Pathanamthitta

Home , Achankovil, Angadi, Angadickal, Anicad (Kottayam), Aruvappulam, Athikkayam

Census of India 2011

KERALA

PART XII-A SERIES-33

DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK

PATHANAMTHITTA

VILLAGE AND TOWN DIRECTORY

DIRECTORATE OF CENSUS OPERATIONS KERALA

2 CENSUS OF INDIA 2011

KERALA

SERIES-33 PART XII-A

DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK

Village and Town Directory

PATHANAMTHITTA

Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala

3 MOTIF

Sabarimala Sree Dharma Sastha Temple

A well known pilgrim centre of Kerala, Sabarimala lies in this district at a distance of 191 km. from Thiruvananthapuram and 210 km. away from Cochin. The holy shrine dedicated to Lord Ayyappa is situated 914 metres above sea level amidst dense forests in the rugged terrains of the Western Ghats. Lord Ayyappa is looked upon as the guardian of mountains and there are several shrines dedicated to him all along the Western Ghats. The festivals here are the Mandala Pooja, Makara Vilakku (December/January) and Vishu Kani (April). The temple is also open for pooja on the first 5 days of every Malayalam month. The vehicles go only up to Pampa and the temple, which is situated 5 km away from Pampa, can be reached only by trekking. During the festival period there are frequent buses to this place from Kochi, Thiruvananthapuram and Kottayam.

4 CONTENTS

Pages 1. Foreword 7 2. Preface 9 3. Acknowledgements 11 4. History and scope of the District Census Handbook 13 5. Brief history of the district 15 6. Analytical Note 17 Village and Town Directory 105 Brief Note on Village and Town Directory 7. Section I - Village Directory (a) List of Villages merged in towns and outgrowths at 2011 Census (b) Taluk Maps (c) Alphabetical list of Villages along with location code 2001 and 2011 (d) Taluk wise Village Directory (e) Appendices to Village Directory Appendix I : Summary showing total number of villages having Educational, 158 Medical and other amenities in villages - Taluk level Appendix I A : Villages by number of Primary Schools 161 Appendix I B : Villages by Primary, Middle and Secondary Schools 161 Appendix I C : Villages with different sources of drinking water facilities 161 available Appendix II : Villages with 5,000 and above population which do not have 162 one or more amenities available Appendix III : Land utilization data in respect of Census towns 164 Appendix IV : Taluk wise list of inhabited villages where no amenity other 164 than drinking water facility is available Appendix V : Summary showing number of Villages not having Scheduled 164 Caste population Appendix VI : Summary showing number of Villages not having Scheduled 165 Tribe population Appendix VII A : List of villages according to the proportion of the Scheduled 165 Castes to the total population by range

5 Pages Appendix VII B : List of villages according to the proportion of the Scheduled 167 Tribes to the total population by ranges Appendix VIII : Number of villages under each Gram Panchayat (Taluk wise) 171 8. Section II - Town Directory (a) Town Directory Statement I - Status and Growth History 180 (b) Town Directory Statement II - Physical aspects and location of 181 towns, 2009 (c) Town Directory Statement III - Civic and other amenities, 2009 181 (d) Town Directory Statement IV - Medical Facilities, 2009 183 (e) Town Directory Statement V - Educational, Recreational and cultural 184 facilities,2009 (f) Town Directory Statement VI - Industry and banking, 2009 186 (g) Town Directory Statement VII - Civic and other amenities in 186 slums, 2009 (h) Appendix to Town Directory - Towns showing their outgrowth with 187 population

6 FOREWORD

The District Census Handbook (DCHB) is an important publication of the Census Organization since 1951. It contains both Census and non Census data of urban and rural areas for each District. The Census data provide information on demographic and socio-economic characteristics of population at the lowest administrative unit i.e. of each Village and Town and ward of the District. The Primary Census Abstract (PCA) part of this publication contains Census data including data on household amenities collected during 1st.phase of the Census i.e. House Listing and Housing Census. The non Census data presented in the DCHB is in the form of Village Directory and Town Directory contain information on various infrastructure facilities available in the village and town viz; education, medical, drinking water, communication and transport, post and telegraph, electricity, banking, and other miscellaneous facilities. Later on, the Telegraph Services were closed by the Government of India on 15th July, 2013. The data of DCHB are of considerable importance in the context of planning and development at the grass-root level.

2. In the 1961 Census, DCHB provided a descriptive account of the District, administrative statistics, Census tables and Village and Town Directory including Primary Census Abstract. This pattern was changed in 1971 Census and the DCHB was published in three parts: Part-A related to Village and Town Directory, Part-B to Village and Town PCA and Part-C comprised analytical report, administrative statistics, District Census tables and certain analytical tables based on PCA and amenity data in respect of Villages. The 1981 Census DCHB was published in two parts: Part-A contained Village and Town Directory and Part-B the PCA of Village and Town including the SCs and STs PCA up to Tahsil/Town levels. New features along with restructuring of the formats of Village and Town Directory were added. In Village Directory, all amenities except electricity were brought together and if any amenity was not available in the referent Village, the distance in broad ranges from the nearest place having such an amenity, was given. 3. The pattern of 1981 Census was followed by and large for the DCHB of 1991 Census except the format of PCA. It was restructured. Nine-fold industrial classification of main workers was given against the four-fold industrial classification presented in the 1981 Census. In addition, sex wise population in 0- 6 age group was included in the PCA for the first time with a view to enable the data users to compile more realistic literacy rate as all children below 7 years of age had been treated as illiterate at the time of 1991 Census. One of the important innovations in the 1991 Census was the Community Development Block (CD Block) level presentation of Village Directory and PCA data instead of the traditional Tahsil/Taluk/PS level presentation. 4. As regards DCHB of 2001 Census, the scope of Village Directory was improved by including some other amenities like banking, recreational and cultural facilities, newspapers & magazines and ‘most important commodity’ manufactured in a Village in addition to prescribed facilities of earlier Censuses. In Town Directory, the statement on Slums was modified and its coverage was enlarged by including details on all slums instead of ‘notified slums’. 5. The scope and coverage of Village Directory of 2011 DCHB has been widened by including a number of new amenities in addition to those of 2001. These newly added amenities are: Pre-Primary School, Engineering College, Medical College, Management Institute, Polytechnic, Non-formal Training Centre, Special School for Disabled, Community Health Centre, Veterinary Hospital, Mobile Health Clinic, Medical Practitioner with MBBS Degree, Medical Practitioner with no degree, Traditional Practitioner and faith Healer, Medicine Shop, Community Toilet, Rural Sanitary Mart or Sanitary Hardware Outlet in the Village, Community Bio- gas, Sub Post Office, Village Pin Code, Public Call Office, Mobile Phone Coverage, Internet Cafes/ Common Service Centre, Private Courier Facility, Auto/Modified Autos, Taxis and Vans, Tractors,

7 Cycle-pulled Rickshaws, Carts driven by Animals, Village connected to National Highway, State Highway, Major District Road, and Other District Road, Availability of Water Bounded Macadam Roads in Village, ATM, Self-Help Group, Public Distribution System(PDS) Shop, Mandis/Regular Market, Weekly Haat, Agricultural Marketing Society, Nutritional Centers (ICDS), Anganwadi Centre, ASHA (Accredited Social Health Activist), Sports Field, Public Library, Public Reading Room, Assembly Polling station, Birth & Death Registration Office. In the Town Directory, seven Statements containing the details and the data of each Town have been presented viz.; (i)-Status and Growth History of Towns,(ii)- Physical Aspects and Location of Towns, (iii)-Civic and other Amenities, (iv)-Medical Facilities, (v)-Educational, Recreational & Cultural Facilities, (vi)- Industry & Banking, and (vii)- Civic & other amenities in Slums respectively. Taluk wise data of Village Directory and Village PCA have been presented in DCHB of 2011 Census as presented in earlier Census. 6. The data of DCHB 2011 Census have been presented in two parts, Part-A contains Village and Town Directory and Part-B contains Village and Town wise Primary Census Abstract. Both the Parts have been published in separate volumes in 2011 Census. 7. The Village and Town level amenities data have been collected, compiled and computerized under the supervision of Dr.V.M. Gopala Menon, IAS, Director of Census Operations, Kerala. The task of Planning, Designing and Co-ordination of this publication was carried out by Dr. Pratibha Kumari, Assistant Registrar General (SS) under the guidance & supervision of Dr. R.C.Sethi, Ex-Addl. RGI and Shri Deepak Rastogi present Addl.RGI. Shri A.P. Singh, Deputy Registrar General, (Map) provided the technical guidance in the preparation of maps. Shri A.K. Arora, Joint Director of Data Processing Division under the overall supervision of Shri M.S.Thapa, Addl. Director (EDP) provided full cooperation in preparation of record structure for digitization and validity checking of Village and Town Directory data and the programme for the generation of Village Directory and Town Directory including various analytical inset tables as well as Primary Census Abstract (PCA). The work of preparation of DCHB, 2011 Census has been monitored in the Social Studies Division. I am thankful to all of them and others who have contributed to bring out this publication in time.

New Delhi (Dr. C.Chandramouli) Dated: - 16-06-2014. Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India

8 PREFACE

District Census Hand Book is a unique publication brought out un-interruptedly by the Census Organization since 1951 Census. The publication is widely used by Administrators, Planners, Demographers, Research Scholars and other data users. It contains village-wise and town-wise demographic and socio- economic characteristics of the district along with the status of availability of civic amenities, infrastructural facilities etc.

In earlier censuses, District Census Handbooks were published in single volume with two parts. Part-A of DCHB contained Village and Town Directory and Part -B contained Village and Town Primary Census Abstract data for each district. But this time, it is published in two volumes separately for Part-A and Part-B of each district without changing the nomenclature of DCHB of 2001. This volume contains the Village and Town Directory .

From 2001 Census onwards, the software designed/created by the Data Processing Division of the Office of the Registrar General, India has been used for generation of tables. It reduced considerably the time taken for preparation of the District Census Handbooks. District Census Handbooks are published in Electronic form (pdf files) for the first time during the current Census.

I express my deep gratitude to Dr. C. Chandramouli, Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India, for his encouragement and valuable guidance for completion of this volume within the timeframe. I thank Shri Deepak Rastogi, Additional Registrar General (C&T), Shri A.P. Singh, Deputy Registrar General (Map), Dr. Pratibha Kumari, Assistant Registrar General (SS) of Office of the Registrar General, India for their guidance at each step in the preparation of DCHB. Special thanks are due to Shri M.S. Thapa, Additional Director (EDP), Shri Anil Kumar Arora, Joint Director (EDP) and Shri Anurag Gupta, DPA (EDP). Without their untiring efforts and support, we could not have completed the District Census Handbooks within this time. They were always willing to listen to our requests and find solution for the problems we faced.

All Departments of the State Government co-operated in giving data for inclusion in the publication. I thank the District Collectors, Tahsildars of every Taluk and Secretaries of Municipal Corporations and Municipalities in the State who painstakingly collected and furnished all the information needed by us. I also thank all the Departments of the State Government who co-operated with us in giving the data, especially, Directorate of Public Instruction, Forest Department, Rural Development Commissionerate, Industries Department, Economics & Statistics Department, Tourism Department and State Planning Board.

I am very much thankful to Dr. V. M. Gopala Menon, Ex. Director of Census Operations, Kerala for his support and valuable guidance for drafting this volume. In the beginning, non census data for District Census Handbook were collected under the guidance of Smt. P. Girija, then Joint Director of Census Operations. Information for preparation of analytical notes and all data other than Census data were prepared and scrutinized under the guidance of Shri Francis. K. Manuel, Deputy Director, Shri P. P. Joy, Deputy Director and Smt. L. Ajitha, Asst. Director. Shri A.K. Raman, Statistical Investigator, Gr.I (Retd.) and Smt. Biji.C.R., Statistical Investigator, Gr.I did a great job of putting all the details together and checking them. My sincere thanks are due to them also. The Statistical Investigators Gr. I & II and Compilers who assisted in the work also did a tremendous job. Digitized maps were used in the District Census Handbooks. This has improved the quality of the maps. I thank Shri K. Selvam, Senior Geographer and Shri K. Shasikanth, Senior Draughtsman who helped in expediting the work. I am thankful to Shri A. N. Rajeev, Deputy Director, Shri A. Sri Raghu, Asst. Director and Smt. P. Lakshmikutty, Asst. Director and their team in Census

9 Section for the efforts taken for finalization of the Primary Census Abstract (PCA). My thanks are due to Smt. L. Ajitha, Shri K. Gireesh Kumar, Smt. P. Lakshmikutty, Shri Aswani Kumar. P. M., Shri Shailendra . A. and Shri K. Gnanaprakasam, Assistant Directors for preparation of DCHB Volumes. My sincere thanks are also due to Shri Francis. K. Manuel, Deputy Director who was in charge of Data Centre, under whose guidance and supervision, the data entry of Village Directory and Town Directory could be completed timely. I am grateful to Shri Jose. T. Varghese, Deputy Director under whose guidance and supervision this publication has been finalised. The effort of many persons have gone into the preparation and publishing of this volume. I take this opportunity to record my gratitude to all of them.

Thiruvananthapuram N.RAVICHANDRAN 14.12.2015 Joint Director of Census Operations, Kerala

10 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Name of Officers engaged

Shri Francis K Manuel Deputy Director

Shri Jose T. Varghese Deputy Director

Shri P.P. Joy Deputy Director Smt. L. Ajitha Assistant Director

Compilation , checking of Data and Preparation of CRC

Smt. Biji. C.R. Statistical Investigator Gr.I Smt. Jane Jos Statistical Investigator Gr.II

Smt.S.Geethamony Compiler

Smt. Rajni Jose Compiler

Smt.R.Sreelekshmi Compiler Smt.Rihana.M. Compiler

Smt.Remya.D.S. Compiler

Shri. A.K. Raman Statistical Investigator Gr.I (Retd.)

Shri.R.Chandrachoodan Statistical Investigator Gr.I (Retd.) Smt. B. Valsala Kumari Statistical Investigator Gr.II(Retd.)

Smt. B. Prasanna Kumari Statistical Investigator Gr.II(Retd.)

Data Processing

Shri N.Jayakumar(Late) Data Processing Assistant Shri B.Madhu Kumar Data Processing Assistant

Shri Sajithraj.K Data Entry Operator, Grade B

Shri R.Biju. Data Entry Operator, Grade B

Mapping Shri K. Selvam Senior Geographer

Shri N.Venu Nair Senior Draughtsman

Shri Shashikanth Senior Draughtsman

Shri S.K.Sajeesh Senior Draughtsman

11 ORGI- Data Processing Division Shri Jaspal SIngh Lamba Deputy Director

Ms. Usha Assistant Director

Shri Anurag Gupta DPA Grade ‘A ‘

Shri Mukesh Kumar Mahawar DPA Grade ‘A ‘ Ms. Shagufta Nasreen Bhat DPA Grade ‘A ‘

Ms. Shashi Seth Sr. Supervisor

Shri Khem Verma Jadon Sr. Consultant

Shri Yashwant Singh Jr. Consultant

12 HISTORY AND SCOPE OF THE DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK

The need of data at the grass root level for the administrative and planning purposes at sub micro level as well as academic studies prompted the innovation of District Census Handbook. District Census Handbook is a unique publication from the Census organization which provides most authentic details of census and non-census information from village and town level to district level. The District Census Handbook was firstly introduced during the 1951 Census. It contains both census and non census data of urban as well as rural areas for each district. The census data contain several demographic and socio-economic characteristics of the lowest administrative unit i.e. of each village and town and ward of the district. The non census data comprise of data on availability of various civic amenities and infrastructural facilities etc. at the town and village level which constitute Village Directory and Town Directory part of the DCHB. The data of DCHB are of considerable importance in the context of planning and development at grass-root level. In 1961 census DCHB provided a descriptive account of the district, administrative statistics, census tables and village and town directory including Primary Census Abstract. This pattern was changed in 1971 Census and the DCHB was published in three parts: Part-A related to village and town directory, Part-B to village and town PCA and Part-C comprised analytical report, administrative statistics, district census tables and certain analytical tables based on PCA and amenity data in respect of villages. The 1981 census DCHB was published in two parts: Part-A contained village and town directory and Part-B the PCA of village and town including the SCs and STs PCA up to tahsil/town levels. New features along with restructuring of the formats of village and town directory were added into it. In Village Directory, all amenities except electricity were brought together and if any amenity was not available in the referent village, the distance in broad ranges from the nearest place having such an amenity, was given. The pattern of 1981 census was followed by and large for the DCHB of 1991 Census except the format of PCA. It was restructured. Nine-fold industrial classification of main workers was given against the four-fold industrial classification presented in the 1981 census. In addition, sex wise population in 0-6 age group was included in the PCA for the first time with a view to enable the data users to compile more realistic literacy rate as all children below 7 years of age had been treated as illiterate at the time of 1991 census. One of the important innovations in the 1991 Census was the Community Development Block (CD Block) level presentation of village directory and PCA data instead of the traditional tahsil/taluk/PS level presentation. As regards DCHB of 2001 Census, the scope of Village Directory was improved by including some other amenities like banking, recreational and cultural facilities, newspapers & magazines and ‘most important commodity’ manufactured in a village in addition to prescribed facilities of earlier censuses. In Town Directory, the statement on Slums was modified and its coverage was enlarged by including details on all slums instead of ‘notified slums’. The scope and coverage of Village Directory of 2011 DCHB has been widened by including a number of new amenities in addition to those of 2001. In the Town Directory, seven Statements containing the details and the data of each town have been presented viz.; (i)-Status and Growth History of towns, (ii)- Physical Aspects and Location of Towns, (iii)-Civic and other Amenities, (iv)-Medical Facilities, (v)-Educational,

13 Recreational & Cultural Facilities, (vi)- Industry & Banking, and (vii)- Civic & other amenities in Slums respectively. Taluk wise data of Village Directory and Village PCA have been presented in DCHB of 2011 Census as presented in earlier Censuses. The data of DCHB 2011 Census have been presented in two parts, Part-A contains Village and Town Directory and Part-B contains Village and Town wise Primary Census Abstract. Both the Parts have been published in separate volumes in 2011 Census.

