ZIB 2018 Annual Report PHOTONIC RESONANCES FAULT BOOST OPTIMIZATION TOLERANCE IN THE DEEP QUANTUM MEETS SUPER- DISTRIBUTED PARALLELISM TECHNOLOGY COMPUTING SYSTEMS CHALLENGE PAGE 28 PAGE 56 PAGE 64 PAGE 74 Preface PREFACE According to our web page, “ZIB This way of doing research has made new level thus requires novel forms of is an interdisciplinary research ZIB strong; an internationally renowned data-augmented MSO to enable more institute for application-oriented research institute with quite a unique precise quantitative mathematical mod- mathematics and data-intensive profile. Since the definition of its new eling of real-world processes, gaining high-performance computing. Its research strategy and development plan deeper insights, improving predictions, research focuses on modeling, sim- in 2015, the profile of ZIB has started and thus supporting decision-making. ulation, and optimization (MSO) to change, mainly in order to take up In 2018, several crucial milestones of with scientific cooperation partners new challenges and utilize the related ZIB’s development plan were reached: from academia and industry.” In our opportunities. the Berlin-based MATH+ Cluster of understanding, application-oriented One of the main challenges is the Excellence was successful in German’s mathematics does not mean just exponentially growing amount of data most important funding line for research, solving mathematical problems that acquired by digital technology, promising the Excellence Strategy of the German appear in applications. Rather, ZIB unprecedented insights into nature, eco- federal and state governments. MATH+, pursues an integrated approach that nomics, and society. Today’s data wave a joint project of the three Berlin univer- combines efforts to describe the full is already revolutionizing many areas of sities, FU, HU, and TU, with WIAS and application problem in mathematical research and technology; some experts ZIB, will receive about €7.5 million fund- terms and to develop methods for its even predict that machine learning, ing per year for at least seven years. In its mathematical, as well as practical, especially deep learning, will replace core domain, application-oriented math- solution, including the required algo- mathematical modeling and analysis ematics, ten interdisciplinary research rithmic and computational methods. as the main driving force generating projects will be funded at ZIB that all This includes, in particular, the insights in scientific research. We believe are designed to take up the challenges translation back into the application that taming the growing complexity of described above (for more details, please fields in concerted efforts with the technological, cultural, and social pro- see the article “Berlin Mathematics is application partners. cesses demands the seamless integration Shaping the Future”). In part, MATH+ of both, advanced data analysis and MSO aims at continuing the success story of techniques. The challenge of raising the MATHEON research center, but with application-oriented mathematics to a a stronger focus on data-based research. 4 2018 Annual Report This will be complemented by the newly gives a general overview of ZIB’s organi- Challenge” reports on recent research of established Berlin Center for Machine zation and key factors for its successful ZIB and its partners on why mastering Learning (BCML), for which a Berlin- development. In particular, six feature the multiple levels of parallelism exposed based consortium including ZIB could articles highlight aspects of our work: by modern HPC systems is today the secure funding by the German Federal “How Mathematical Intelligence Can only way to achieve a sustained high Ministry of Education and Research Help with Your Knee Pain” provides an application performance. And “Fault (BMBF) in another nation-wide com- insight into how advanced data analysis Tolerance in Distributed Systems” shows petition (for more details please see and modern MSO techniques can be how researchers at ZIB study fault-tol- the article “Berlin Center for Machine combined to help address widespread erance approaches on different scales, Learning Established”). disease. In “Photonic Resonances ranging from the microlevel, byte-gran- In addition to the successful acquirement Boost Quantum Technology,” we report ular replication, to the macro-level, e.g., of MATH+ and BCML, the CRC 1114 and on recent research results at ZIB that check-pointing in exascale computing. TRR 154 DFG Collaborative Research provide insight into how quantum In summary, ZIB continues to be Centers, as well as the Berlin Big Data technology may be made possible based a place for excellent research and Center (BBDC), all with essential on nano-optical devices. “Optimization first-rate scientific services