About AGU: Scholarship Fund Reaches Its Goal, P

News: Failed Rocket Payload Included Science Experiments, p. 399 News: Americans Unprepared for Natural Disasters, p. 399 News: Experts Examine Issues Related to Transporting Crude Oil p. 399 Forum: Women Count, p. 402 Meeting: Developing Resources for Teaching Ethics in Geoscience, p. 403 About AGU: Scholarship Fund Reaches Its Goal, p. 404 Research Spotlight: Minerals, Vortices, Landslides, and More, p. 408

VOLUME 95 NUMBER 44 4 NOVEMBER 2014

use GPS- enabled iPads and the associated Crowdsourcing Digital Maps iGIS app to collect geological data in the field (Figure 1). Point data are collected using a basic template with input fields for Using Citizen Geologists unit, strike, dip, dip direction, and notes. In addition, the app includes an input field that Crowdsourcing—“the act of taking a job In 2000, GoldCorp, a gold production com- color codes data points by unit (Figure 2a). traditionally performed by a designated pany, issued a challenge: It would open up Students also record outcrop data and agent [expert] and outsourcing it to an its wealth of geological data in a region and information in their field books to back up undefined, generally large group of people” offer $575,000 to whomever came up with the their digital data. However, with an active [Howe, 2009]—has fundamentally changed best locations and methods for finding gold. cell phone signal, the mappers could also and enhanced the collection and dissemi- The GoldCorp Challenge resulted in success- periodically back up their field data to a nation of data. Crowdsourcing has proven ful gold targets utilizing a crowd consisting cloud-based storage system. effective for rapid data collection, especially primarily of professional geologists and engi- Each evening, students export their iGIS where in-depth knowledge of a topic or dis- neers (R. Tischer, He struck gold on the net data to a laptop computer running the map- cipline is not a necessity. (really), 2002, http://www.fastcompany.com/ ping software ArcGIS. They “clean” their field But what if some basic knowledge were a 44917/he -struck -gold -net - really). data in ArcGIS to remove any spelling dis- necessity? Could the potential of crowdsourc- crepancies and work on their maps by adding ing still be harnessed? Geoscientists, partic- Case Study: A Field Mapping Exercise line-work for contacts and faults, and poly- ularly those who create and use geological in Ireland gons for the areal extent of lithological units. maps, are beginning to ask these questions. Concurrently, students evaluate the day’s Geological mapping has traditionally Building on the approach of tapping into mapping and decide where to focus their depended on labor-intensive field data col- a crowd with specific expertise, the James efforts during the next day’s field session. Fig. 1. A student uses a tablet to help create a lection by geoscience professionals. These Madison University’s (JMU) field course digital geological map during the James Madi- professionals could benefit greatly from in Ireland has developed a crowdsourcing Advantages of the Case Study’s Approach son University field course to Ireland. crowdsourcing—they could cover more area exercise for geological mapping as a compo- at finer scales. However, the crowd used to nent of a digital mapping exercise [Johnston A distinct advantage of crowdsourced characterization and/or orientation measure- help with mapping would need some geo- et al., 2005; De Paor and Whitmeyer, 2009]. digital mapping over traditional indepen- ments—become apparent during evening logical training. Students collect outcrop data in the field dent mapping is the ability to centrally com- meetings. Although the general public may lack the using modern hardware (iPads) and soft- pile all student data into a composite mas- Simple mistakes in compass readings or necessary level of geological expertise, the ware (iGIS). Later, in camp, students evalu- ter file. Field locations where students have determination of dip direction are resolved 2000-plus geoscience students who attend ate their field data in comparison with an conflicting outcrop data (Figure 1b)—often capstone field courses annually Whitmeyer[ aggregate of all student-collected data. resulting from discrepancies in lithological Citizen Geologists cont. on page 398 and Mogk, 2009] have the training and back- This approach makes the assumption that ground to make crowdsourced field data col- the majority of students will collect accurate lection a viable option. data; deviations from the group norm will highlight field locations that students should Different Crowdsourcing Approaches revisit to reevaluate data they collected. Ulti- ABOUT AGU mately, the composite data set produced by Several projects have successfully utilized the students is accurate and robust enough crowdsourcing to generate and analyze data. to function as a highly detailed geological Examples include generating maps of the map, with the added benefit that it is already Eos: The Next Generation extent of wildfires Goodchild[ and Glennon, in a modern, Geographic Information Sys- 2010] and mapping the status of earthquake- tem (GIS) format. On 9 December a dynamic, new, broadly will be improved iteratively, based on AGU’s impacted areas (as in the case of the 2011 inclusive, and freely accessible Earth and growing digital and editorial capacity, and Tohoku earthquake; see http://www . sinsai Digital Mapping and Crowdsourcing space science news website will launch: the learning drawn from Web analytics and .info). The Google Earth™ for Onsite and Methodologies Eos.org. This new site is inspired by AGU’s reader feedback. Ideas for improvement will Distance Education (GEODE) project is cur- vision to galvanize our community of Earth also come from the continued input of the rently crowdsourcing instructional field loca- Most modern digital mapping methodolo- and space scientists to collaboratively Eos Online Advisory Panel and the Eos edi- tions (http://geode.net/mgmt). Crowdsourc- gies utilize handheld tablets with integrated advance and communicate our science. tors and Editorial Advisory Board, both of ing can also help scientists process moun- global positioning system (GPS) receivers We are building Eos.org on a strong foun- which have been key to informing content tains of data, including morphological clas- and iOS, Android, or Windows apps to col- dation. Every week for 35 years, Eos has and design. sification of galaxies (the Galaxy Zoo proj- lect field data in standard comma-separated been a reliable source of Earth and space The advent of Eos.org also provides an ect [Land et al., 2008]) and the collection of values (.CSV) or GIS shape file (.SHP) for- science news, research, and features and exciting opportunity to launch a new print information on human genes (the Gene Wiki mats. Base maps for field areas default announcements for AGU members. version. In early 2015, Eos will be delivered project [Huss et al., 2008]). to aerial imagery (e.g., Google Maps™ or Eos will shift to an online-first publish- in the form of a bimonthly color print mag- Geoscientists have begun to explore Microsoft Bing Maps™) that is native to ing model, ensuring that we keep pace with azine, also digitized for viewing on a tab- crowdsourcing as an effective (and inexpen- mobile devices. science and that we respond to and antici- let. The Eos magazine will be delivered to sive) way to collect and organize field data. Alternatively, users can tile (e.g., via Map- pate changes in the ways our community all U.S. members who do not opt out at the For example, the U.S. Geological Survey Tiler) and upload their own base maps— acquires and shares knowledge. Readers will time of membership renewal. Due to the employs geo- crowdsourcing with “Did You useful for field areas with limited cell tower have more choices about how and when to high cost of mailing, the Eos magazine will Feel It?” surveys for recent earthquakes and, access. Field data are typically exported to engage with Eos, and toward that end we’ve be made available to international members from that information, creates community- a host computer and then imported into GIS made sure that Eos.org will be equally read- upon request to memberservices@agu.org. sourced maps of earthquake shaking inten- software to build a digital geological map. able at a glance on your mobile device or at a The various forms in which Eos will be sity (see http://pubs .usgs .gov/ fs/ fs030-01/). The methodology used in the JMU case more leisurely pace on your laptop or tablet. available—the desktop- and mobile- friendly Some crowdsourcing efforts have even study derives from a 4-day digital mapping One of the first things you will notice is Eos.org, the new print magazine, and the directly targeted citizens with specific exercise that each year focuses on a pre- that Eos.org will present new content every downloadable magazine, combined with the expertise. viously unmapped section of a mountain day. Popular content familiar to regular read- power of social media—provide for a whole ridge in western Ireland (for details, see the ers, including Research Spotlights, news, arti- new level of reach and engagement for our additional supporting information provided cles authored by scientists, news from AGU, science. By S. J. Whitmeyer and D. G. De Paor in the online version of this article). Students and job listings will continue, but we won’t Eos.org is the first of three interrelated have to wait a full week or more to publish. elements of an overall digital content strat- As we grow the site, we will gradually egy. Other elements include a re-envisioned expand the selection of domestic and inter- AGU.org, slated for year-end 2015, and a yet- national news and features, including con- to-be-named site to inform and engage the tributions from science journalists and blog- non-science public, planned for 2016–2017. gers. We will experiment with new content I am looking forward to sharing more with such as slide shows and special series. In- you about these developments as they take depth features that explore scientific trends, shape. discoveries, and the impact of your science In the meantime, you need not wait until will be introduced, as well as a broader 9 December to connect with Eos.org. I invite array of opinion pieces. As Eos.org evolves, you to join me in following Eos on Twitter we will strive to reflect the increasingly (@AGU_Eos) as we gear up for this transition. global, interdisciplinary, and transdisci- plinary nature of your work. —Chris McEntee, Executive Director/CEO, AGU; Not all of this will happen overnight. email: cmcentee@ agu More interactive features are planned for the spring and fall of 2015. Thereafter, Eos.org About AGU cont. on page 404 397 EOS VOLUME 95 NUMBER 44 4 NOVEMBER 2014

Citizen Geologists tablet apps that facilitate data collection in cont. from page 397 the fi eld using intuitive touch screen apps. These modern devices are lightweight; have excellent battery life, stable operating systems, and more intuitive interfaces; and can be protected from the elements with an OtterBox® or a Ziploc® bag. GIS apps that use the industry standard TRANSACTIONS formats for geospatial data facilitate seam- AMERICAN GEOPHYSICAL UNION The Newspaper of the Earth and Space Sciences less transfer of fi eld data to a GIS-based digital map on the user’s host computer. This Editors approach is not dissimilar to traditional mapping techniques that use rough fi eld slips for Christina M. S. Cohen: California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, Calif., USA; cohen@ mapping in the fi eld and clean offi ce copies srl.caltech.edu for fi nal map preparation [e.g.,De Paor and José D. Fuentes: Department of Meteorology, Whitmeyer, 2009]. Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Students who learned the rudiments of Pa., USA; [email protected] map creation in ArcGIS (or other GIS pack- Wendy S. Gordon: University of Texas at Aus- ages) had the most success with JMU’s digi- tin, Austin,Tex., USA; [email protected] Fig. 2. (a) A tablet screen showing an aerial map view of the iGIS app. Dots colored by lithology tal exercise. These formats can be frustrat- represent data taken by a professional geologist at individual outcrops during the 4-day digital David Halpern: Jet Propulsion Laboratory, ing to the uninitiated. However, because Pasadena, Calif., USA; davidhalpern29@gmail mapping exercise. (b) Aggregate data collected by students during a single year of the digital knowledge of GIS is a valuable tool for .com mapping exercise (see Figure S2 in the online supplement for a composite map of 6 years of today’s geoscientists, time invested in learn- field data). Compare the data density with that in Figure 2a. White boxes highlight areas of con- ing to use this software is likely well spent. Carol A. Stein: Department of Earth and flicting data. (c) Geological map interpretation of student field data. Bold black lines are normal Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Further, recent developments such as or oblique faults; thinner black lines are interpreted lithological contacts. Chicago, Chicago, Ill., USA; [email protected] Google Maps Engine™ (https:// mapsengine Editor in Chief . google .com) may reduce the steepness of by revisiting an outcrop and correcting the detailed scales, and thus this exercise effec- the GIS learning curve [Ryan et al., 2013]. Barbara T. Richman: AGU, Washington, D. C., measurements. However, lithological vari- tively equates to an authentic undergraduate Perhaps the most signifi cant advance in USA; eos_ [email protected] ances often occur in areas of transitional research experience for the students [e.g., digital crowdsourcing methodologies for geo- Editorial Advisory Board contacts and thus require more thought on Burgin and Sadler, 2010]. logical fi eld mapping and data collection is how best to defi ne unit boundaries. Students the ability to pool data sets from many fi eld M. Lee Allison Earth and Space Science are encouraged to resolve these confl icting Implications of Digital Mapping geologists into a large aggregate database Informatics interpretations through ongoing discussions and Crowdsourcing of outcrop information. Whereas fi eld map- Lora S. Armstrong Volcanology, Geochemistry, ping by a single professional geologist (one and Petrology with their peers. Each year, the area for the digital mapping The concept of citizen science for fi eld of the authors) produced a fi eld map defi ned Michael A. Ellis Earth and Planetary project progresses to new sections of a moun- data collection is highly dependent on avail- by obvious cross-strike and along-strike tra- Surface Processes tain ridge, such that the current year’s digital ability of mobile GPS- and GIS- enabled verses (Figure 1a), the aggregate map pro- Arlene M. Fiore Atmospheric Sciences data add to a growing database of outcrop- equipment. A key recent development is the duced by less- experienced students during Nicola J. Fox Space Physics and Aeronomy scale lithological and structural information. near- ubiquity of iPhone, iPad, and Android the same 4-day period is marked by a signifi - Steve Frolking Biogeosciences Over the course of several years, student data mobile devices among the general public. cant increase in data density (Figure 1b). The professional’s mapping strategy is effi - Edward J. Garnero Study of the Earth’s collection has facilitated the compilation of a Previously, handheld pocket PCs (e.g., Deep Interior new, data-rich geological map of the moun- the Trimble GeoExplorer series) and rug- cient and presumably produced an accu- tain ridge (see Figure S2 in the additional sup- gedized PCs with integrated GPS receiv- rate characterization of the outcrops vis- Michael N. Gooseff Hydrology porting information found in the online ver- ers (e.g., ToughBook® or xPlore®) were ited. However, the data- rich aggregate stu- Kristine C. Harper History of Geophysics sion of this article). the optimal systems for fi eld data collec- dent map arguably shows the stratigraphic Keith D. Koper Seismology Existing geological maps of this region tion [Pavlis et al., 2010]. These systems have arrangement and structure of the fi eld area in signifi cantly greater detail. The aggre- Robert E. Kopp Geomagnetism [Graham et al., 1989] are at much less been rendered obsolete by smartphone and and Paleomagnetism gate student map includes areas of confl icting data (boxes in Figure 1b), which can be John W. Lane Near-Surface Geophysics used as teachable moments to encourage Xin-Zhong Liang Global Environmental Change students to reevaluate their lithological char- Jian Lin Tectonophysics acterizations and measurements. Figen Mekik Paleoceanography In general, the accurate measurements and Paleoclimatology overwhelm the errors, but when preparing Jerry L. Miller Ocean Sciences a fi nal geological map from aggregate data (Figure 1c), the less detailed—but perhaps Michael A. Mischna Planetary Sciences more accurate—professional work can help Thomas H. Painter Cryosphere Sciences Session Proposals Now Open resolve areas with confl icts in interpretation. Roger A. Pielke Sr. Natural Hazards Michael Poland Geodesy Crowdsourcing as an Educational Exercise Eric M. Riggs Education JMU’s digital mapping exercise revealed Adrian Tuck Nonlinear Geophysics that students can be challenged, and some- Sergio Vinciguerra Mineral and Rock Physics times frustrated, by using digital hardware Earle Williams Atmospheric and software methods to create a geological and Space Electricity map. Their initial impatience with learning how to use the equipment can be exacer- Mary Lou Zoback Societal Impacts A joint meeting, hosted by the U.S. and Canadian scientific community, and Policy Sciences bated by episodes of equipment failure that covering a diverse program across the Earth and space sciences result in a loss of digital fi eld data. Fortu- Staff nately, the switch to using iPads for data col- Editorial and Production: Randy Showstack, Deadline: 5 November, 11:59 P.M. EST lection virtually eliminated losses. Whereas Senior Writer; Ernie Balcerak and Mohi Kumar, most students with previous ArcGIS experi- Science Writers/ Editors; Faith A. Ishii, Program Manager; Tricia McCarter, Production Assistant; ence were comfortable with using the soft- Liz Castenson, Editor’s Assistant; JoAnna Wendel, ja.agu.org ware to create their geological maps, the Writer; Valerie Bassett, Electronic Graphics steep learning curve for ArcGIS often pro- Specialist voked frustration among students unfamiliar Advertising: Tel: +1-202-777-7536; E-mail: with this software. [email protected]; Christy Hanson, Manager; In general, students appreciated the expo- Marketing: Mirelle Moscovitch, Marketing Analyst sure to digital fi eld equipment and GIS soft- ©2014. American Geophysical Union. All Rights ware and consistently reported improve- Reserved. Material in this issue may be photo- ments in skill level and knowledge as well copied by individual scientists for research or classroom use. Permission is also granted to use short as in their attitudes toward the nature of sci- quotes, figures, and tables for publication in science, based on the summative survey of this entific books and journals. For permission for any exercise (see Table S1). They were typically other uses, contact the AGU Publications Office. quite impressed when they saw the results Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union produced by incorporating student fi eld data (ISSN 0096-3941) is published weekly except from several years into a collective geologi- the last week of December by the American cal map of the mountain (Table S2). Geophysical Union, 2000 Florida Ave., NW, Wash- ington, DC 20009, USA. Periodical Class postage The discussions that ensued among stu- paid at Washington, D. C., and at additional dents as they evaluated their fi eld data in mailing offi ces. POSTMASTER: Send address comparison to aggregate group data spurred changes to Member Service Center, 2000 Florida the types of higher- order geological analyses Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20009, USA. Member Service Center: 8:00 A.M.–6:00 P.M. Eastern time; that capstone fi eld courses work to achieve Tel: +1-202-462-6900; Fax: +1-202-328-0566; Tel. [Mogk and Goodwin, 2012]. orders in U.S.: 1-800-966-2481; E-mail: service@ agu.org. Information on institutional subscrip- Future Possibilities tions is available from the Wiley institutional sales team ( [email protected]). Use AGU’s Geophysical Electronic Manuscript Sub- Emerging digital technologies are creating missions system to submit a manuscript: http: // new opportunities for crowdsourced geo- eos-submit.agu.org. logical mapping beyond the JMU case study Views expressed in this publication do not neces- described here. sarily refl ect offi cial positions of the American For example, citizen tourists are gener- Geophysical Union unless expressly stated. ating vast quantities of georeferenced cell Christine W. McEntee, Executive Director/CEO phone imagery, and some advanced users http://www.agu.org/pubs/eos are creating high- resolution interactive gigapixel panoramas (gigapans) and 360° “photo sphere” collections. Likewise, Google

