DOCSLIB.ORG

INCOLOY® Alloys 945 / 945X Contents

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
INCOLOY® Alloys 945 / 945X Contents INCOLOY® alloys 945 / 945X Contents 1 Introduction 2 Physical Properties 4 Mechanical Properties 8 Corrosion Resistance 12 Hot and Cold Working 13 Heat Treating 14 Metallography 15 Joining 15 Machinability 15 Available Product Forms INCOLOY alloy 945 machined bars and forgings intended for fabrication of high performance components for service in aggressive environments in the oil and gas industry. www.specialmetals.com INCOLOY® alloy 945 (UNS N09945) is a high-strength, corrosion-resistant alloy designed for demanding applications in the oil and gas industry. The properties of this age hardenable nickel-iron-chromium alloy are enhanced by its contents of molybdenum, copper, niobium, titanium, and aluminum. The chemical composition of alloy 945 is seen in Table 1. The alloy’s nickel content results in resistance to chloride- induced stress corrosion cracking. Nickel, in conjunction with the molybdenum and copper, also gives alloy 945 outstanding resistance to general corrosion in reducing media. Molybdenum also imparts resistance to localized attack (pitting and crevice corrosion). The alloy’s content of chromium provides resistance in oxidizing environments. Niobium, titanium and aluminum participate in the age hardening reaction that occurs during heat treatment. Their interaction forms gamma prime and gamma double prime precipitates, which strengthen the alloy. INCOLOY alloy 945 is suitable for downhole oil and gas applications requiring high strength and corrosion resistance in aggressive sour wells containing high levels of hydrogen sulfide and chorides. Because of the alloy’s resistance to stress cracking in environments rich in hydrogen sulfide, it is suitable for downhole and surface gas-well components including tubular products, valves, hangers, landing nipples, tool joints and packers. The alloy can also be used for fasteners, pump shafting and high strength piping systems. INCOLOY alloy 945 is approved under NACE MR0175 / ISO 15156-3 for use in oil and gas applications up to NACE level VII and level VI-450ºF severity. INCOLOY alloy 945 products are available in several strength grades. Conventional annealed and aged alloy 945 products exhibit a minimum yield strength of 125 ksi. A high strength grade of the alloy, designated INCOLOY alloy 945X, exhibits a minimum yield strength of 140 ksi. Limiting mechanical properties are presented in Table 13. Comparative data are presented in Tables 7 and 8. The strength of alloy 945X is also higher than that of alloys 718, 725, and 925. In addition, cold worked and directed aged products are available with even higher levels of strength for applications such as shafting. Limiting mechanical properties are reported in Table 14 and comparative strength levels are found in Tables 9 and 10. Limiting properties of alloy 945 products are defined in specifications prepared by Special Metals Corporation, the inventor and producer of the product. These include HA 119, HA 121, HA 122 and HA 123. Copies are available by contacting the Special Metals Research and Technology Department. Table 1 – Limiting Chemical Composition of INCOLOY alloy 945, wt % Nickel ......…………………………………..…..45.0-55.0 Chromium ..…………………………………….19.5-23.0 Iron ……………….………………………………Balance Molybdenum …….………………………………..3.0-4.0 Niobium .…………………………………………..2.5-4.5 Copper …………………………………………….1.5-3.0 Titanium ….………………………………………..0.5-2.5 Aluminum ….…………………………………….0.01-0.7 Manganese ...……………………………………1.0 max. Silicon …..