14 BRIEF HISTORY OF THE DISTRICT

Pathanamthitta District, the thirteenth revenue district of the State of Kerala, nestles its head on the slopes of the Western Ghats and stretches to the low-lying rice fields bordering Alappuzha District. It was formed with effect from the 1st November, 1982 vide G.O. (M.S) No.1026/82/RD dated 29.10.1982, with headquarters at Pathanamthitta. It is bounded on the North by Changanassery and Kanjirappally Taluks of Kottayam District and Peerumade Taluk of Idukki District, on the East by the State of Tamil Nadu, on the South by Kunnathur, Pathanapuram and Kottarakkara Taluks of Kollam District and on the West by Chengannur, Mavelikkara and Kuttanad Taluks of Alappuzha District. It abounds with natural splendours – undulating hills, dark mysterious forests, exotic wildlife and enchanting valleys.

It is presumed that the regions presently under the district were formerly under the Pandalam reign which had connections with the Pandya kingdom. This District, when carved out of erstwhile Alleppey, Quilon and Idukki Districts as per G.O. (M.S) No.1026/82/R.D dated 29.10.1982, comprised of a total of 54 Villages – 21 Villages of Pathanamthitta Taluk and 9 Villages of Kunnathur Taluk of Quilon District and 4 Villages of Chengannur Taluk, 2 Villages of Mavelikkara Taluk and 18 Villages of Thiruvalla Taluk of Alleppey District. Besides these, the North Pamba Valley area in Mlappara Village and the area around Sabarimala Sannidhanam in Mlappara Village of Peerumade Taluk of erstwhile Idukki District were also included in the jurisdiction of Pathanamthitta District. Vide G.O(P) No.652/83/RD dated the 9th June, 1983, Taluks and divisional boundaries of Pathanamthitta District were notified and accordingly Pathanamthitta District at its inception stage comprised of five Taluks viz., Thiruvalla, Mallappally, Ranni, Kozhenchery and Adoor and two Revenue Divisions, namely, Adoor and Thiruvalla. Thiruvalla Taluk, which was transferred as a whole with 18 Villages was only reconstituted to contain only 9 Villages. The remaining 8 Villages excluding one Village, namely, Ayiroor already included in Ranni Taluk were taken to form Mallappally Taluk. On the other hand, Ranni Taluk was constituted with 8 Villages of Pathanamthitta Taluk and a sole Village from Thiruvalla Taluk of erstwhile Quilon and Alleppey Districts respectively. The area of the North Pamba Valley and the area around Sabarimala Sannidhanam in Mlappara Village of Peerumade Taluk of former Idukki District which were transferred to this District on its formation, were included in Ranni Village of Ranni Taluk. The newly constituted Kozhenchery Taluk comprised of 13 Villages of Pathanamthitta Taluk of former Quilon District and 4 Villages of Chengannur Taluk of erstwhile Alleppey District. The only Taluk of the District which has headquarters different from its Taluk name is Kozhenchery as its headquarters is located at Pathanamthitta. Adoor Taluk was comprised of 9 Villages of Kunnathur Taluk and 2 Villages of Mavelikkara Taluk of former Quilon and Alleppey Districts respectively.

Pathanamthitta is a combination of two words – Pathanam and Thitta – which mean an array of houses on the river side. It is presumed that the regions presently under the District were formerly under the Pandalam reign which had connections with the Pandya Kingdom. The history of the District is sand- wiched between the history of erstwhile Quilon and Alleppey Districts. The pre-historic period of the District is obscure. But some megalithic monuments such as the dolmens, found in the Ranni reserve forest and Enadimangalam Village of present Adoor Taluk, date back to the Neolithic period. Yet some old relics, reminiscent of pre-historic period, are found also in some areas of Thiruvalla and Kadapra. Some archaeo- logical antiquities in the form of architecture, inscriptions, mural paintings, historical monuments, etc., found in the Temples, rock-cut caves, Churches, etc., show clear picture about the historic period. During the 1st Century A.D, almost all the portions of Quilon District formed a part of Ay Kingdom. The South- Eastern portions upto Thiruvalla of erstwhile Alleppey District were ruled by Ay kingdom with their headquarters at South Travancore. The Kaviyoor Cave Temple of Pallava style of architecture is some of the earliest specimen of stone sculpture supposed to be made in the 7th to the 9th Century A.D. The inscriptions engraved on the central shrine of Kaviyoor Temple depict details of the area in the Kali era of 4051 and 4052. There are some epigraphical records assigned to post-Portuguese period in the Orthodox Syrian Church at Niranam.

It is significant to note that Pliny, the famous traveler of the 1st Century A.D., had described in his

15 famous book ‘Pereplus’ about Niranam (Neleynda), the river Pamba (Baris) and about the exporting pepper from Thiruvalla. Christianity had a strong foothold in the District from the middle of the 1st Century. In A.D. 52, St. Thomas, one of the twelve Apostles of Jesus Christ, landed at Mallankara and founded seven Churches in Malabar Coast, one of which is located at Niranam.

From the 9th to the 12th Century A.D., Thiruvalla Taluk of the then Alleppey District was a part of Nantuzhainad and later it was merged to Odanad and subsequently with Thekkumkur.

In the early 19th Century, during the reign of Balarama Varma, Velu Thampi Dalava, who took keen interest in uplifting Quilon as an administrative as well as commercial centre, organized a rebellion at Quilon against the British force. As a result of Kundara Proclamation issued by the Dalava on the 16th January 1809, thousands of people marched under the banner of Velu Thampi Dalava. The British defeated the local force and captured the Fort of Udayagiri and Padmanahbapuram. The ruler of Travancore became helpless and ordered to capture the Dalava. Velu Thampi Dalava decided not to surrender alive and commit- ted suicide at Mannadi in Kadampanadu Village of present Adoor Taluk.

During the reign of Rani Parvathy Bai, Pandalam was annexed to Travancore in 1812 AD. The old principality here was known as Airur Swarupam. The palace of Pandalam Raja is closely associated with Sabarimala Temple. It is believed that Sree Ayyappan was brought up by the then ruling Raja of Pandalam. Even now the ornaments of Sabarimala Temple are kept in this palace.

It is worth mentioning that in the 9th Century A.D, the District had flourished in the field of culture and literature. The famous Niranam poets who had made great contributions to Malayalam literature belonged to this District.

Marthanda Varma Maharaja, the maker of modern Travancore, played a remarkable role in the history of the State. During the reign of Dharmaraja, a notable event was the invasion of Tippu Sultan and the alliance Travancore made with the East India Company.

The District has prominent role in the freedom struggle of the Country. Shri.K.E. Maman and Shri.K.A.Mathew are among the well-known freedom fighters who hail from Thiruvalla which belongs to Pathanamthitta District. After India became independent, the popular ministry was installed in Travancore on the 24th March, 1948. On the 1st July, 1949, Travancore and Cochin States were integrated and the Maharaja of Travancore became Rajpramukh of Travancore-Cochin State and this position continued till the formation of Kerala State on the 1st November, 1956, as per the States Reorganization Act, 1956. The District came into existence as a separate administrative unit on the 1st November, 1982 as stated earlier.

The district can be proud of its rich contribution to the struggle for freedom. When Mahatma Gandhi visited the restwhile Travencore in 1937, he asked his follower Khadar Das T.P.Gopala Pillai to spread the message of Khadi and Charka. Inspired by Gandhiji he founded the ‘Mahatma Khadi Ashram’ at Elanthoor in 1941. He launched a scheme for mobilizing funds for khadi activities known as ‘ek paise fund’ in order to ensure the participation of the whole people in the Khadi Movement.

There was strong protest in Travancore against the British in connection with the visit of the Prince of Wales in 1921. In 1922, a student’s strike was held which installed a lot of spirit and enthusiasm among the freedom fighters. During the same period, Congress leaders like ponnara Sreedhar and K.Kumar, the participants from Kerala in the flag satyagraha at Nagapur were arrested and beaten up by the police. The contribution of Elanthoor K.Kumar, Thadiyal Raghavan Pillai, Pandalam KP and N.G.Chacko to the National Movement have much significance in the history of freedom struggle.

16 ANALYTICAL NOTE i) PHYSICAL FEATURES

Natural Region

The Natural Regions of the State is based on the regional classifications designed by the Census Organization. According to the classification, the whole Country is divided into 4 Macro Regions viz., (i) the Northern Mountains, (ii) the Great Plains, (iii) the Deccan Plateau and (iv) the Coastal Plains and Islands. Kerala belongs to the 4th Macro Region – ‘The Costal Plains and Islands’, which is again divided into 4 Meso Regions. Of the 4 Meso Regions, Kerala falls under the Western Coastal Region which covers the coastal tract from Maharashtra to Kerala State. The Meso Region is further divided into 6 Micro Regions. The entire State of Kerala falls into such three Micro Regions viz., (i) North Kerala Coast, (ii) Central Kerala Coast and (iii) South Kerala Coast. The Pathanamthitta District falls in the South Kerala Coast. Each Micro Region is further divided into Sub-Micro Regions on the basis of Topography, Geology, Soils, Climate and Natural Vegetation. Thus Pathanamthitta District falls under five such Sub-Micro Regions viz., (i) Chengannur Rolling Plain (ii) Kuttanad Low Lying Plain (iii) Kottarakkara Undulating Upland (iv) Pamba-Kakki Forested Hills and (v) Adoor Rolling Plain. The regional divisions constituting Pathanamthitta District is depicted in the chart given in next page.

17 REGIONAL DIVISIONS OF KERALA PATHANAMTHITTA DISTRICT INDIA

Macro Region

1 2 3 4

i. The Northern ii. The Great iii. The Deccan iv. The Coastal Plains Mountains Plains Plateau & Islands

Meso Region

4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4

Gujarath Coastal Western Coastal Eastern Coastal The Islands Plains Region Region

Micro Region

4.2.1 4.2.2 4.2.3 4.2.4 4.2.5 4.2.6

Maharashtra Goa Karnataka North Central South Littoral Coast Coast Kerala Kerala Kerala Coast Coast Coast

Pathanamthitta Sub- Micro Region

4.2.6.1 4.2.6.2 4.2.6.3 4.2.6.4 4.2.6.5

Chengannur Kuttanad Low Kottarakkara Pamba-Kakki Adoor Rolling Rolling Plain Lying Plain Undulating Upland Forested Hills Plain

18 Location and size

Pathanamthitta district like most other districts of Kerala is the combination of three natural regions viz. the highland, the middle land and the lowland. The highland stretches through the Western Ghats and descends to the midland in the center down to the lowland. It is bounded on the north by the districts of Kottayam and Idukki, on the west by Alappuzha and portions of Kollam and on the south by the district of Kollam. To the eastern side of the district, the State of Tamil Nadu is situated, except its upper eastern portions which border with Idukki. Pathanamthitta is the administrative headquarters of the district. Pathanamthitta district lies between 9°02’30" and 9°28’30" north latitudes and 76037’30" and 77°17’30" longitudes.

Area

Pathanamthitta district was formed on the 1st November 1982 in the interest of the hastening process of development. The total area of the district is 2652 sq.kms. Of this, 1396.95 sq.kms. of area come under forest.

Pathanamthitta district ranks the 7th in the State in area.

Physiography

(i) Chengannur Rolling Plain

Geographically, this region is coming under Alappuzha and Pathanamthitta districts. This region lies in the western portion of this district, comprising of parts of Thiruvalla, Mavelikkara and Chengannur taluks. It makes its boundaries with Kottayam Rolling Plain in the north, Kottarakkara Undulating Upland in the east, Adoor Rolling Plain in the south and Kuttanad Low Lying Plain in the west.

This region is also a plain region having the average height between 80 m. and 90 m. The maximum height of this region (157 m.) lies in its east and Thottapuzhassery village of Thiruvalla taluk and this region slopes gently towards the west. It is served by the Manimala, the Achancovil and the Pamba rivers.

(ii) Kuttanad Low Lying Plain

This region is bounded by Kumarakam Low Lying Plain in the north, Chengannur Rolling Plain in the east and Alappuzha Coast in the south-west. This region comprises of the whole of Kuttanad taluk and parts of Ambalappuzha, Chengannur, Mavelikkara and Thiruvalla taluks. The Manimala, the Pamba and the Achancovil rivers form a deltaic appearance to this region. In many places the altitude of the land is lower than the sea level. This region is largely influenced by the Kayals (lakes).

(iii) Kottarakkara Undulating Upland This undulating terrain lies in a narrow stretch from the north to the south over the southern part of this district. It makes its boundaries with Meenachil-Kanjirappally Upland in the north, Pamba-Kakki For- ested Hills in the east, Attingal - Neyyattinkara Undulating Upland in the south and Adoor Rolling Plain in the west.

This region is narrow in the north and wider towards the south. The maximum height is at Konnithazham village of Pathanamthitta district.

This region has a number of isolated hills, separated from the mountain chain. This region has knolls here and there. The Achancovil, the Kallada and the Kulathupuzha rivers drain this region.

19 (iv) Pamba-Kakki Forested Hills

This region, lying in the northern and the eastern portion of this district, is bounded by Thekkedy Forested Hills and Ranni Forested Hills in the north, Tamil Nadu in the east, Kulathupuzha Forested Hills in the south and Kottarakkara Undulating Upland in the west.

This region has plateau-like structure and is the continuation of mountainous tract of the Western Ghats. The maximum height (1,554 m.) is at the eastern sector and the minimum height (119 m.) is in the central part of the reserve forest. This region, having steep irregular slope over the western side (south- east region), has the lateritic mesa with the average height of 900 m. This region also forms the catchment area of the Pamba river. The drainage pattern is dentritic and in some places they are structurally controlled. In the western part, there are a number of rubber estates.

(v) Adoor Rolling Plain

This region is bounded by Chengannur Rolling Plain in the north, Kottarakkara Undulating Upland in the east and the south; and coast in the west.

This region has gentle slope towards the west. It has ups and downs here and there. The gradient of this flat land is low. The Kallada river which flows through this region causes floods in the low-lying banks during the monsoon period.

Mountains

Pathanamthitta district, like most other districts of Kerala, is the combination of three natural divisions viz. the highland, the midland and the lowland. The highland is stretching through the Western Ghats. The Pamba-Kakki Forested Hills occupies the northern and the eastern portion of Pathanamthitta district. This region has plateau like structure and is the continuation of the mountainous tract of the Western Ghats. The maximum height (1,554 m.) is at the eastern sector and the minimum height (119 m.) is in the central part of the reserve forest.

Drainage

Rivers

Three prominent rivers, flowing through the district, are the Achancovil, the Manimala and the Pamba.

Pamba

This is the third largest river (176 km.) in Kerala and has the fourth largest catchment area (2235 sq.km.). It originates in the hill ranges of Pathanamthitta district and the adjoining primed plateau and is the confluence of Pambayar, Aruthaiyar, Kakkadayar, Kakkiar and Kallar. It descends from Sabarimala. It flows mainly through various parts of Ranni taluk and enters Alappuzha district after joining with the Manimala and the Achancovil and empties itself into the Vembanad lake. The Pamba river traverses through the district about 55 kms.

Achancovil

The Achancovil river (128 kms.) is formed by the confluence of several small streams originating from Rishimala, Pasukidamettu and Ramakkalteri and joins the Pamba at Veeyapuram in Alappuzha district.

20 Manimala

Rising at an altitude of 1156 m. above mean sea level in Tatamala, the river flows through the estate lands fed by several rivulets enroute. From Manimala it continues in a winding course and finally joins the Pamba river at Neeruttupuram. The river passes through many places of importance and drains an area of 847 sq.km. The length of the river is 90 km. Manimala river flows through the district about 37 kms.

Geology and Economic minerals

The geological formation may be divided into four belts:

(i) a belt of crystalline rocks of archean group. (ii)a belt of residual laterites. (iii)a narrow belt of warkalli beds of tertiary group. (iv)a western most belt of recent deposits. The crystalline rocks consists of leptynites and charnokites and a few ultra basic intrusives. A cordi- erite bearing rocks have been reported to occur in association with the charnokites around Kozhenchery. Occurring as a belt, west of the archean crystalline rocks, the residual laterite is the resultant product of the insitualteration of those rocks. Warkalli beds consists of a succession of variegated clays and sand stone.

Climate

The district has more or less the same climatic conditions as prevalent elsewhere in the state viz. dry season from December to February and hot season from March to May. This region is at an altitude ranging from 500 to 1000 metres above the sea level. The climate is generally moderate with temperature ranging from 20°C to 39°C. The southwest monsoon known as Edavappathi from June to September and the north-west monsoon known as Thulavarsham or retreating monsoon from October to November provide fairly good rain. The south-west monsoon is usually very heavy and about 75 per cent of the annual rainfall is received during this season.The following tables give a clear picture of the rainfall in the district and the state.

Actual and Normal Rainfall (mm) with percentage departures from normal rainfall from July to June of each year

State/District 2007-2008 2008-2009 2009-2010 2010-2011 Actual Normal % departure Actual Normal % departure Actual Normal % departure Actual Normal % departure Kerala State 3428.4 3097.1 10.7 2333.3 3097.1 -24.7 3068.7 3097.1 -0.9 3259.8 3016.8 8.1 Pathanamthitta District 2935.6 2839.5 3.4 22604.6 22840 -8.3 2607.8 2839.5 -8.2 3417.4 2873.8 18.9 Source: Agricultural Statistics for the years 2007-08, 08-09, 09-10 and 10-11 published by Department of Economics& Statistics, Govt. of Kerala

From the table, it is seen that Pathanamthitta district had received less rainfall than the normal during the years 2008-2009 and 2009-2010. On the other hand, the district had received more rainfall than the normal in 2007-2008 and 2010-2011. However, it may be noted that during 2007-2008 and 2009-2010 the district had received less rainfall than the actual rainfall of Kerala except for the year 2008-2009 and 2010- 2011.