Citizen Geologists cont. on next page 398 Eos VOLUME 95 NUMBER 44 4 NOVEMBER 2014 Americans Unprepared for Natural Disasters

NEWS Americans are very worried about the though people were worried about their threat of natural disasters—but don’t seem homes or livelihoods, they didn’t think they to be prepared for one. This conclusion would be affected personally. This is what comes from Chapman University’s recent psychologists call an “optimistic bias,” Failed Rocket Payload Included Survey on American Fears, released on Meyer explained. Research Experiments 21 October. The survey asked 1500 Ameri- “People tend to think that others are more cans to rank how worried they were about likely to have bad things happen to them About an hour and a half before the launch included 18 microgravity mini-laboratory several types of natural disasters and then than themselves,” he said. of the Orbital Sciences Corporation’s Antares projects designed by teams of students on how prepared they were for each. rocket and Cygnus cargo spacecraft at 6:22 topics ranging from crystal formation to milk Tornadoes and hurricanes topped the list Why Aren’t People Prepared? p.m. on 28 October, Jeff Goldstein arrived at in gravity to the effects of microgravity on of fears, followed by earthquakes, floods, his vantage point on Arbuckle Neck Road seeds and on composting. pandemics, and power outages. When asked Another reason people weren’t prepared in Assawoman, Va. It was just 1.5 miles from Since NCESSE’s inception in 2010, nearly if they were prepared for a disaster, however, was because they prepared for the wrong launchpad 0A at NASA’s Wallops Flight Facil- 49,000 students from 778 U.S. schools have an overwhelming majority of Americans thing. During Hurricane Sandy, people ity. Goldstein, director of the National Cen- been involved with the initiative, which responded “no.” thought the wind would be the most dam- ter for Earth and Space Science Education includes a formal research competition The answer isn’t surprising, according to aging aspect; in reality, flooding caused the (NCESSE) had come with about 35 elemen- to help prepare the next generation of sci- Ann Gordon, associate dean at Chapman Uni- most damage to homes and lives. tary school through college students, as well entists to be “job-force ready,” Goldstein versity’s Wilkinson College of Humanities and Even people living next to water think of as some parents, teachers, and school admin- explained. Working with commercial launch Social Sciences, who headed up the natural hurricanes as wind storms, Meyer said. “Peo- istrators, to watch the liftoff that would deliver service provider NanoRacks, LLC, SSEP disasters section of the survey. A 2013 poll by ple have poor mental models of hazards,” he the students’ microgravity experiments to the experiments have flown onboard seven mis- the Federal Emergency Management Agency added. International Space Station (ISS). sions to ISS. Everything had gone smoothly (FEMA) found similar results: Americans are Meyer also found that people who had With the crescent moon hanging in the until the late October launch attempt. mostly unprepared for natural disasters, even already been through a hurricane and had sky, the sun setting, and the launchpad “I’m trying to turn this into a very power- those in the most vulnerable areas. suffered significant damage were the most flooded in white light, the excited crowd lis- ful teachable moment,” Goldstein said, not- The biggest surprise, Gordon told Eos, likely to be prepared. Those least likely to be tened, courtesy of NASA, to the audio out- ing that science, technology, engineering, was that “there’s no relationship between ready had experienced a natural disaster but put from mission control. They counted in and mathematics (STEM) curricula should how afraid you are and your likelihood of had not suffered significant damage. unison from T minus 10 seconds to launch, include authentic immersive experiences in having a disaster preparedness kit.” “As a consequence, when it comes down Goldstein recalled. research. “We promised real spaceflight in to ‘next time,’ people have the tendency to However, when the rocket exploded 6 sec- this program. This is not a fluffy simulation. Unprepared for Tornadoes and Hurricanes think they don’t need to put out as much onds after liftoff, their euphoria fizzled. The This is real spaceflight, but we didn’t expect effort,” Meyer said. students, who recognize that they are partic- this.” Even in areas where natural disasters are ipants in the dawn of the commercial space- “Failure is part of the equation,” he said. a regular, yearly occurrence—such as in Tor- Motivating Preparedness flight era, learned firsthand that space is a “It’s really important for students to under- nado Alley, which stretches from northern tough environment to operate in. stand that failures are the guideposts on the Texas to South Dakota and experiences more The next step will be to find out what mes- The payload for the unmanned ISS resup- side of the road to success. And how they than 1000 tornadoes per year—most of those sages about preparedness will motivate peo- ply mission included equipment and food respond to failure is a characterization of surveyed said they weren’t prepared. Specifi- ple to act. In September, which was National for the astronauts as well as research proj- what they are made of. I’m seeing that they cally, most Americans don’t have a disaster Preparedness Month, FEMA organized a ects. Among the projects were the Meteor are ready to step to the plate again.” preparedness kit that includes such items as prepare-a-thon, and 17 million people across Composition Determination investigation Goldstein said that all of the student proj- batteries, several days’ worth of water, emer- the country pledged to prepare for a natu- to learn about meteoroid dust, a “Drain ects can be reconstituted within a month, if gency blankets, and nonperishable food. ral disaster, whether by buying a kit or prac- Brain” human health study to understand needed, and that NanoRacks is looking into Gordon and her colleagues then con- ticing disaster responses. However, more blood flow in space, and a set of projects when there might be another opportunity to ducted a follow-up survey, asking respon- needs to be done to ensure that more Ameri- that are part of NCESSE’s Student Space- fly the experiments. dents why they weren’t prepared. The major- cans are prepared, Gordon said. flight Experiments Program (SSEP) initiative. ity of those polled (34%) said they thought “We’re encouraging people to just get SSEP’s “Yankee Clipper” suite of experiments —Randy Showstack, Staff Writer that emergency services would help them. started,” Gordon said, “[For example], every Gordon also found that those Americans with time you go to the supermarket, get some- a higher income tended to be more prepared thing for your emergency kit.” Citizen Geologists than those with lesser economic means. To learn more about the Chapman Univer- cont. from page 398 Even those who can afford to be are not sity Survey on American Fears, see http://bit prepared for various reasons. Robert Meyer, .ly/AmericanFears2014. co-director of the Wharton Risk Manage- For a list of items recommended by FEMA response: A research frontier, Int. J. Digital has a vast trove of “Street View” images with ment and Decision Processes Center at the for a complete emergency kit, see: http://bit geological value. Earth, 3, 231–241. Graham, J. R., B. E. Leake, and P. D. Ryan (1989), University of Pennsylvania, did extensive .ly/FEMAEmergencyKit. In many cases, professional geologists research on communities affected by Hur- could simply highlight and annotate such The Geology of South Mayo, Western Ireland, Scottish Acad. Press, Edinburgh. ricane Sandy in 2012. He found that even —JoAnna Wendel, Staff Writer imagery without having to visit the physi- Howe, J. (2009), Crowdsourcing: Why the Power of cal locations. This not only could help sci- the Crowd Is Driving the Future of Business, Ran- entists identify locations for future fieldwork dom House, New York. but also could allow scientists to cover more Huss, J. W., C. Orozco, J. Goodale, C. Wu, S. Bata- Experts Examine Role Scientists Play ground than they could otherwise. lov, T. J. Vickers, F. Valafar, and A. I. Su (2008), In addition, augmented reality software A gene wiki for community annotation of gene in Oil Transportation Issues (e.g., FreshAiR, http://www.playfreshair function, PLoS Biol., 6, e175, doi:10.1371/Journal .com/), could create “realities” or virtual .pbio.0060175. U.S. hydrocarbon production is on the One proposed project, for example, the Key- tours of landmarks that trigger content deliv- Johnston, S., S. J. Whitmeyer, and D. G. De Paor rise, meaning that transporting hydrocar- stone XL pipeline, has become a lightning rod (2005), New developments in digital mapping and ery on mobile devices based on physical bons—whether by pipelines, trucks, or for issues related to oil and gas transportation. visualization as part of a capstone field geology proximity, similar to how museum visitors course, Geol. Soc. Am. Abstr. Programs, 37, 145. trains—is as well. However, increasing That pipeline, whose completion is dependent take tours by listening to information via Land, K., et al. (2008), Galaxy Zoo: The large-scale environmental concerns, mixed with other on action by politicians and the courts, would headsets. Thus, field classes could become spin statistics of spiral galaxies in the Sloan issues such as energy independence and move oil from Canada to U.S. refineries. asynchronous. Professional geologists could Digital Sky Survey, Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., 388, landowner rights, is making this transporta- use this technology to transmit requests to 1686–1692. tion a hot-button issue. News cont. on page 400 citizens when they visit locations of geologi- Mogk, D. W., and C. Goodwin (2012), Learning in cal interest—citizens could then upload pic- the field: Synthesis of research on thinking and tures specific to a researcher’s area of study. learning in the geosciences, Spec. Pap. Geol. Soc. Am., 486, 131–163. During field exercises, teachers and profes- Pavlis, T. L., R. Langford, J. Hurtado, and L. Serpa sors also could give smartphone-based quiz- (2010), Computer- based data acquisition and zes about mapping and landscape interpre- visualization systems in field geology: Results tation to students. from 12 years of experimentation and future With careful planning, opportunities for potential, Geosphere, 6, 275–294. a wide range of geoscientific crowdsourced Ryan, J. G., D. Thau, and D. G. De Paor (2013), Big projects will only grow. Share your stories geodata sets, Google Maps Engine, and Google through http://geode.net/crowdsourcing. Earth Engine, Geol. Soc. Am. Abstr. Programs, 45, 369. References Whitmeyer, S. J., and D. W. Mogk (2009), Geosci- ence field education: A recent resurgence, Eos Trans. AGU, 90, 385–386, doi:10.1029/ Burgin, S. R., and T. D. Sadler (2010), Creating links 2009EO430001. between students’ personal and global under- standings of nature of science through research apprenticeships, J. Kirsehir Educ. Fac., 11, 97–111. Author Information De Paor, D. G., and S. J. Whitmeyer (2009), Inno- vations and redundancies in geoscience field Steven J. Whitmeyer, Department of Geology and courses: Past experiences and proposals for the Environmental Science, James Madison University, future, Spec. Pap. Geol. Soc. Am., 461, 45–56. Harrisonburg, Va.; email: whitmesj@jmu .edu; and Goodchild, M. F., and J. A. Glennon (2010), Crowd- Declan G. De Paor, Physics Department, Old Dominion sourcing geographic information for disaster University, Norfolk, Va.