………………………………………..0.5 max. Sulfur …..……………………………………….0.03 max. Phosphorous .………………………………….0.03 max. Carbon …..…………………………………0.005 to 0.04 INCOLOY® alloys945/ 945X Physical Properties Physical properties of INCOLOY alloy 945 are given in Table 2. All are room-temperature values except the melting range. Tables 3 and 4 provide co-efficient of expansion and specific heat data over a range of temperatures. Thermal conductivity and modulus of elasticity over a range of temperatures are presented in Tables 5 and 6. Table 2 – Physical Properties of INCOLOY alloy 945 Table 4 – Specific Heat Density, lb/in3………………………...………………..0.296 Temperature Specific Heat 3 g/cm …………….……………………………..8.2 ºC ºF J/kg•ºC BTU/lb•ºF 23 73 445 0.106 Melting Range, ºF ……………………..………2317-2510 50 122 455 0.109 ºC ……..………………………1270-1377 100 212 467 0.112 Electrical Resistivity, ohm•cmil/ft ………...…………..663 200 392 491 0.117 mW•m………………………….1.10 300 572 515 0.123 400 752 540 0.129 Permeability at 200 oersteds (15.9 kA/m)……...….1.003 500 932 563 0.135 600 1112 588 0.140 6 Young’s Modulus, 10 psi…………………….………..29.1 700 1292 607 0.145 GPa………………………….…..200.8 800 1472 639 0.153 900 1652 670 0.160 1000 1832 688 0.164 1100 2012 690 0.165 1150 2102 700 0.167 Table 3 – Coefficient of thermal expansion. The values are mean coefficient of linear expansion between 77ºF (25ºC) and the listed temperature. Table 5 – Thermal Conductivity Coefficient of thermal Temperature Thermal Conductivity Temperature expansion ºC ºF W/m•ºC BTU•in/ft2•h•ºF -6 -6 ºF ºC In/in/ºF•10 cm/cm/ºC•10 23 73 10.9 75.9 200 93 7.88 14.19 50 122 11.5 79.8 300 149 7.91 14.24 100 212 12.5 86.9 400 204 7.98 14.36 200 392 14.4 99.6 500 260 8.04 14.47 600 316 8.16 14.69 300 572 16.4 113.7 700 371 8.30 14.94 400 752 18.4 127.3 800 427 8.40 15.12 500 932 20.3 141.0 900 482 8.48 15.26 600 1112 22.4 155.1 1000 538 8.55 15.39 700 1292 23.9 165.7 1100 593 8.69 15.64 800 1472 25.7 178.3 1200 649 8.85 15.93 900 1652 26.2 181.8 1300 704 9.07 16.32 1000 1832 28.0 194.2 1400 760 9.38 16.89 1500 816 9.70 17.47 1100 2012 29.5 204.4 1600 871 10.01 18.01 INCOLOY® alloys945/ 945X Table 6 – Modulus of Elasticity Temperature Tensile Shear Poisson’s Modulus Modulus Ratio ºF 103 ksi 103 ksi 70 28.3 10.8 0.31 200 27.9 10.7 0.31 300 27.3 10.4 0.31 400 26.9 10.2 0.31 500 26.4 10.0 0.32 600 26.0 9.9 0.32 700 25.6 9.7 0.32 800 25.1 9.5 0.32 900 24.6 9.3 0.32 1000 24.2 9.1 0.33 1100 23.6 8.9 0.33 1200 23.1 8.6 0.34 1300 22.5 8.4 0.34 ºC GPa GPa Poisson’s Ratio 23 195 74 0.31 93 192 74 0.31 149 188 70 0.31 204 185 70 0.31 260 182 69 0.32 316 179 68 0.32 371 176 67 0.32 427 173 65 0.32 482 169 64 0.32 INCOLOY alloy 945 can be used for fasteners where the 538 167 63 0.33 operating conditions call for high strength and resistance to 593 163 61 0.33 corrosion. 649 159 59 0.34 704 155 58 0.34 INCOLOY® alloys945/ 945X Mechanical Properties INCOLOY alloy 945 is austenitic nickel-iron-chromium alloy made precipitation-hardenable by it contents of niobium, titanium, and aluminum. The precipitation hardening (age hardening) heat treatment induces the formation of Ni3(TiNbAl)-type (gama prime) and Ni3(NbTiAl)-type (gamma double-prime) precipitates. These particles are of sub-micron size and are uniformly distributed in the matrix resulting in high strength. Mechanical properties generated from commercially produced material are reported below. Typical properties of various sizes annealed and aged round bars of alloys 945 and 945X are reported in Tables 7 and 8. Higher strengths (such as might be desired for shafting) can be obtained in products that are cold worked and direct aged. Mechanical properties of