21 Monthly Rainfall of the District (In mm) during 2007-2011

Month/ Annual 2007-2008 2008-2009 2009-2010 2010-2011

July 755.2 644.1 454 432.5 August 325.6 346.1 227.4 402.2 September 444.1 368.2 290.2 259.4 October 456.2 345.9 222.7 454.9 November 176.5 142.9 299.9 526.4 December 8.1 40.7 34.9 89.1 January 0 5.5 31 46 February 65.3 12 0.7 74.3 March 157.7 49 66.3 92.5 April 198.4 115.4 210 269.7 May 61.5 156.8 268.2 179.1 June 287 378 502.5 591.3 Annual 2935.6 2604.6 2607.8 3417.4 Source: Agricultural Statistics for the years 2007-08, 08-09, 09-10 and 10-11 published by Department of Economics & Statistics A cursory glance of the monthly rainfall data for the period 2007-2011 shows that Pathanamthitta district had received maximum rainfall during July. In the period under reference, the months of January and February had very less rainfall as compared to the other months. The maximum rainfall (755.2 mm.) was recorded in the month of July, 2007-2008. Forests The forest covers an area of 1396.95 sq.kms. in the district. It accounts for more than 50 per cent of the total area of the district. The forest in the district is mainly located in Mallappally (6.45 sq.km.), Ranni (709.14 sq.km), Kozhenchery (658.93 sq.km.) and Adoor (22.43 sq.km) taluks. Thiruvalla taluk is devoid of forest area. Ranni and Kozhenchery taluks have rich forests. A portion of Thekkedy Wild Life Division falls in Ranni taluk. The other forest divisions in the district are Ranni, Konni and Achancovil of which Konni and Achancovil are lying partly in the district. The forest in the district can broadly be classified as evergreen forest, semi-evergreen forest, and moist deciduous forest. Timber is the most important forest product in the district as elsewhere. Quality timber is used for constructing buildings and making furniture. In fact, forest is the main source of raw materials for wood- based industrial units in the district. Teak, rosewood, jack tree, manjakadambu, anjili, pala, etc. are some of the important species of timber available in the district. Apart from providing raw material for rayon, newsprint, plywood, etc. these forests are a source for a number of useful minor products like bamboo, reeds, honey and medicinal plants and herbs. Soils Pathanamthitta district has a very fertile soil, rich in all plant nutrients. The soil can be classified as Kari, Alluvial and Laterite. Geologically the soil found in Chengannur Rolling Plain is acidic saline. It includes kari, kayal and karappadam soils. In north-eastern portion of this region, shallow black, brown and alluvial soils of southern region is found. Kuttanad Low-Lying Plain has recent formation of soil of acidic saline. It is developed under hydro- morphic conditions. These include the kari soil (black soil with high organic content developed in low-lying water logged area), kayal soil (soil in reclaimed areas with high clay content) and karappadam soil (soil along river courses with silt content). Technically, the soil is classified as psamments-orthents.

22 The soil in the Pamba-Kakki forested hills are forest loam, laterite and shallow black, brown and alluvial soil of southern region, technically known as tropepts, udalfs-orthents.

In Adoor Rolling Plain, there is a recent formation sandy soil and alluvial soil. Technically, the soil is classified as psamments-orthents.

Flora and Fauna

Pathanamthitta has tropical biodiversity with forest, plantations, rivers and fertile land. Fifty percent of the district is covered with forest, providing rich flora and fauna. The district has a variety of plants including medicinal, spices, tuber crops and those yielding fruits and fiber. Aromatic plants and spices such as pepper, ginger, cardamom and turmeric are cultivated on a large scale. Trees such as timber, teak, rosewood, jack tree, manjakadambu, anjili, pala can be found in abundance.

The forests of the district have excellent wild life habitats. A variety of animals and birds can be found. Tigers, elephants, gaur, deer, monkeys and other wild animals are found in the forest. Giant squirrel, lion-tailed macaques, barking deer and bear can also be spotted in the reserve. Malabar Grey Hornbill and Great Indian Hornbill are found. Wide variety of other birds such as sunbirds, woodpeckers and kingfishers can also be seen.

The existence of the wild life habitat is under threat from various areas. Pollution from fertilizer and industries and illegal sand mining are the major threats. Issues connected to Sabarimala pilgrimage such as clearing of forest land and large amount of waste discharged also threatens the habitat.

Land and land-use pattern According to Agricultural Statistics for 2010-11, the data on land use pattern of the District reveals that, Pathanamthitta district has an area of about 2652.77 sq.km. It accounts for 6.6 percentage of the total area of the State (38863 Sq Kms). Forest occupies around 58.51 per cent. The pressure for non-agricultural use is increasing. The land under non-agricultural use which was 5.62 per cent in 2000-01 has marginally increased to 6.17 per cent in 2010-11 while the net area sown has declined from 950 sq Km to 817.72 sq. Kms. There was an increase in the area under current fallow (42.19 Sq Km), fallow other than current fallow (28.76 Sq Kms) and cultivable waste 15.38 Sq Kms .

23 Classification of Area on the basis of Land Utilisation

Sl.No. Type of land Area in Sq Kms 1 Total Geographical Area 2652.77 2 Forest 1552.14 3 Land put to non agricultural use 163.61 4 Barren&Uncultivable Land 2.2 5 Permanent Pastures&other grazing land 0 6 Land Under misc.tree crops 1.02 7 Cultivable waste 15.38 8 Fallow other than current fallow 28.76 9 Current fallow 42.19 10 Marshy Land 0 11 Still Water 26.98 12 Water Logged Area 1.65 13 Social Forestry 1.12 14 Net area sown 817.72 15 Area sown more than once 216.69 16 Total cropped Area 1034.41 Source: Report on Agricultural statistics, 2010-11, Department of Economics&Statistics, Kerala

The village-wise land use areas viz., forest, irrigated land, unirrigated land, cultivable waste and area not available for cultivation as made available by the Local authorities are presented in the village directory.

Tenancy

The important land tenures prevailing in the district before the enactment of the Kerala Land Reform Act, 1963, were Jenman, Inam, Anubhogam, Adima, Kanam, Kanam•kuzhi-Kanam, Kuzhikanam, Customary, Verumpattam, Kudiyiruppu, Separate Kudiyiruppu, Cultivating Verumpattom, Ulkudi, Protected Ulkudi etc. The Land Reform Act which was a landmark in the history of agrarian reforms of the country and the State and the subsequent amendments in 1966, 1969, 1971 and 1972 helped the tenants to become owners of tenancy land. A number of landless agricultural labourers became holders of land. Based on the Land Reform Act and subsequent amendments, the implementation of ceiling on holding and distribution of surplus land came into force from early 1970. The ceiling area had been fixed as 5 standard acres in the case of an adult unmarried person or a family consisting of a single surviving member and 10 acres for a family consisting of two or more members. A family was not allowed to hold more than 20 acres in any case. Certain plantations were exempted from ceiling limits. The surplus lands were taken over by the government and distributed to landless poor, preference being given to Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. A notable impact of this reform was the reduction in the number of landless agricultural households and the elimination of absentee landlordism.

Agriculture and Horticulture

Agriculture is the main occupation of the people in the district. About 80 per cent depends on it directly or indirectly. The main crops raised in the district are paddy, tapioca, rubber, sugarcane, pepper and banana.

Rubber is the dominant crop among the plantation crops in the district. Rubber cultivation is concentrated mainly in the hilly eastern zone. Rubber is cultivated extensively in the district. The largest area of cultivation is Rubber, which was cultivated in 50260 ha. in the district. Of the total area of 534230 hectares

24 in the state under rubber cultivation, 9.41 per cent was in the district in 2010-11. In area and production, the district has the second position, the first being occupied by Kottayam district. Tapioca is a major food crop next only to paddy in the extent of acreage. While tapioca is cultivated in all parts of the district, it is concentrated in Mezhuveli, Konni and Konnithazham of Kozhenchery taluk and Pandalam, Kurampala and Enath of Adoor taluk. Tapioca is cultivated in an extent of 6124 hectares of land and its production during the year 2010-11 is 235257 tonnes which is 9.77 per cent of the state production (2408962 tonnes). Coconut also enjoys an important position in the agricultural economy of the district. There is seen some decline in the area under coconut plantation. The second largest cultivation is coconut. But this crop is facing severe crisis in view of sharp decline in price during the last two years and the reduction on productivity due to the wide attack of Mandari pest, which is an exotic mite that appeared all of a sudden. Coconut was cultivated in 15627 ha. and cashew was cultivated in 597 ha. during 2010-11. Paddy is cultivated in two seasons viz. ‘Virippu’ (first crop from April-May to August-September), immediately followed by ‘Mundakan’ (second crop from September-October to December-January). Both are rain fed and hence extensively cultivated. Banana and other plantains are cultivated in different parts of the district. But Kozhenchery taluk covers the maximum area under banana cultivation. Sugarcane cultivation is concentrated in Thiruvalla taluk. But with the closing down of sugar cane factories, there is substantial decline in area under sugarcane cultivation. The figure for 2010-11 shows only 72 hectares under this crop.

There are 3 state seeds farms in the district. These seed farms are concentrated in production of paddy seeds, vegetable seeds, rooted pepper cuttings, etc. The Krishi Vijnan Kendra at Thelliyoor, near Kumband, which is sponsored by ICAR (Indian Council of Agricultural Research) is imparting training to farmers. The Sugarcane Research Station of Kerala Agricultural University functions at Kallumkal near Thiruvalla. A Tapioca Research Station is also functioning at Thiruvalla. There are 62 Krishi Bhavans in the district. They implement developmental activities in the agricultural section.

The production of rice in the district during 2010-11 was 6628 tonnes while that of the state was 522738 tonnes. The contribution of the district towards rice production was only 1.27 per cent. Cashew is cultivated in an area of 597 hectares and its production was 204 tonnes.

The Government has taken several measures for improving the production of rice such as distribution of improved seeds, integrated control management, etc. As an incentive for sustaining rice cultivation, a production subsidy of Rs.1000/- per hectare per season has been extended to all the rice growing areas in the states. The electricity charges in respect of irrigation and drainage for rice cultivation has been fully subsidized.

The important crops raised, their extent and the productivity in the year 2010-11 are given below. Important Crops with Area during 2010-11 Crops Area covered ( in hectares)

1 2 Paddy 2986 Pulses 0 Sugar Crops 72 Pepper 3421 Ginger 324 Turmeric 92 Cardamom 664 Areacanut 1118 Tamarind 206 Vanilla 11 Cloves 17 Nutmeg 453

25 Important Crops with Area during 2010-11 (contd…) Crops Area covered ( in hectares) 1 2 Jack 2310 Mango 1481 Banana 2061 Plantain 1450 Pineapple 165 Pappaya 661 Other Fresh Fruits 615 Cashew 597 Coconut 15627 Tapioca 6124 Sweet Potatoes 1 Vegetables 1376 Tobacco 0 Rubber 50260 Total 92092 Source: "Agricultural Statistics,2010-11" published by Dept. of Economics & Statistics"

The following table gives the extent of area in hectares and season wise production of rice in the district during the period 2000-2011.

Season-wise production of Rice during the period 2000-2011

Year Autumn Winter Summer Total Area (in ha.) Production Area (in ha.) Production Area (in ha.) Production Area (in Production (in tonnes) (in tonnes) (in tonnes) ha.) (in tonnes)

2000-01 1070 2214 2652 5970 2557 8975 6279 17159 2001-02 801 1729 2118 4911 2299 6215 5218 12855 2002-03 815 1639 2236 4890 2380 6992 5431 13521 2003-04 683 1437 2570 5905 2009 5299 5262 12641 2004-05 834 1852 1803 4233 1702 4699 4339 10784 2005-06 772 1549 1564 3509 955 2460 3291 7518 2006-07 230 550 1434 3423 952 3128 2616 7101 2007-08 105 241 567 1350 1329 3040 2001 4631 2008-09 130 303 864 2155 1687 4941 2681 7399 2009-10 185 466 603 1490 2208 5782 2996 7738 2010-11 113 245 480 1093 2393 5290 2986 6628 Source: Statistics for Planning, 2005 & 2009 and Agricultural Statistics for the years 2007-08, 08-09, 09-10 and 10-11 published by Department of Economics & Statistics, Govt. of Kerala

The season-wise data, relating to the production of rice during the last decade, reveals that the maximum production was in the summer season while the minimum was in the autumn season. There were 6279 ha. of area under paddy cultivation during 2000-01. The district had witnessed a decline in area

26 under paddy cultivation subsequently. The reasons for the reduction in area are replacement of paddy by other remunerative crops, high cost of paddy cultivation and filling up of area under paddy cultivation for construction purposes.

Irrigation

The abundant water resources in the district are utilised by the Irrigation projects of Pamba and Kallada. The major irrigation project is the Pamba Irrigation Project utilising the tail race waters of Sabarigiri Hydro Electric Project in the Pamba basin. It irrigates major agricultural land of the district.

Kallada Irrigation Project started in 1961 is the biggest multi-purpose project undertaken by the state government and it was revised in 1999. This project is now being completed. The irrigation through government canals covers 831 hectares and 919 hectares was irrigated by private canals. On the other hand, 4935 hectares of net area is irrigated through other sources.

Animal Husbandry

Animal husbandry plays an important role in generating employment and income to the weaker sections of the population. The preservation and the development of cattle wealth and poultry are also significant to the production of major livestock products of nutritional standard. The main species of livestock in the district are cows, buffaloes, goats, sheep, pigs, fowls and ducks. Generally, rearing of cattle and poultry farming are the allied occupation of the agricultural workers so that animal power also constitutes the principal source of manure for agriculture.

The production of milk is very low in the district as compared to the state and the other districts. Government has undertaken several steps to improve cattle wealth for the better production of milk. The district has agro-climatic and socio-economic features favouring dairy development. The wide network of roads has enabled establishment of a good milk route by MILMA.

This district has been designated by the government as ‘disease free zone’ and a systematic vacci- nation programme is being implemented on a time bound basis to declare this district as ‘disease free zone’ for cattle. In disease free zone, measures to free the cattle from diseases of various types are undertaken with an emphasis on preventive aspects rather than on curative aspect. In all Panchayats and Municipali- ties, veterinary facilities are available through Veterinary dispensaries, Veterinary hospitals and Poly clinics. There are 42 Veterinary dispensaries in the district. One Mobile farm aid unit is functioning at Ayravon in Konni. 13 Veterinary Hospitals are functioning in the district. There are 3 Veterinary polyclinics, one each at Adoor, Ranni and Thiruvalla.

There are 91 ICDP (Incentive Cattle Development Project) sub-centres under 3 Regional Artificial Insemination Centres (RAIC) one each at Ranni, Mallappally and Pathanamthitta. They are under the control of the Project Officer of ICDP office at Pathanamthitta. There is one Artificial Insemination Centre at Pullad and 5 Artificial Insemination Sub-centres. Poultry rearing is also concentrated in the district. All sub centers including ICDP sub centers have been transferred to Local Self Governments.

There are one Disease Investigation Lab and one Avian Disease Diagnostic Lab functioning at Pathanamthitta and Thiruvalla respectively. The only Duck Farm in the state is situated in Niranam near Thiruvalla. All together there 63 institutions in the district under the Animal Husbandry Department. The details of institutions under Animal Husbandry Department are given below.

27 Institutions under Animal Husbandry Department in the district as on 31.3.2011.

Sl.No. Institution Numbers 1 District Veterinary Centre 1 2 Veterinary Hospital 14 3 Veterinary Dispensary 42 4 Veterinary Poly Clinic 3 5 Regional Artificial Insementation Centre 3 6 Mobile Vetrienary Dispensary 0 7 Mobile Veterinary Hospital 0 Total 63 Source: "Report on Integrated Sample Survey, 2010-11" published by the Directorate of Animal Husbandry

The livestock in the district as per quinquennial censuses of 2007 is as follows.

Livestock Population in the year 2007 Sl.No. Category Numbers Livestock 1 Cattle 98325 2 Buffalo 856 3 Goat 88054 4 Pig 908 Total 188143 Poultry 5 Fowls 631414 6 Ducks 46824 7 Others 16194 Total 694432 Source: “Livestock Census 2007” published by Directorate of Animal Husbandry

As per cattle census conducted in 1996, there were 290903 livestock population in the district. By 10 years their number has reduced to 188143. Cattle alone numbered 201085 in 1996. Their number has further decreased to 98325 in 2007. There is an increase in goat population from 84706 in 1996 to 88054 in 2007. There were 1158820 poultry including Fowls, Ducks etc in 1996. The poultry population in the district also has been decreased to 694432 during the corresponding period

Fisheries

This district is land-locked with no coastal line or backwater and hence deprived of the benefit of immense wealth of marine fish landings. Hence inland fishing development offers scope in the district. There were 2365 fisherman population in the district during 2009-2010 of which 1041 were men, 904 women and the rest were children. One of the two breeding centres for quality fingerlings in the state is located at Pannivelichira about 15 kms. away from the district headquarters. This seed farm is a demonstra- tion-cum-training farm controlled by the Fish Farmer’s Development Agency. At this farm, fingerlings of Catla, Rohu, Mrigal, Labeo, Cyprimes etc. are produced by induced breeding. Because of the commendable performance of this centre, fish cultivation has developed in and around Pannivelichira within a radius of 10 kms. The Farm at Polachira near Kaviyoor is a National Fish Seed Farm. As per the National Fish Seed Programme, a Chinese hatchery is being constructed at Polachira.

28 Fish Farmer’s Development Agency is a body formed in the district for the development of aquac- ulture. It traces out suitable water areas for pisiculture and encourages the farmers by imparting training on scientific fish culture, supplying quality fish and prawn fingerlings, technical advice, arranging loan facilities and by giving subsidies. A Vanitha Matsyathozhilali Vividhodhesa Sevana Bank is functioning at Thiruvalla to assist women fish vendors from exploitation of middlemen. Industry and Infrastructure Pathanamthitta is generally considered as industrially backward. At present there are no major industries under Central Sector in the district. Under State Sector there are one in the joint sector. 5 in the private sector and one in the co-operative sector which are promoted/ assisted by Kerala State Industrial Development Corporation (KSIDC).

There are three Mini Industrial Estates in the district with the State government declaring 8.5 hectares of area as development plot. District Industries Centre distributes the land to needy entrepreneurs on request. 14.48 hectares of land has been transferred to KINFRA and five acres of land has been transferred to SIDCO for industrial parks. Green channel committee has been set up to help entrepreneurs get help in obtaining licenses, clearances, electricity, water connection, without delay.

