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CANADIAN DIVERSITY IS PUBLISHED by Canadian Diversity Is a Quarterly Publication of the Association for Canadian Studies (ACS) CANADIAN WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS: TOWARDS A DIVERSE, INCLUSIVE AND INNOVATIVE ECOSYSTEM VOLUME 17 | NO. 4 | 2020 INTRODUCTION Researching the Barriers to Women’s Technology Entrepreneurship: A systematic review of the literature Overview of the edition: 38 Imagining the New Ecosystem Jaigris Hodson, Shandell Houlden, Chandell Gosse 3 & Laura Lefevre Miriam Taylor Women Entrepreneurs in Agriculture: Creating an Inclusive Innovation and Making an Impact in The Margins Entrepreneurship Ecosystem 44 5 Gina Grandy, Christie Newton & Amber Fletcher Wendy Cukier, Suzanne Gagnon & Tania Saba THE PATH TO INCLUSION THE REALITY OF WOMEN IN BUSINESS Indigenous Women’s Entrepreneurship in Canada Five Common Misconceptions about Women and 52 Ashley Richard & Samantha Morton 13 Entrepreneurship Ingrid C. Chadwick & Alexandra Dawson Barriers and Opportunities: Black Entrepreneurship in Canada Financing for Women Entrepreneurs 60 Nadine Spencer & Jodi-Ann Francis-Walker 19 Zohreh Hassannezhad & Shannon Pestun Barriers to Entrepreneurship for Immigrant 70 Women: A Canadian Perspective AN EVOLVING ECOSYSTEM Guang Ying Mo & Ruby Latif Challenges and Opportunities Faced by Canadian 31 Women Entrepreneurs in Global Trade Clare Beckton & Janice McDonald CANADIAN DIVERSITY IS PUBLISHED BY Canadian Diversity is a quarterly publication of the Association for Canadian Studies (ACS). Opinions expressed in articles are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect ASSOCIATION FOR CANADIAN STUDIES BOARD OF DIRECTORS (ELECTED NOVEMBER 23, 2019) the opinions of the ACS or sponsoring organizations. The DR. JULIE PERRONE Association for Canadian Studies is a voluntary non-profit Chairperson of the Board of Directors, Director, Communications & Marketing, organization. It seeks to expand and disseminate knowledge Finance Montréal, Montreal, Quebec about Canada through teaching, research and publications. The ACS is a scholarly society and a member of the Humanities CELINE COOPER Editor, The Canadian Encyclopedia, Instructor, Concordia University, and Social Science Federation of Canada. Montreal, Quebec HUBERT LUSSIER Retired – Assistant Deputy Minister, Canadian Heritage, Ottawa, Ontario JANE BADETS LETTERS Retired – Assistant Chief Statistician, Statistics Canada, Ottawa, Ontario TITRE Comments on this edition of Canadian Diversity? GISÈLE YASMEEN Executive Director, Food Secure Canada, Montreal, Quebec We want to hear from you! PROFESSOR HOWARD RAMOS Canadian Diversity / ACS Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia 850-1980 Sherbrooke Street West Bio THE HONOURABLE MARLENE JENNINGS Montréal, Québec H3H 1E8 P.C., LLb.,Lawyer, Montreal, Quebec Or e-mail us at <[email protected]> MADELINE ZINIAK Consultant,Résumé. Chairperson of the Canadian Ethnic Media Association, Toronto, Ontario PROFESSOR CHEDLY BELKHODJA Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec This special edition of Canadian Diversity is published in JEAN TEILLET partnership with the Women Entrepreneurship Knowledge Partner at Pape Salter Teillet LLP, Vancouver, British Columbia Hub (WEKH), a network of 10 regional hubs and over 250 organizations established as part of the Government of PROFESSOR JOANNA ANNEKE RUMMENS Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario Canada’s Women Entrepreneurship Strategy. We would like to thank them for their valued collaboration. A special thank you to Wendy Cukier, founder and Director of Ryerson University’s Diversity Institute. PUBLISHER Jack Jedwab MANAGING EDITOR Miriam Taylor This edition benefits from the financial support of the TRANSLATORS Government of Canada through the Women Entrepreneurship Miriam Taylor Strategy. Laura Comboïgo COPY-EDITING & PROOFREADING Dr.Txt Guang Ying Mo Dr. Zohreh Hassannezhad Dr. Mohamed Elmi Stefan Karajovic DESIGN & LAYOUT Women Entrepreneurship Knowledge Hub: CAMILAHGO. studio créatif www.wekh.ca Women Entrepreneurship Strategy: www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/107.nsf/eng/home 2 OVERVIEW OF THE EDITION IMAGINING THE NEW ECOSYSTEM MIRIAM TAYLOR (PhD) is the Director of Partnerships and Publications at the Association for Canadian Studies and the Metrop- olis Institute. She is Managing Editor of Canadian Issues and Canadian Diversity. Created in collaboration with The Women's Entrepreneurship Section (1) opens with an article by Ingrid C. Chadwick and Knowledge Hub, this special edition of Canadian Alexandra Dawson outlining five common misconceptions Diversity entitled, “Canadian Women Entrepreneurs: Towards about women and entrepreneurship. Pointing to the inaccur- a Diverse, Inclusive and Innovative Ecosystem”, arises in acy of such misconceptions is important in itself, but in connection with the Women's