alloy 945 and 945X products processed in this manner are reported in Tables 9 and 10. Mechanical properties of cold drawn, annealed, and aged tubing are in Table 11. Table 12 shows tensile properties of 6 inch (152 mm) diameter round bar. Limiting mechanical properties of annealed and aged alloys 945, 945X and 925 products are shown in Table 13. Limiting mechanical properties of annealed, cold drawn, and aged alloy 945 and 945X shafting bar are shown in Table 14. Yield strength values at temperatures up to 450ºF are presented in Figure 1. Rotating beam fatigue strength of alloy 945 at room temperature in air is shown in Figure 2. Comparative data of alloy 925 is also shown in the plot. The figure also compares yield strength of alloy 945 with alloy 925. The heat treatments employed for these alloy 945 products are: Annealing - 1850ºF-1950ºF (1010ºC-1066ºC) for ½ to 4 hours, water quench. Age Hardening - 1300ºF-1350ºF (704ºC-732ºC / 6-8 hours, furnace cool at 50ºF-100ºF (26ºC-56ºC) /hour to 1125ºF-1175ºF (607ºC-635ºC), hold at temperature for 6-8 hours, air cool. Table 7 – Typical mechanical properties of annealed and aged round bar of INCOLOY alloy 945. Impact strength was determined at -75ºF. Impact strength for the rod 3.5 inch and larger is determined in the transverse orientation. Yield Tensile Reduction of Impact Rod Size Elongation Hardness Grain Size Strength Strength Area Strength in mm ksi MPa ksi MPa % % ft•lb joules Rc ASTM # 1.0 25 133.4 920 173.2 1194 27.8 48.0 76 103 40 2 2.0 51 132.5 914 170.2 1174 28.2 47.6 70 95 40 3 3.5 89 135.5 934 172.0 1186 25.5 40.5 58.2 79 43 2 4.5 114 134.2 925 168.6 1163 28.6 46.7 62 84 42 2.5 6.0 152 141.0 972 176.0 1214 22.0 34.6 55.3 75 42 2.5 12.0 305 142.3 981 171.7 1184 26.3 43.6 61.2 83 40 2 14.0 356 140.3 967 169.3 1167 26.6 30.7 77 105 39 2 INCOLOY® alloys945/ 945X Table 8 – Typical mechanical properties of annealed and aged round bar of INCOLOY alloy 945X.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 10-1 CHAPTER 10 DEFORMATION 10.1 Stress-Strain Diagrams And
    EN380 Naval Materials Science and Engineering Course Notes, U.S. Naval Academy CHAPTER 10 DEFORMATION 10.1 Stress-Strain Diagrams and Material Behavior 10.2 Material Characteristics 10.3 Elastic-Plastic Response of Metals 10.4 True stress and strain measures 10.5 Yielding of a Ductile Metal under a General Stress State - Mises Yield Condition. 10.6 Maximum shear stress condition 10.7 Creep Consider the bar in figure 1 subjected to a simple tension loading F. Figure 1: Bar in Tension Engineering Stress () is the quotient of load (F) and area (A). The units of stress are normally pounds per square inch (psi). = F A where: is the stress (psi) F is the force that is loading the object (lb) A is the cross sectional area of the object (in2) When stress is applied to a material, the material will deform. Elongation is defined as the difference between loaded and unloaded length ∆푙 = L - Lo where: ∆푙 is the elongation (ft) L is the loaded length of the cable (ft) Lo is the unloaded (original) length of the cable (ft) 10-1 EN380 Naval Materials Science and Engineering Course Notes, U.S. Naval Academy Strain is the concept used to compare the elongation of a material to its original, undeformed length. Strain () is the quotient of elongation (e) and original length (L0). Engineering Strain has no units but is often given the units of in/in or ft/ft. ∆푙 휀 = 퐿 where: is the strain in the cable (ft/ft) ∆푙 is the elongation (ft) Lo is the unloaded (original) length of the cable (ft) Example Find the strain in a 75 foot cable experiencing an elongation of one inch.