Details of Industries of SSI/MSME are given in the following table. Details of Industries of SSI/MSME

Category Pathanamthitta Kerala No. of SSI/MSME promoted by SC 554 7992 ST 42 1589 General 7404 196820 Total 8000 205987 Women 3125 52294 Total Investments (in lakhs) 36308.98 1083168.9 Value of goods and Services produced in (in lakhs) 97073.57 3715570.2 Employment generated (Nos) 45246 10211162 Source:Panchayat Level Statistics 2011 Pathanamthitta,published by Dept. of Economics and Statistics Details of industrial co-operative soceities are given in the below table

Details of Industrial Co-operative Societies in Pathanamthitta

Category Pathanamthitta Kerala Industrial co-operative societies SC 16 449 registered (No.s) ST 11 39 General 50 1113 Total 134 2466 Women 57 811 Total No. of working societies SC 4 134 (Nos.) ST 0 16 General 6 265 Total 14 582 Women 4 167 Source:Panchayat Level Statistics 2011 Pathanamthitta,published by Dept. of Economics and Statistics

29 Transport

Roads

Though National Highways do not pass through this district, Pathanamthitta district is largely ben- efited by road transport. State Highways pass through various parts of the district. The two major highways are the one entering the district from Punalur, passing through Adoor, Pandalam and Thiruvalla leading to Kottayam and the bifurcation from Punalar passing Konni, Pathanamthitta and Ranni leading to Kottayam. The district headquarters is well connected by road to Thiruvananthapuram, Kottayam and Kochi. The state highways passing through the district are SH-I known as M.C Road, having a length of 34.62 km., SH-7 i.e., Thiruvalla-Kumbazha, having a length of 33.00 km., SH-6 i.e. Kayamkulam-Thiruvalla with a length of 9.16 kms., SH-8 i.e., Punalur-Muvattupuzha having road length of 47.90 kms., SH-9 i.e., Kottayam-Kozhenchery with a road length of 16.23 kms., SH-10 i.e., Mavelikkara-Kozhenchery with a length of 8.84 kms., SH-11 i.e., Kayamkulam-Punalur with road length of 21.52 kms., SH-12 i.e., Ambalappuzha-Thiruvalla with only 3.70 km. of road length and SH-37 i.e., Adoor-Sasthamkotta with 6.40 km. These roads are being maintained by Public Works Department.

The category-wise distribution of motor vehicles in the district during the period 2007-2010 is as follows. Motor Vehicles in the District during the period 2007-2010

Sl.No. Category 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) 1 Goods Vehicles 12635 13341 14260 2 Buses 5156 5295 5419 Cars and Station 3 Wagons including 50702 56936 65137 Taxies and Jeeps 4 Three Wheelers 14940 17295 17495 5 Two Wheelers 101941 111864 124228 6 Others 219 315 962 Total 185593 205046 227501

Source: Economic Review, State Planning Board

The total number of vehicles in the state was 4880059 during 2009-2010. They numbered only 227501 in the district, forming only 4.66 per cent. The percentage increase in the number of vehicles during 2007- 2010 was 22.58 per cent in the district.

Railways

The only railway line i.e., Thiruvananthapuram - Ernakulam broad gauge line, passes through the western part of the district. The railway, having a total length of about 7.50 km. in the district, enters the district between Changanassery and Thiruvalla and leaves the district between Thiruvalla and Chengannur. Thiruvalla therefore is the only railway station within the limits of Pathanamthitta district. Chengannur railway station, situated in Alappuzha district also benefits the rail passengers of the district.

Aerodrome There are no Airports in the district. The nearest Airport is at Thiruvananthapuram, situated at a distance about 199 km. from the district headquarters. The facilities of Nedumbassery International Airport is also available to the population of the district. It is the nearest Airport for those at the north and the

30 western regions of the district. Electricity and Power

Sabarigiri and Idukki Hydroelectric Projects are the main source of power to Pathanamthitta district.

Grama Panchayats As per the recommendations of Shri Belavantha Rai Mehta committee and the administrative implementation committee headed by Shri. E.M.S. Namboothiripad, the Kerala Panchayat Act 1960 was passed with a view to promote development of democratic institutions and to secure greater measure of participation by the people in development plans and in local government affairs by decentralization of power and functions. The Act came into effect on 1-1-1962. Accordingly, 922 Panchayats were formed comprising the entire rural areas of the State. Panchayati Raj in Kerala works on the basis of the three- tier system and comprises of the Grama Panchayats, Block Panchayats and District Panchayats. In Kerala, there are 992 Grama Panchayats, 152 Block Panchayats and 14 District Panchayats. On the basis of 73rd and 74th amendments acts of the Constitution, The Panchayat Raj and the Municipality Act came into effect on the 23rd of April and 30th of May 1994 respectively. This led to the decentralization of powers, responsibilities and projects of the Government as they were transferred to the local self-government on 2nd October, 1995.It laid the provision of a three tier system of Panchayat for the first time in the village, block and district level. Panchayats were vested with the powers and responsibilities of the economic development and social justice of the state. The Panchayats were also responsible for the implementation of developmental schemes and setting up of a Finance Commission for reviewing the financial status of the Panchayats In course of time certain Panchayats were converted into Municipalities and big Panchayats were divided into smaller ones. The Kerala Panchayat Act 1994 is enacted for planned rural development and to ensure peoples participation in the increased development of local area based on 73rd amendments of Indian Constitution. This Act was amended in 1995 and in 1999 and based on recommendations of decentralization committee, First Finance Committee and Election Commission; basic changes were incorporated in 105 departments out of total of 285 departments. The special feature of these amendments is that almost all administrative control of the state on local administration was done away with. In 2000 it was amended again and power for division of wards and reservation of wards etc. were given to Election Commission. In 2001 the OMBUDSMAN Act was amended providing for only a single member.

As per the Act, three tiers of administration namely Gram Panchayat, Block Panchayat and District Panchayat are formed in each district of the state. A special feature of the Panchayat Raj is the formation of Gramasabha where the common people can participate in the decision making. Jurisdiction of Grama Panchayats is usually a village. However in certain cases more than one village constitute the area of the Panchayat. The Panchayat is divided into wards. Elections in the Panchayat are democratically conducted by the State Election Commission. Each ward of the Panchayat has an elected member. The tenure of the elected member is five years. From the members of the wards the President and Vice-President are elected. President is the head of the Grama Panchayat. For administrative purposes a Grama Panchayat Secretary is appointed. He is a Government employee. A Gram Panchayats plays a very important role in the developmental activities of the village. The grama•sabha is held at least four times in a year and developmental plans are discussed, finalized and implemented in the gramsabha meet was by the participation of people. Overall progress of the rural population has considerably increased especially in sphere of economical, educational, cultural and social activities in the last few years. In Kerala the 9th Five Year Plan was introduced through a special scheme called Janakeeya asuthranam, which means grass root level planning by the people themselves. Through this scheme power was decentralized up to the grass root level.

31 In order to give a meaningful direction to the progress of decentralization; a decision was taken by the state government vide G.O (MS) No 10/96 plg. dated 30-7-1996 that the plan programmes should consist of schemes formulated and implemented by the local bodies within their area of responsibilities. Accord- ingly the funds, which the state government received from Central Government for implementation of various schemes under the five-year plan, are earmarked for Corporations, Municipalities, District Panchayats, Block Panchayats and Grama Panchayats. The funds are transferred to the local bodies in two components - The State sponsored schemes and Grant-in-Aid to Local Bodies. The former schemes are formulated by the Head of the Department at the state level and they will be implemented by the Local Bodies. The second scheme is for various plans formulated by the Local Bodies themselves under the peoples grass root level Planning Programme (Janakeeya Asoothranam). At the time of 2011 census there were 54 Panchayats in the District. The Grant-in-Aid to Local Bodies is given in three components: (i) General Sector, (ii) SCP (Special Component Plan) and (iii) TSP (Tribal Sub Plan). The General Sector outlay is allocated to the Urban Local Bodies and Three tier Panchayats on the basis of urban - rural population in the respective areas. The provision for Urban Local Bodies is distributed among the Corporations and Municipalities according to their population. The allotment for the Three tier Panchayats was distributed to Grama Panchayats, Block Panchayats and District Panchayats in the ratio of 75 : 17 : 8 in the budget for 2007-08, 2008-09 and 2009-10. The Plan Outlay is again distributed on the basis of population in each Local Body. The provision under Special Component Plan (SCP) is distributed among Corporations, Municipali- ties and Three tier Panchayats on the basis of Scheduled Caste population in each area. The share for each tier i.e., Grama Panchayats, Block Panchayats and District Panchayats was distributed in the ratio of 60 : 20 : 20 in the budget for 2007-08, 2008-09 and 2009-10. The share under TSP (Tribal Sub Plan) has also been divided among the Three tier Panchayats on the basis of urban and rural Scheduled Tribe population. The share for the Three tier Panchayats i.e., Grama Panchayats, Block Panchayats and District Panchayats is in the ratio of 50 : 20 : 30 in the budget for 2007-08, 2008-09 and 2009-10 . Table 10 gives an account of Plan Assistance as Grant-in-Aid to Local Bodies during the years 2007-08, 2008-09 and 2009-10. Plan Assistance as Grant-in-Aid to Local Bodies for development expenditure in Pathanamthitta District during 2007-08,2008-09 and 2009-10 Year Name of Local Body Grant-in Aid (Rs.in thousands) General Sector SCP TSP Total (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) 2007-08 Grama Panchayat 245226 131298 5387 381911 Block Panchayat 53866 43347 2250 99463 District Panchayat 50876 43347 3352 97575 Municipality/Corporation 44779 16319 0 61098 Total 394747 234311 10989 640047 2008-09 Grama Panchayat 269851 144432 5925 420208 Block Panchayat 59276 47682 2475 109433 District Panchayat 55965 47682 3687 107334 Municipality/Corporation 49280 17951 0 67231 Total 434372 257747 12087 704206 2009-10 Grama Panchayat 296932 158871 6517 462320 Block Panchayat 65225 52451 2723 120399 District Panchayat 6152 52450 4056 62658 Municipality/Corporation 54231 19689 0 73920 Total 422540 283461 13296 719297 Source: Department of Finance, Govt. of Kerala

32 Kudumbashree Kudumbashree was conceived as a joint programme of the Government of Kerala and NABARD implemented through Community Development Societies (CDSs) of Poor Women, serving as the community wing of Local Governments. Kudumbashree is formally registered as the “State Poverty Eradication Mission” (SPEM), a society registered under the Travancore Kochi Literary, Scientific and Charitable Societ- ies Act 1955. It has a governing body chaired by the State Minister of LSG. There is a state mission with a field officer in each district. This official structure supports and facilitates the activities of the community network across the state. Kudumbashree differs from conventional programmes in that it perceives poverty not just as the deprivation of money, but also as the deprivation of basic rights. The poor need to find a collective voice to help claim these rights. The grassroots of Kudumbashree are Neighbourhood Groups (NHG ) that send representatives to the ward level Area Development Societies (ADS). The ADS sends its representatives to the Community Development Society (CDS), which completes the unique three-tier structure of Kudumbashree. Today, there are 1.94 lakhs NHGs, over 17,000 ADSs and 1061 CDSs in Kudumbashree. It is this network that brings women to the Grama Sabhas and helps them bring the needs of the poor to the attention of the local governments. The Community Development Societies are also very active in Government programmes and play significant roles in development activities ranging from socio-economic surveys and enterprise development to community management and social audit. Though its efforts to engage women in civil society in development issues and opportunities, Kudumbashree in association with the local self government of Kerala is charting out new meaning and possibilities for local economic development and citizen centric governance. An initiative for poverty alleviation, this model was Launched on May 17th 1998. It is now one of the largest women empowerment related movement in Asia, having a total participation of about 37.8 Lakhs. This mission is a joint initiative of the Government of Kerala and NABARD. It defines poverty as the deprivation of basic rights and money. By its attempt to bring poor women in the state within its range, Kudumbasree is now present in each & every Gram Panchayat, every welfare and development activity is related and dependent on kudumbasree to provide the community interface. This mission is mainly centred on providing enterpreneurial,marketing and management opportunities to poor women and thus making them self dependent in financial terms through vegetable farming and selling/marketing of farm products. There are 6925 neighbourhood groups (NHG) functioning in Pathanamthitta District. ii) CENSUS CONCEPTS Building: A ‘Building’ is generally a single structure on the ground. Usually a structure will have four walls and a roof. Sometimes it is made up of more than one component unit which are used or likely to be used as dwellings (residences) or establishments such as shops, business houses, offices, factories, workshops, work sheds, Schools, places of entertainment, places of worship, godowns, stores etc. It is also possible that building which have component units may be used for a combination of purposes such as shop-cum-residence, workshop-cum-residence, office-cum-residence etc. But in some areas the very nature of construction of houses is such that there may not be any wall. Such is the case of conical structures where entrance is also provided but they may not have any walls. Therefore, such of the conical structures are also treated as separate buildings. Pucca houses: Houses, the walls and roof of which are made of permanent materials. The material of walls can be any one from the following, namely, Stones (duly packed with lime or cement mortar), G.I/ metal/ asbestos sheets, Burnt bricks, Cement bricks, Concrete. Roof may be made of from any one of the following materials, namely, Machine-made tiles, Cement tiles, Burnt bricks, Cement bricks, Stone, Slate, G.I/Metal/Asbestos sheets, Concrete. Such houses are treated as Pucca house. Kutcha houses: Houses in which both walls and roof are made of materials, which have to be replaced frequently. Walls may be made from any one of the following temporary materials, namely, grass, Unburnt bricks, bamboos, mud, grass, reeds, thatch, plastic /polythene, loosed packed stone, etc. Such houses are treated as Kutcha house.

33 Dwelling Room: A room is treated as a dwelling room if it has walls with a doorway and a roof and should be wide and long enough for a person to sleep in, i.e. it should have a length of not less than 2 meters and a breadth of at least 1.5 meters and a height of 2 meters. A dwelling room would include living room, bedroom, dining room, drawing room, study room, servant’s room and other habitable rooms. Kitchen, bathroom, latrine, store room, passageway and verandah which are not normally usable for living are not considered as dwelling rooms. A room, used for multipurpose such as sleeping, sitting, dining, storing, cooking, etc., is regarded as a dwelling room. In a situation where a census house is used as a shop or office. etc., and the household also stays in it then the room is not considered as a dwelling room. But if a garage or servant quarter is used by a servant and if she/ he also lives in it as a separate household then this has been considered as a dwelling room available to the servant’s household. Tent or conical shaped hut if used for living by any household is also considered as dwelling room. A dwelling room, which is shared by more than one household, has not been counted for any of them. If two households have a dwelling room each but in addition also share a common dwelling room, then the common room has not been counted for either of the households. Census House : A ‘census house’ is a building or part of a building used or recognized as a separate unit because of having a separate main entrance from the road or common courtyard or staircase, etc. It may be occupied or vacant. It may be used for residential or non- residential purpose or both. If a building has a number of Flats or Blocks/Wings, which are independent of one another having separate entrances of their own from the road or a common staircase or a common courtyard leading to a main gate, these are considered as a separate Census house. Village: The basic unit for rural areas is the revenue village, which has definite surveyed boundaries. The revenue village may comprise of one or more hamlets but the entire village is treated as one unit for presentation of data. In unsurveyed areas, like villages within forest areas, each habitation area with locally recognized boundaries is treated as one village. Rural-Urban area: The data in the census are presented separately for rural and urban areas. The unit of classification in this regard is ‘town’ for urban areas and ‘village’ for rural areas. The urban area comprises two types of towns viz; statutory towns and Census towns. In the Census of India 2011, the definition of urban area adopted is as follows: (a) Statutory Towns : All places with a municipality, corporation, cantonment board or notified town area committee, etc are known as statutory towns. (b) Census Towns: All other places satisfying the following three criteria simultaneously are treated as Census Towns. i) A minimum population of 5,000; ii) At least 75 per cent of male working population engaged in non-agricultural pursuits; and iii) A density of population of at least 400 per sq. km. (1,000 per sq. mile) For identification of places which would qualify to be classified as ‘urban’ all villages, which, as per the 2001 Census had a population of 4,000 and above, a population density of 400 persons per sq. km. and having at least 75 per cent of male working population engaged in non-agricultural activity were considered. To work out the proportion of male working population referred to above against b) (ii), the data relating to main workers were taken into account. In addition the above stated towns, urban areas also constitutes of OGs which are the parts of UAs. Urban Agglomeration : An Urban Agglomeration is a continuous urban spread constituting a town and its adjoining urban outgrowths (OGs) or two or more physically contiguous towns together with or without urban outgrowths of such towns. In some cases, railway colonies, university campuses, port areas, military camps etc; may come up near a statutory town outside its statutory limits but within the revenue limits of a village or villages contiguous to the town. Each such individual area by itself may not satisfy the minimum population limit to qualify it to be treated as an independent urban unit but may qualify to be

34 clubbed with the exiting town as their continuous urban spread (i.e., an Out Growth). Each such town together with its outgrowth(s) is treated as an integrated urban area and is designated as an ‘urban agglomeration’. For the purpose of delineation of Urban Agglomerations during Census of India 2011, following criteria has been adopted:

The core town or at least one of the constituent towns of an urban agglomeration should necessarily be a statutory town; and The total population of an Urban Agglomeration (i.e. all the constituents put together) should not be less than 20,000 as per the 2001 Census. In varying local conditions, there were similar other combinations which have been treated as urban agglomerations satisfying the basic condition of contiguity. Out Growth (OG): The outgrowth is a viable unit such as a village or a hamlet or an enumeration block and clearly identifiable in terms of its boundaries and location. While determining the outgrowth of a town, it has been ensured that it possesses the urban features in terms of infrastructure and amenities such as pucca roads, electricity, taps, drainage system for disposal of waste water etc., educational institutions, post offices, medical facilities, banks etc and physically contiguous with the core town of the UA. City: Towns with population of 100,000 and above are called cities. Household: A ‘household’ is usually a group of persons who normally live together and take their meals from a common kitchen unless the exigencies of work prevent any of them from doing so. Persons in a household may be related or unrelated or a mix of both. However, if a group of unrelated persons live in a census house but do not take their meals from the common kitchen, then they are not constituent of a common household. Each such person was to be treated as a separate household. The important link in finding out whether it was a household or not was a common kitchen/common cooking. There may be one member households, two member households or multi-member households. Institutional Household: A group of unrelated persons who live in an institution and take their meals from a common kitchen is called an Institutional Household. Examples of Institutional Households are boarding houses, messes, hostels, hotels, rescue homes, observation homes, beggars homes, jails, ashrams, old age homes, children homes, orphanages, etc. To make the definition more clearly perceptible to the enumerators at the Census 2011, it was specifically mentioned that this category or households would cover only those households where a group of unrelated persons live in an institution and share a common kitchen.