and infra- contribution by ZIB, were successfully Meets Supercomputing” sheds some structure. Last year was a fantastic evaluated in 2018 and will continue to lights on how hard combinatorial year for ZIB with key success stories be funded for four further years. ZIB’s structures can be tackled by parallel like the acquisition of the MATH+ participation in these centers, especially algorithms. The article “Digital Cultural Cluster of Excellence, which is set in MATH+, and the research funded Assets – digiS, or the Berlin Marvel” to have a positive impact on ZIB’s through it, contributes perfectly to the features the research agenda of the development for a decade and beyond, core research of our institute and to the “Research and Competence Centre as well as lots of other very positive ambitious strategic aims set out in 2015. Digitalization Berlin” (digiS) that, after developments that make us confident In this sense, 2018 was a pivotal step in six years of successful activity, was made that our institute has a bright future. ZIB’s development. permanent and institutionally anchored Berlin, May 2019 This annual report provides insights at ZIB, in itself a small cultural-polit- Christof Schütte into a variety of other success stories and ical miracle. “The Deep Parallelism President of ZIB Zuse Institute Berlin 5 28 PHOTONIC RESONANCES BOOST QUANTUM 4 TECHNOLOGY 36 ZUSE INSTITUTE HOW MATHEMATICAL BERLIN INTELLIGENCE Preface | Executive Summary | Organization | ZIB Structure | CAN HELP WITH ZIB in Numbers | Berlin Mathematics Is Shaping the Future | Berlin Center for YOUR KNEE PAIN Machine Learning Established | Economic Situation | Spin-Offs | Number of Employees CONTENTS 46 74 DIGITAL CULTURAL THE DEEP ASSETS – DIGIS OR PARALLELISM THE BERLIN MARVEL CHALLENGE 64 FAULT TOLERANCE IN DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS 56 84 ZIB PUBLICATIONS OPTIMIZATION MEETS REFERENCES SUPERCOMPUTING IMPRINT Executive Summary EXECUTIVE SUMMARY MATHEMATICS FOR LIFE AND MATERIALS SCIENCES The year 2018 was marked by the requires raising application-oriented preparations for the MATH+ Cluster of mathematics to a new level. Nowadays, Excellence, the continuation of the DFG progress in the field requires an Collaborative Research Center 1114, and increased involvement of novel math- the associated priority shifts regarding ematical concepts, for example com- the division’s research activity. In recent putational topology in shape analysis years, ZIB’s Mathematics for Life and for medical imaging or geometry-based Materials Science division has con- methods in the computational identi- centrated its efforts on taking an inter- fication of nonlinear manifolds that nationally leading role in developing govern the effective dynamics of com- innovative application-oriented math- plex systems. In addition to the need ematics, moving beyond traditional for new mathematics, addressing the approaches to modeling, simulation, and challenges seems to require new forms data analysis for key technologies. Until of seamlessly merging classical model- recently, most of the division’s research and simulation-based approaches to had its roots in numerical mathematics machine learning and artificial intel- and scientific computing, as well as ligence. In 2018, the scientific divisions scientific visualization. of ZIB invested considerable effort into Today, many of the great challenges new projects exploring these directions originate from the growing complex- of research. Most of these new projects ity of technology and society, which will now be supported by MATH+ and 8 2018 Annual Report CRC 1114, but also by the new Berlin Center for Machine Learning funded by the German Ministry of Education and Research, based on an application of a scientific consortium including ZIB. The feature articles “How mathematical intelligence can help with your knee pain” and “Photonic resonances boost quantum technology” present some of these activities. The respective shift in our research orientation aims to establish new inter- actions between mathematics and new application fields, together with top- class Berlin experts and institutions, in areas such as social sciences and the humanities, revealing opportunities for cross-fertilization through joint interdisciplinary research endeavors and data-augmented approaches. Zuse Institute Berlin 9 Executive Summary MATHEMATICAL OPTIMIZATION AND SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION The integration of data-driven methods gas network operator. The develop- ond, and third prizes at the 2018 PACE into optimization approaches and the ments were also made possible by the competition, complementing a GOR increased use of supercomputing were initiation of Plan4res, a Horizon 2020 Thesis Award, an ATMOS Best Paper the major