    [Show full text]
  • The Effect of Yield Strength on Inelastic Buckling of Reinforcing
    Mechanics and Mechanical Engineering Vol. 14, No. 2 (2010) 247{255 ⃝c Technical University of Lodz The Effect of Yield Strength on Inelastic Buckling of Reinforcing Bars Jacek Korentz Institute of Civil Engineering University of Zielona G´ora Licealna 9, 65{417 Zielona G´ora, Poland Received (13 June 2010) Revised (15 July 2010) Accepted (25 July 2010) The paper presents the results of numerical analyses of inelastic buckling of reinforcing bars of various geometrical parameters, made of steel of various values of yield strength. The results of the calculations demonstrate that the yield strength of the steel the bars are made of influences considerably the equilibrium path of the compressed bars within the range of postyielding deformations Comparative diagrams of structural behaviour (loading paths) of thin{walled sec- tions under investigation for different strain rates are presented. Some conclusions and remarks concerning the strain rate influence are derived. Keywords: Reinforcing bars, inelastic buckling, yield strength, tensil strength 1. Introduction The impact of some exceptional loads, e.g. seismic loads, on a structure may re- sult in the occurrence of post{critical states. Therefore the National Standards regulations for designing reinforced structures on seismically active areas e.g. EC8 [15] require the ductility of a structure to be examined on a cross{sectional level, and additionally, the structures should demonstrate a suitable level of global duc- tility. The results of the examinations of members of reinforced concrete structures show that inelastic buckling of longitudinal reinforcement bars occurs in the state of post{critical deformations, [1, 2, 4, 7], and in some cases it occurs yet within the range of elastic deformations [8].
    [Show full text]
  • Lecture 42: Failure Analysis – Buckling of Columns Joshua Pribe Fall 2019 Lecture Book: Ch
    ME 323 – Mechanics of Materials Lecture 42: Failure analysis – Buckling of columns Joshua Pribe Fall 2019 Lecture Book: Ch. 18 Stability and equilibrium What happens if we are in a state of unstable equilibrium? Stable Neutral Unstable 2 Buckling experiment There is a critical stress at which buckling occurs depending on the material and the geometry How do the material properties and geometric parameters influence the buckling stress? 3 Euler buckling equation Consider static equilibrium of the buckled pinned-pinned column 4 Euler buckling equation We have a differential equation for the deflection with BCs at the pins: d 2v EI+= Pv( x ) 0 v(0)== 0and v ( L ) 0 dx2 The solution is: P P A = 0 v(s x) = Aco x+ Bsin x with EI EI PP Bsin L= 0 L = n , n = 1, 2, 3, ... EI EI 5 Effect of boundary conditions Critical load and critical stress for buckling: EI EA P = 22= cr L2 2 e (Legr ) 2 E cr = 2 (Lreg) I r = Pinned- Pinned- Fixed- where g Fixed- A pinned fixed fixed is the “radius of gyration” free LLe = LLe = 0.7 LLe = 0.5 LLe = 2 6 Modifications to Euler buckling theory Euler buckling equation: works well for slender rods Needs to be modified for smaller “slenderness ratios” (where the critical stress for Euler buckling is at least half the yield strength) 7 Summary L 2 E Critical slenderness ratio: e = r 0.5 gYc Euler buckling (high slenderness ratio): LL 2 E EI If ee : = or P = 2 rr cr 2 cr L2 gg c (Lreg) e Johnson bucklingI (low slenderness ratio): r = 2 g Lr LLeeA ( eg) If : =−1 rr cr2 Y gg c 2 Lr ( eg)c with radius of gyration 8 Summary Effective length from the boundary conditions: Pinned- Pinned- Fixed- LL= LL= 0.7 FixedLL=- 0.5 pinned fixed e fixede e LL= 2 free e 9 Example 18.1 Determine the critical buckling load Pcr of a steel pipe column that has a length of L with a tubular cross section of inner radius ri and thickness t.