Houseless household : Households who do not live in buildings or census houses but live in the open or roadside, pavements, in hume pipes, under flyovers and staircases, or in the open in places of worship, mandaps, railway platforms, etc., are treated as Houseless Households.

Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe

Article 341 of the Constitution of India provides that the President may, with respect to any State or Union Territory, specify the Castes, Races or Tribes or parts of or groups within Castes, Races or Tribes which shall for the purposes of the Constitution be deemed to be Scheduled Castes in relation to that State or Union Territory. Article 342 similarly provides for specification of Tribes or Tribal Communities or parts of or groups within Tribes or Tribal Communities which are to be deemed for the purposes of the Constitution to be Scheduled Tribes in relation to the various States and Union Territories. In pursuance of these provisions, the list of Scheduled Castes and / or Scheduled Tribes are notified for each State and Union Territory and are valid only within the jurisdiction of that State or Union Territory and not outside.

35 It is important to mention here that under the Constitution (Scheduled Castes) Order, 1950, no person who professed a religion different from Hinduism was deemed to be a member of a Scheduled Caste in addition to every member of the Ramdasi, Kabirpanthi, Majhabi or Sikligar Caste resident in Punjab or Patiala and East Punjab States Union were in relation to that State whether they professed the Hindu or the Sikh religion. Subsequently, in September 1956, by an amendment, the Presidential Order of 1950 and in all subsequent Presidential Orders relating to Scheduled Castes, the Hindu and the Sikh Religions were placed on the same footing with regard to the specification of Scheduled Castes. Later on, as per the amendment made in the Constitution (Scheduled Castes) Order 1990, the Hindu, the Sikh and the Buddhist were placed on the same footing with regard to the recognition of the Scheduled Castes. A member of Scheduled Tribe may belong to any religion. However a person will be reckoned as belonging to Scheduled Tribe only if the name of the Tribe appears in the list of Scheduled Tribes applicable to the State. The lists containing the names of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes applicable for Census of India 2011 in the State are given as follows: Scheduled castes 1. Adi Andhra 2. Adi Dravida 3. Adi Karnataka 4. Ajila 5. Arunthathiyar 6. Ayyanavar 7. Baira 8. Bakuda 9. Bathada 10. Bharathar (other than Parathar), Paravan 11. Chakkiliyan 12. Chamar, Muchi 13 Chandala 14. Cheruman 15. Domban 16. Gosangi 17. Hasla 18. Holeya 19. Kadaiyan 20. Kakkalan, Kakkan 21. Kalladi 22. Kanakkan, Padanna, Padannan 23. Kavara(other than Telugu speaking or Tamil speaking Balija, Kavarai, Gavara, Gavarai, Gavara Naidu, Balija Naidu, Gajalu Balija or ValaiChetty) 24. Koosa 25. Kootan, Koodan 26. Kudumban 27. Kuravan, Sidhanar, Kuravar, Kurava, Sidhana 28. Maila 29. Malayan [in the areas comprising theMalabar district as specified by sub- section(2) of section 5 of the States Reorganisation Act, 1956 (37 of 1956)]* 30. Mannan, Pathiyan, Perumannan, Vannan, Velan

36 31. Moger (other than Mogeyar) 32 Mundala 33. Nalakeyava 34. Nalkadaya 35. Nayadi 36. Pallan 37. Palluvan 38. Pambada 39. Panan 40. Paraiyan, Parayan, Sambavar, Sambavan, Sambava, Paraya, Paraiya, Parayar 41. Pulayan, Cheramar, Pulaya, Pulayar, Cherama, Cheraman, Wayanad Pulayan,Wayanadan Pulayan, Matha, Matha Pulayan 42. Puthirai Vannan 43. Raneyar 44. Samagara 45. Samban 46. Semman, Chemman, Chemmar 47. Thandan (excluding Ezhuvas andThiyyas who are known as Thandan in the erstwhile Cochin and Malabar areas) and (Carpenters who are knownas Thachan, in the erstwhile Cochin and Travancore State) 48. Thoti 49. Vallon 50. Valluvan 51. Vetan 52. Vettuvan, Pulaya Vettuvan(in the areas of erstwhile Cochin State only) 53. Nerian * Malabar district comprised of Kannur (earlier Cannanore), Kozhikode, Malappuram, Kasargod, Wayanad, Trissur districts and Palakkad (earlier Palaghat) district excluding Chittur taluk Scheduled Tribes 1. Adiyan 2. Arandan, Aranadan 3. Eravallan 4. Hill Pulaya, Mala Pulayan, Kurumba Pulayan, Karavazhi Pulayan, Pamba Pulaya 5. Irular, Irulan 6. Kadar, Wayanad Kadar 7. Kanikaran, Kanikkar 8. Kattunayakan 9. Kochuvelan 10. Koraga 11. Kudiya, Melakudi 12. Kurichchan, Kurichiyan 13. Kurumans, Mullu Kuruman, Mulla Kuruman, Mala Kuruman

37 14. Kurumbas, Kurumbar, Kurumban 15 Maha Malasar 16. Malai Arayan, Mala Arayan 17 Malai Pandaram 18 Malai Vedan, Malavedan 19. Malakkuravan 20 Malasar 21. Malayan, Nattu Malayan, Konga Malayan (excluding the areas comprising the Kasargode, Cannanore, Wayanad and Kozhikode districts) 22. Malayarayar 23. Mannan 24. Muthuvan, Mudugar, Muduvan 25. Palleyan, Palliyan, Palliyar, Paliyan 26. Paniyan 27. Ulladan, Ullatan 28 Uraly 29. Mala Vettuvan( in Kasargode and Kannur districts) 30. Ten Kurumban, Jenu Kurumban 31. Thachanadan, Thachanadan Moopan 32. Cholanaickan 33. Mavilan 34. Karimpalan 35. Vetta Kuruman 36 Mala Panickar Language and Mother tongue

As per the census concept, each language is a group of mother tongues. The census questionnaire collects information on the mother tongue of each person and mother tongue is defined as the language spoken in childhood by the person’s mother to the person. If the mother died in infancy, the language mainly spoken in the person’s home in childhood will be the mother tongue. In the case of infants and deaf mutes, the language usually spoken by the mother is considered as mother tongue. It is not necessary that the language spoken as mother tongue should have a script. The mother tongues returned by the respondents in census are classified and grouped under appropriate languages according to their linguistic characteristics. Literate

A person age 7 years and above who can both read and write with understanding in any language is taken as literate. A person who can only read but cannot write is not literate. It is not necessary that to be considered as literate, a person should have received any formal education or passed any minimum educational standard. Literacy could also have been achieved through adult literacy classes or through any non-formal educational system. People who are blind and can read in Braille are treated as literates. Literacy rate

Literacy rate of the population is defined as The percentage of literates in the age group seven years and above. For different age groups The percentage of literates in that age group gives the literacy rate. Educational level

The highest level of education a person has completed.

38 Work

Work is defined as participation in any economically productive activity with or without compensation, wages or profit. Such participation may be physical and/or mental in nature. Work involves not only actual work but also includes effective supervision and direction of work. It even includes part time help or unpaid work on farm, family enterprise or in any other economic activity. All persons engaged in ‘work’ as defined above are workers. Persons who are engaged in cultivation or milk production even solely for domestic consumption are also treated as workers.

Reference period for determining a person as worker and non-worker is one year preceding the date of enumeration. Main worker A person who has worked for major part of the reference period (i.e. six months or more during the last one year preceding the date of enumeration) in any economically productive activity is termed as ‘Main worker’. Marginal worker A person who worked for less than six months of the reference period (i.e. in the last one year preceding the date of enumeration) in any economic activity is termed as ‘Marginal worker’.

Non - worker

A person who has not worked at all in any economically productive activity during the reference period (i.e. last one year preceding the date of enumeration) is termed as ‘Non worker’.

Cultivator For purposes of the Census a person is classified as cultivator if he or she is engaged in cultivation on land owned or held from government or held from private persons or institutions for payment in money, kind or share. Cultivation includes effective supervision or direction in cultivation. A person who has given out her/his land to another person or persons or institution(s) for cultivation for money, kind or share of crop and who does not even supervise or direct cultivation in exchange of land, is not treated as cultivator. Similarly, a person working on another person’s land for wages in cash or kind or a combination of both (agricultural labourer) is not treated as cultivator. Cultivation involves ploughing, sowing, harvesting and production of cereals and millet crops such as wheat, paddy, jowar, bajra, ragi, etc., and other crops such as sugarcane, tobacco, ground-nuts, tapioca, etc., and pulses, raw jute and kindred fiber crop, cotton, cinchona and other medicinal plants, fruit growing, vegetable growing or keeping orchards or groves, etc. Cultivation does not include the following plantation crops – tea, coffee, rubber, coconut and betelnuts (areca). Agricultural labourer A person who works on another person’s land for wages in money or kind or share is regarded as an agricultural labourer. She/he has no risk in the cultivation, but merely works on another person’s land for wages. An agricultural labourer has no right of lease or contract on land on which she/he works. Household industry worker Household industry is defined as an industry conducted by the head of the household herself/ himself and or by the members of the household at home or within the village in rural areas and only within the precincts of the house where the household lives in urban areas.

The larger proportion of workers in household industry should consist of members of the household including the head. The industry should not be run on the scale of a registered factory which would qualify

39 or has to be registered under the Indian Factories Act and should be engaged in manufacturing, processing, servicing and repairs of goods. It does not include professions such as a pleader, Doctor, Musician, Dancer, Waterman, Astrologer, Dhobi, Barber, etc. or merely trade or business, even if such professions, trade or services are run at home by members of the household.

Other worker

A person who has been engaged in some economic activity during the reference period but not as a cultivator or agricultural labourer or in Household Industry is termed as a ‘Other Worker (OW)’. The type of workers that come under this category of ‘OW’ include all government servants, municipal employees, teachers, factory workers, plantation workers, those engaged in trade, commerce, business, transport, banking, mining, construction, political or social work, priests, entertainment artists, etc. In effect, all those workers other than cultivators or agricultural labourers or household industry workers, are ‘Other Workers’. Work participation rate Percentage of workers (main + marginal) to total population Population density

Population density is the number of persons inhabited per square kilometre of the area. Age Age is measured in terms of the completed number of years. Sex ratio

Number of females per 1000 males in a population. iii) NON-CENSUS CONCEPTS Concepts used in VD and TD of DCHB: 1. Educational Amenities:- The type of different educational facilities available in the village is given in numbers. Both Government and private educational facilities / institutions are considered for this- purpose. If there are composite schools like Middle schools with Primary classes, or Secondary schools with middle classes, these are included in the number of Primary and Middle schools respectively. For example, if in a village there are two Primary schools and one Middle school with primary classes, the number of Primary schools in the village are given as three and that of Middle school as one even though there may be only three educational institutions. So also in case of Secondary schools. For better understanding, the distinctiveness of different types of schools is depicted hereunder:

1.1 Pre-primary (PP): Now-a-days, the children are sent to schools at a very early stage. Lot of preprimary schools, private schools in particular, have come up in villages and towns. These may or may not be recognized by the competent authorities. Even many Secondary schools have classes starting from preprimary level. Pre-primary classes include Nursery, K.G., Pre-basic, Play school, etc. 1.2 Primary School (P): Schools providing education from Standard 1 and upward up to and inclusive of Standard V are classified as Primary Schools. 1.3 Middle School (M): Schools providing education from Standard VI and upward up to and inclusive of Standard VIII are classified as Middle Schools. A School with Class 1 to VIII is treated as two units, i.e. one Primary School and one Middle School.

40 1.4 Secondary School (S): Schools providing education from Standard IX and upwards up to and inclusive of Standard X are classified as Secondary Schools. A composite school with 1 to X standard is treated as three separate units and counted separately under the categories of Primary School, Middle School and Secondary School. 1.5 Senior Secondary School (SS): Schools and colleges that provide education for Standards XI and XII and first and second year of the Pre-University Course fall under this category. There are Senior Secondary Schools with Standard I and upwards up to Standard XII.

1.6. Degree College: (i) Arts/Science/Commerce: These are all educational institutions that provide post-PUC level education leading to University degree/diploma in any subject or combination of subjects and also post-graduate levels of education. The college offering courses in Arts, Science or Commerce either separately or in combination are covered under this category. (ii) Engineering College (E):It is a graduate/post-graduate degree college providing Bachelor of Engineering (BE) or Bachelor of Technology (B. Tech.) or post-graduate engineering degrees like M.Tech. (iii) Medical Colleges: These are graduate/post-graduate degree colleges providing MBBS or equivalent degree in alternative medicine like Ayurveda, Unani, Homeopathy etc. or post- graduate medical degrees like M.D or equivalent in the above branches of medicine. 1.7. Management College/ Institute (MI): It offers courses like Diploma in Management, Post-Graduate Diploma in Management, Masters of Business Administration (MBA) and specializations in different disciplines of Management like Marketing, Human Resources Development (HRD) etc. 1.8. Polytechnic (Pt): An Institution providing certificate/diploma (not equivalent to degree) in any technical subject like engineering, vocational courses like embroidery, fashion designing etc. It may be both Government and Private. 1.9. Vocational School/ITI: It is a vocational training institute imparting trainings in specific fields acquiring necessary skill, which will make the trainees employable or create them opportunities of self-employment. Trainings offered by Industrial Training Institutes (ITI) fall under this category. 1.10. Non-formal Education/Training Centre (NFTC): Non-vocational education centers, established by the Central and State Governments provide educational facilities to the interested persons irrespective of educational qualification, and age. These education centers are open to all. 1.11. Special School for Disabled: There are Government and Government recognized institutions/ organizations engaged for providing education to different groups of disabled persons. 2. Medical Facilities:

2.1 Hospital-Allopathic and Hospital-Alternative medicine: A hospital is an Institution, where sick or injured are given medical or surgical care. Bed strength differs from hospital to hospital ranging from 31 to 500 depending upon whether these are sub-district, sub-divisional or district hospitals. If there is hospitals providing facilities under different systems of medicines such as, Allopathy, Ayuveda, Unani and Homeopathy etc., these details are given separately. (a) Allopathy: The system of medical practice, which treats disease by the use of remedies which produce effects different from those produced by the disease under treatment. (b) Ayurveda: Ayurveda means ‘Science of life’. The philosophy of Ayurveda is based on the theory of Pancha Mahabhootas (Five elements) of which all the objects and living bodies are composed of. The combination of these five elements are represented in the form of Tridosha:

41 Vata, Pitta and Kapha. These three ‘doshas’ are physiological entities of living beings. Ayurveda developed into eight distinct specialities, i.e., Internal Medicine, Pediatrics, Psychiatry, Eye and ENT, Surgery, Toxicology, Geriatrics and Science of virility. Two types of treatments, Preventive and Curative, are given in Ayurveda. (c) Unani: Treatment of Unani consists of three components, namely, preventive, promotive and curative. Unani system of medicine has been found to be efficacious in conditions like Rheumatic Artharitis. Jaundice, Filarisis, Eczema, Sinusitis and Bronchial Asthma. For the prevention of the disease and promotion of health, the Unani System emphasizes six essentials: pure air, food and water, physical movement and rest, psychic movement and rest, sleep and wakefulness and retention of useful materials and evacuation of waste materials from the body. (d) Homoeopathy: Treatment in Homoeopathy, which is holistic in nature, focuses on an individual’s response to a specific environment. Homoeopathic medicines are prepared mainly from natural substances such as plant products, minerals and animal sources. Homoeopathic medicines do not have any toxic, poisonous or side effects.Homoeopathic treatment is economical as well and has a very broad public acceptance. 2.2 Community Health Centre (CHC): Community Health Centres are designed to provide referral health care for cases from PHC and those in need of specialist health care approaching the CHC directly. 4 PHCs are included under each CHC thus catering approximately 80,000 populations in tribal/hilly areas and 1, 20,000 populations for plain areas. CHC is a 30- bedded hospital providing specialist care in Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Surgery and Paediatrics. 2.3 Primary Health Centre (PHC): A Primary Health Centre is the first contact point between a village community and the Government medical officer. A PHC covers a population of 20,000 in hilly, tribal or difficult areas and 30,000 populations in plain areas with 4-6 indoor/observation beds. It acts as a referral unit for 6 sub-centres. It has a medical officer and para medical staff. 2.4 Primary Health Sub- Centre (PHS): A Primary Health Sub-centre is the first contact point between the primary health care system and the community. As per the population norms, one PHS is established for every 5,000 population in plain areas and 3,000 population in hilly/ tribal/ desert areas. Each PHS has a sanctioned strength of one male and one female heath worker. 2.5 Maternity and Child Welfare Centre (MCW): It provides pre-natal and post-natal services for both mother and child. The services include regular check-up of pregnant women, giving folic tablets, counseling, delivery, immunization of children with check-up etc. 2.6 TB Clinic (TBC): The diagnosis and treatment of TB are functions of the general health services and hence it is a part and parcel of Primary Health Care. Specialized units such as the District Tuberculosis Centre (DTC) act as referral centres. TB clinics are established by the Government of India under the National Tuberculosis Control Programme and implemented through a network of DTC. The DTC is the nodal point for TB control activities in the district and it also functions as a specialized referral centre. The functions of sub-district level Tuberculosis Unit (TU) are implementation, monitoring and supervision of TB control activities in its designated geographical areas. 2.7 Health Centre: Clinic where medicine and medical supplies are dispensed. It has no in-patient facility. A clinic (or an outpatient clinic) is a small private or public health facility that is devoted to the care of outpatients, often in a community, in contrast to larger hospitals, which also treat inpatients.