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399 EOS VOLUME 95 NUMBER 44 4 NOVEMBER 2014

News cont. from page 399

Experts examined issues related to trans- pipeline, which survived the November porting crude oil, including how science can 2002 M7.9 Denali earthquake, was designed inform these decisions, during a 20 October to slide on horizontal steel beams. Careful forum at the Geological Society of America engineering to stringent earthquake design annual meeting in Vancouver, Canada. specifi cations, based on geological studies At the forum, Suzette Kimball, act- done in the 1970s, paid off, Kimball said. ing director of the U.S. Geological Survey Kimball stressed the importance of being (USGS), said, “In addition to understand- objective in discussions about energy ing the quantity and the quality of potential resources and transport. “Those of us in the resources, USGS and other science agencies public sector very jealously guard our repu- are able to provide an integrated science tation for providing unbiased objective sci- perspective that can be used to address ence in order for the decision makers to potential risks associated with the transport have geological information upon which and movement of a resource.” they can base those decisions,” she said. Among potential risks from hazards “Once we get sucked into an advocacy

nationwide, she said, are storm surges that role or anything that is perceived as an advo- USGS can fl ood pipelines and other energy infra- cacy role, we lose that objectivity, and the Trans- Alaska oil pipeline crossing the Denali Fault. structure along coastal areas, including key products that we produce become, in these facilities such as Port Fourchon, La. Kimball highly charged situations, used as ammuni- said that fl ooding has become more com- tion for one side or the other’s perspective,” have been some wild claims and incorrect technology, standards for site selection, and mon along Highway 1 to Port Fourchon, she added. “However that doesn’t mean that statements about Nebraska’s geology. “That monitoring combine to provide environmen- whose infrastructure facilitates 18% of the we don’t have a responsibility to educate the isn’t a matter of opinion; that’s a matter of tal protection and minimize incidents. U.S. oil supply and more than 90% of the general public, lawmakers, [and] those who fact.” He said, “What I sought to do is stick Buchanan told Eos that there are risks Gulf of Mexico’s deepwater oil production. develop that public policy.” with what I know best, and that is [to focus with any oil transportation system. “My Other risks include impacts from climate on] some aspect of regional geology and try guess is if you took a look at risk associated change (for example, melting permafrost, Sticking to Facts at least to make sure that the appropriate with trains and certainly with trucks, that which can undermine pipeline infrastruc- points are communicated” to people who you would see a greater impact on infra- ture) and from road washouts due to intense Robert “Matt” Joeckel, Nebraska state have questions about the geology. structure—certainly with trucks—and acci- rainfall from extreme weather. In addition, geologist and a professor at the University of dent levels, and particularly in terms of prox- earthquakes can severely damage transpor- Nebraska- Lincoln, focused his remarks pri- Risks From Various Transport Systems imity to population centers, because those tation routes and onshore and offshore pipe- marily on the Keystone XL pipeline. Joeckel trains and trucks go through cities,” he said. lines. Pipeline routes can also fragment wild- said that although people might think that Discussion moderator Rex Buchanan, Buchanan added that geologists have a life habitat and introduce other environmen- the chief argument against the pipeline exten- interim director of the Kansas Geological lot to offer in terms of providing objective tal changes. sion is environmental concerns, another fun- Survey, told Eos, “People are going to use advice in public policy debates about trans- damental issue is landowner rights. energy. You’ve got to fi gure out what the porting energy but that they don’t always get An Integrated and Objective The debate about Keystone XL, which best way to go about getting it to them will heard. This could be because some geolo- Science Approach would be built through Nebraska, has been be. There is no absolutely perfect system.” gists may not choose to engage in energy highly charged, with unusual coalitions Pipelines, however, may be the safest debates or that they may not know how to Kimball said that an integrated science coming together on different sides of the method to transport petroleum products, best engage in debates that can get highly approach to impacts, along with resource project and with neighbors pitted against according to Chris Hunt, director of planning polarized or emotional. assessments, “is essential to inform the neighbors, Joeckel said. and public engagement at the Department As a result, decisions can get made “with- decision makers” about the potential risks He noted that not only has the issue of Energy for the government of Alberta. Oil out geologic input, and that’s no good for in constructing pipelines and other means become highly politicized, but some debate that would be transported through the Key- anybody,” he said. “If you don’t get involved, to move resources from production to participants have demonstrated “a prepon- stone XL pipeline would originate in Alberta. those things take on a life of their own, and consumption. derance of pedantry,” and that “the geologi- Hunt, who focused his remarks on efforts you never catch up.” She said that a good example of a suc- cal truth is misrepresented by both sides, by the Alberta government—working with cessful integrated science approach was the pro and anti, whether intentionally or not.” other governments, regulators, industry, and —randy ShoWStaCk, Staff Writer construction of the Trans- Alaska Oil Pipe- Joeckel said that what he has found most others—to ensure that oil transportation line, which crosses the Denali Fault. The offensive in the debate about the pipeline systems are safe, said that improvements in News cont. on next page

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400 Eos VOLUME 95 NUMBER 44 4 NOVEMBER 2014 News In Brief Iceland’s Bardarbunga volcano, which cont. from page 400 began erupting on 29 August, now covers Methane-producing microbes impor- 60 square kilometers of the Holuhraun lava tant for studying greenhouse gas emis- field. Scientists have arrived in droves to sions Microbial communities in thawing study the ongoing fissure eruptions. Centenary of the Discovery permafrost contribute a significant amount Morten Riishuus, a senior researcher in to atmospheric methane, a greenhouse gas volcanology from the University of Iceland’s of Earth’s Magnetic Field Reversals many times more potent than carbon diox- Nordic Volcanological Research Center, has ide. A new paper published in Nature on periodically visited the eruption site for the In the early years of the 20th 23 October describes how a newly discov- past month. “It is an incredible privilege and century, physicist Bernard Brun- ered microbe—Methanoflorens stordalen- experience to be able to witness the activi- hes, then director of the Geophys- mirensis—adds another layer to the compli- ties at the eruption site,” he told Eos. “We ical Observatory of Puy de Dôme cated relationship between the world’s per- have never before been able to document (now Observatoire de Physique mafrost fields and greenhouse gas (GHG) such an event in such detail,” he added. du Globe de Clermont), mea- emissions. The dike intrusion—which serves as a sured for the first time reverse Lead author Carmody McCalley, postdoc- magma conduit for the eruption—is the magnetization in samples from toral research associate at the University of main focus for scientists studying the vol- a basaltic lava flow and from New Hampshire, explained that the question cano, Riishuus explained. Because the the underlying backed argilla- has always been whether these microbes Holuhraun lava field is so flat, the fissure ceous sediments from the village matter for models of GHG emissions to the eruption provides a good analogue for vol- of Pontfarein (now Pont Farin) overall role of thawing wetlands in climate canic activity in Iceland during the Neogene in the Cantal volcanic district change. (23 million to 2 million years ago). (Auvergne, France). Vincent Courtillot and Bernard Brunhes’s grandson After Methanoflorens was discovered in The main hazard scientists and the gen- He correctly interpreted this unveiling the Brunhes stela, made of enameled lava. The northern Sweden, McCalley and her col- eral Icelandic population face is toxic gases observation as a consequence of inscription reads “Bernard Brunhes (1867–1910). Direc- leagues found that microbes trapped in per- spewing from the eruption. At the eruption the inversion of Earth’s magnetic tor of the Puy de Dôme Observatory from 1900 to 1910. mafrost do have a significant role. site, Riishuus and his colleagues must wear field in the past Brunhes,[ 1905a, Bernard Brunhes discovered in 1906 the inversions of the Scientists must think about which face masks, and if concentrations of gases 1905b and 1906]. Subsequent Earth’s magnetic field. This finding, of paramount impor- microbes are “making the methane [and] such as sulfur dioxide become high enough, observations by Mercanton [1926 a tance for the Earth’s history, has earned him a worldwide what does that say about the isotopic sig- they will be forced to evacuate. and b] and Matuyama [1929] reputation: the present magnetic period bears his name.” nature of the methane in the atmosphere,” The Icelandic Meteorological Office (IMO) have reinforced this assumption. Stela designed by Jacques Kornprobst and manufactured McCalley told Eos. updates pollution readings daily and has This paradigm of periodic mag- by Patrice Brunel. Financial support provided by several Researchers use the isotopic signature advised that people who feel discomfort netic reversals resulted in the French institutions. of methane to figure out its source. Meth- should stay indoors. construction of a paleomagnetic ane produced by these microbial communi- Riishuus said that that a name has already scale that has been of great consequence de Pontfarein, commune de Cézens, Cantal, Rev. ties tends to have a lighter isotopic signature been suggested for the eruption: Nornah- for the understanding of Earth’s dynamics. Haute Auvergne, 7, 398–405. than that produced by other means, such as raun, which means “the witch’s lava.” The Because of the importance of the discov- Brunhes, B. (1906), Recherches sur la direction de fossil fuel burning. What McCalley and her name was suggested because the eruption ery, Cox et al. [1963] gave the name Brunhes l’aimantation des roches volcaniques, J. Phys. has produced “Pele’s hair” (Nornahár in Ice- Théor. Appl., 4ème série, 5, 705–724 team found was that models have been over- to the present- day normal magnetic epoch. landic), which is “melt droplets drawn into Cox, A., R. R. Doell, and G. B. Dalrymple (1963), estimating the amount of methane originat- To commemorate the centenary of Brun- Geomagnetic polarity epochs and Pleistocene ing from thawing permafrost and underesti- long glassy strands by the gas jet during hes’s discovery, a monument was erected geochronometry, Nature, 198, 1049–1051. mating the methane coming from burning of degasing at the vent,” Riishuus said. near the entrance of the present-day obser- Matuyama, M. (1929), On the direction of magneti- fossil fuels. As of 31 October, the eruption shows no vatory. The panel was unveiled on 4 June zation of basalt in Japan, Tyosen and Manchuria, “Now when people are looking at where signs of slowing or stopping. The future of 2014 by Vincent Courtillot, a former stu- Proc. Imp. Acad. (Tokyo), 5, 203–205. the methane is coming from, it’s such an Bardarbunga is uncertain, although IMO has dent of Allan Cox, and Etienne Leflaive, the Mercanton, P.-L. (1926 a), Aimantation de basaltes important contributor to global warm- predicted different scenarios: The eruption grandson of Bernard Brunhes. groenlandais. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 182, 859–860 ing and climate change, the ways that the could gradually slow and then stop, or the Mercanton, P.-L. (1926 b), Aimantation des roches caldera could collapse, inducing a stronger volcaniques australiennes, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, source of that methane is calculated might eruption, flash floods from melted glaciers, References 182, 1231–1232. change as a result of these findings,” said John Leigh, professor of microbiology at and ash plumes. Brunhes, B. (1905a), Sur la direction de —Jacques Kornprobst and J ean-François the University of Washington, who was not For background on the eruption, see l’aimantation permanente dans une argile de Lénat, Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans, Obser- involved in the study. “Field dispatch: Up close and personal Pontfarein, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 141, 567–568. vatoire de Physique du Globe de Clermont, “If you don’t take [microbes] into consid- with a volcanic eruption” (Eos, 95(39), 352, Brunhes, B. (1905b), L’inclinaison magnétique en Clermont- Ferrand, France, email: j.f. lenat@ opgc . univ eration in reconstructing where the methane doi:10.1002/2014EO390005) and http://ow.ly/ Europe dans le passé et l’argile métamorphique -bpclermont.fr came from, you can get the wrong answer,” Dq8Km. said McCalley, “and you end up assuming Visit http://bit.ly/IcelandMetOffice2014 to that more methane came from thawing per- keep up to date with the Bardarbunga erup- mafrost than actually did.” tion via IMO. Continuing Bardarbunga eruption fuels scientific research Lava from —JoAnna Wendel, Staff Writer Contribute to Eos! 2014 Career Opportunities Give the geophysics community an update on your project, Networking Lunch program, or research experience: Contribute a brief report to Eos.

