Jaipur 13 May 2016 Integrated River Basin Management: Case Study on Holy River Pamba
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Jaipur 13 May 2016 Integrated River Basin Management: Case study on Holy River Pamba Dr George Chackacherry Director Institute for Climate Change Studies Government of Kerala (Project Director, Pampa River Basin Authority) 1. Integrated River Basin Management – General Perspectives 2. Need for River Basin Approach – International & National Level 3. Pampa River Basin – EU Study 4. Prerequisites for better River Basin Management River Basin Natural entity in which freshwater appears It is the ultimate source of nearly all water used & receptor of most wastewater. • River basins play important role in sustaining communities/civilizations & other forms of life Integrated Water Resource Management & Integrated River Basin Management • somewhat elusive terms that can end up meaning almost the same • IRBM - spatial & ecosystem focus (emphasises river basins as natural hydrological units within which sustainable water resource management can be achieved) • IRBM as a sub-set of IWRM, which tends to stress the need for integration at all levels • but, concepts, procedures adopted, etc. almost the same Basis of IWRM – different uses of water are interdependent need to consider different uses of water together for efficient management of WR Agriculture Water supply & wastewater Negative impacts of water use may Mining be made worse by: Industry Environment -poor management practices Fisheries -lack of regulation, or Tourism -lack of motivation in the water Energy Transport governance regimes etc a process, which promotes coordinated development & management of water, land IWRM? & related resources in order to maximize the resultant economic & social welfare in an equitable manner without compromising sustainability of vital ecosystems to improve efficiency in water use (economic to achieve rationale) environmental stability SUSTAINABILITY to promote equity (environmental in access to water rationale) (social or developmental rationale) IWRM Principles The four Dublin principles (1992) - Fresh water is a finite & vulnerable resource, essential to sustain life, development & environment - Water development & management should be based on a participatory approach, involving users, planners & policy markers at all levels - Women play a central part in the provision, management & safeguarding of water - Water has an economic value in all its competing uses & should be recognized as an economic good Holistic Management Governance Sustainability Constituents of IWRM. Economic Equity value of water Gender Integration Competing uses Cross-sectoral integration • Enabling environment Water Water Water Water • Institutions for for for for people food nature other • Management uses tools Integration • environmental objectives of: • all water resources • all water uses, functions & values • disciplines, analyses & expertise • water legislation into common & coherent framework • significant management & ecological aspects • stakeholders & civil society • different decision-making levels • management from different States Agriculture Department Integration of activities of Livestock Department multiple actors Forest Department Water Supply Agency Fishing Forest Irrigation Department Hydropower Reservoir Power Department Industry Industries Department Urban WSS Rural WSS Fisheries Department Rainfed Agr Return Flow Environment Department Irrigation Recreation Transport Department Tourism Department Navigation LSG Department Groundwater Department Livestock Ocean This calls for River Basin as the logical geographical unit for implementation Urgency of River Basin Approach Inefficient governance Sectoral approaches Fragmented & uncoordinated development & management of WR World’s freshwater resources under increasing pressure Increased competition Percapita Availability of Water 8000 7400 m3 7000 6000 5000 4000 3240 m3 3000 2200 m3 2000 1000 0 India Asia World Per capita water availability 16 14 Africa 12 10 8 World 6 Asia 4 2 MEast & NAfrica 0 1960 1990 2025 Climate Change Our Earth is warming 1880 to 2015, average global temperature up by 1°C By 2100, this increase will exceed 4°C compared to 1850 to 1900 Small changes in average temperature Climate of Earth lead to large and potentially dangerous shifts in climate and change is weather happening The evidence is clear. Rising global temperatures + Changes in weather and climate. Many places have seen: Changes in rainfall, resulting in more floods, droughts, or intense rain, as well as more frequent and severe heat waves India leave 14 % of people with no water TheIndiansituation Groundwater is the major source of water in India with 85% of the population dependent Groundwater table declines – 33 cm per year TheIndian situation • Groundwater [Depleted] • Population [ ] • Surface water [Polluted] • Demand [ ] • Rainfall [Wasted] • Consumption [ ] SCARCITY • Industrial Growth [ ] • Agriculture [ ] • Economy-Industry [ ] • Health & Environment [ • Water Business [ ] • Future [ ? ] IWRM is thought to be a solution - Better coordination of sectors - Demand based water allocation - Local level management Pampa – A Case Study Water Resources of Kerala • 1% of total area of India, but: Rain for 6 – contains 3% of country’s months population – accounts for 5% of water Rivers resources rainfed/Dry • Average rainfall – 3,000 mm during non- • 44 rivers monsoon • 68 lakh wells season • Area - 38,863 km² • Population - 33.38 million • Population density - 898 1Ambalapuzha 18 Triveni 31 Kakki 2 Alleppy 19 Mooziyar 32 Punnamedu 3 Mancombu 20 Adur 33 Paratodu 4 Haripad 21 Perumthenaruvi 34 kumili 5 Kayamkulam 22 Azhutha 35 Santhanpara 6 Thiruvalla 23 Seethathodu 7 Chenganassery 24 Kochandy 8 Kottayam 25 Kishmum 9 Chengannur 26 Lower Pamba 10 Adur 27 Lower Kakkad 11 pathanamthitta 28 Kallar 12 Vadasserikkara 29 Pamba 13 Kanjirappalli 30 Anamoozhy 14 Maniyar 15 Konni 16 Koruyhodu 17 Vellathumuzhi Drainage Map of Pamba River Basin . 3rd largest river in Kerala . Originate from: Pulachimalai, Western Ghats . Drain at : Vembanad lake (Ramsar Site) Pampa . Length : 176 km River . Avg. discharge: 109 m³/s . Basin area : 2,235 km² Average rainfall - 3,658 mm Pampa has a powerful religious significance since pilgrims (50 million) who trek to Sabarimala inevitably camp on its banks & take bath in the river before final ascent - Sabarimala Lord Ayyappa Temple is one of the main forest temples in the World. - Situated on hilltop (Sabarimala) inside deep forest of Western Ghats. - Surrounded by lush tropical jungles & 18 hills, the shrine is over 1260 m/4135 feet above MSL. Pampa River Basin Famous Christian Convention in Asia, Maramon Convention & biggest Hindu Convention in Kerala, Cherukolppuzha Hindumatha Parishath, are held on the sand beds of Pampa Aranmula Boat Race & Valla Sadya (feast) as part of rituals at Aranmula Temple Pampa River Basin Vembanad-kol Ramsar wetland gets most of the water needed for salinity extrusion & flushing from Pampa Pampa River Basin Pampa River Basin has a hydroelectric scheme, which is the second largest in Kerala, with two parallel reservoirs - Pamba & Kakki - on the upstream & an irrigation scheme in the lower reaches Around 30 lakh people in Alappuzha, Pathanamthitta & Idukki districts depend on Pampa for daily use Major Issues • High population density • Low per capita availability of water • Deforestation • Sand mining • River bank agriculture Large scale sand mining Major Issues • Degraded water quality • Bacteriological contamination of drinking water sources • Point & non-point pollution People bathing in contaminated water of water bodies • Threats to aquatic ecology • Land reclamation of water bodies for construction • Low water flow during summer/River dry up at many places Solid waste disposal in the river catchment Pampa River Degrading Ayroor-KWA Pumping Station (Feb,2004) (Feb,2007) (Feb,2010) OCT 12, 2014 Blocked Tributaries Chathankeri thodu, Peringara Kolarayar- Niranam Spatial water balance of Pampa River Basin Physiogra Season Utilizable Present Future Water phic water utilization demand surplus/de- region potential (MCM) (MCM) ficit (MCM) (MCM) High land Monsoon 2840 0.5 13.8 Surplus Non 343 10.5 13.8 Surplus monsoon Midland Monsoon 149 1.5 50.5 Surplus Non 93 11.5 1205 Deficit monsoon Lowland Monsoon 107 13 175 Deficit Non 104 25 2387 Deficit monsoon Institutional Setting: Observations prior to EU Study River basin Water Wildlife development Resources Protection involves Conservation coordinated & harmonious Land development Recreation Restoration of various works in relation to all reasonable possibilities River Forest of the basin Maintenance Conservation Fisheries Agriculture Requires reform Presently Institutional Sector dominated & Govt. Managed legislative -Governance -Financial objective frameworks -Execution Mode -Accountability pattern Less participatory Gender neutral - Integrated - Joint Management - Participatory - Gender sensitive Constraints to Implementation of IWRM • Lack of information & systematized data for sharing amongst stakeholders • Compartmentalized functioning/sectoral barriers • Lack of tools for system integration • Unwillingness to change • Separation of surface water & ground water & separation of quantity from quality • Low stakeholder participation • Lack of capacity at all levels • Apprehensions regarding centralisation, pricing & private sector involvement • Lack of Political & Administrative Will Data Management We have to do better than this! Several Deptts. play significant roles in management & utilization of water resources -Irrigation