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Beliefs About Transgender Men and Women

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Beliefs About Transgender Men and Women Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Graduate Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 2018 The acronym’s forgotten letter: Beliefs about transgender men and women Elizabeth M. TenBrook Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd Part of the Counseling Psychology Commons, and the Social Psychology Commons Recommended Citation TenBrook, Elizabeth M., "The acronym’s forgotten letter: Beliefs about transgender men and women" (2018). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 17580. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd/17580 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The acronym’s forgotten letter: Beliefs about transgender men and women by Elizabeth M. TenBrook A dissertation submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Major: Psychology Program of Study Committee: Patrick Armstrong, Major Professor Marcus Crede Lisa Larson David Vogel Meifen Wei The student author, whose presentation of the scholarship herein was approved by the program of study committee, is solely responsible for the content of this dissertation. The Graduate College will ensure this dissertation is globally accessible and will not permit alterations after a degree is conferred. Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 2019 Copyright © Elizabeth M. TenBrook, 2019. All rights reserved. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................... iv LIST OF TABLES ..................................................................................................... v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ......................................................................................... vi ABSTRACT………………………………. .............................................................. vii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ................................................ 5 Overview….. ........................................................................................................ 5 Gender Theory….. ............................................................................................... 5 Stereotypes and Prejudice….. .............................................................................. 10 Societal Perceptions of Transgender People….. .................................................. 20 Measurement of Anti-transgender Prejudice….. ................................................. 24 Gender Stereotypes….. ........................................................................................ 27 LGBT Stereotypes….. ......................................................................................... 30 Present Study….. ................................................................................................. 44 CHAPTER 3 METHODS ..................................................................................... 49 Participants.. ......................................................................................................... 49 Measures….. ........................................................................................................ 50 Procedure…. ........................................................................................................ 54 Data Analytic Approach ...................................................................................... 55 CHAPTER 4 RESULTS ....................................................................................... 61 Trait Descriptive Statistics…. .............................................................................. 61 Structural Analyses of Traits ............................................................................... 85 Statistical Model Analyses ................................................................................... 96 CHAPTER 5 DISCUSSION ................................................................................. 103 Research Questions .............................................................................................. 104 Implications and Future Directions ...................................................................... 122 Summary and Conclusions .................................................................................. 127 iii REFERENCES .......................................................................................................... 128 APPENDIX A INFORMED CONSENT .................................................................. 138 APPENDIX B DEMOGRAPHICS QUESTIONNAIRE .......................................... 141 APPENDIX C BEM SEX ROLE INVENTORY...................................................... 143 APPENDIX D LIST OF 555 TRAIT ADJECTIVES ............................................... 144 APPENDIX E PREVIOUSLY DOCUMENTED TRANSGENDER STEREOTYPES AND COUNTERSTEREOTYPES ............................................... 148 APPENDIX F TRAIT RATING QUESTIONS ....................................................... 149 APPENDIX G CARD SORT DIRECTIONS ........................................................... 150 APPENDIX H NEED FOR CLOSURE SCALE-REVISED-SHORT ..................... 151 APPENDIX I ATTITUDES TOWARD WOMEN SCALE ..................................... 152 APPENDIX J GENDERISM & TRANSPHOBIA SCALE-REVISED ................... 154 APPENDIX K SOCIAL DISTANCE SCALE ......................................................... 155 APPENDIX L DEBRIEFING FORM ....................................................................... 156 APPENDIX M TRAIT ASSIGNMENT TO CATEGORIES ................................... 157 APPENDIX N TRAIT CONTENT DIMENSIONS .................................................. 158 APPENDIX O TRAIT ASSIGNMENT DIFFERENCES BY SEX……………….. 160 APPENDIX P PARTICIPANT VARIABLES .......................................................... 162 APPENDIX Q INSTITUTIONAL REVIEW BOARD STUDY APPROVAL ........ 163 iv LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 Hierarchical Clustering of Trait Adjectives ......................................................... 87 Figure 2 Multidimensional Scaling Results for Trait Adjectives ....................................... 89 v LIST OF TABLES Page Table 1 Valence Dimension of Transgender and Cisgender Women and Men Stereotypes 74 Table 2 Warmth Dimension of Transgender and Cisgender Women and Men Stereotypes 76 Table 3 Competence (Social Status) Dimension of Transgender and Cisgender Women and Men Stereotypes…………………………………………………………... 77 Table 4 Gender Dimensions of Transgender and Cisgender Women and Men Stereotypes 79 Table 5 Correlation of Summary Ratings for Transgender Trait Dimensions .................... 84 Table 6 Trait Dimension Ratings by Category and Participant Sex ................................... 91 Table 7 Analysis of Covariance Summary for Valence Ratings ........................................ 98 Table 8 Analysis of Covariance Summary for Warmth Ratings ........................................ 100 Table 9 Analysis of Covariance Summary for Social Status (Competence) Ratings ......... 101 Table 10 Analysis of Covariance Summary for Gender Ratings ....................................... 103 vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my advisor and committee chair, Patrick Armstrong, and my committee members, Marcus Crede, Lisa Larson, David Vogel, and Meifen Wei, for their support and guidance throughout the course of this research. I want to offer my appreciation to my research assistants as well as those who were willing to participate in my study, without whom, this dissertation would not have been possible. In addition, I would like to thank my tremendous support system. I am grateful for my friends, colleagues, ISU Psychology Department faculty and staff, LGBTQIA+ community, Simpson College Counseling Services staff and ISU Student Counseling Service staff for making my time in graduate school one I will always remember. I also want to thank the staff and faculty at the University of Southern Indiana who supported and inspired me throughout my education and early professional career. Additionally, I want to acknowledge my family, especially my mother, Kathy TenBrook, without whom I would not be the person I am today. Most importantly, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my loving wife, Erika Harper, who has provided constant support, laughter, and encouragement every step of the way through this research project. Thank you to all who have made this possible. vii ABSTRACT Psychologists have long recognized the role of stereotyping social minority groups. The current sociopolitical environment of hostility toward transgender individuals would suggest that transgender stereotypes are negative. The purpose of this study was to explore the stereotypes of transgender women and men and examine the content of these stereotypes in comparison to cisgender women and men. It was expected that stereotypes would reflect that transgender individuals are social outsiders who do not fit their assigned gender role, placing them in the low warmth – low competence cluster of the stereotype content model. Multidimensional scaling and cluster analyses revealed
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