Industrial Education in the Land-Giant Colleges And
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INDUSTRIAL EDUCATION IN THE LAND-GIANT COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES A Study to Establish a Basis for Projecting Industrial Education in the Years Ahead A DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University by ALVIN IGNACE THOMAS, B. S., M. S. The Ohio State University 1957 Approved by: Adviser Department of Education ii DEDICATION to Kenneth Michael Janet Julie Iris iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS To make proper acknowledgment to all who have assisted in my educational and professional development is impossible. Many visible and invisible hands have influenced my progress to this point. To all who have assisted me, I wish to acknowledge my heartfelt appreciation. Special acknowledgment is given to the professional leaders with idiom I have had the privilege to study during the past several years. I am indeed grateful for the guid ance and counsel given me by my adviser, Dr. William E. Warner; and Dr. Earl W. Anderson, Dr. Dan H. Eikenberry, and Dr. Andrew Hendrickson, who served on my graduate committee. Special acknowledgment is given to Mrs. Brendonly Darden and Miss Veida Williamson who assisted with the typing of the preliminary manuscript of this study. December 1957 ALVIN IGNACE THOMAS TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Part I INTRODUCTION I. DEFINITION OF THE PROBLEM.............................. Origin of the Problem Purposes of the Study Need of the Study Basic Assumptions Definition of Terms Limitations of the Study Methods of Procedure Organization of the Study II. REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES.............................. The Thompson Dissertation The Klein Study The True Study The Fisher Dissertation Part II DEVELOPMENT OF THE LAND-GERANT COLLEGE MOVEMENT III. DEVELOPMENT OF THE LAND-GRANT I D E A ..................... Early Background Industrial Revolution Early Agricultural Societies Agricultural Societies in America The Mechanics' Institute Movement The Lyceum Movement Other Early Influences College Education for Industry and Agriculture The Land-Grant College Act IV. DEVELOPMENT OF LAND-GRANT COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES . Growth Under the Act of 1362 Growth Under the Act of 1390 Growth Under Subsequent Acts Direction of Growth vi TABLE OP CONTENTS (continued) Chapter Page V. CONTEMPORARY PATTERNS OF INDUSTRIAL EDUCATION............. 77 Purposes Administrative Allocation Administration Staff Student Personnel Curricula Financial Support Instruction Library- Physical Facilities Professional and Public Relations VI. POLICIES FOR PROJECTING INDUSTRIAL E D U C A T I O N ............ 118 Human Resources The Material Culture The Economy Needs Created by Technology The Role of Higher Education Criteria for Projecting Industrial Education Part III PROJECTING INDUSTRIAL EDUCATION IN A LAND-GRANT COLLEGE VII. SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC BACKGROUND OF T E X A S ................. 168 The Setting Population Physical Resources of Texas Industrialization in Texas Transportation and Communications Power Construction Goals for Higher Education VIII. INDUSTRIAL EDUCATION IN THE AGRICULTURAL AND MECHANICAL COLLEGE AT PRAIRIE V I E W ............................... 222 A Background Contemporary Patterns Projecting the Program Functions of Industrial Education IX. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS............................... 254 APPENDIXES ............................................ 260 BIBLIOGRAPHY.......................................... 295 AUTOBIOGRAPHY ........................................ 302 LIST OF TABLES Table Page I, ENFORCEMENT OF THE KORRHL ACTS OF 1862 AND 1890 .... 53 II. INDUSTRIAL EDUCATION OFFERINGS........................102 III. ALLOCATION OF INDUSTRIAL EDUCATION.................... 104 IV. EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATION OF INDUSTRIAL EDUCATION STAFF 107 V. TEACHING AND TRADE EXPERIENCE OF INDUSTRIAL EDUCATION STAFF.....................................108 VI. STAFF DEVELOPMENT AND IMPROVEMENT.................... 108 VII. INDUSTRIAL EDUCATION STUDENT PERSONNEL SERVICES .... 109 VIII. FINANCIAL S U P P O R T ................................... Ill IX. INSTRUCTION IN INDUSTRIAL E D U C A T I O N .................. 112 X. TOE LIBRARY .........................................H 3 XI. PHYSICAL FACILITIES ................................. 114 XII. PROFESSIONAL AND PUBLIC R E L A T I O N S .................... 116 XIII. U. S. POPULATION TRENDS AND PROJECTIONS, 1900-2000 . 120 XIV. BIRTH AND DEATH RATE, 1900-1955 122 XV. ACrE DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION, 1850-1953 123 XVI. URBAN, RURAL NON-FARM, RURAL FARM POPULATION.......... 124 XVII. ENROLLMENT IN HIGHER EDUCATION PROJECTED TO 1970-71 . 126 XVIII. ASPECTS OF THE MATERIAL CULTURE, 1946-1956 ........... 