42 2.8 Dispensary: Place where patients are treated and medicines provided but with no in-patient facility.Immunizations, MCH Services and sometimes pathological tests are carried out here. It may be of allopathic or any alternative medicine. 2.9 Veterinary Hospital: Mostly run by the State Government or local body for treatment and preventive measures against diseases of domestic animals like cows, buffaloes etc in rural areas. 2.10 Mobile Health Clinic: These are Mobile vans well equipped with a range of health services to villages located far away from the CHCs, PHCs or any public health sources. The vans visit villages on designated days to deliver the health care services. The services generally offered are OPD, ante-natal and post-natal, B.P. examination, X-ray, ECG, Immunization, First Aid etc. 2.11 Family Welfare Centre: Check-up and counseling is provided to the pregnant and married women regarding small family norm and devices for having a small family. Temporary and permanent contraceptive devices are provided here. 2.12 Nursing Home: A nursing home is a long –term care facility licensed by the state that offers 24- hour room and board and health care services including basic and skilled nursing care, rehabilitation and a full range of other therapies., treatments and programs to old and sick people. The difference between a hospital and a nursing home is that a nursing home gives importance to convalescence from a disease while a hospital gives medical treatment for the disease. 2.13 Medicine Shop: A shop which sells drugs and medicines of any system of medicine viz. allopathic, homeopathic, ayurvedic or unani medicines, is considered as a medicine shop. Sometimes some shops and Paan shops also keep ordinary medicines, like Crocin, Burnol etc. These shops are not taken as medicine shops. 3. Drinking water: The following are the main source of drinking water facility (ies) available in the village.

3.1 Tap Water-treated: This source of drinking water refers to a source of drinking water which is provided to the villagers through pipes within their premises or to the villagers through common taps (public taps/community water points) by the Government departments, local bodies, panchayats, public or private estate agencies, etc. after treatment. Such a source is treated as ‘Tap water from treated source’. 3.2 Tap Water-un-treated: If the villagers are drawing drinking water through pipes either directly from a well or bore well or after pumping the well or tube well water, or the water is supplied through pipes to the households of the village or through public taps without treatment.Such a source is treated as ‘Tap water from un-treated source’. 3.3 Covered Well (CW): A well that is (1) covered on sides from run-off water (i.e., excess water from rain, snowmelt or other sources flows over the land) through a wall lining or casting that is raised above ground level on a platform that diverts spilled water away from the well and (2) covered so that bird droppings and animals cannot fall down the hole. It is considered as covered well. 3.4 Un-covered Well (UW): A well which is (1) un-covered on sides from runoff water, (2) un-covered from bird droppings and animals; or (3) both. 3.5 Hand Pump (HP): Hand pump means where ground water is taken out manually by operating a hand pump.

43 3.6 Tube Well / Borehole (TW): Tube well denotes the ground water source from where ground water is taken out through electrical or diesel pump. Spring, River/Canal, Tank/Pond/Lark are self explanatory. 4. Community Toilet Complex : Community Toilet may be constructed and maintained by Gram Panchayats or Private NGOs like Sulabh Sauchalaya or likes.

5. Rural Sanitary Mart or Sanitary Hardware Outlet (RSM): It is an outlet dealing with the materials, hardware and designs required for the construction of not only sanitary latrines but other sanitary facilities such as compost pit, washing platform and other sanitation and hygiene accessories required for individuals, households and the environment in the rural areas.

6. Community bio-gas or recycle of waste for productive use: Many of the solid wastes having economic values but put for disposal can be recycled for reuse. For example, food, cow dung, leaves, vegetable, paper, wood, plastics, old cloth etc. However, some of the wastes are not recyclable. These are carbon paper, thermo coal etc. When recyclable solid wastes is subjected to decomposition, bio-gas could be produced under favourable conditions. These systems of recycling may be there at the village level organized by Gram Panchayats with technical support from Governments or non-government organizations.

7. Communication and transport Facilities: 7.1 Post Office (PO): Self-explanatory. 7.2 Sub-Post Office (SPO): Sub-post office includes Extra Departmental Post Offices and those providing franchise postal services and also part time services in lieu of some honorarium. The limited postal services include sale of stamps, receipt of letters and money orders and also distribution of letters. 7.3 Post & Telegraph Office (PTO): Telegraph office is set up by the Government to enable people to send or receive telegrams. If the phonogram facility is available (though the Telegraph office may not be equipped with Morse Code Transmitters), the village is considered to be having telegraph facility. 7.4 Telephones (landlines): If the village is having the Public Call Office (PCO) either run by the Post Office or by individuals or by a private shop, then the village is considered to be having telephone facility. 7.5 Public Call Office (PCO)/Mobile PCO: Self explanatory. 7.6 Mobile Phone Coverage: Mobile phones are now very common particularly in urban areas. Some villages by virtue of being in close proximity to the urban areas also enjoy the benefits of the mobile phone services. Even if a few villagers avail the services of mobile phones, then the village is considered to be having access to mobile phone. 7.7 Internet Cafes/Common Service Centres (CSC): If the village is having the facility of Cyber Cafes or shops owned by private individuals providing the facility of surfing of the internet, then the village is considered to be having access to internet/cyber cafe facility. Government of India formulated the scheme of CSC with the vision of providing all government services in an integrated manner at the door step of the citizen at an affordable cost even in the remotest corners of the country through a combination of it based as well as non-IT based services. 7.8 National Highway (NH): These are main highways running through the length and breadth of the country. Each NH is numbered like NH-1, NH-2 for easy identification. 7.9 State Highway (SH): These are roads of a state linking district headquarters and important cities within a State and connecting them with NHs or Highways of the neighboring States.

44 7.10 Major District Roads (MDR): These are important roads within a district, serving areas of production and markets and connecting these with each other or with the main Highways. 7.11 Other District Roads (ODR): These are roads serving rural areas of production and providing them with outlet to market centres, taluka headquarters, block development head quarters or other main roads. 7.12 Village Road:The approach to village refers to the state of road etc., leading to the village. This is to see whether the village is approachable both in fair and foul weather, and whether it is inaccessible only for some time in the year. 7.13. Black-Topped (Pucca) Road (BTR): A road provided with a bituminous surfacing. 7.14 Gravel (Kuchha) Road (GR): A road constructed using well compacted crushed rock or gravel material (coarse sand, small stones), which is fairly resilient and does not become slippery when wet. 7.15 Water Bound Macadam (WBM): This is the road layer made of crushed or broken mixture of sand and rock fragments mechanically interlocked by rolling and voids filled with screening and binding material with the assistance of water. 7.16 Foot Path (FP): A trodden path for the use by pedestrians and in some cases bicycles. The Foot Paths are not suitable for vehicular traffic except bicycles in some cases. Most of the interior/ forest villages are connected by Foot Paths. 8. Banks and Credit Societies: -Banking facility means a place where a person can operate a bank account.

8.1 Commercial Bank (CB): These may be banks wholly ownedby the Government of India. or by Indian or Foreign Companies. 8.2 Cooperative Banks (Coop. B): A co-operative bank is a financial entity which belongs to its members, who are at the same time the owners and the customers of their bank. Cooperative banks are often created by persons belonging to the some local or professional community or sharing a common interest. These banks are registered under the Cooperative Societies Act. The cooperative banks are regulated by RBI and are covered by the Banking Regulations Act, 1949. 8.3 Agricultural Credit Society (ACS): Major objectives of the ACS are to supply agricultural credit to meet the requirements of funds for agricultural production, the distribution of essential consumer commodities, the provision of storage and marketing facilities and for light agricultural implements and machinery. 8.4 Non-Agricultural Credit Society (NCS): These societies include consumer cooperative societies and also credit cooperative societies of certain categories of persons like teachers, health workers, etc. 9. Miscellaneous Facilities:

9.1 Self-help Group (SHG): Self-Help Groups are groups of between 10-25 women created by either NGOs or under the SGSY (Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana) for the purposes of meeting local credit needs. They are sometimes called Mahila Mandals in villages. 9. 2. Public Distribution System (PDS) shop: The shops through which some essential commodities are sold by the government at subsidized rates. They may also be known as ration shops and control shops. 9.3. Mandis/Regular Market: These are those clusters of shops with or without fixed premises which are open on at least six days a week and opens at least from morning hours to dusk.

45 9.4. Weekly Haat: These are those clusters of shops with or without fixed premises which are open once a week. 9.5. Agricultural Marketing Society: It is a common platform to analyse the issues among all the individuals and institutions in the field of agricultural marketing. 9.6. Nutrition Centre: Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS): The Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) Scheme set up by the Government of India with the objective of providing following package of services to the children under 6 years and pregnant and lactating mothers in villages such as; Immunization, Health Check-up, Referral Services, Pre-school Non- formal Education and Nutrition & Health Education. 9.7. Anganwadi Centre: Each centre under the ICDS scheme is run by an Anganwadi Worker. One Anganwadi worker is appointed for specified population of the village. They are basically local women. They are assisted by Anganwadi helper. They provide pre-school non-formal education at the Centre and provide food to the children. 9.8. Accredited Social Health Activist (ASHA): ASHA is a health activist in the community who will create awareness on health and its social determinants and mobilize the community towards local health planning and increased utilization and accountability of the existing health services. She would be a promoter of good health practices. She will also provide a minimum package of curative care as appropriate and feasible for that level and make timely referrals. She will act as a motivator of different types of health related activities. Unlike ANM, she will not be involved in any clinical activities like immunization. 9.9. Sports Club/Recreation Centre: Indoor and out-door games are arranged by the Club and activities like wrestling, Judo Karate etc. are also done there. 9.10. Cinema/Video Hall (CV): If regular cinema houses licensed by Government is available, then the town/village is considered to be having the facility of Cinema Hall. Video hall owners screen films in their own or hired premises. 9.11. Public Library: Books are kept there which can be accessed by the public on loan basis. These may be sponsored by Government or Local Body or Panchayat or any influential person. Free service or nominal charges are made for using the facility. 9.12. Public Reading Room: Here the public may read newspapers and magazines. These may be sponsored by Government or Local Body or Panchayat or any influential person. 9.13. Newspaper Supply: The availability of the Newspaper(s), both in English or vernacular, in the village is considered to having the said facility. 10. Availability of Electricity/Power. If power is actually available, whatever may be the form of its use, it is indicated affirmative.If the village is having electricity for domestic purposes and the residents are using the same for domestic use, then it is considered that domestic power supply is available. If the electricity authority has not given domestic supply to the households on their request and people are using unauthorized electricity either by stealthily or misuse the supply meant for agricultural or industrial purposes, then it is not considered as availability of electricity for domestic purposes. However, if the village goes out of power due to temporary technical problems such as, transformer failures, theft of electrical equipment, etc., it is considered that electricity is available. Supply of electricity is considered available even when there is a temporary ban on new domestic connections. Connections to residential houses, bungalows, clubs, hostels and hospitals run on non-commercial basis, charitable, educational and religious institutions are included in the domestic category.

10.1 Power Supply for domestic use:This category includeselectricityused only for domestic consumption.

46 10.2 Power supply for agricultural use: This category includes all electricity connections given to the farmers for conducting various agricultural activities including irrigation. 10.3 Power supply for commercial use: This category includes electricity connections given for workshops, industries etc. or for any commercial purposes. 10.4 Power supply for all uses: This category includes electricity connection is available for domestic use, agricultural use, and for any commercial purposes. 11. Land Use Pattern: The land use area of the villages is given in hectares. The land use pattern in the Village Directory conform to the pattern of classification of land use as recommended by the Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India. The Ministry has recommended the maintenance of records of land use pattern under the 9 categories as indicated in the Village Directory.

12. System of drainage : Generally, by drainage system, we mean the network of mains and branches of underground conduits for the conveyance of sewerage to the point of disposal. Sewers that carry only household and industrial wastage are called separate sewers; those that carry storm water from roofs, streets and other surfaces are known as storm water drains, while those carrying both sewage and storm water are called combined sewers. However, in towns, which are not provided with such underground sewerage system, it is mentioned whether it has open drainage system. There may be possibil- ity of the town having both closed as well as open drainage systems.

13. Type of latrines: The data on various types of latrines both public and private together are collected. The three types of latrines considered here are, Pit Latrine, Flush/Pour Flush Latrine and Service Latrine.

(i) Pit System: The latrines are attached to the pit that is dug into the ground for the reception of night soil, are reckoned as pit latrine. (ii) Flush/pour flush: A flush latrine uses a cistern or holding tank for flushing water and has a water seal, which is a U-shaped pipe, below the seat or squatting pan that prevents the passage of flies and odours. A pour flush latrine uses a water seal, but unlike a flush latrine, a pour flush latrine uses water poured by hand for flushing (no cistern is used). (iii) Service: Type of latrine from where night soil is removed manually by scavengers. All other types of latrines are covered under “Others” category. 14. Protected Water Supply- Source and capacity of Storage system:There are various sources of water supply and its storage system in the town.

14.1 Service Reservoir: A servicereservoir is a water storage container that holds clean water after it has been treated in a water plant, and before it is piped to the end users. These containers are covered, and are designed to keep the water safe from contamination. Their main purpose is to provide a buffer within the water supply system so that water supplies can be maintained across periods of varying demand. 14.2 River Infiltration Gallery: Infiltration Galleries are capable of supplying large quantities of water, and are used where wells are unable to supply water needs, i.e. where an impermeable rock barrier affects well efficiency, or where surface water sources are too shallow for intake screens. Infiltration galleries are one or more horizontal screens placed adjacent to (on-shore), or directly underneath (bed-mounted), a surface water source. 14.3 Bore Well Pumping System: A bore well is a well of 6" to 12" in diameter drilled into the earth for retrieving water. The depth of a bore well can vary from 50 feet to 3000 feet. Water is pumped out to surface through electricity/generator.

47 14.4 Pressure Tank: Tank that is used to ensure consistent water pressure and for storage of water. Usually located in basement of house but sometimes (in older settings) located in well pit. 15. Road lighting (Points): Road lighting means the number of street lights that are maintained in the town.

16. Home Orphanage: Orphanageis the name to describe a residential institution devoted to the care of orphans–children whose parents are deceased or otherwise unable to care for them. Parents, and sometimes grandparents, are legally responsible for supporting children, but in the absence of these or other relatives willing to care for the children, they become a ward of the state, and orphanages are a way of providing for their care and housing.

17. Working women’s hostel: These may be recognised or non-recognised by any public authority. The data on number of working women’s hostels available in the town are collected with number of seats.

18. Old Age Home: There are two types of Old Age Homes in India. One is the “Free” type which cares for the destitute old people who have no one else to care for them. They are given shelter, food, clothing and medical care. The second type is the “Paid” home where care is provided for a fee. Nowadays, such “Retirement” homes have become very popular in India and they are well worth considering.

19. Stadium: A stadium is a place, or venue, for (mostly) outdoor sports, concertsor other events, consisting of a field or stage partly or completely surrounded by a structure designed to allow spectators to stand or sit and view the event.

20. Auditorium/Community Hall: These are the places wheremeetings, social functions etc. are organised.

Civic status of urban units: Civic Status of a town/city is determined on the basis of Civic Administrative Authority of the town e.g., Municipal Corporation / Corporation, Municipal Committee / Municipal council, Municipality etc.

Size class of U.A./town : Size-class of U.A./Town is based on the population size of the U.A./City/ Town.

U.A.s/Towns with 100,000 and above population are classified as Class I U.A.s/ Towns. Towns with 50,000 to 99,999 population are classified as Class II towns, 20,000 to 49,999 population are Class III towns, population with 10,000- 19,999 are Class IV towns, population with 5,000 and 9,999 are Class V towns and towns with less than 5,000 population are Class VI towns. Slum area : The Slum Areas (Improvement and Clearance) Act, 1956, which was enacted by the Central Government defined slums as (a) Areas where buildings are in any respect unfit for human habitation; or (b) are by reasons of dilapidation, overcrowding, faulty arrangement and design of such buildings, narrowness or faulty arrangement of streets, lack of ventilation, light or sanitation facilities, or any combination of these factors, are detrimental to safety, health or morals.

Mega city : The concept of ‘Mega city’ is a recent phenomenon in the Urban Sociology and is defined in term of metropolitan city in the form of large size, problem of management of civic amenities and capacity to absorb the relatively high growth of population. Indian Census in 1991 treated the population size of 5 million and above as the cutoff point to identify a place as the mega city. Whereas, for the purpose of inclusion in Centrally Sponsored Scheme for Infrastructure Development in Mega cities the Ministry of Urban Affairs and employment, Department of Urban Development adopted the criteria of 4 million and above population as per 1991 Census for Mega Cities. In 2001 Census, cities with 10 millions and above population have been treated as Mega cities and the same criteria of population have been adopted in 2011 census.

48 iv ) CENSUS FINDINGS

The population of the district has decreased from 1,234,016 in 2001 to 1197412 in 2011 with a break- up of 561716 males and 635696 females. The district, with 6.8 per cent of the total geographical area of the state, accommodates 3.6 per cent of the total population of the state. The following Statement -1 shows the percentage of population in each taluk to the population of the District for 2001 and 2011 Censuses.

Statement-1

Name of Taluk Percentage to total population of the District

2001 2011 Thiruvalla 19 18.7 Mallappally 11.1 11.2 Ranni 16.8 16.6 Kozhenchery 28.4 28.3 Adoor 24.7 25.3 a) Distribution of population in Rural and Urban areas The Census tradition shows that the population data at a given point of time has always been presented at rural and urban levels. Such a presentation, showing the distribution of population into two distinct segments, enables us to study the extent of urbanization and the shift of population from rural to urban on that account. The rural-urban classification is necessary for understanding the process of urbanization in the District. The rural population has decreased from 1,110,218 in 2001 to 1,065,799 in 2011 and the urban population has increased from 1,23,798 in 2001 to 1,31,613 in 2011. The rural-urban distribution of population in 2001 and 2011 census is diagramatically depicted below.