    [Show full text]
  • Corrosion Resistance of Nickel and Nickel- Containing Alloys in Caustic Soda and Other Alkalies (Ceb-2)
    CORROSION RESISTANCE OF NICKEL AND NICKEL- CONTAINING ALLOYS IN CAUSTIC SODA AND OTHER ALKALIES (CEB-2) A PRACTICAL GUIDE TO THE USE OF NICKEL-CONTAINING ALLOYS NO 281 Distributed by Produced by NICKEL INCO INSTITUTE CORROSION RESISTANCE OF NICKEL AND NICKEL-CONTAINING ALLOYS IN CAUSTIC SODA AND OTHER ALKALIES (CEB-2) A PRACTICAL GUIDE TO THE USE OF NICKEL-CONTAINING ALLOYS NO 281 Originally, this handbook was published in 1973 by INCO, The International Nickel Company, Inc. Today this company is part of Vale S.A. The Nickel Institute republished the handbook in 2020. Despite the age of this publication the information herein is considered to be generally valid. Material presented in the handbook has been prepared for the general information of the reader and should not be used or relied on for specific applications without first securing competent advice. The Nickel Institute, the American Iron and Steel Institute, their members, staff and consultants do not represent or warrant its suitability for any general or specific use and assume no liability or responsibility of any kind in connection with the information herein. Nickel Institute [email protected] www.nickelinstitute.org Table of Contents Page PART I. INTRODUCTION 3 PART II. CORROSION BY CAUSTIC SODA........................... 4 A. Nickel .................................... _ . 4 1. Effect of Concentration, Temperature and Carbon Content ...... _ . 4 2. Effect of Velocity ............... _ ... __ ..................... _ 6 3. Effect of Aeration .•......................................... 6 4. Effect of System Thermal Gradients .............................. 7 5. Effect of Impurities .,. _................. _ ............ _ . 7 6. Effect of Stress ............................................. 8 7. Effect of Dissimilar Metal Contact .. _ ...... _ .....
    [Show full text]
  • Design for Cyclic Loading, Soderberg, Goodman and Modified Goodman's Equation
    Design for Cyclic Loading 1. Completely reversing cyclic stress and endurance strength A purely reversing or cyclic stress means when the stress alternates between equal positive and Pure cyclic stress negative peak stresses sinusoidally during each 300 cycle of operation, as shown. In this diagram the stress varies with time between +250 MPa 200 to -250MPa. This kind of cyclic stress is 100 developed in many rotating machine parts that 0 are carrying a constant bending load. -100 When a part is subjected cyclic stress, Stress (MPa) also known as range or reversing stress (Sr), it -200 has been observed that the failure of the part -300 occurs after a number of stress reversals (N) time even it the magnitude of Sr is below the material’s yield strength. Generally, higher the value of Sr, lesser N is needed for failure. No. of Cyclic stress stress (Sr) reversals for failure (N) psi 1000 81000 2000 75465 4000 70307 8000 65501 16000 61024 32000 56853 64000 52967 96000 50818 144000 48757 216000 46779 324000 44881 486000 43060 729000 41313 1000000 40000 For a typical material, the table and the graph above (S-N curve) show the relationship between the magnitudes Sr and the number of stress reversals (N) before failure of the part. For example, if the part were subjected to Sr= 81,000 psi, then it would fail after N=1000 stress reversals. If the same part is subjected to Sr = 61,024 psi, then it can survive up to N=16,000 reversals, and so on. Sengupta MET 301: Design for Cyclic Loading 1 of 7 It has been observed that for most of engineering materials, the rate of reduction of Sr becomes negligible near the vicinity of N = 106 and the slope of the S-N curve becomes more or less horizontal.