129 XIX. INCREASED CAPACITY OF MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES.........136 XX. RESEARCH EXPENDITURES IN MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES . 137 . XXI. SERVICE INDUSTRIES: INCOME AND EMPLOYMENT, 1956 .... 139 vii viii LIST OF TABLES (continued) Table Page XXII. SERVICE INDUSTRIES: CONSUMER EXPENDITURES, 1956 . 140 XXIII. ESTIMATED ENERGY INPUT USED FOR WORK PERFORMANCE . 141 XXIV. YEARS OF SCHOOLING COMPLETED......................... 143 XXV. RATIO OF TECHNICIANS TO E N G I N E E R S .................... 147 XXVI. TEXAS' RURAL-URBAN POPULATION TRENDS, 1900-1955 .... 173 XXVII. DISTRIBUTION OF TEXAS' POPULATION BY RACE, 1900-1950 . 176 XXVIII. EMPLOYMENT STATUS IN TEXAS, 1950 ..................... 177 XXIX. INDUSTRY GROUPING OF EMPLOYED PERSONS FOR TEXAS .... 178 XXX. INCOME OF TEXAS FAMILIES AND UNRELATED INDIVIDUALS . 179 XXXI. TEXAS' MINERAL PRODUCTION VALUES, 1900-1955........... 189 XXXII. TEXAS' MINERAL PRODUCTION AND VALUES, 1 9 5 4 ............ 190 XXXIII. MANUFACTURING ESTABLISHMENTS IN T E X A S ................ 203 XXXIV. EMPLOYMENT IN MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES................ 205 XXXV. ANNUAL PAY-ROLL VALUE IN MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES . 206 XXXVI. NEW CAPITAL EXPENDITURES IN THE MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES 207 XXXVII. VALUE ADDED TO MANUFACTURED PRODUCTS.................. 209 XXXVIII. VALUE OF NEW CONSTRUCTION IN THE UNITED STATES, IN TTEST SOUTH CENTRAL REGION, AND TEXAS, 1930-1955 . 213 XXXIX. COLLEGE AGE YOUTH IN TEXAS, 1950-1970 ............... 216 XL. STATUS OF PHYSICAL FACILITIES IN THE AGRICULTURAL AND MECHANICAL COLLEGE AT PRAIRIE V I E W .............. 238 LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. POPULATION OF TEXAS, URBAN AND RURAL, 1870-1955 ........ 174 2. PROJECTED PERSONAL INCOME............................... 181 3. TEXAS COILEGE ENROLLMENT, 1930-1952, ESTIMATED TO 1970 . 218 Part I INTRODUCTION 1 Chapter I DEFINITION OF THE PROBLEM This study is concerned with the past, present, and future role of industrial education in the land-grant colleges and universities. ORIGIN OF THE PROBLEM The origin of the problem grew out of a concern for certain conditions believed to exist in the land-grant colleges which did not seem to be compatible with the intent and spirit of the Morrill Acts. It grew out of a belief that the land-grant colleges and universities, which by history and law are committed to practical education, are not making a realistic adjustment to new educational needs which have resulted from the impact of a complex technology on society today. From the beginning of the twentieth century, the United States has assumed a position of world leadership. This has been accom plished by a nation with only six percent of the world's land and less than seven percent of the world's population. It is believed that this could only happen in a democracy. In a democratic so ciety, men strive unceasingly for the ultimate development of individual talents and capabilities. The United States is now faced with the challenging task of living in the last half of the twentieth century. The impact of technology has already confronted this nation with such mammoth problems as to cause its most optimistic leaders to wonder if this position of international leadership can be maintained. Much of the answer to this question lies within the educational system. Can higher education divorce itself from archaic notions of what it ought to do and meet the contemporary needs of society? Can industrial education come out of its rich but confusing heritage and offer programs demanded by an industrial technology? PURPOSES OF THE STUDY The purposes of this dissertation are to trace the development of the land-grant college movement, and to provide a basis for pro jecting industrial education as an integral and functional part of the land-grant colleges and universities in the years ahead. In order to develop this problem, it will be necessary to accom plish the following ends: (1) trace the origin and development of the land-grant college movement, (2) indicate the place of industrial education in this movement, (3) identify the spirit and intent of the Land-Grant College Acts of 1862 and 1890, (4) identify the con temporary patterns of industrial education in the land-grant colleges and universities, (5) establish a basis for projecting industrial education in the land-grant colleges and universities in the years ahead, and (6) illustrate a projection of an industrial education program in a land-grant college using the criteria suggested. NEED OF THE STUDY The study assumes special significance to the field of indus trial education and the land-grant colleges and universities for the follovring reasons: 1. It points out that industrial education has not and is not being developed to its fullest potential despite the fact that the land-grant colleges and universities have an explicit function to foster educational services in the mechanic