This networking lunch is an opportunity for early-career or To learn more, visit http://onlinelibrary . wiley .com/ journal/ 10 student members to find out about careers from national .1002/(ISSN) 2324 -9250/ homepage/ ForAuthors .html. labs and agencies, to industry, consulting, and non- governmental organizations, from geoscience professionals. Get your tickets when you register for the AGU Fall Meeting. fallmeeting.agu.org

401 Eos VOLUME 95 NUMBER 44 4 NOVEMBER 2014

committees identify candidates for faculty selecting exactly 28 women from 193 plan- positions, and those faculty members select etary scientists is a far outlier—the value is FORUM students and postdocs for their labs. Review 4 standard deviations away from the mean. panels influence who gets funding for their This is clearly anomalous and demonstrates research and who does not. Science team that women are routinely underrepresented members seek one another out for future on planetary mission science teams. Women Count science teams. Conference organizers assign I believe the reason for this is that pre- who gives oral presentations; this affects dominately male leaders at the principle I am a counter by nature. I count things as before this, when there are plenty of quali- how much exposure a person’s research investigator (PI) and instrument PI levels an effective way to occupy my mind. How fied individuals for a small number of posi- will get, which helps with future proposals, select from a mental list that is front-loaded many people are in this room? How many tions that aren’t advertised but are instead job applications, and collaborations. Assess- with men. There’s a subtlety here in that the are women? How many are wearing glasses? assigned. In these cases, the person select- ment groups evaluate programs and priori- typical instrument team size is small enough How many people are using a Mac versus ing candidates does not have an exhaustive tize objectives, which influence future direc- that each instrument team would expect to a PC? list of who would be appropriate, nor does tions for the field. have 0, 1, or 2 women if the selector chooses Once, sitting in a science team meeting as he or she have a set criteria of experience Each formative group has a role in shap- based on the DPS ratio of females. In-group a graduate student, I noticed that I was the needed to fill that position. ing who is successful in our community. In bias appears to weight these numbers to the only woman in the group of about 15. At that Who will the selector choose? Psychology science, so much opportunity comes from low side. So when a larger team is aggre- time, it did not really bother me, but the sci- suggests that selectors focus on people who networking and from non- competed oppor- gated from smaller groups of 3, 4, or 5, the entist in me kicked into gear. I began gather- are most like them. This can happen delib- tunities. Visibility is a key aspect to succeed- cumulative team will have fewer women ing data. Was this situation unusual? erately—overt bias—but it can also happen ing as a scientist. Thus, having diversity at than what is found in the entire population. To learn more, I routinely calculated subconsciously or unconsciously, a phenom- the formative group level means that if the In this example, picking 3 men for a team female to male ratios in various populations enon called homophily [McPherson et al., formative group just acts naturally, that is, of 3 is not a statistical anomaly. However, of scientists. At conferences, I counted the 2001]. thinking foremost of people like themselves, when the entire science team was assem- fraction of audience members who were By corollary, people who are less like us representatives will advocate for many differ- bled from several small instrument teams, it female to establish a base statistic of the are not foremost in our minds. For exam- ent populations as a natural consequence. ended up with a clearly anomalous compo- population of scientists. I compared that to ple, if the selector is male, the list of quali- In short, diversity in formative group sition with less than 20% women. the ratio of women giving oral presentations fied candidates might be front-loaded with membership perpetuates diversity. So how can this underrepresentation be in that session, or the list of awardees, or the males, although qualified female candidates avoided? One idea is that all spacecraft mis- names of co-investigators listed on a mission exist. The failure here is that although a per- An In-Depth Look at Space Missions sions include a competed participating sci- overview talk. fectly valid team could be assembled based entist program, where selections are likely to This carried over to evaluating research on the people who spring to the selector’s Spacecraft missions are the bread and be more proportional to the gender ratio in groups. Which professors never seemed to mind, an equally valid but more diverse butter of scientific work in space science the community. Another is that NASA could have female graduate students in their labs? team could also have been selected. and represent a great deal of opportunity. move to a paradigm where a large fraction Which ones had multiple female students? I We all subconsciously or unconsciously However, membership on the science team of science teams is competitively selected. began looking for correlations. Were female prefer people who remind us of our self- is often non-competed, and females are rou- to male ratios higher when the leadership identified characteristics—it’s human tinely underrepresented. We Are All Susceptible was female? Yes, they were. nature. The only way to overcome this is if I saw this after conducting an informal to Propagating Homogeneity The scientist in you is probably curious selectors make a deliberate attempt at estab- survey of the science teams listed on the about my sample size, my accuracy in dis- lishing diversity. website of seven recent male-led NASA I want to be clear that I am not condemn- tinguishing women from men in a crowd or planetary science missions with fewer than ing my male colleagues, nor am I accusing in an author list. While important, they are Homogeneity Spawns Homogeneity— 45 science team members (excluding par- anyone of sexism. Sure, active discrimina- likely minuscule compared to the trend I saw. How to Break the Cycle? ticipating scientists and guest investigators tion exists and is intolerable. Fortunately, Over time, the trend bothered me. The who are chosen through a competitive pro- it is rare and usually pretty easy to spot. In gender imbalance that exists in science is “Like calling to like” perpetuates imbal- cess). I found that only one had a ratio con- general, we are good, fair-minded people easily perpetuated and is harmful to our ance. In the example above, where the selec- sistent with the female population of plan- with the best intentions. Instead, I’m calling community as a whole. tor is seeking to quickly assign people to etary scientists, which is 27%, according to for us all to be proactive on diversity issues. leadership positions, the resulting “formative the American Astronomical Society’s Divi- Recently, I co-chaired the science organiz- The Root of the Problem: Selectors Chose group”—influenced by the same psychology sion of Planetary Sciences (see http://dps ing committee (SOC) for a conference. Inter- Candidates Most Like Them of like craving like—may inadvertently filter .aas.org/files/dps/publications/survey_2010/ estingly, the director of sponsoring group future populations into one that mirrors them. SurveyResultsBusinessMeeting.pdf). is a woman, and it might not be a coinci- The problem begins not when institutions Formative groups may include science Six of the seven missions had 5%–18% dence that the two co-chairs of the SOC select who will be faculty, or who gets what teams, assessment groups, society officers, females on the non-competed science are women. My co-chair and I chose a SOC award, or who will be in the next cadre of conference organizing committees, search team. The statistical anomaly is demon- with a mix of men and women. The distri- graduate students. The problem begins well committees, review panels, etc. Search strated when you compile the data from all bution of women in each of the presenta- of the missions. The missions had a total tion categories was roughly equal to the pro- of 28 women out of 193 listed science team portion of woman-authored abstracts. The members, or 14.5%, far less than 27%, which would be 52 women. In fact, randomly Forum cont. on next page

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402 Eos VOLUME 95 NUMBER 44 4 NOVEMBER 2014

Forum cont. from page 402 MEETINGS categories of invited/ plenary talks, contrib- Even outside of a team, evaluate team uted talks, and posters had ratios of 32%, composition when you see someone post 30%, and 29% women, respectively. the names of team members in a presenta- Crossing the Boundaries of Physical Limnology This shows that when selections were tion or a website, or the list of invited speak- from a diverse formative group and based ers at a conference, or the list of award win- 17th International Workshop on Physical Processes in Natural Waters; on a complete set of submitted abstracts, the ners. If the list is homogeneous, ask those in Trento, Italy, 1–4 July 2014 results may be in proportion. charge, “Why are all of the co-investigators It takes a conscious act to assemble a male? Why are there no minorities among Scientists who study the physics of inland measurements in lakes, may allow non- diverse team. As attuned to gender issues as the speakers on the agenda?” Don’t do and coastal water bodies met in Trento, expert users to avoid basic errors and misin- I am, I am not immune to neglecting diver- so in an accusatory manor. But do so to Italy in July for the 17th in a series of work- terpretations and experts to agree on use of sity. In fact, although I was initially quite bring diversity up to the level of conscious shops that seek to expand cooperation with instruments and data analysis in lakes. pleased that the program set up by the SOC thinking. researchers in related fields. The workshops The two keynote speakers embodied the was balanced, I failed at establishing a aim to facilitate the dialogue among physi- interdisciplinary outlook characterizing the racial balance in this committee. As a white The Long Term Goal cal limnologists, modelers, and colleagues workshop. Andreas Lorke (physicist, Univer- woman, it never crossed my mind, so the from other disciplines, such as biologists, sity of Koblenz, Landau, Germany) and Nico SOC had very little racial diversity. In retro- As long as we follow our subconscious chemists, and engineers. This year’s work- Salmaso (ecologist, Fondazione E. Mach, spect I wish I had considered other types of tendencies to pick people like ourselves, shop was attended by 47 participants from Trento, Italy) have tackled the problem of diversity when selecting SOC members. gender imbalance—or any imbalance, for 17 different countries. managing lake ecosystems from different that matter—will persist. One major issue discussed was the perspectives, always recognizing the strong A Call to Action Nonetheless, I feel confident that most increasing demand for a reliable modeling interactions among physical, biogeochemi- people, if consciously evaluating teams of ecological dynamics and their interaction cal, and ecological processes. Especially in our community of analytic for diversity, will be able to assemble well- with the classical transport processes (e.g., Program details and extended abstracts thinkers, I suspect many of us analyze popu- qualified, diverse teams. My hope is that lakes’ circulation, mixing, and sediment and are available at http://events.unitn.it/en/ lations. So this is a notification to all of my eventually, by making a conscious effort particle transport). Several presentations ppnw2014. To promote collaboration among colleagues in science. I count. Other women to be more diverse in our selections, early- focused on the capability to predict water researchers interested in physical limnol- count, too. We will be counting and evalu- career women scientists will see a thriving temperature changes both at short and long ogy, a distribution list was set up after the ating how many women you include in the community of established women scientists time scales, also in order to develop realistic workshop. This list is a particularly valu- team you are assembling. And we are going and feel included, and the population of scenarios for climate change studies. With able resource for a scientific community to ask you about it. women scientists will rally. thermal stratification being a crucial aspect that, although spread all over the world, So I’m asking you to count, too, particu- Then maybe, when you get that dreaded of lake dynamics, a hot topic was the mix- is relatively small and divided into groups larly when it comes to formative groups. question from the audience, “Why are there ing in deep lakes, which occurs through a that often rely on a limited number of mem- As the leader of a formative group, please no women on your team?,” the answer will wide range of processes (e.g., downwelling, bers. To subscribe to the “lakes list,” send go the extra step of asking, “Are there can- be, “They all turned me down because they increased turbulence and double diffusion) an email to sympa@list.dicam.unitn.it with didates for this team who are female/early are overcommitted.” and drives the long-term response of deep “SUBSCRIBE lakes” in the subject line. career/international/ minority?” (Hint: the water temperature. The next workshop will be held in Lan- answer often is “yes.”) If so, then bring them Reference Another issue that emerged from the dau, Germany, in August 2015 (http://www onto your team. works presented was the need to have reli- .ppnw.uni-landau.de). For details, please When you are a member of a formative McPherson, M., L. Smith-Lovin, and J. M. Cook able measurements both for an in-depth contact the local organizing committee group, look at the composition of the rest of (2001) Birds of a feather: Homophily in social understanding of the processes—for sup- (Andreas Lorke, lorke@uni-landau.de). your team. Ask your leadership, “Where are networks, Ann Rev. Sociol. (27), 414–444, porting the increasingly complex numeri- the minorities on this assessment group?” DOI:10.1146/annurev.soc.27.1.415. cal models—and for the growing trend of —Marco Toffolon, Department of Civil, Envi- Then follow up by looking at diversity in metadata analysis merging different lake ronmental and Mechanical Engineering, University your formative actions: “Are there female systems. To this end, a special session on of Trento, Italy; email: marco . toffolon@ unitn .it; and —Dana M. Hurley, Johns Hopkins University Sebastiano Piccolroaz, Department of Civil, Envi- candidates on the short list for this faculty Standard Operation Protocol was organized, Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, Md.; email: dana ronmental and Mechanical Engineering, University position?” .hurley@ jhuapl .edu as a first step toward the establishment of of Trento, Italy; and Damien Bouffard, Physics of suitable protocols for field measurements Aquatic Systems Laboratory, Margaretha Kamprad and data analysis. These protocols, which Chair, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, What’s on the Web? should address the specific difficulties of Switzerland Read the latest offerings from the AGU Blogosphere:

The Landslide Blog: “Riverbank Developing Resources for Teaching Ethics collapse: A fascinating new video” (http:// in Geoscience ow.ly/DdAWo) Teaching Geoethics Across the Geoscience Curriculum; Dan’s Wild Wild Science Journal: Chico Hot Springs, Montana, 10–13 June 2014 “Forecasters and science writers knock Weather.com for hype” (http://ow.ly/ Ethics education is an increasingly impor- standards of ethical conduct by scientists. DdA6R) tant component of the pre-professional train- However, there is currently no formal course ing of geoscientists. Geoethics encompasses of instruction in ethics in the geoscience GeoSpace: “Hurricane Sandy restoration earth.nullschool.netfi the values and professional standards curriculum, and few faculty members have saves shorebirds, ‘living fossils’ they rely In Dan’s Wild Wild Science Journal blog, required of geoscientists to work responsi- the experience, resources, and sometimes on” (http://ow.ly/DhCXE) meteorologist Dan Satterfield discusses a recent nor’easter, shown here as bright green bly in any geoscience profession and in ser- willingness required to teach ethics as a The Trembling Earth: “California quake in a wind field map off the Mid-Atlantic vice to society. Funding agencies (e.g., the component of their geoscience courses. aftermath seen from above” (http://ow.ly/ Coast. Many forecasters have heaped criti- National Science Foundation, the National To address this need, a group of about DhAPg) cism onto Weather.com for what they con- Institutes of Health) require training of grad- 25 participants gathered at a workshop in sider sensationalism about the storm, which uate students in the responsible conduct of Chico Hot Springs, Mont., in mid-June to ini- The Bridge: “Congress and me: A they say served as “click bait” and exagger- research; employers are increasingly expect- tiate action. The workshop, funded by the scientist in DC” (http://ow.ly/Ddzoe) ated the danger. ing their workers to have basic training in ethics; and the public demands the highest Meetings cont. on page 404 Donate at GIVING.AGU.ORG

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403 Eos VOLUME 95 NUMBER 44 4 NOVEMBER 2014

Meetings About AGU cont. from page 403 cont. from page 397

National Science Foundation’s Ethics Educa- instructional resources to support teach- AGU Scholarship Fund Reaches Its Goal tion in Science and Engineering program, ing geoethics (e.g., journal articles, reports, drew individuals with a broad range of back- books, Web resources). Many participants grounds and interests, including those out- presented case studies that focused on ethi- The Edmond M. Dewan Young Scien- said to me in an informal tone: ‘Everything’s side of the geosciences (e.g., biology, engi- cal issues confronting the geosciences, in tist Scholarship fund has reached its goal a mystery—until you understand it.’ Edmond neering, history, and philosophy). The work- general, and geoscientists in specific profes- of $25,000. Those who donated to the fund was a natural at explaining things to peo- shop program was organized around four sions, in particular. These case studies were share AGU’s mission in taking an active role ple, even things that would normally require themes: geoethics and self, geoethics and the discussed and refined over the course of the in educating and nurturing the next genera- a great deal of prerequisite knowledge to geoscience profession, geoethics and society, meeting and are available for use in a wide tion of scientists and ensuring a sustainable understand. He would certainly be very glad and geoethics and stewardship of Earth. array of classes and instructional settings. future for society. Thanks to the generos- to know that there is a scholarship bearing The goals of the workshop were to iden- The workshop was intended to be a cata- ity of more than 100 members of the AGU his name that will help students beyond his tify, aggregate, organize, and disseminate the lytic event to promote greater awareness of and science community, a deserving gradu- own time. Much thanks to everyone who instructional resources currently available the need for formal instruction in geoethics ate student of atmospheric or space physics contributed to this fund, and especially for for teaching geoethics; develop a collection in the undergraduate geoscience curricu- will receive financial assistance to further bringing it into existence.” of case studies that could be used in geosci- lum. A follow-on theme session on teach- his or her research and advance his or her The first scholarship will be presented in ence classes across the curriculum; begin to ing geoethics across the curriculum and a research and future career. 2015. More information on the scholarship develop a community of scholars and expand town hall meeting on geoethics is sched- The scholarship also serves as a memorial can be found at https://giving.agu.org/. the network of colleagues interested in teach- uled for the 2014 AGU Fall Meeting. We to Edmond Dewan, an AGU member, physi- ing geoethics; and consider ways that geoeth- encourage the geoscience community to cist, inventor, and explorer of a wide range ics can contribute to public science literacy. become informed about initiatives to pro- of subjects. Dewan’s son Brian said, “In the —Claire Howard, Development Coordinator, Products of this workshop include a tool- mote geoethics education and to contribute course of a conversation, my father once AGU; email: choward@ agu .org kit of best practices and strategies for teach- to the collections of case studies and online ing and assessing student understanding of resources. More information about teach- geoethics. Working groups made recommen- ing geoethics can be found at http://serc dations on how to introduce geoethics topics .carleton .edu/ geoethics/ index .html. in introductory courses, identified geoethics topics that could be integrated into existing Renew Your Membership Today! —David W. Mogk, Department of Earth Sciences, “core” courses required in the geoscience Montana State University, Bozeman, Mont.; email: curriculum, and developed guidelines for mogk@montana .edu; and John W. Geissman, membership.agu.org creation of a new, dedicated course of study Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Uni- on geoethics for majors. Participants con- versity of New Mexico, and Department of Geosci- tributed to a growing compilation of online ences, University of Texas, Dallas