    [Show full text]
  • Multidisciplinary Design Project Engineering Dictionary Version 0.0.2
    Multidisciplinary Design Project Engineering Dictionary Version 0.0.2 February 15, 2006 . DRAFT Cambridge-MIT Institute Multidisciplinary Design Project This Dictionary/Glossary of Engineering terms has been compiled to compliment the work developed as part of the Multi-disciplinary Design Project (MDP), which is a programme to develop teaching material and kits to aid the running of mechtronics projects in Universities and Schools. The project is being carried out with support from the Cambridge-MIT Institute undergraduate teaching programe. For more information about the project please visit the MDP website at http://www-mdp.eng.cam.ac.uk or contact Dr. Peter Long Prof. Alex Slocum Cambridge University Engineering Department Massachusetts Institute of Technology Trumpington Street, 77 Massachusetts Ave. Cambridge. Cambridge MA 02139-4307 CB2 1PZ. USA e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] tel: +44 (0) 1223 332779 tel: +1 617 253 0012 For information about the CMI initiative please see Cambridge-MIT Institute website :- http://www.cambridge-mit.org CMI CMI, University of Cambridge Massachusetts Institute of Technology 10 Miller’s Yard, 77 Massachusetts Ave. Mill Lane, Cambridge MA 02139-4307 Cambridge. CB2 1RQ. USA tel: +44 (0) 1223 327207 tel. +1 617 253 7732 fax: +44 (0) 1223 765891 fax. +1 617 258 8539 . DRAFT 2 CMI-MDP Programme 1 Introduction This dictionary/glossary has not been developed as a definative work but as a useful reference book for engi- neering students to search when looking for the meaning of a word/phrase. It has been compiled from a number of existing glossaries together with a number of local additions.
    [Show full text]
  • Hydraulics Manual Glossary G - 3
    Glossary G - 1 GLOSSARY OF HIGHWAY-RELATED DRAINAGE TERMS (Reprinted from the 1999 edition of the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials Model Drainage Manual) G.1 Introduction This Glossary is divided into three parts: · Introduction, · Glossary, and · References. It is not intended that all the terms in this Glossary be rigorously accurate or complete. Realistically, this is impossible. Depending on the circumstance, a particular term may have several meanings; this can never change. The primary purpose of this Glossary is to define the terms found in the Highway Drainage Guidelines and Model Drainage Manual in a manner that makes them easier to interpret and understand. A lesser purpose is to provide a compendium of terms that will be useful for both the novice as well as the more experienced hydraulics engineer. This Glossary may also help those who are unfamiliar with highway drainage design to become more understanding and appreciative of this complex science as well as facilitate communication between the highway hydraulics engineer and others. Where readily available, the source of a definition has been referenced. For clarity or format purposes, cited definitions may have some additional verbiage contained in double brackets [ ]. Conversely, three “dots” (...) are used to indicate where some parts of a cited definition were eliminated. Also, as might be expected, different sources were found to use different hyphenation and terminology practices for the same words. Insignificant changes in this regard were made to some cited references and elsewhere to gain uniformity for the terms contained in this Glossary: as an example, “groundwater” vice “ground-water” or “ground water,” and “cross section area” vice “cross-sectional area.” Cited definitions were taken primarily from two sources: W.B.
    [Show full text]
  • How Yield Strength and Fracture Toughness Considerations Can Influence Fatigue Design Procedures for Structural Steels
    How Yield Strength and Fracture Toughness Considerations Can Influence Fatigue Design Procedures for Structural Steels The K,c /cfys ratio provides significant information relevant to fatigue design procedures, and use of NRL Ratio Analysis Diagrams permits determinations based on two relatively simple engineering tests BY T. W. CROOKER AND E. A. LANGE ABSTRACT. The failure of welded fatigue failures in welded structures probable mode of failure, the impor­ structures by fatigue can be viewed are primarily caused by crack propa­ tant factors affecting both fatigue and as a crack growth process operating gation. Numerous laboratory studies fracture, and fatigue design between fixed boundary conditions. The and service failure analyses have re­ procedures are discussed for each lower boundary condition assumes a peatedly shown that fatigue cracks group. rapidly initiated or pre-existing flaw, were initiated very early in the life of and the upper boundary condition the structure or propagated to failure is terminal failure. This paper outlines 1-6 Basic Aspects the modes of failure and methods of from pre-existing flaws. Recognition of this problem has The influence of yield strength and analysis for fatigue design for structural fracture toughness on the fatigue fail­ steels ranging in yield strength from 30 lead to the development of analytical to 300 ksi. It is shown that fatigue crack techniques for fatigue crack propaga­ ure process is largely a manifestation propagation characteristics of steels sel­ tion and the gathering of a sizeable of the role of plasticity in influencing dom vary significantly in response to amount of crack propagation data on the behavior of sharp cracks in struc­ broad changes in yield strength and frac­ a wide variety of structural materials.
