a subfield of the study of armed forces and society that is focused more narrowly on the relationships between military oganizations and the larger society.
    [Show full text]
  • Deployments Affect Service Members
    THE ARTS This PDF document was made available from www.rand.org as a public CHILD POLICY service of the RAND Corporation. CIVIL JUSTICE EDUCATION Jump down to document ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT 6 HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS The RAND Corporation is a nonprofit research NATIONAL SECURITY POPULATION AND AGING organization providing objective analysis and effective PUBLIC SAFETY solutions that address the challenges facing the public SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY and private sectors around the world. SUBSTANCE ABUSE TERRORISM AND HOMELAND SECURITY TRANSPORTATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE Support RAND WORKFORCE AND WORKPLACE Purchase this document Browse Books & Publications Make a charitable contribution For More Information Visit RAND at www.rand.org Learn more about the RAND Corporation View document details Limited Electronic Distribution Rights This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law as indicated in a notice appearing later in this work. This electronic representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for non- commercial use only. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of our research documents for commercial use. This product is part of the RAND Corporation monograph series. RAND mono- graphs present major research findings that address the challenges facing the public and private sectors. All RAND monographs undergo rigorous peer review to ensure high standards for research quality and objectivity. How Deployments Affect Service Members James Hosek, Jennifer Kavanagh, Laura Miller Approved for public release; distribution unlimited The research descibed in this report results from the RAND Corporation’s continuing program of self-initiated independent research. Support for such research is provided, in part, by donors and by the independent research and development provisions of RAND’s contracts for the operation of its U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Modernity, Capitalism, and War: Toward a Sociology of War in the Nineteenth Century, 1815-1914
    University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Masters Theses Graduate School 8-2010 Modernity, Capitalism, and War: Toward a Sociology of War in the Nineteenth Century, 1815-1914 Eric Royal Lybeck University of Tennessee, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes Part of the European History Commons, International Relations Commons, Military History Commons, Politics and Social Change Commons, and the Theory, Knowledge and Science Commons Recommended Citation Lybeck, Eric Royal, "Modernity, Capitalism, and War: Toward a Sociology of War in the Nineteenth Century, 1815-1914. " Master's Thesis, University of Tennessee, 2010. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/728 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a thesis written by Eric Royal Lybeck entitled "Modernity, Capitalism, and War: Toward a Sociology of War in the Nineteenth Century, 1815-1914." I have examined the final electronic copy of this thesis for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Master of Arts, with a major in Sociology. Harry F. Dahms, Major Professor We have read this thesis and recommend
    [Show full text]
  • Desertion, Control and Collective Action in Civil Wars Theodore
    Desertion, Control and Collective Action in Civil Wars Theodore McLauchlin Department of Political Science McGill University, Montreal June 2012 A thesis submitted to McGill University in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy © Theodore McLauchlin, 2012 Abstract This dissertation develops and tests a new theoretical synthesis for understanding how armed groups keep their combatants fighting rather than deserting or defecting. It examines two basic methods of limiting desertion: keeping coercive control over combatants, and fostering norms of mutual cooperation among them. It argues that the effectiveness of each approach is conditioned by the degree to which combatants value the common aim of the success of the armed group. Norms of cooperation require a commitment to this common aim to be effective. Control can be effective even when combatants are uncommitted, but loses effectiveness with severe disagreements among combatants. This approach provides an advance on past work on the requirements for armed groups in civil wars. Some assume, unrealistically, that common aims drive individual behaviour directly. Others focus exclusively either on individual rewards and punishments or on norms of cooperation. This dissertation, in contrast, sees each as important and as contingent upon the prior consideration of whether combatants share a common aim. A qualitative analysis of armed groups in the Spanish Civil War examines micro-level evidence about common aims, the provision of control, and the emergence of norms of cooperation. The dissertation then tests its major hypotheses statistically using two original datasets of soldiers from that war, based on the author’s archival research. It conducts further statistical tests against a new dataset of defection from government armies in 28 civil wars during the 1990s.
    [Show full text]