Dartmouth is an equal opportunity/ affirma- and graduate training related to water science and tive action employer with a strong commitment to engineering across the Colleges of Arts & Sciences diversity. In that spirit, we are particularly interested and Engineering & Computer Science at Syracuse CLASSIFIED in receiving applications from a broad spectrum of (http://water.syr.edu). Syracuse has a nationally people, including women, persons of color, persons recognized legacy of scholarship advancing under- with disabilities, veterans or any other legally pro- standing of hydrologic systems and how they are tected group. impacted by earth processes and human activities. Successful candidates will develop a dynamic, ADVERTISING INFORMATION Geochemistry internationally recognized and externally-funded research program and contribute to the instruction, Eos is published every Tuesday, except the last week of December. For a classified or display adver- University of Kentucky Department of Earth research, and service efforts of the interdisciplinary tisement to be published in a future issue of Eos, electronic copy must reach us by 11:59 P.M. Eastern and Environmental Sciences Tenure-Track Fac- water initiative, Earth Sciences, and Civil & Environ- time, 9 days prior (Sunday) to publication, except around certain holidays, which have earlier dead- ulty Position in Stable Isotope Geochemistry / mental Engineering. lines. No cancellations accepted after deadline. Paleoclimatology Review of applications will begin December 1, The Department of Earth and Environmental 2014 and continue until the position is filled. To be For inquiries on advertising pricing and availability: Sciences (EES) at the University of Kentucky considered, applicants should submit a cover letter, invites applications for this tenure-track faculty curriculum vitae, statement of research and teach- E-mail: [email protected] Phone: +1-202-777-7536 Facsimile: +1-202-777-7478 position with an anticipated start date of August ing interests, copies of three relevant publications, 2015. Exceptional candidates at all ranks will be and the names and contact information of three ref- considered. We seek candidates with expertise erences. A Ph.D. in earth sciences, environmental including river-channel, floodplain, and lacustrine POSITIONS AVAILABLE in light, stable isotope geochemistry, in particular engineering, or a related field is required. To apply, ecosystem response to environmental change. as applied to research questions in the field of visit www.sujobopps.com. Particular attention will be given to candidates who paleoclimatology. The department maintains a fully Syracuse University is interested in candidates Atmospheric Sciences combine a focus on understanding fundamental equipped, state-of-the-art stable isotope geochem- who have the communication skills and cross- processes with state-of-the-art laboratory and/ istry facility (three IRMS and full set of peripherals) cultural abilities to maximize their effectiveness GEOPHYSICAL FLUID DYNAMICS/CLIMATE or field research programs that complement and for analysis of HCNO in virtually any substance. In with diverse groups of colleagues, students and DYNAMICS contribute to ongoing research activities in the addition to maintaining a productive, externally community members. Women, military veterans, The Department of Earth and Planetary Sci- Department as well as in Dartmouth’s Geisel School funded research program, the new faculty mem- individuals with disabilities, and members of other ences at Northwestern University invites applica- of Medicine and Thayer School of Engineering. The ber will teach and mentor at the introductory, traditionally underrepresented groups are encour- tions for a tenure track, assistant professor position successful candidate will continue Dartmouth’s major, and graduate levels. Potential collaborative aged to apply. Syracuse University is an equal in geophysical fluid dynamics/climate dynamics, to strong traditions in graduate and undergraduate research opportunities exist with faculty in EES; opportunity employer, as well as a federal contrac- begin as early as fall 2015. research and teaching. Teaching responsibilities staff of the Kentucky Geological Survey and the tor required to take affirmative action on behalf of Specifically, we seek a scientist who employs consist of three courses spread over three of four Center for Applied Energy Research; and faculty protected veterans. theoretical, observational, and/or numerical meth- ten-week terms. in the College of Arts and Sciences, the College ods to study coupled geophysical fluid dynamical The Department of Earth Sciences is home of Agriculture, Food and Environment, and the Assistant Professor in Water Science Depart- processes within the atmosphere, hydrosphere, to 11 tenured and tenure-track faculty members College of Engineering. The successful individual ment of Geological Sciences Jackson School of cryosphere, and/or lithosphere. Candidates whose in the School of Arts and Sciences, and enjoys will have a demonstrated publication record, Geosciences The University of Texas at Austin expertise complements that of existing faculty in strong Ph.D. and M.S. programs and outstanding and will have developed, or show the potential The Department of Geological Sciences in the solid earth geophysics, planetary science, and undergraduate majors. To create an atmosphere for developing, a nationally recognized research Jackson School of Geosciences at The University paleoclimate are particularly encouraged. The suc- supportive of research, Dartmouth College offers program; relevant experience beyond the Ph.D. is of Texas at Austin seeks to hire a tenure-track cessful candidate is expected to teach both under- new faculty members grants for research-related essential. Applications will be accepted electroni- Assistant Professor in Water Science. We seek graduate and graduate courses and lead a vibrant expenses, a quarter of sabbatical leave for each cally through Interfolio at: http://apply.interfolio. candidates at the forefront of their science who will externally funded research program. A Ph.D. is three academic years in residence, and flexible com/27039 We will begin review of applications contribute to leadership in research and teaching. required at the time of appointment. scheduling of teaching responsibilities. on January 15, 2015; however, applications will be Candidates interested in chemical, physical, and Deadline for applications is December 31, 2014. Dartmouth College, a member of the Ivy accepted until the position is filled. The University biological processes, or water resource sustainabil- Applicants should visit www.earth.northwestern. League, is located in Hanover, New Hampshire (on of Kentucky is an Affirmative Action/Equal Oppor- ity, are encouraged to apply. edu for submission instructions. the Vermont border). Dartmouth has a beautiful, tunity university that values diversity and is located We are interested in a wide range of disci- AA/EOE. Northwestern University is an Equal historic campus located in a scenic area on the Con- in an increasingly diverse geographical region. plines related to water including but not limited to: Opportunity, Affirmative Action Employer of all pro- necticut River. Recreational opportunities abound all Women, persons with disabilities, and members of (1) physical hydrology, (2) low-temperature geo- tected classes including veterans and individuals year round. To learn more about Dartmouth College other under-represented groups are encouraged to chemistry, (3) remote sensing and geophysics, and with disabilities. Women and minorities are encour- and the Department of Earth Sciences, visit http:// apply. The University also supports family-friendly (4) alpine and glacial hydrology. aged to apply. Hiring is contingent upon eligibility www.dartmouth.edu/~earthsci. policies. Additional details of the Department As part of the Jackson School of Geosciences to work in the United States. To submit an application, send curriculum of Earth and Environmental Sciences (faculty, (www.jsg.utexas.edu), the Department (www.geo. vitae, statements of teaching and research interests research clusters, and facilities) and the University utexas.edu) has over 50 faculty and a community of Biogeosciences and objectives, reprints or preprints of up to three of Kentucky may be viewed at our web pages: research staff with a broad range of specialization of your most significant publications, and the name, www.as.uky.edu/ees and www.uky.edu. and access to outstanding research facilities and Environmental biogeochemistry/Geobiology- address (including street address), e-mail address equipment. Dartmouth College. and fax/phone numbers of at least three references Applicants should submit a letter of application, The Department of Earth Sciences at Dartmouth to: Hydrology curriculum vitae, statements of research and teach- College invites applications for a junior rank tenure- Environmental Biogeochemistry/Geobiology ing interests, and contact information for at least track position in the general areas of biogeochem- Search Committee Assistant Professor in Hydrogeology/Hydrol- three references. Submit a compiled electronic istry and geobiology. We especially welcome appli- Department of Earth Sciences ogy at Syracuse University copy to [[email protected]] or send to: cations from candidates with research interests Dartmouth College 6105 Fairchild Hall As part of an interdisciplinary water initiative, Water Science Search Committee, Department of that include microbially-mediated biogeochemical Hanover, NH 03755 Syracuse University solicits applications for a tenure Geological Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, interactions in processes of mineralization, weath- e-mail: [email protected] track joint faculty position in Earth Sciences (75%) Austin TX 78712. Review of applications will begin ering, and sequestration of contaminants; hydro- Applications received by November 7, 2014 will and Civil & Environmental Engineering (25%) at December 15, 2014 and continue until the position carbon formation and degradation; biogeochemi- receive first consideration. The appointment will be the level of Assistant Professor. We seek applicants is filled. cal cycling in fluvial and/or cold environments, effective July 1, 2015. to expand our current interdisciplinary research Background check conducted on applicant program in water science and engineering and who selected. apply quantitative methods to understand ground- The University of Texas at Austin is an Affirma- water and surface water systems at a broad range tive Action/Equal Opportunity Employer. of spatial and temporal scales. Research areas of specialization may include, but are not limited to: Ocean Sciences numerical modeling of complex systems including reactive flow and solute transport, hydrogeophys- Assistant/Associate Professor of Coastal and ics, and the application of hydroinformatics to inte- Marine Systems Science grate observations and models. Candidates whose The College of Science at Coastal Carolina Uni- PLACE YOUR research expertise lends itself to interdisciplinary versity invites applications for a tenure-track posi- collaboration across Earth Sciences and Civil & tion as Assistant/Associate Professor of Coastal and Environmental Engineering and complement our Marine Systems Science. Appointment will be at the existing strengths in field-based studies, surface rank of Assistant or Associate Professor depending water-groundwater interaction, environmental geo- on experience and will begin Fall 2015. AD HERE chemistry, and watershed hydrology and biogeo- Applicants must have a PhD. in a relevant chemistry are encouraged to apply. field. The successful candidate will be expected The new position will support the University’s Contact [email protected] for information Water Science & Engineering Initiative, which is an 014_2414 interdisciplinary program to strengthen research Classified cont. on next page 404 Eos VOLUME 95 NUMBER 44 4 NOVEMBER 2014