    [Show full text]
  • High Strength Steels
    Automotive Worldwide Product Offer for US High Strength Steels Grade Availability ArcelorMittal offers the automotive industry a family of HI FORM (HF) high-strength steels with yield strength grades ranging from 250 to 550 MPa and tensile strength grades from 340 to 590 MPa. Yield Strength Grades Yield Strength Hot Rolled Cold Rolled Uncoated Uncoated EG HDGI HDGA 250 MPa - Yes Yes Yes - 300 MPa Yes Yes Yes - - 350 MPa Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 400 MPa - Yes Yes Yes Yes 480, 500 MPa - Yes Yes - - 550 MPa - Yes Yes - - Tensile Strength Grades Tensile Strength Hot Rolled Cold Rolled Uncoated Uncoated EG HDGI HDGA 340 MPa - Yes Yes - Yes 370 MPa - Yes Yes - - 390 MPa - Yes Yes - Yes 440 MPa - Yes Yes - Yes 590 MPa Dev Yes - - Yes EG: Electrogalvanized HDGI: Hot-Dip-Galvanized HDGA: Hot-Dip-Galvannealed Yes: Products Commercially Available Note: Information contained in this document is subject to change. Please contact our sales team whenever you place an order to 1 ensure that your requirements are fully met. Please contact us if you have a specific requirement that is not included in the range of products and services covered by this document. Update: August 2009 Dev: Products are under development or in limited production. Please inquire about the status and availability of these products. Product Characteristics High strength steels are mainly used for structural applications and are hence also called structural steels. They can be produced with or without addition of small amount of microalloying elements. High strength low alloy steels, commonly referred to as HSLA steels, are produced using microalloying elements like Cb, Ti, Mo, V etc.
    [Show full text]
  • An Investigation of the Low Temperature Creep Deformation Behavior of Titanium Grade 7 and Grade 5 Alloys—Progress Report with Preliminary Results
    AN INVESTIGATION OF THE LOW TEMPERATURE CREEP DEFORMATION BEHAVIOR OF TITANIUM GRADE 7 AND GRADE 5 ALLOYS—PROGRESS REPORT WITH PRELIMINARY RESULTS Prepared for U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Contract NRC–02–02–012 Prepared by S. Ankem,1 P.G. Oberson,2 R.V. Kazban,3 K.T. Chiang,3 L.F. Ibarra,3 and A.H. Chowdhury3 1Ankem Technology, Inc. Silver Spring, Maryland 2U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Office of Nuclear Material Safety and Safeguards Division of High-Level Waste Repository Safety Washington, DC 3Center for Nuclear Waste Regulatory Analyses San Antonio, Texas August 2007 ABSTRACT The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) is interacting with U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) to gain insight into the potential geologic repository at Yucca Mountain, Nevada. In the design DOE is currently considering, the radioactive materials would be encapsulated in waste packages and emplaced in drifts (tunnels) below the surface. Subsequently, drip shields, primarily made of Titanium Grade 7 and Grade 24, would be placed over the waste packages to protect them from seepage and rockfall. If drift degradation occurs, drip shields would be subjected to impact loads due to the falling rock and static and dynamic (seismic) loads resulting from accumulated rockfall rubble. In the case when the accumulated rockfall rubble does not result in static loads high enough to produce immediate failure of the drip shield, the drip shield components would be subjected to permanent static loading, leading to stresses that may approach or exceed the yield stress of the drip shield materials. Titanium Grade 7 and Grade 5 (surrogate of Titanium Grade 24) were investigated for low temperature {from 25 to 250 °C [77 to 482 °F]} tensile and creep behavior.