Entrepreneurship Conference their exposé the authors succeed in revealing the nature of (now postponed until March 2021 due to the COVID-19 the structural constraints that are at the root of these stereo- pandemic). The issue outlines the structural challenges faced types – an essential first step if we are serious about changing by women entrepreneurs in different fields and from diverse attitudes and perceptions. A second article, by Zohreh communities; exposes the need for further research into Hassannezhad and Shannon Pestun, consists in a very thorough disaggregated data; and explores innovative approaches to overview of the different models and types of financing avail- correcting existing inequities in the system for the benefit of able to women entrepreneurs. The article includes a consider- the economy as a whole. ation of the systemic and cultural barriers women encounter in seeking and obtaining financing and identifies emerging In their introduction, Wendy Cukier, Suzanne Gagnon & approaches and initiatives seeking to facilitate access to Tania Saba, point to the ways in which the current social and funding. economic framework limits the full potential of women entre- preneurs. They call for a systemic approach based on under- Section (2) examines women’s entrepreneurial activities in standing the distinct needs and challenges of women so as the spheres of global trade, technology and agriculture. In to determine the interventions required to allow women full their article on the challenges and opportunities faced by inclusion in an ecosystem that fosters innovation and success. Canadian women entrepreneurs in global trade, Clare Beckton and Janice McDonald go beyond exposing the important The issue is divided into three sections: challenges faced by women entrepreneurs engaging in inter- national trade to highlight the great potential for the economy • The Reality of Women in Business; as a whole of opening up the pathways for women in the import/export world. • An Evolving Ecosystem; and Considering the barriers to women’s technology entrepre- • The Path to Inclusion. neurship, Jaigris Hodson, Shandell Houlden, Chandell Gosse, 3 and Laura Lefevre point in their literature review to women’s repertoire of available mentors in the community. Like perceived lack of legitimacy in technology entrepreneurship, other experts, the authors bemoan the limited availability of a space that continues to be dominated by a male-centric disaggregated data, so essential to addressing problems at culture. They recommend that “initiatives be introduced at their root, particularly as regards women entrepreneurs in the multiple levels, so that problems of culture, access to resour- Black community. ces, education, and changes in policy,” all be addressed. The building of more tools and the creation of educational oppor- In their article on the barriers to entrepreneurship for immigrant tunities are all essential, according to the authors, to facilitate women, Guang Ying Mo and Ruby Latif also evoke the burden equal access for women, particularly those in the more pre- of structural barriers and propose the need for a multileveled carious budding gig economy. approach allowing immigrant women to move beyond chal- lenges to accomplish their goals across the entire ecosystem, In an article on women entrepreneurs in agriculture, Gina from capacity training to networking, from policies to culture, Grandy, Christie Newton and Amber Fletcher reveal how from language to technology. little is known about women entrepreneurs in the agricultural industry and deplore how often the contributions of these women are overlooked and overshadowed. They identify barriers in the areas of financing, networking, training, and work-life balance. They point to the essential importance of understanding the specific challenges and opportunities faced by women, and accounting for intersectionality and territorial differences, if we are serious about bringing women out of the margins. Indeed, the underrepresentation of women is exposed by the authors as a missed opportunity, as women’s new insights and innovative practices enhance not only the industry itself but represent significant social and economic gains for society as a whole. Section (3) examines the intersectional challenges faced by Indigenous, Black and Immigrant women entrepreneurs and identifies the steps that must be taken to allow them to flour- ish and contribute to their full potential. Despite a plethora of barriers, explain Ashley Richard and Samantha Morton, Indigenous entrepreneurship is growing at twice the rate of that of non-Indigenous women. However, additional support is lacking and sorely needed. Such programming must be developed with a respect for cultural norms and preferences. Empathy and relationship building, for instance, are key elements in the implementation of any successful program
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