49 Of the total population, 1065799 are in rural while 131613 are in urban areas in 2011. The district is sub-divided into five taluks, viz, Thiruvalla, Mallappally, Ranni, Kozhenchery and Adoor. In Mallappally and Ranni taluks, there was no urban population in 2001 and 2011 Censuses. Kozhenchery Taluk has retained the position as the most populous taluk of the district in 2011 Census with 28.3 per cent of the population. Thiruvalla Taluk with 18.7 per cent, Mallappally Taluk with 11.2 per cent, Ranni Taluk with 16.6 per cent and Adoor Taluk with 25.3 per cent share the remaining population in 2011 Census. In 2001 Census also, Kozhenchery was the most populous taluk with 28.4 per cent of the total population of the district.

In 2011, the urban population of the district is spread over Thiruvalla, Kozhenchery and Adoor Taluks as in 2001 Census. The population of the district is divided between the rural and the urban in the ratio of 8:1 in 2011. The urban population of the district has increased from 123,798 in 2001 to 131613 in 2011 i.e., from 10.0 per cent to 11.0 per cent of the total population. The increase is due to the formation of Kozhenchery Census Town in 2011 Census. Thiruvalla is the most urbanized taluk of the district with 23.7 per cent of the total population of the taluk as urban in both 2001 and 2011 Censuses. Thiruvalla Taluk has got 40.2 per cent of the urban population of the district in 2011. In 2001, this was 45.9 per cent. Thiruvalla Municipality is the sole Class II town in the district in 2001 as well as in 2011. The other towns of district were Class III towns in 2001 and remained same in 2011 Census. Adoor Taluk has become less urbanized in 2001 because of the declassification of Pandalam Municipality as rural. In 2011 Census, Kozhenchery Taluk has got 37.7 per cent of the urban population whereas it was 30.7 per cent in 2001. Adoor Municipality has got the least urban population of 29171. Adoor Taluk has only 22.2 per cent of the urban population of the district in 2011 as against 23.4 per cent in 2001. The remaining two taluks viz., Mallappally and Ranni are totally rural. The urban population of the district is distributed in three statutory towns and one Census Town. Among the Towns, Thiruvalla Municipality with 52883 persons is the most populous town in the district. Pathanamthitta Municipality with 37538 persons is the second while Adoor Municipality takes the third place with 29171 persons Kozhenchery CT is the only one Census Town newly formed in 2011 Census with Population 12021. The average population size of a town in the district is worked out as 32903 persons in 2011 as against 41266 persons in 2001 Census. The rural population of 1,065,799 accounting for 90.0 per cent of the total population in the district, is distributed in 64 villages under five taluks. Thiruvalla Taluk accommodates 16.0 per cent of the total rural population of the district in 10 villages, Mallappally Taluk accommodates 12.3 per cent in 9 villages, Ranni Taluk 18.7 per cent in 11 villages, Kozhenchery Taluk 28.1 per cent in 20 villages and Adoor Taluk has 24.8 per cent of the rural population in 14 villages.

(b) Size class and status of towns, Population, Growth, Density and Sex Ratio, Work participation rate, Literacy, Religion, Availability of University education in the District.

Size, Class and Status of Towns

The classification of towns in each census is based on its population in the particular census. With the growth/decline of population, the towns may change their size-classes. In addition to this, certain towns cease to exist due to merger with the other towns and declassification of towns as rural area. New towns may also be formed. In 2011 Census, there are three Statutory Towns and one Census Town in the district. The urban status of none of these 3 Statutory towns of the district has changed during 2001-2011, but a new Census Town was formed during the period. For classification of towns, six population size- classes have been formed. The size-class I with population 1,00,000 and above is the highest size-class and size-class VI with less than 5,000 population is the lowest size-class.

In 2001, there was no Class I town in Pathanamthitta District. There was one town in Class II and 2 towns in Class III. In 2011, the number of Class II towns remained the same. The number of towns in Class

50 III is also same as in 2001. The newly formed Census Town belongs to Class IV. The number of towns in the district in 2011 falling under each size-class and the population range for each urban size-class is pictorially depicted below.

Less 0 than VI 5,000

0 5,000 – 9,999 V

1 10,000 – 19,999 IV 2 III 20,000 – 49,999 1 50,000 – 99,999 II

I 0 1,00,000+

Population Growth In 1901, the district had a population of 276,251 persons. From a population growth-rate of 14.8 per cent in 1901-11, the district had reached its highest growth rate of 27.2 per cent within a couple of decades, i.e., by 1921-31. The growth-rate witnessed a decline to 20.51 per cent in 1931-41 but picked up once again in 1941-51 to 24.8 per cent. Thereafter it had started declining steadily after every decade – i.e., to 23.5 per cent in 1951-61, to 15.8 per cent in 1961-71, to 9.5 per cent in 1971-81, to 5.6 per cent in 1981-91and to3.8 per cent in 1991-2001. The present negative population growth-rate of -3.0 per cent in the district over 2011 Census is the lowest ever recorded since 1901. The following Statement -2 shows the percentage decadal growth during 2001-2011.

Statement -2 State/District/Taluk Population Percentage of Decadal Growth 2001-2011 2001 2011 Kerala State 31841374 33406061 4.9 Pathanamthitta District 1234016 1197412 -3 Thiruvalla Taluk 234503 223503 -4.7 Mallappally Taluk 137064 134219 -2.1 Ranni Taluk 207782 198194 -4.6 Kozhenchery Taluk 350416 338560 -3.4 Adoor Taluk 304251 302936 -0.4

All the taluks of the district have registered negative growth-rate during the decade 2001-2011. Adoor Taluk has recorded the highest growth-rate of -0.4 per cent during 2001-2011 among the taluks. Adoor and Mallappally taluks having shows growth rates more than that of district growth rate. The growth- rates of population in rural and urban areas of the district are -4.0 per cent and 6.3 per cent respectively in 2011. It was 7.4 per cent for rural and 20.2 per cent for urban in 2001.

Density One of the important indices of population concentration is the density of population. It is defined as the number of persons per square kilometre. The overall density of population per square kilometre in

51 Pathanamthitta District is 452 persons. It was 468 in 2001. In 2001 Census, Pathanamthitta District was the 12th among the districts in density and in 2011 also, the district retains the same rank. The density of population in 2001 and 2011 of Pathanamthitta district and its taluks are shown in Statement-3

Statement -3

State/District/Taluk Density of Population

2001 2011 Kerala State 819 860 Pathanamthitta District 468 452 Thiruvalla Taluk 1425 1471 Mallappally Taluk 878 795 Ranni Taluk 195 189 Kozhenchery Taluk 345 333 Adoor Taluk 930 982

Among the Taluks, there is conisederable variation in density. Thiruvalla Taluk has the highest density of 1471 persons per square kilometre, followed by Adoor Taluk with 982, Mallappally Taluk with 795 and Kozhenchery with 333. The lowest density is reported in Ranni Taluk (189). During 2001-2011 period, the density has slightly decreased in the District and all taluks except Thiruvalla and Adoor taluks.

Sex-ratio The sex-ratio is defined as the number of females per 1,000 males in population. In 2011 Census, Pathanamthitta District has a sex-ratio of 1132 females per 1000 males as against 1084 females per 1000 males in the state. The sex-ratio of the district was 1094 females per 1000 males in 2001Census. The sex- ratio of the district turned positive in 1961, and thereafter it has increased steadily over the preceeding decades.

The rural area of the district has reported the same sex-ratio of the district 1132 females per 1000 males in 2011 as against a sex-ratio of 1095 in 2001. In the urban area of the district, the sex-ratio is 1126 in 2011 as against a sex-ratio of 1078 in 2001. The sex ratio of the District is diagrammatically depicted below:

52 Among the taluks, the highest sex-ratio in 2011 is reported from Kozhenchery Taluk (1146) while the lowest is in Ranni Taluk (1091). In the rural area of Kozhenchery Taluk, the sex-ratio is as high as 1150 females per 1000 males. In all the taluks, the sex-ratio of the rural population is much higher than that of the urban population. In 2001 Census, the sex-ratio did not vary much in Thiruvalla Taluk; 1099 in rural and 1098 in urban. Among the towns, the highest sex-ratio of 1149 is in Kozhenchery(CT) in 2011. Among Statutory Towns, the highest sex-ratio is reported in Thiruvalla Municipality as in 2001. In all the towns in the district, the sex-ratio has increased in line with general trend in the district. The out-migration of male population for better avenues can be considered as one of the reason for domination of female population in the district. Statement No 4 shows the sex-ratio of the State, District and the Taluks for 2001 and 2011 Censuses.

Statement -4 State/District/Taluk Total/ Rural/ Sex-ratio Urban 2001 Census 2011 Census Kerala State Total 1058 1084 Rural 1059 1078 Urban 1058 1091 Pathanamthitta District Total 1094 1132 Rural 1095 1132 Urban 1078 1126 Thiruvalla Taluk Total 1099 1145 Rural 1099 1149 Urban 1098 1131 Mallappally Taluk Total 1086 1105 Rural 1086 1105 Urban - - Ranni Taluk Total 1063 1091 Rural 1063 1091 Urban - - Kozhenchery Taluk Total 1108 1146 Rural 1115 1150 Urban 1053 1124 Adoor Taluk Total 1098 1145 Rural 1101 1147 Urban 1072 1123

Work participation rate

There was no conceptual change in the definition of work between 1981 and 1991 Censuses while conceptual change in defining the workers was seen in the previous Censuses of 1971 and 1961. In 1991 Census, in the definition of work, unpaid work on farm or in family enterprise was included whereas in 2001, work includes part-time help or unpaid work in farm, family enterprise or in any other economic activity. The main workers plus the marginal workers of 1981 or 1991 or 2001 or 2011 are comparable with the workers plus non-workers with secondary work of 1971 and workers of 1961. In 2011, Marginal workers are further classified into those worked for 0 to 3 months and those worked for 3 to 6 months.

53 The work participation rate for total workers is defined as the percentage of total workers to the total population. 2001 Census had recorded 29.7 per cent of the total population of the district was workers.In 2001, the male work participation rate in the District was 47.5 per cent and that of the females was 13.4 per cent. In 2011 Census, the total, male and female work participation rate have slightly increased to 32.8 per cent, 50.2 per cent and 17.5 per cent respectively.

The work participation rate in the District for 2001and 2011 is diagramatically depicted below:

In 2001 Census, the main workers constituted 23.2 per cent whereas marginal workers were 6.5 per cent. In 2011 Census, the work participation rate of main workers and marginal workers have increased marginally to 24.5 per cent and 8.3 per cent respectively. The corresponding figures for the state in 2011 are 34.8 per cent for total workers, 27.9 per cent for main workers and 6.9 per cent for marginal workers. In the rural areas of the district, the total work participation rate was 29.9 per cent in 2001. It was more than the urban work participation rate of 27.3 per cent. The percentage of main workers, marginal workers and non-workers accounted for 23.2 per cent, 6.5 per cent and 70.3 per cent respectively. In 2011 Census, the total work participation rate for the rural area of the district is 37.7 per cent. Of them, 29.6 per cent are main workers and 8.1 per cent are marginal workers. The percentage of non-workers has decreased to 63.3 per cent as in 2011 Census.

In the urban areas of the district, the percentage of total workers was 27.3 per cent, 23.1 per cent for main workers and 4.1 per cent for marginal workers in 2001. The corresponding figure for the state was 32.3 per cent for total workers, 25.9 per cent for main and 6.4 per cent for marginal workers. In 2011 Census, the work participation rate in the urban area of the district has increased to 31.9 per cent. The percentage of main workers has declined in urban areas to 26.8 per cent in 2011 while moderate increase in work participation rate of marginal workers (5.0 per cent) is observed. The percentage of non-workers has increased marginally to 68.1 per cent in 2011 from 72.7 per cent in 2001. Among the taluks, the proportion of total workers to the total population is the highest in Adoor Taluk (31.7 per cent) and the lowest in Thiruvalla and Kozhenchery taluks (28.8 per cent) in 2001. In 2011

54 Census, Ranni Taluk has achieved the highest total work participation rate (33.5 per cent) and Mallappally taluk with 31.9 per cent are at the lower end. In 2001 Census, 22.9 per cent of the population in Thiruvalla Taluk, 23.0 per cent in Mallappally, 23.3 per cent in Ranni, 22.9 per cent in Kozhenchery and 23.6 in Adoor taluks were main workers. The percentage of main workers has increased considerably in 2011. Thiruvalla Taluk has 24.4 per cent, Mallappally Taluk has 24.3 per cent, Ranni Taluk has 25.6 per cent, Kozhenchery Taluk has 24.2 per cent and Adoor Taluk has 24.2 per cent of the population as main workers in 2011. The percentage of marginal workers are also increased in all the taluks in 2011 as compared to 2001. In Adoor Taluk, the percentage of marginal workers is as high as 9.1 per cent in 2011 as against 8.1 per cent in 2001. In the rural areas of the taluks, there is increase in the total work participation rate in 2011 as compared to 2001. The percentage of marginal workers has also improved in the rural areas of all the taluks in 2011. The total work participation rate has increased in Statutory Towns. Thiruvalla Municipality, 30.8 per cent, Pathanamthitta Municipality (32.6 per cent) and Adoor Municipality (28.5 per cent). The newly formed Kozhenchery Census Town has work participation rate of 33.0 which is higher than that of all Municipalities in the district. Statement No 5 shows the work participation rate of the State, District and the Taluks for 2001 and 2011 Censuses.

Statement-5

State/District/Taluk Percentage to Total Population

Main worker Marginal worker Non worker

2001 2011 2001 2011 2001 2011

Kerala State 25.9 27.9 6.4 6.9 67.7 65.2 Pathanamthitta District 23.2 24.5 6.5 8.3 70.3 67.2 Thiruvalla Taluk 22.9 24.4 5.9 7.5 71.2 68 Mallappally Taluk 23 24.3 6.2 7.6 70.8 68.1 Ranni Taluk 23.3 25.6 6.1 7.9 70.6 66.5 Kozhenchery Taluk 23 24.2 5.8 8.7 71.2 67.1 Adoor Taluk 23.6 24.2 8.1 9.1 68.3 66.7

The male domination is observed in total workers, main workers and marginal workers all over the district in 2011 as in 2001. In Thiruvalla Taluk, only 11.9 per cent of the female population are main workers while in Ranni taluk, it is as low as 9.6 per cent. In Pathanamthitta Municipality, 26.1 per cent of the female population is reported as main workers, which is the highest among the towns in the district in 2011.

Category of different workers in the District for 2001 and 2011 Census is diagrammatically depicted in the following page.

55 In 2011 Census, among the four categories, the other workers account for the highest percentage of workers (72.5 per cent), 68.7 per cent for males and 82.3 for females. Agricultural labourers with 14.1 per cent take the next position among the workers in the district. Males dominate with 15.7 per cent as against 10.1 per cent of females in this category. In household industry, females dominate over males in the rural area of the taluks. But in the urban areas of Thiruvalla and Kozhenchery taluks, more males are engaged in household industry than that of females. It can be noticed that in Thiruvalla Taluk, more females are engaged in agricultural labour (18.0 per cent) than that of males (15.2 per cent). Statement 6 shows the workers in different category of State, District and Taluk for 2001 and 2011 Census.

Statement -6 State/District/Taluk Percentage to Total Workers Cultivators Agricultural Household Other workers Labourers Industry Workers 2001 2011 2001 2011 2001 2011 2001 2011 Kerala State 7 5.8 15.8 11.4 3.6 2.3 73.6 80.5

Pathanamthitta 13.5 10.5 19.9 14.1 2.8 2.8 63.8 72.5 District Thiruvalla Taluk 6.4 5 15.9 11.1 3 3 74.7 80.9

Mallappally Taluk 14.7 10.2 19.8 12.6 3 3.3 62.5 73.9

Ranni Taluk 14.9 13.8 20.7 15.7 2.4 2.6 62 68

Kozhenchery Taluk 15.5 10.9 20 14.6 2.8 2.8 61.7 71.7

Adoor Taluk 15 12.1 21.9 15.4 3.1 2.6 60 69.9

Literacy

Literacy was a census question in the very first census of the country. The definition of literacy has undergone changes from census to census. In 2011 Census, the same definition as in 2001 Census is followed. A person who can both read and write with understanding in any language is taken as a literate. A person who can merely read but cannot write is not a literate. People who are blind and can read Braille are also considered as literates in 2011. It is not necessary that a person who is a literate should have passed any minimum educational standard. In 1991,2001 and 2011, all children of age 6 or less are treated as illiterates though they may be going to school and can read and write a few odd words.

56 In 2011 Census, literacy rates (total, rural and urban) of the district have been increased from 2001 census. The total literacy rate of the district is 96.55 per cent in 2011 as against a literacy rate of 94.8 per cent in 2001. The total, rural and urban literacy rate of the District in 2011 is diagrammatically depicted below.

Among the taluks in 2011, the literacy rate is the highest in Thiruvalla Taluk (97.5per cent), 97.4 per cent in rural and 97.6 per cent in urban areas. In 2001 also, Thiruvalla Taluk had the highest literacy rate 96.7 with a break-up of 96.6 per cent for rural and 96.9 per cent for urban areas. As in 2001, Adoor Taluk is having the lowest literacy rate (95.4 per cent) in 2011 Census also. However, in Adoor Taluk, the literacy rate has increased during 2001-2011. The literacy rates of Thiruvalla, Mallappally and Ranni taluks are above the district average of 96.5 per cent.

The urban literacy rates of Kozhenchery Taluk (96.4 per cent) and Adoor Taluk (96.3 per cent) are lower than district urban average of 96.9 per cent in 2011. Thiruvalla Municipality is reported to have a literacy rate of 97.6 per cent, which is the highest among the towns in the district.