an active research program and develop courses Professor/Associate Professor/Lecturer Shang- Classified for an interdisciplinary academic program for hai Jiao Tong University (SJTU) Shanghai, cont. from page 404 graduate and undergraduate students. The success- China. ful candidate must also demonstrate a commitment - Ranks: Tenure-track Lecturer, and tenured to collaborative research and teaching. Information Associate -Full Professor to develop a sustained externally funded research oceanography, and have demonstrated research is available online about the department at http:// - Salary : Based on the qualification and salary program in coastal biogeochemistry, partner experience. Postdoctoral experience is desirable. www.usm.edu/marine/. scale of SJTU cooperatively on interdisciplinary teams within The successful candidate is expected to conduct Applicants must submit a letter of interest out- - Closing date: Open until all positions are filled the new School (http://www.coastal.edu/scmss/) an active research program and to teach and lining their qualifications for the position, includ- SJTU recently formed the Institute of Oceanog- and provide instruction and supervision of masters develop courses for an interdisciplinary academic ing a research plan, teaching philosophy with a raphy (IOO), and is seeking qualified candidates and doctoral students. Applicants are sought with program for graduate and undergraduate students. curricular plan, a curriculum vitae, and names to fill positions at all ranks. The IOO will take the research and graduate experience in coastal and The successful candidate must also demonstrate and contact information of at least four references. advantage of existing excellences in mathematics, marine eutrophication, particularly with respect to a commitment to teaching and collaborative Applications must be submitted online at https:// engineering, computer sciences and the humani- water quality degradations leading to hypoxia, with research. Information is available online about the jobs.usm.edu (Job Posting # 0003282). For inquiries ties at SJTU to develop strengths in areas of obser- preference for individuals who use phytoplankton department at http://www.usm.edu/marine/. about the position, contact Dr. Alan Shiller at alan. vational physical, chemical and biological ocean- indicators to assess ecosystem-wide effects of Applicants must submit a letter of interest outlin- [email protected] or 228.688.1178. Applicant review ography, related ocean engineering and technolo- eutrophication. The successful candidate will be ing their qualifications for the position, including a will begin December 8, 2014, and continue until the gies and marine social science. Specific research expected to contribute to and complement existing research plan, teaching philosophy with a curricu- position is filled. areas include physical, chemical and biological strengths of the School. Prior experience with dis- lar plan, a curriculum vitae, and names and contact AA/EOE/ADAI oceanographic processes, biogeochemical cycling, tance learning would be beneficial. information of at least four references. Applications ecosystem dynamics, climate change, deep sea life The School of Coastal and Marine Systems Sci- must be submitted online at https://jobs.usm.edu processes, underwater sensors, platforms, informa- Professor - Climate, Oceanography Massachu- ence (SCMSS) houses the Center for Marine and (Job Posting #0003293). For inquiries about the tion systems, the policies for marine environment setts Institute of Technology (MIT). Wetland Studies (http://bcmw.coastal.edu/), Wac- position, contact Dr. Donald Redalje, chair of the and resource protection and the law of the sea. MIT’s Department of Earth, Atmospheric and camaw Watershed Academy, Environmental Qual- search committee, at [email protected] or The IOO is recruiting 30-40 faculty members Planetary Sciences seeks to expand its vibrant and ity Laboratory and related graduate programs. The 228.688.1174. Applicant review will begin Decem- at all ranks in related areas of ocean science and interdisciplinary approach to research and educa- School maintains a broad array of instrumentation ber 8, 2014, and continue until the position is filled. technology. Individuals with strong background tion in climate science. We seek applications from and support staff well equipped for broad pursuits AA/EOE/ADAI and skills in areas of observations, in situ experi- outstanding candidates working in climate related especially in geophysical seafloor and sub-bottom ments, field data analysis, in situ sensors, platforms, Maine Maritime Academy is a co-educational, fields. We particularly encourage applicants work- mapping, hydrodynamic observation and model- and data-model integration are preferred. Success- public college on the coast of Maine offering ing in the fields of ocean dynamics, oceans and ing, hydrogeology, and microbial and water quality ful candidates are expected to develop internation- 18 degree programs in engineering, manage- climate, and/or marine biogeochemical cycles. analyses. A new 54’ research vessel is available for ally recognized, externally funded disciplinary and ment, science, and transportation, ranked the Requirements: Applicants must hold a Ph.D. by coastal and marine systems sampling. interdisciplinary research programs, and to actively #1 Best Public College, on Money magazine’s the start of employment. We seek highly motivated Coastal Carolina University is a public com- participate in graduate teaching and advising. Best Colleges list, August 2014. MMA currently candidates with a strong commitment to excellence prehensive liberal arts institution located just Qualifications: A PhD is required and post- seeks to fill the following position(s): in research, teaching and student advising. A keen nine miles from the Atlantic coast resort of Myrtle doctoral and/or work experience is preferred. The Assistant Professor of Marine Science interest in relating to complementary research in Beach, South Carolina. Coastal enrolls more than successful candidate must have a demonstrated The Ocean Studies Department at Maine Mari- the Department and/or in the MIT/Woods Hole 9,900 students from 45 states and 58 nations. The capability to carry out an independent, externally time Academy invites applications for an Assistant Joint Program in Oceanography is important. University is accredited by the Commission on Col- funded research program, to supervise graduate Professor of Marine Science. Applicants must hold Preference will be given to appointments at leges of the Southern Association of Colleges and students, and to collaborate with others in research a Ph.D. in oceanography or other marine related the rank of Assistant Professor but a more senior Schools to award the baccalaureate and selective and education. These positions are immediately field by August 2015. Teaching expectations include appointment can be considered for an individual master’s degrees of national and/or regional signifi- available. The level of an appointment will be com- undergraduate courses in introductory chemistry with exceptional qualifications. cance in the arts and sciences, business, humani- mensurate with the qualification and experience of for science and non-science majors, marine geo- Review of applications will begin immediately. ties, education, and health and human services, a a successful candidate, and the salary level will be chemistry, and additional courses and electives To receive consideration, a complete application specialist degree in educational leadership, and a based on the university salary scale. dependent on the successful candidate’s area of must be received by 12/31/2014. Applicants should Ph.D. degree in Marine Science. An applicant should send his/her curriculum expertise. Candidates with demonstrated teaching submit a curriculum vitae and two-page descrip- Interested candidates should submit a letter of vitae, a statement of teaching and research inter- excellence, commitment to undergraduate educa- tions of research and teaching plans and arrange application, curriculum vitae, statement of research ests and goals, not more than 5 representative tion, and research cruise experience are particular- for three letters of reference to be submitted direct- interest and contact information for at least three publications, and the contact information of three ly encouraged to apply. For full job description and ly by professional referees. professional references, electronically at http:// referees to [email protected]. jobs.coastal.edu . Review of applications will begin application information see: http://mainemaritime. Questions regarding the search may be November 12, 2014 and continue until the position edu/about-mma/employment-at-mma/. addressed to Prof. Mick Follows, Search Committee Solid Earth Geophysics is filled. Women, minorities and veterans are particu- Chair ([email protected]). Coastal Carolina University is an EO/AA larly encouraged to apply. EOE. Applications are being accepted at Academic Jobs Online at Faculty Positions in Geology, Geochemistry & employer. Geophysics Massachusetts Institute of Technol- Marine Chemistry The University of Southern https://academicjobsonline.org/ajo/jobs/4822 ogy (MIT). Interdisciplinary Climate Change Oceanogra- Mississippi. Questions regarding the application procedure The Department of Earth, Atmospheric and pher The University of Southern Mississippi The University of Southern Mississippi Depart- can be addressed to Ms. Karen Fosher, HR Admin- Planetary Sciences at MIT seeks applications for The University of Southern Mississippi’s Depart- ment of Marine Science at the Stennis Space Center istrator, EAPS, 54-924 Massachusetts Institute of faculty positions in geology, geochemistry, and ment of Marine Science at the Stennis Space Center is offering a tenure-track position in marine chemis- Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, geophysics. We particularly encourage applicants is offering a tenure-track position in interdisciplin- try at the assistant professor level. Applicants must MA 02139; [email protected]; 617-253-2132 whose work crosses traditional disciplinary ary climate change oceanography at the assistant hold a Ph.D. in oceanography or a related field and MIT is an equal opportunity/affirmative action boundaries. The intent is to hire at the assistant professor level. Applicants must hold a Ph.D. in have demonstrated field and laboratory research employer. Applications from women, minorities, oceanography or a related field, with a minimum of experience. Post-doctoral experience is desirable. veterans, older workers, and individuals with dis- 18 hours of graduate coursework in climate change The successful candidate is expected to conduct abilities are strongly encouraged. Classified cont. on page 406

405 Eos VOLUME 95 NUMBER 44 4 NOVEMBER 2014

(e.g., climate change, critical zone studies, envi- of three references. Questions regarding this posi- Classified ronmental geochemistry). tion may be directed to Elizabeth Johnson, Search cont. from page 405 The successful candidates will be committed Committee Chair, at: [email protected]. to teaching excellence in the liberal arts tradi- Screening of applicants will begin December 21, tion and will have broad interests in geosciences 2014; however, applications will continue to be professor level, but more senior appointments can in Geology and in Geophysics. The successful beyond their specialty. Experience in student-fac- accepted until the position is filled. Salary is com- be considered. candidate must have a PhD at the time of appoint- ulty undergraduate research is highly desirable. mensurate with experience. JMU does not tolerate Applicants must hold a Ph.D. in geoscience ment. Experience in post-doctoral research and/ Applicants must demonstrate a strong potential discrimination or harassment on the basis of age, or a related field by the start of employment and or University-level lecture instruction is desir- for interacting effectively with undergraduate color, disability, gender identity, genetic informa- must demonstrate ability to excel in teaching at able. We seek an innovative paleoclimatologist/ students and an ability to collaborate effec- tion, national origin, parental status, political the graduate and undergraduate levels. A complete paleontologist with technical expertise in one tively with students and colleagues from diverse affiliation, race, religion, sex, sexual orientation or application must include a curriculum vitae, one- or more of the following fields: paleontology, backgrounds. veteran status. to two-page descriptions of research and teaching paleoecology, low-temperature geochemistry, The Dickinson Earth Sciences curriculum plans, and three letters of recommendation. paleo-oceanography, geochronology, dendro- emphasizes project-based learning with a strong Mineralogy/Petrology Western Washington Applications are being accepted at Academic chronology, palynology, or other techniques. We field component, which is greatly facilitated by University invites applications for a tenure- Jobs Online https://academicjobsonline.org/ajo/ particularly seek candidates who both comple- our location in the Great Valley, near the folded track Assistant Professor starting September jobs/4798 ment our current research program and integrate Appalachians, the northern terminus of the Blue 2015, with research and teaching specialties To receive full consideration, a complete appli- across tectonics, sedimentology, and stratigraphy. Ridge, and the Triassic rift basins. The depart- in mineralogy or petrology. Western Washing- cation must be received by December 1, 2014. The successful candidate is expected to develop a ment has excellent analytical (AAS, SEM-EDS, CL, ton University is a nationally recognized, public, Search Contact: Ms. Karen Fosher, HR Admin- vigorous research program, which includes seek- XRD, XRF, TOC, laser particle size analyzer, digital masters-granting institution located in the Pacific istrator, EAPS, 54-924 Massachusetts Institute of ing extramural funding, publishing peer-reviewed 3-component seismometer, a 5-well instrumented Northwest at the base of the North Cascade Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, papers, and involving undergraduate and M.S. well field for hydrogeologic investigations) and Mountains. We seek a colleague whose research MA 02139; [email protected]; 617-253-2132 students. Furthermore, the successful candidate is computing facilities. More information can be interests could include metamorphism and the MIT is an equal opportunity/affirmative action expected to demonstrate teaching excellence and found on the college (www.dickinson.edu) and dynamics of orogenic systems, low-temperature employer. Applications from women, minorities, provide effective instruction to students of diverse department (www.dickinson.edu/homepage/96/ alteration processes, generation of ore deposits, veterans, older workers, and individuals with dis- backgrounds. Potential classes to be taught by earth_sciences) web pages. Dickinson College or planetary geology. Required qualifications for abilities are strongly encouraged. the new hire include: a new undergraduate core is a highly selective private liberal arts college the position include 1) a PhD in an appropriate course in Earth Systems, a general education in south-central PA within easy drive of the New Earth Science field at the time of appointment, Preceptor (teaching/curriculum development) course in climate change, and elective offerings York-Washington, DC metro corridor. 2) the ability to develop a high-quality under- in Earth and Planetary Sciences Harvard at the upper-division and/or graduate level in the Applicants should apply on-line using jobs. graduate teaching program including courses University. candidate’s research specialty. dickinson.edu. Review of applications will begin in Mineralogy and Optical Petrography, and The Department of Earth and Planetary Scienc- Applicants should submit a cover letter, CV, November 17 and continue until each position contribute to field courses such as Field Camp es seeks applications for a preceptor. The success- three letters of recommendation, statement of is filled. Dickinson College, an EEO Employer, or Field Petrology, 3) the ability to establish an ful applicant should be well versed on the issues of teaching philosophy and experience, and state- is committed to building a representative and externally-supported research program, 4) the earth sciences, and have experience in developing, ment of research interests. Electronic submissions diverse faculty, administrative staff, and student ability to involve students in research, 5) the teaching, and supporting sections and labs. A are strongly encouraged and should be sent to: body. We encourage applications from all quali- ability to contribute to the graduate (MS) degree graduate degree is required (Ph.D. preferred) along [email protected]. Materials can fied persons. We value the ability to create an program, 6) ability to work with a diverse student with evidence of successful prior teaching and also be sent to: Paleontology Search Committee, inclusive classroom for an increasingly diverse body and 7) a demonstrated capacity to pursue administrative experience. Salary will be highly Department of Geological Sciences, California student body. important problems in the Earth sciences using competitive and commensurate with experience. State University Northridge, 18111 Nordhoff Street, field-based and quantitative techniques. Preferred The position is renewable on a yearly basis for up Northridge, CA 91330-8266. Review of applications Faculty Fellow, University of Oregon. qualifications include postdoctoral experience, to eight years, contingent upon performance and will begin 1 January 2015. Priority will be given to The Department of Geological Sciences college-level teaching experience in the courses curricular needs. For greater detail about this posi- applications received by this date, but the position invites applications for a residential fellowship as listed above, ability to teach Introductory Geol- tion and to apply, visit: https://academicpositions. remains open until filled. For additional informa- a Meierjurgen Faculty Fellow for one term during ogy, and potential to develop local field research harvard.edu/. Applications should include: i) a cov- tion, see http://www.csun.edu/geology. The Uni- academic year 2015-2016. Requirements are one projects. The ideal candidate will engage in col- er letter that discusses how this position would fit versity is an EO/AA employer. term in residence and one departmental seminar. laboration within the Geology Department and into the applicant’s career trajectory; ii) the names The recipient will receive a $15,000 stipend. Selec- the Advanced Materials Science and Engineer- and addresses of three referees; iii) a CV; and iv) a Interdisciplinary/Other tion criteria include academic merit, collaborative ing Center (AMSEC) and will enhance without statement of teaching experiences and philosophy. ties with faculty, and likely use of departmental duplicating existing departmental strengths in The three letters of recommendation should be ENVIRONMENTAL GEOPHYSICIST & LOW facilities or regional field areas. PhD in geology or igneous petrology/volcanology, field geology, submitted separately and at least one letter must TEMPERATURE GEOCHEMIST POSITIONS. related field required. The Department and Uni- geomorphology, geophysics, tectonics, geosci- discuss the applicant’s experience with teaching, The Dickinson College Department of Earth versity house an array of modern instrumentation ence education, and planetary geology, as well administration skills, and other educational work. Sciences is expanding its faculty and invites and we are located in a geologically active region. as emerging directions in engineering geology Review of applications will begin on November 28; applications for TWO tenure track positions at For details see our website http://www.uoregon. and ore-forming systems. For more information preferences will be given to applications received the Assistant Professor level, ABD or PhD (pre- edu/~dogsci/ Applicant should submit a one- see http://geology.wwu.edu/dept/ and http://www. by this date. ferred). (1) Environmental Geophysicist: Teaching page letter of intent indicating the desired term wwu.edu/amsec/. responsibilities for this position will include hydro- of residence and a complete curriculum vitae to Interested candidates must apply online. TENURE TRACK ASSISTANT PROFESSOR: geology, an upper level course in environmental the Meierjurgen Fellowship Committee, posting # To see a full position description and log in to PALEOCLIMATE/PALEONTOLOGY CALIFOR- geophysics, a required introductory course and 14242, Department of Geological Sciences, 1272 WWU’s Electronic Application System for Employ- NIA STATE UNIVERSITY NORTHRIDGE. upper level electives in the candidate’s field of University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403-1272, ment (EASE), please go to https://jobs.wwu.edu/ The Department of Geological Sciences at expertise. (2) Low Temperature Geochemist: or you may submit application materials via email JobPosting.aspx?JPID=6211. Applications must California State University, Northridge invites appli- Teaching responsibilities include a required upper to [email protected] To ensure consideration, include a cover letter outlining teaching and cations for a full-time tenure-track faculty position level low temperature Geochemistry course for please submit application materials by January 30, research experience and accomplishments with at the level of Assistant Professor in Paleoclimatol- the major, a required introductory course, upper 2015. Position will remain open until filled. specific reference made to the required and pre- ogy/Paleontology. We offer B.S. and M.S. degrees level electives in the candidate’s field of expertise The University of Oregon is an equal oppor- ferred qualifications described above. The appli- tunity, affirmative action institution committed to cation should also include a C.V., graduate school cultural diversity and compliance with the ADA. transcripts, as well as goals and plans for teaching The University encourages all qualified individu- and research at WWU. The names and contact als to apply, and does not discriminate on the information for letters of reference from four per- basis of any protected status, including veteran sons familiar with the candidate’s research and disability status. teaching must be provided; one of these references must be from outside the applicant’s current FACULTY POSITION IN WATER and LAND institution. Review of all application materials will RESOURCES begin on January 5, 2015; position is open until The Department of Environmental Earth filled. Questions regarding this position should System Science at Stanford University seeks an be directed to the search committee chair, Liz innovative scholar for a junior level, tenure-track, Schermer ([email protected]) or the Geol- faculty appointment in the area of freshwater and ogy Department chair, Bernie Housen (Bernard. land resources. [email protected]). WWU is an EO/AA employer We seek a broad-thinking, multi-disciplinary and encourages applications from women, minori- scientist employing hydrological, ecological, and/ ties, persons with disabilities, and veterans. or other appropriate approaches for the study and management of coupled freshwater and land POSTDOCTORAL POSITION Meteor Fireball systems. Preference will be given to an individual Modeling at Purdue University. focusing on regional to large-system scales. We The Planetary Program at Purdue University is expect development of a vigorous research pro- seeking an individual interested in joining a 3-year gram employing strong analytical, computational, effort to model large meteor fireballs, such as that and/or measurement methods. The successful which devastated Chelyabinsk, Russia in 2013. The candidate will also be expected to teach classes position is initially a one-year appointment with in freshwater/land-system processes and resourc- the possibility of extension for up to three years. es as well as mentor students at the graduate and We seek someone with strong quantitative and undergraduate levels. modeling skills that can apply hydrocode models Each applicant is asked to provide a cover and numerical equations of state to understand letter describing research and teaching experi- the formation of shock waves around an asteroid ence as well as future plans in these areas, cur- entering the Earth’s atmosphere and follow its riculum vitae, and a list of three referees who subsequent fragmentation and evaporation above may be contacted for letters of recommendation. the surface. A familiarity with UNIX is required Please submit the requested materials at: https:// and experience in FORTRAN programming is academicjobsonline.org/ajo/jobs/4923. Review of desirable. applications will begin on December 15, 2014, and Applicants must have a Ph.D. in a field related will continue until the position is filled. Questions to Physics or Geophysics and appropriate com- related to your submission may be directed to puter and modeling skills. Salary and benefits are [email protected]. highly competitive. The appointment can begin as Stanford University is an equal opportunity early as January 2015. Applications should include employer and is committed to increasing the a CV, bibliography and names of at least three diversity of its faculty. It welcomes applications referees. We prefer electronic submission directly from women and minority groups, as well as oth- to [email protected]. Applications completed ers who would bring additional dimensions to the by January 1, 2015 will be given full consideration, university’s research and teaching missions. although the search will continue until the position is filled. A background check is required for Geophysicist, Department of Geology and employment in this position. Environmental Science, James Madison Uni- Purdue University is an EEO/AA employer fully versity - 0406253. The Department of Geology committed to achieving a diverse workforce. All and Environmental Science (http://www.jmu. individuals, including minorities, women, indi- edu/geology/) at James Madison University seeks viduals with disabilities, and protected veterans applications for a Geophysicist at the Assistant are encouraged to apply. Professor level for a tenure-track position beginning August 2015. A Ph.D. related to the geosci- Rangeland Ecology and Management: The ences is required at the time of employment. We Department of Forest, Rangeland, and Fire seek a colleague who is committed to excellence Sciences at the University of Idaho invites in teaching and research involving undergradu- applications for an academic-year, tenure- ates. Teaching responsibilities include introduc- track Assistant Professor. tory and upper level undergraduate geophysics We are searching broadly for a candidate who courses, and general education science courses. will help advance our teaching, research, and out- Information on existing equipment housed in reach activities. The successful applicant will have the department can be found at http://www.jmu. a commitment to quality teaching at the graduate edu/geology/facilities.shtml. Collaborations are and undergraduate level, and will be expected encouraged with faculty in other STEM fields. To develop a research program focusing primarily apply go to JobLink.jmu.edu, reference posting on Idaho’s extensive and diverse rangelands. The number 0406253 and submit a faculty profile, successful candidate will have the opportunity to cover letter, a detailed curriculum vitae, a statement of teaching philosophy, a statement of research interests, and the names and addresses Classified cont. on next page 406 Eos VOLUME 95 NUMBER 44 4 NOVEMBER 2014