    [Show full text]
  • Very High Cycle Fatigue of Engineering Materials
    Faculty of Technology and Science Materials Engineering Vitaliy Kazymyrovych Very high cycle fatigue of engineering materials (A literature review) Karlstad University Studies 2009:22 Vitaliy Kazymyrovych Very high cycle fatigue of engineering materials (A literature review) Karlstad University Studies 2009:22 Vitaliy Kazymyrovych. Very high cycle fatigue of engineering materials - A literature review Research Report Karlstad University Studies 2009:22 ISSN 1403-8099 ISBN 978-91-7063-246-4 © The Author Distribution: Faculty of Technology and Science Materials Engineering SE-651 88 Karlstad +46 54 700 10 00 www.kau.se Printed at: Universitetstryckeriet, Karlstad 2009 Very high cycle fatigue of engineering materials (A literature review) V.Kazymyrovych* Department of Materials Engineering, Karlstad University SE-651 88, Sweden * Email address: [email protected] Abstract This paper examines the development and present status of the Very High Cycle Fatigue (VHCF) phenomenon in engineering materials. The concept of ultrasonic fatigue testing is described in light of its historical appearance covering the main principles and equipment variations. The VHCF behaviour of the most important materials used for very long life applications is presented, with particular attention paid to steels. In section 3 the VHCF properties of titanium-, nickel-, aluminium- and magnesium alloys are described. Furthermore, the typical fatigue behaviour and mechanisms of pure metals are presented. Section 4 examines the VHCF properties of various types of steels e.g. low carbon steel, spring steel, stainless steel, bearing steel as well as tool steel. In addition to this, the main material defects that initiate VHCF failure are examined in this study. Furthermore, the different stages characteristic for fatigue crack development in VHCF are described in section 5 in terms of relative importance and sequence.
    [Show full text]
  • High-Performance Alloys for Resistance to Aqueous Corrosion
    High-Performance Alloys for Resistance to Aqueous Corrosion Wrought nickel products The INCONEL® Ni-Cr, Ni-Cr-Fe & Ni-Cr-Mo Alloys The INCOLOY® Fe-Ni-Cr Alloys The MONEL® Ni-Cu Alloys 63 Contents Corrosion Problems and Alloy Solutions 1 Corrosion-Resistant Alloys from the Special Metals Group of Companies 4 Alloy Selection for Corrosive Environments 11 Corrosion by Acids 12 Sulfuric Acid 12 Hydrochloric Acid 17 Hydrofluoric Acid 20 Phosphoric Acid 22 Nitric Acid 25 Organic Acids 26 Corrosion by Alkalies 28 Corrosion by Salts 31 Atmospheric Corrosion 35 Corrosion by Waters 37 Fresh and Process Waters 37 Seawater and Marine Environments 38 Corrosion by Halogens and Halogen Compounds 40 Fluorine and Hydrogen Fluoride 40 Chlorine at Ambient Temperature 41 Chlorine and Hydrogen Chloride at High Temperatures 41 Metallurgical Considerations 44 Appendix 49 Corrosion Science and Electrochemistry 50 References 60 Publication number SMC-026 Copyright © Special Metals Corporation, 2000 INCONEL, INCOLOY, MONEL, INCO-WELD, DURANICKEL, 625LCF, 686CPT, 725, 864 and 925 are trademarks of the Special Metals group of companies. Special Metals Corporation www.specialmetals.com Corrosion Problems and Alloy Solutions Due to their excellent corrosion resistance and good mechanical properties, the Special Metals nickel-based alloys are used for a broad range of applications in an equally broad range of industries, including chemical and petrochemical processing, pollution control, oil and gas extraction, marine engineering, power generation, and pulp and paper manufacture. The alloys' versatility and reliability make them the prime materials of choice for construction of process vessels, piping systems, pumps, valves and many other applications designed for service in aqueous and high-temperature environments.
    [Show full text]