work on an NSF funded project that is focused on accepting applications for the Joint Doctoral Classified studying firn on the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS). Program in Geophysics. The SDSU/UCSD Joint cont. from page 406 The student will work on advanced georadar imag- Program provides full access to the Geophysics ing techniques to characterize the firn column. curriculum of UCSD’s Scripps Institution of Ocean- The project will require the student to participate ography, with additional specialized courses and contribute to the research and outreach efforts of industry experience is a plus. It is expected that in extended field campaigns on the GrIS. A solid research opportunities offered by SDSU faculty. the UI Idaho Rangeland Center. this position will enhance our existing faculty background in field geophysics is preferred. Assistantships for Fall 2015 are available for For a complete description and to apply research areas in geophysics, sedimentology, For additional information contact John Brad- research in earthquake physics and strong motion, online, http://apptrkr.com/532931 basin analysis, and petroleum geology. Can- ford ([email protected]) or HP Marshall fault zone structure and dynamics, quantitative First consideration will be given to applicants didates must have a strong record of research ([email protected]). paleoseismology, applied seismic imaging, and who apply by November 14, 2014.The University and teaching, and must have received a Ph.D. computational seismology. Successful candidates of Idaho is an Affirmative Action/Equal Employ- in geology, geophysics, or a related field, at the NC State CyberSEES Project - Graduate must meet doctoral admissions requirements of ment Opportunity Employer and is committed to a time of appointment. The successful candidate Research Assistants both universities. Apply, by December 15, 2014, at diverse faculty, staff and student body. will be expected to establish a vigorous, exter- We are looking for exceptional graduate www.csumentor.edu. For further information, see nally funded research program and attract and students to work on an NSF award (http://goo. www.geology.sdsu.edu/jdp, or send inquiries to TEMPLE UNIVERSITY TENURE TRACK advise high-quality graduate students. Teaching gl/fBw15b) on climate-water-energy nexus that Professor Steven Day ([email protected]). POSITIONS IN REMOTE SENSING AND responsibilities will include undergraduate and utilizes hydroclimate forecasts for improved man- Student positions in computational math and GEOMATERIALS. graduate courses in her/his specialty and intro- agement of water and energy systems. Ideal can- geophysics The Department of Earth and Environmen- ductory geology. The department has a broad didates should have background in one/more of tal Science is entering a period of growth with range of geophysical, geochemical, and compu- the following areas: Hydroclimatology and water The Departments of Geosciences and Math- a newly launched Ph.D. program. To achieve tational facilities, in addition to University shared and/or energy management, Strong programming ematics at Boise State University are seeking this growth, the department seeks to fill two facilities, including the Dauphin Island Sea Lab. skills, Optimization and Statistical modeling. Inter- well-qualified students to work on an NSF tenure-track faculty positions to begin in August Departmental software includes industry stan- ested candidates are requested to submit their funded project in computational mathemat- 2015. One of the positions will be in the area of dards such as ProMAX, Petrel, IHS Kingdom, profile at http://goo.gl/2NFIMn. ics. The project is focused on developing new REMOTE SENSING. A second position will be in Geosoft, ArcGIS, and Matlab. Details regarding techniques for joint inversion of multiple types of the area of GEOMATERIALS. Exceptional candi- existing research programs, equipment and facili- Ph.D Positions: Passive Seismology Applied to geophysical data. Funding is available at both the dates holding a Ph.D. are encouraged to apply at ties, and departmental activities can be found Mineral Exploration Masters and PhD levels. A solid background in com- any level (assistant, associate, or full professor). at http://www.geo.ua.edu. Questions should be We seek motivated individuals with experi- putational mathematics is required. For additional Mentoring of undergraduate and graduate students directed to Dr. Ibrahim Çemen ([email protected]. ence in seismology for at least one fully funded information contact John Bradford (jbradfor@ and securing external funding are expected. edu). Applicants should go to http://facultyjobs. Ph.D position at The University of Western boisestate.edu), or Jodi Mead (jmead@boisestate. Applicants must have a Ph.D. in a relevant science ua.edu/postings/36000 to electronically apply Australia. edu). discipline. for this position. When submitting an applica- The research involves the analysis of broad- REMOTE SENSING: We especially encourage tion, candidates must provide a cover letter, CV, band seismic data from Western Australia to The Department of Earth and Environmental applicants with a focus on the analysis of Earth research and teaching statements, and a list with determine crustal structure in this economically Sciences at Lehigh University will have several using airborne or satellite remote sensing plat- the contact information for at least three referees. significant area. The research will use techniques varied support packages available for students forms, expertise in digital signal processing for Applications will be reviewed beginning Novem- adapted from exploration seismology, including: starting in our research-intensive M.S. and geoscience applications, and the use satellite data ber 17, 2014. The University of Alabama is an - 2D and 3D full-wavefield elastic modelling; Ph.D. programs in AY2015-2016. We encourage for understanding climate change. This appoint- Equal Opportunity Affirmative Action Employer - Imaging and waveform inversion of 2D seis- applications from students with interests aligned ment will complement existing expertise in and actively seeks diversity in its employees. mic data from local mine blasts; with the broad range of research areas in which geophysics, hydrogeology, structural geology, geo- - 2D teleseismic migration and image-domain our faculty are engaged. Interested students should morphology, and planetary geology, and make use Faculty position: Space Technology adjoint-state; and visit our website (www.ees.lehigh.edu) and directly of the new high-performance computing cluster. The Department of Mechanical Engineering - Ambient noise tomography. contact any faculty who might serve as potential Applicants should be able to teach undergraduate (ME) at Boston University invites applicants for Full details at http://www.cet.edu.au/ advisors. Lehigh University is an equal opportu- and graduate courses including Remote Sensing a tenure track faculty position at the Assistant about-us/careers-and-research-opportunities/ nity employer and promotes excellence through and Physical Geology. Professor level in Space Technology, and its research-opportunities. diversity. GEOMATERIALS: Of particular interest are commercial, scientific, and societal applications. applicants with a focus on energy as well as earth Possible areas of focus include small satellites, PhD opening in Geomicrobiology, University The Jonathan O. Davis Scholarship supports science, and with expertise in mineralogy and spaceflight control, sensors and instrumentation, of Melbourne graduate students working on the Quater- petrology that crossover to material science. The robotics, and space communications. The univer- PhD scholarship available for qualified and nary geology of the Great Basin. The national candidate should investigate crystalline, glassy, sity seeks to build upon its traditional strengths highly motivated applicant in School of Earth scholarship is $5,000 and the University of Nevada, or melt geomaterials with a goal of understanding in Space Science through the development of a Sciences, University of Melbourne, to conduct Reno stipend is $1,500. The national scholarship the atomic-scale characteristics that lead to mac- synergistic technology program in the College research in geomicrobiology. Potential projects is open to graduate students enrolled in an M.S. roscopic properties in earth sciences. The indi- of Engineering. The selected candidate will have include (but not limited to) investigation of the or Ph.D. program at any university in the United vidual is expected to use a combination of field or the opportunity to work with a diverse group of deep subsurface biosphere, evolution of microbial States. The Nevada stipend is open to graduate experimental based data collection and modeling faculty through BU’s interdisciplinary Center for metal resistance, bioremediation of mine contami- students enrolled in an M.S. or Ph.D. program at the approaches. This appointment will complement Space Physics (CSP). A joint appointment with nants, mineral/isotopic biosignatures. Prospective University of Nevada, Reno. Details on application existing expertise on the properties of nano- the department of Electrical and Computer Engi- students should email CV and brief statement of requirements can be found at: http://www.dri.edu/ minerals and geochemistry within EES as well neering is possible depending on background research interest to [email protected]. GradPrograms/Opportunities/JonathanDavis. Appli- as materials research conducted through super- and interests. Interested candidates should have Admission deadline rolling. cations must be post-marked by February 17, 2015. computing, engineering, chemistry, and physics a Ph.D. degree in a relevant field of engineering Proposal reviews will not be returned. Applications utilizing a variety of in place instrumentation and or applied science, and should have the ability to PhD Student Opportunity, Geophysics Joint should be addressed to: Executive Director Division the newly formed Temple University Energy Fron- develop and sustain a funded research program. Doctoral Program. San Diego State Univer- of Earth and Ecosystem Sciences Desert Research tier Research Center. Applicants should be able to The applicant should be able to teach courses sity and University of California San Diego are Institute 2215 Raggio Parkway Reno NV 89512 teach undergraduate and graduate courses includ- in the graduate and undergraduate programs in ing Mineralogy and Petrology. Mechanical Engineering or related courses in Applications should first email a letter of the College of Engineering. Salary is competi- intent to the appropriate Search Committee tive and commensurate with experience. Boston Chair. REMOTE SENSING applicants should send University is an equal opportunity employer, and a letter of intention to apply and any inquiries all qualified applicants will receive consider- to Alexandra Davatzes, Chair, Search Commit- ation without regard to race, color, religion, sex, tee, [email protected], whereas GEOMATERIALS national origin, disability status, protected vet- applicants should email Nick Davatzes, Chair, eran status, or any other characteristic protected Search Committee, [email protected]. Appli- by law. Additional information and application cants should upload a CV, statement of teaching instructions can be found at http://www.bu.edu/ goals, a research plan, names and addresses of me. Inquiries may be addressed to Joshua Seme- at least three references, and selected reprints ter at [email protected]. via the following website: http://ees.cst.temple. edu/. We request application material be submit- The Geosciences Department at Hamilton Col- ted by December 1, 2014. Temple University is a lege seeks applicants for a tenure-track Assis- state-related research-intensive institution with an tant Professor of Geosciences to begin in July undergraduate enrollment of more than 27,000 and 2015. The successful candidate for the position nearly 10,000 graduate and professional students. must have a Ph.D. in the geosciences with a broad More information about our department is avail- background in sedimentary geology and related able at http://www.temple.edu/geology/. Temple field experience. Candidates will be expected to University is an equal opportunity, equal access, establish a strong scholarly record in sedimentary affirmative action employer committed to achiev- geology and to advise undergraduate research ing a diverse community (AA, EOE, M/F/D/V). The projects. Teaching responsibilities include: a department specifically encourages applications required course in sedimentary geology, a topical from women and minorities. introductory course in geology, and one or more electives in the candidate’s specialty. Tenure-Track Faculty Position Sedimentology Visit http://careers.agu.org/jobs/6523812/ The University of Alabama Department of tenure-track-assistant-professor-of-geoscences to Geological Sciences. learn more and to apply The Department of Geological Sciences at Turner Postdoctoral Fellowship University of The University of Alabama invites applications Michigan for an Assistant Professor tenure-track faculty This highly competitive fellowship is open to position in sedimentology beginning August 2015. candidates who have obtained a PhD in any field Candidates must have a strong record of research within Earth and environmental sciences. and teaching, and must have received their Ph.D. The Department seeks qualified applicants in Geosciences at the time of appointment. The who are interested in collaborating with one or successful candidate will be expected to establish more faculty members. Applicants are encouraged an externally-funded research program, attract to contact prospective faculty host(s) prior to the and supervise graduate students, and teach under- application deadline to discuss areas of com- graduate and graduate courses in sedimentology/ mon interest and to develop innovative research stratigraphy, and introductory geology. The depart- proposals. ment has a broad range of isotopic, geochemical and modeling research facilities available, in Turner Postdoctoral Fellows receive an annu- addition to University-shared instrumentation at al salary of $55,000, discretionary research the Central Analytical Facility (www.caf.ua.edu). funds of $5,000 per year, and a generous Details regarding existing research programs, benefits package. The fellowship is awarded for equipment, facilities, and departmental activi- a one-year period, with an anticipated extension ties are at www.geo.ua.edu. Questions should be for a second year. directed to Dr. Delores Robinson ([email protected]). Application: Applicants must have a PhD. To Go to http://facultyjobs.ua.edu/postings/35994 to apply please go to: http://www.earth.lsa.umich. electronically apply. When submitting an applica- edu/turner2015/newapplicant. Complete the tion, candidates must provide a cover letter, CV, online application, including the names and research and teaching statements, and a list with addresses of at least three references, and upload the contact information for at least three refer- (as a single PDF) the required application docu- ees. Review of applications will begin November ments, which should include a curriculum vitae 17, 2014. The University of Alabama is an Equal and a research proposal (5 pages maximum Opportunity Affirmative Action Employer and excluding references). actively seeks diversity in its employees. Deadline: Applications and reference letters for the 2015 competition are due January 15, 2015. Tenure-Track Faculty Position Seismic Stratig- Inquiries should be sent to Michigan-Earth- raphy The University of Alabama Department [email protected]. Women and minorities are of Geological Sciences. encouraged to apply. The University of Michigan is The Department of Geological Sciences at The an equal opportunity/affirmative action employer. University of Alabama invites applications for a tenure-track faculty position in seismic stratigra- Student Opportunities phy, beginning August 2015. The position will be filled at the Assistant Professor level. Candidates PhD in Cryosphere Geophysics are invited to apply who have specialties within Boise State University, Department of Geosci- the broad field of seismic stratigraphy. Energy ences, is seeking a highly motivated student to

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Global trade network affects been burdened by bulky, inefficient, and availability of food low-resolution technology. To overcome this problem, Campbell et al. used a new tech- Because the Earth’s population is slated nique to accurately observe at high resolu- to hit 9 billion in the next century, food scar- tion how surface waves are affected by dif- city has become an increasingly important ferent types of ice. topic of study. Food availability is widely In a Wisconsin lake, the authors used ste- examined, but D’Odorico et al. point out that reo imaging—taking multiple images of one reliance on trade to distribute food has not area to create a three-dimensional view— been sufficiently quantified. to observe waves interacting with three dis- The authors used world trade statistics tinct types of ice. The authors found that fra- from 153 countries for 251 food commodi- zil ice, which is made up of tiny needlelike ties to construct a global network of food structures in random orientations, and pan- Diamond anvil cells (shown above) and laser trade in terms of calorie transfer. They found cake ice, which consists of round, flat pieces USGS that many countries, especially in Africa and heating were used to simulate the conditions of ice made up of ice that results from col- the Middle East, depend on trade to provide of the lower mantle. lisions among pieces of frazil ice, propa- U.S. Highway 101 was moved in 2001 after it was damaged by the Carmell Knoll landslide enough food and that the countries that suf- gate wave energy differently than brash ice, in Oregon. fer the most from chronic food scarcity are The proportion of iron and magnesium which consists of large chunks of ice left limited by climate, the availability of water, in the authors’ samples increased with pres- over from wreckage. and other factors. sure up to around 80 gigapascals before lev- The authors are currently investigating soils’ residual strength could not hold up. The authors report that although today eling off. This pressure is roughly equiva- which types of ice pose the worst hazards (Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Sur- there is enough food being produced to lent to a depth of 2000 kilometers below when they are hit by waves and how these face, doi:10.1002/2014JF003088, 20140 —CS feed the world’s growing population, factors the Earth’s surface. (Journal of Geophysi- interactions are influenced by topography, such as water shortages and dependence cal Research: Solid Earth, doi:10.1002/ bathymetry, and wave speed. (Journal of Glaciers in west Antarctic on trade may exacerbate food scarcity in 2013JB010616, 2014) —CS Geophysical Research: Oceans, doi:10.1002/ retreating rapidly many regions around the world. Given this 2014JC009894, 2014) —CS information, trade patterns and potential Vortices in Saturn’s As a glacier slides slowly into the sea, trade disruptions need to be considered upper atmosphere Oregon earthquakes buoyancy eventually trumps gravity, and when studying food scarcity. (Earth’s Future, increase local landslide risk the sheet of ice floats. The place where the doi:10.1002/2014EF000250, 2014) —JW Saturn’s magnetosphere exhibits phenom- ice starts leaving the ground is called the ena with 10.7-hour periodicity that scien- Coastal Oregon is home to a number of grounding line, and this line can shift as the What happens to minerals tists do not fully understand. One proposed slow, recurrent landslides. During bouts of mass of the glacier shifts with precipitation as they get squeezed in the mantle? explanation is that twin vortices in the upper heavy rain, water gets into the soil, reduc- or climate. Studying the movement of the atmosphere at Saturn’s north and south ing friction and causing the ground to slip. grounding line through time helps scientists The motion of the Earth’s mantle is con- poles generate currents that drive the mag- Often, these landslides creep along at a determine the stability of the glacier and its trolled in part by how mantle minerals netosphere periodicity. barely perceptible rate—less than a centi- mass budget—the balance of how much respond to changes in temperature and pres- Smith analyzed the vortex model and meter per day. Yet the landslides are a lurk- mass the glacier is gaining or losing. sure. The chemical and physical shifts that the problems with it, considering the pos- ing threat, as past events that have damaged Rignot et al. set out to describe the minerals undergo as they are heated and sible mechanisms by which atmospheric infrastructure and cut communities off for changes in several glaciers that empty into squeezed cause some to sink down toward vortices could drive currents that generate months at a time have demonstrated. the West Antarctic’s Amundsen Sea. The the core and others to rise up toward the the observed periodicity. He noted that the Of particular concern is how these land- researchers used satellite data that tracked surface. This buoyant pressure and gravita- model has two problems: First, there is no slide regions would respond to the more the motion of the glaciers and were able tional sinking, in turn, affect the convection physical material in the upper atmosphere potent shaking of an earthquake, a process to measure precisely how far their ground- of the mantle and the large-scale cycling of that rotates at close to the 10.7-hour period, that is not well understood. Based on new ing lines retreated between 1992 and 2011 the Earth. and second, vortices in the upper atmo- laboratory experiments, Schulz and Wang and what the glacier bed topography looked In the lower mantle, starting around 650 sphere would be unlikely to remain coher- suggest that many of Oregon’s slow creep- like along the way. The grounding lines of kilometers depth, the most common min- ent long enough to generate the necessary ing coastal areas would fail catastrophically all four glaciers studied retreated between erals are silicon oxides that include iron, currents. during an earthquake, an added threat in 10 and 35 kilometers during that time, and magnesium, or calcium. The proportion of The author then proposed a model that the seismically active region. because the authors could not find any iron, magnesium, or calcium bound up in could overcome those difficulties. In the Between the smaller recurrent landslide topography factor upstream of the ground- the mineral affects its density. At the same new model, the twin vortices originate not events, the hillslopes are propped up by the ing lines that could interrupt this retreat, time, the chemical structure of the mineral in the planet’s upper atmosphere but in the constant friction that develops in the soil they have deemed that the glaciers’ retreat also changes with pressure and tempera- stratosphere, at around 750 kilometers in during the slow movements, known as its started more than 20 years ago and is now ture. The result is that researchers are not altitude. He showed that the necessary wind “residual shear strength.” A small amount of unstoppable. really sure how these minerals behave in patterns could exist and are consistent with jostling, however, can actually change the The Amundsen Sea sector of West Ant- the mantle. observations of Saturn’s upper atmosphere. strength of a hillslope, as soil particles are arctica is already the largest contributor to Using a combination of a diamond anvil (Journal of Geophysical Research: Space rearranged into either a more shear-resistant Antarctic ice loss and contains enough ice press and laser heating, Tateno et al. mea- Physics, doi:10.1002/2014JA019934, 2014) or shear-compliant state. to raise the global sea level by 1.2 meters. sured how these common minerals changed —EB The authors assessed how the soil from In the coming centuries, the authors note, under the conditions found in the lower two of Oregon’s landslide regions would these glaciers will significantly contribute to mantle. They tested pressures from 34 to 179 Different types of ice respond to different kinds of pressure. They sea level rise. (Geophysical Research Letters, gigapascals and temperatures from 2900 to propagate waves differently tested soil samples from two recurrent land- doi:10.1002/2014GL060140, 2014) —JW 5000 Kelvin. slides under constant and increasing dis- The authors found that as the pressure Surface ice on oceans and lakes can placement rate and under loading forces Rain projected to dominate increases and the mineral starts to melt, at cause major problems onshore and off- that mimicked historical earthquakes. western U.S. precipitation around 34 gigapascals, it changes to prefer- shore. Specifically, surface waves interacting The researchers found that a small rapid entially include more iron and magnesium. with ice can create hazardous conditions displacement caused a pronounced drop in Throughout the western United States, This change causes its density to increase. for cargo ships, damage coastal structures, shear strength. However, if the displacement scientists have noticed that warming has With a high proportion of iron and magne- and carry important nutrients away from the rate was increasing, rather than constant, reduced snow accumulation and led to ear- sium, the partial melt is actually denser than shore. the shear strength actually increased—up lier snowmelt, a change that could have the original solid, and the melt sinks farther Previous attempts to study the interac- to a point. Under shaking conditions drawn dire consequences for the region’s ecol- toward the core. tion between surface waves and ice have from historical earthquakes, however, the ogy and industries. Specifically, previous research has found that the rain-snow transition zone—the area where precipitation is Peruvian Andes helped to cool dominated by rain versus snow in the win- eastern equatorial Pacific ter—has shifted significantly in the past few decades. During the latter half of the Cenozoic, Klos et al. present projections of the starting during the Pliocene, the east- change in the rain-snow transition period ern equatorial Pacific (EEP) underwent over the next half-century, based on climate a change from warm, wet climate condi- projections from several climate models. The tions—which scientists refer to as “perma- authors constrained their projections under nent El Niño”—to more moderate condi- the Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 tions like those observed today. Although scenario, which assumes that greenhouse gas scientists can track this change using emissions will continue to rise at current rates marine proxy records, they are still puz- (e.g., “business as usual”). zled as to why the sudden shift occurred. Under this scenario, the authors found Feng and Poulsen, however, note that that the rain-snow transition zone will move the shift coincides with uplifting in the up in altitude and latitude and that, in the Peruvian Andes. To test whether this uplift western United States, the land area with could have influenced climate conditions wintertime conditions conducive to snowfall in the EEP, the authors ran experiments will shift from a current ~53% of the West to using a complicated climate model, quan- only ~24% of the West by mid-century. The tifying the changes seen in the EEP as a authors note that these projections will be function of Andean elevation. valuable to regional water resource man- The authors found that the Andes, Photoshare Courtesy Fiorella, of RichardP. agers as they develop strategies to prepare which rose from 1 to 3 kilometers during The late Cenozoic uplift of the Andes could have altered the tropical Pacific climate state. the agricultural industry and municipal the Pliocene, caused a net cooling effect water suppliers for the coming shift toward that can account for about one half of the The authors note that although their variables. Understanding the relationship more rainfall and less snow. (Geophysical cooling observed along the coast of Peru results show that the Andes were indeed between the Andes and the EEP, they add, Research Letters, doi:10.1002/2014GL060500, in the late Cenozoic. Uplift also enhanced one of the factors contributing to the cli- will further inform research on modern- 2014) —JW low-cloud formation in the EEP, which mate shift in the EEP, more research is day climate variability. (Paleoceanography, accounts for most of the net cooling. needed to pin down other contributing doi:10.1002/2014PA002640, 2014) —JW —Ernie Balcerak, Staff Writer; Colin Schultz, Writer; and JoAnna Wendel, Staff Writer

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