The literacy rates of male and female population are 97.4 per cent and 95.8 per cent respectively in the district in 2011. In 2001 Census, the male literacy rate was 96.4 per cent and female literacy rate 93.4 per cent. In 2011, the literacy rate of both males and females have shown slight increase. Statement 7 shows Literacy rate of State, District and various Taluks in the rural and urban areas during 2001 and 2011 Censuses. Statement 7

State/District/Taluk Literacy Rate (persons) Total Rural Urban 2001 2011 2001 2011 2001 2011 Kerala State 90.9 94 90 93 93.2 95.1 Pathanamthitta District 94.84 96.55 94.78 96.5 95.37 96.9 Thiruvalla Taluk 96.69 97.47 96.63 97.42 96.85 97.64 Mallappally Taluk 96.59 97.46 96.59 97.46 0 0 Ranni Taluk 95.47 96.78 95.47 96.78 0 0 Kozhenchery Taluk 94.42 96.43 94.45 96.43 94.16 96.44 Adoor Taluk 92.68 95.43 92.53 95.34 94.05 96.31

57 Male and Female Literacy Gap

In 2001, the male-female gap in literacy in the District was 3. Among the Taluks, Adoor Taluk had the highest male-female gap in literacy (4.6).The lowest male-female gap in literacy (1.5) was recorded in MallappallyTaluk. Thiruvalla Taluk, Ranni Taluk and Kozhenchery Taluk had male-female gap in literacy was 2.1, 2.3 and 3.2 respectively.The Male-Female Literacy Rate of the District for 2011 Census is diagramatically depicted below.

In 2011 Census, the male –female gap in literacy has come down to 1.5 in the District. Among the Taluks also, the male-female gap in literacy has declined. It has declined to 0.8 in Thiruvalla Taluk, 0.5 in Mallappally Taluk, 1.3 in Ranni Taluk ,1.7 in kozhenchery Taluk and 2.41 in Adoor Taluk. Adoor Taluk is holding first position both in 2001(4.6) and 2011(2.41).Statement 8 shows the male-female gap in literacy of the State, District and Taluks during 2001 and 2011 Census.

Statement 8

State/District/Taluks Gap in Literacy 2001 Gap in Literacy 2011 Kerala State 6.52 4 Pathanamthitta District 3 1.53 Thiruvalla Taluk 2.1 0.84 Mallappally Taluk 1.5 0.52 Ranni Taluk 2.3 1.27 Kozhenchery Taluk 3.2 1.72 Adoor Taluk 4.6 2.41

Religon The collection of data on religion has been a part of Census since 1872 as religious composition of population is significant from the socio-economic and the demographic point of view. The data on religion was collected in 2001 Census through Question No.7 of the Household Schedule where names and codes of 6 main religions were shown to facilitate the enumerator to report the code of the concerned religion of the individual in the box provided. In the case of other religions, space has been provided to record the actual name.

58 In the District, the three predominant religious groups are Hindus, Christians and Muslims. Other religious communities such as Sikhs, Buddhists and Jains are insignificant as their percentage to the total population is very negligible. In 2011 Census, 6.82 lakh population of Pathanamthitta District are Hindus, 4.56 lakh are Christians and 0.55 lakh are Muslims. Besides the above three major religious groups, there are 153 Sikhs, 150 Buddhists and 44 Jains. There are 262 persons belonging to other religious persuasions. The number of persons who have not stated their religions due to reasons unknown is 3659. Hindus, Christians and Muslims constitute about 99.6per cent of the total population of the District. More than half of the population are Hindus (56.9 per cent). Christians (38.1 per cent) and Muslims (4.6 per cent) together account for 42.7 per cent of the total population. Though all the three major religious groups have grown in numbers, the rate of growth among Christians (-5.2 per cent) is the lowest as compared to Muslims (-2.5 per cent) and Hindus (-1.9 per cent) during 2001-2011. There is decline in the proportion of Christian population to the total population in 2011 (38.1 per cent) as compared to 2001 (39.0 per cent). But there is marginal increase in Hindu (from 56.3 per cent to 56.9 per cent) and Muslim (from 4.6 per cent to 4.6 per cent) proportion to the total population in 2011 as compared to 2001. c) Mother-tongue, Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Mother-tongue of 2001 Cenus The language data was collected in India in the Census of 1881 onwards. In 1881, the information on mother-tongue, which was defined as the language ordinarily spoken in the parental home of each person was collected. In 1891 also, similar information was collected. In 1901, the language ordinarily used by the person was collected. In 1911, the language ordinarily spoken by a person in his own home was collected. In the later Censuses, the information on language was collected generally following the above definition. In 1961 Census, mother-tongue was defined as the language spoken in the childhood by the person’s mother to the person or mainly spoken in the household. The same definition was followed in 1971. The information on bilingualism also had been collected in the Census since 1901. However, there were changes in the implication of the questions in this respect. In the Census of India 1981, a new question on the ‘language mainly spoken in the Household’ was asked in the Household Schedule along with two usual language questions on ‘mother-tongue’ and ‘other languages known’ in the Individual Slip. In the Census of India, 1981, if a person had a working knowledge to converse with understanding in any of the languages, Indian or foreign, other than his mother-tongue, a maximum of two such languages were recorded in the order in which he/she spoke and understood them the best. In 1981, a question on the languages mainly spoken in the household was not canvassed in the case of Institutional Households which are linguistically heterogeneous. In 1991 Census, two questions on language were asked viz., ‘mother-tongue’ and ‘two other languages known’ through Question Nos.6 and 7 respectively. In the Individual Slip, ‘mother-tongue’ was considered as the language spoken in the childhood by the person’s mother to the person. If the mother died in infancy, the language mainly spoken in the person’s home in childhood was considered as the mother- tongue. In the case of infants and deaf mutes, the language usually spoken by the mother was treated as the mother-tongue. In case of any doubt, language mainly spoken in the household was considered. Satement 9 shows number of speakers of prominent languages in the District during 2001 Census. Statement 9 Name of Prominent Languages Number of speakers Malayalam 1221743 Tamil 10032 Telugu 324 Hindi 324

59 In 2001 Census, the languages mainly spoken in the District were Malayalam and Tamil. All the other scheduled languages had less than 5,00 speakers in the District and among them, nine languages had negligible number of speakers. For Sanskrit language, there were no speakers in the District. Speakers of Malayalam constituted the largest number (1,221,743) followed by Tamil speakers (10032). For Hindi and Telugu, there were 324 speakers each. For Konkani, there were 233 speakers in this District. Malayalam speakers constituted 98.95 per cent of the total speakers followed by 0.95 per cent for Tamil. Konkani and Telugu speakers constituted 0.03 per cent each. The total number of speakers of other non-scheduled languages was 98.

Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes According to 2011 Census, the population of Scheduled Castes in the District was 164465 consisting of 78942 males and 85523 females. This accounted for 10.80 per cent of the Scheduled Caste population in the State. As Pathanamthitta District was not in existence in 1981, the figures for Scheduled Castes were not recasted for calculation of decadal variation in the District and the State.

The six major Scheduled Castes in the District were Pulayan/Cheramar, Kuravan/Sidhanar, Paraiyan/ Parayan/ Sambavar, Pathiyan, Pallan and Thandan. In 2011 Census, the population of Pulayan/Cheramar was 60451, consisting of 29161 males and 31290 females. Of this, 93.15 per cent of Pulayan/Cheramar population were living in the rural area of the District. The population of Kuravan/Sidhanar was 58718, consisting of 27970 males and 30748 females. Of this, 92.72 per cent were living in the rural area. The population of Paraiyan/ Parayan/ Sambavar, Pathiyan, Pallan and Thandan was 16832, 11103, 1239 and 3750 respectively. 90.92 per cent of Paraiyan/Parayan/ Sambavar, 87.96 per cent of Pathiyan, 98.39 per cent of Pallan and 92.48 per cent of Thandan were in the rural areas of the District.

The population of Scheduled Tribes in the District in 2011 was 8108, consisting of 3947 males and 4161 females. This accounted for 1.67 per cent of the Scheduled Tribe population in the State.

The major Tribes in the District were Ulladan, Malai Vedan, Uraly, Malai Arayan, Mannan and Malai Pandaram. In 2011Census, there were 2210 Ulladans, consisting of 1,078 males and 1,132 females. 96.52 per cent of the Ulladan population were living in the rural area of the District. The population of Malai Vedan was 1910 consisting of 900 males and 1010 females. Of this, 99.95 per cent were living in the rural areas. The population of Uraly, Malai Arayan, Mannan and Malai Pandaram was 57, 938, 55 and 494 respectively. 91.79 per cent of Malai Arayan and 99.19 per cent of Malai Pandaram were living in the rural area of the District. Cent percent of Uraly and Mannan were living in the rural area of the District.

Statement 10 shows the percentage to total population of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes to total population of State, District and various Taluks during 2011 Census. Statement 10

Percentage to total population State/District/Taluk Scheduled Castes Scheduled Tribe Kerala State 9.1 1.5 Pathanamthitta District 13.7 0.7 Thiruvalla Taluk 11.9 0.3 Mallappally Taluk 11.1 0.4 Ranni Taluk 8.8 2.4 Kozhenchery Taluk 14.7 0.4 Adoor Taluk 18.5 0.2

The sex-ratio of Scheduled Caste population in the District was 1083, which was lower than the general sex-ratio (1132) of the District and the State (1,084). In the District, the highest sex-ratio (1148) was among Thandan while the lowest sex-ratio (967) was among Pallan. The sex-ratio among Pulayan/Cheramar,

60 Kuravan/Sidhanar, Paraiyan/Parayan/ Sambavar and Pathiyan were 1073, 1099, 1071 and 1077 respectively. The sex-ratio of Scheduled Tribe population in the District was 1,054.22, which was lower than the general sex-ratio (1132) of the District and the State (1,084). As regards six major Scheduled Tribes in the District, the highest sex-ratio (1478) was among Uraly while the lowest sex-ratio (774) was among Mannan. The sex-ratio among Malai Vedan, Ulladan, Malai Arayan and Malai Pandaram were 1122, 1050, 962 and 960 respectively.Statement 11 shows the Sex Ratio of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled tribes of State, District and Taluks during 2011 Census.

Statement 11

Staste/District/Taluk Total/Rural/Urban Sex-Ratio Scheduled Caste Scheduled Tribe Kerala State Total 1057 1035 Rural 1057 1031 Urban 1056 1070 Pathanamthitta District Total 1083 1054 Rural 1086 1053 Urban 1050 1070 Thiruvalla Taluk Total 1092 1074 Rural 1093 1080 Urban 1087 1061 Mallappally Taluk Total 1058 1047 Rural 1058 1047 Urban _ _ Ranni Taluk Total 1056 1038 Rural 1056 1038 Urban _ _ Kozhenchery Taluk Total 1091 1049 Rural 1100 1064 Urban 1012 954 Adoor Taluk Total 1088 1160 Rural 1090 1129 Urban 1052 1923

In Kerala, the literacy rate of Scheduled Castes in 2011 Census was 88.73 per cent and that of Sched- uled Tribes was 75.81 per cent as against the literacy rate of 94 per cent of the State as a whole. In the case of Scheduled Caste population, eight Districts of Kerala viz., Kannur, Kozhikode, Thrissur, Ernakulam, Kottayam, Alappuzha, Pathanamthitta and Thiruvananthapuram, the literacy rate was above the Scheduled Caste literacy rate (88.73) of the State. The highest literacy rate among Scheduled Castes was in Kottayam District with 94.6 per cent and the lowest in Palakkad District with 81.09 per cent. Among the total Sched- uled Caste population in Pathanamthitta District, the total literacy rate was 92.04 per cent, the male literacy rate was 94.56 per cent and the female literacy rate was 89.74 per cent. In the case of rural Scheduled Caste population, the male literacy rate was 94.50 per cent and the female literacy rate was 89.68 per cent while urban literacy rate among male was 95.29 per cent and 90.51 per cent for females.

The literacy rate of Scheduled Tribes in Kerala in 2011 was 75.81 per cent, 80.76 per cent and 71.08 per cent respectively for total, males and females. Among the Districts, the highest literacy rate of Scheduled Tribes in the State was in Kottayam District with 94.34 per cent and the lowest in Wayanad District with

61 70.52 per cent. Among the Scheduled Tribes in Pathanamthitta District, the literacy rate was 89.64 per cent, 91.63 per cent and 87.76 per cent respectively for total, males and females. In the case of rural Scheduled Tribes in the District, the literacy rate was 89.35 per cent, 91.35 per cent and 87.46 per cent respectively for total, males and females. The urban literacy rate among the Scheduled Tribes was higher than that of rural literacy rate i.e., 94.59 per cent, 96.46 per cent and 92.82 per cent respectively for total, males and females. Statement 12 shows the Literacy Rate of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes of State and District during 2011 Census. Statement 12

State/District Literacy Rate(Persons) Scheduled Castes Scheduled Tribes Kerala State 88.73 75.81 Pathanamthitta District 92.04 89.64

Among the Scheduled Castes in the District, 41.61 per cent were workers and 58.39 per cent non- workers. The main workers accounted for 28.29 per cent and the marginal workers 13.32 per cent. 57.68 per cent of the males were workers as against 26.78 per cent of the female workers. As far as main work and marginal work are concerned, the female participation was less than that of male 14.96 percent of females were engaged in main work as against 42.74 percent of males and 11.83 per cent of females were engaged in marginal work as against 14.94 per cent of males. The percentage of main workers among the Scheduled Castes in Pathanamthitta District was lower than that of the State. But the percentage of marginal workers among the Scheduled Castes in Pathanamthitta District was greater than that of the State.

Among the main workers of Scheduled Castes in the District 27.81 per cent were agricultural labourers with 31.04 percent of males and 19.27 percent of females and 66.77 per cent were other workers with 63.03 percent of males and 76.62 percent of females. The lowest percentage of main workers was in household industry (1.33 per cent) and cultivators (4.10 per cent). Among the Scheduled Tribes in the District, 39.02 per cent were workers and 60.98 per cent non- workers. The main workers accounted for 27.75 per cent and marginal workers 11.27 per cent. 55.43 per cent of males were workers as against 23.46 per cent of females workers. As far as main work and marginal work are concerned, the female participation was less than that of male. 13.87 per cent of females were engaged in main work as against 42.39 per cent of males and 9.59 per cent of females were engaged in marginal work as against 13.05 per cent of males. The percentage of main workers and of marginal workers among Scheduled Tribes in the District were lower than that of the State. 28.49 percent of main workers was agricultural labourers with 30.42 percent of males and 22.88 percent of females among the Scheduled Tribes in the District. 62.13 percent of mainworkers with 58.94 percent of males and 71.40 percent of females participated in other works. In the District, 7.56 per cent and 1.82 percent of the Scheduled Tribes were cultivators and household industry .

62 v) BRIEF ANALYSIS OF PCA DATA BASED ON INSET TABLES 1 TO 35

During 2011 Census the inset tables contained in District Census Hand Book are also generated using computer software as done in 2001 Census. Table 1: Decadal change in population of Tahsils by residence, 2001-2011

Sl. Tahsil Population Percentage decadal Percentage No. variation 2001-2011 urban population 2001 2011 Total Rural Urban 2001 2011 Total Rural Urban Total Rural Urban

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1 Thiruvalla 234503 177666 56837 223503 170620 52883 -4.69 -3.97 -6.96 24.24 23.66 2 Mallappally 137064 137064 0 134219 134219 0 -2.08 -2.08 0.00 0.00 0.00 3 Ranni 207782 207782 0 198194 198194 0 -4.61 -4.61 0.00 0.00 0.00 4 Kozhenchery 350416 312407 38009 338560 289001 49559 -3.38 -7.49 30.39 10.85 14.64 5 Adoor 304251 275299 28952 302936 273765 29171 -0.43 -0.56 0.76 9.52 9.63 District Total: 1234016 1110218 123798 1197412 1065799 131613 -2.97 -4.00 6.31 10.03 10.99

This table gives a profile of total, rural and urban population with decadal variation during 2001- 2011 and the percentage of urban population for 2001 and 2011 for the district and the taluks.

The percentage decadal variation during 2001-2011 for the district is -2.97 with the proportion of rural-urban break-up of -4.00 and 6.31 respectively. As compared to the variations during 1991-2001, there is a general decline in decadal variation in the district and the taluks. In all taluks, the decadal variation in the referent decade is reported negative. In the rural areas, as compared to 1991-2001, the decadal variation has declined in the district and all taluks during 2001-2011 period. The urban areas of Kozhenchery and Adoor taluks are showing positive growth rate in 2001-2011 period. The increase in urban areas of Kozhenchery taluk is very high because of formation of one new Census Town, Kozhenchery (CT).

Table 2: Number and percentage of inhabited villages in specified population size ranges with the related population, 2011 (Rural) Sr. Name of Taluk Total Total rural population Number Population less Number Population 200 - No. number of and than 200 and 499 inhabited percentage percentage villages of village of village Persons Males Females Males Females Males Females 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 05679-Thiruvalla 10 1,70,620 79,389 91,231 0 ( 0 %) 0 0 0 ( 0 %) 0 0 2 05680-Mallappally 9 1,34,219 63,748 70,471 0 ( 0 %) 0 0 0 ( 0 %) 0 0 3 05681-Ranni 11 1,98,194 94,773 1,03,421 0 ( 0 %) 0 0 0 ( 0 %) 0 0 4 05682- 20 2,89,001 1,34,418 1,54,583 0 ( 0 %) 0 0 0 ( 0 %) 0 0 Kozhenchery 5 05683-Adoor 14 2,73,765 1,27,492 1,46,273 0 ( 0 %) 0 0 0 ( 0 %) 0 0 Total 64 10,65,799 4,99,820 5,65,979 0 ( 0 %) 0 0 0 ( 0 %) 0 0

63 Table 2: Number and percentage of inhabited villages in specified population size ranges with the related population, 2011 (Rural) Contd…..

Sr.No. Name of Taluk Number and Population Number and Population Number Population percentage 500 - 999 percentage 1000 - 1999 and 2000 - 4999 of village of village percentage of village

Males Females Males Females Males Females 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 1 05679-Thiruvalla 0 ( 0 %) 0 0 0 ( 0 %) 0 0 0 ( 0 %) 0 0 2 05680-Mallappally 0 ( 0 %) 0 0 0 ( 0 %) 0 0 0 ( 0 %) 0 0 3 05681-Ranni 0 ( 0 %) 0 0 0 ( 0 %) 0 0 0 ( 0 %) 0 0 4 05682-Kozhenchery 1 ( 5 %) 348 394 0 ( 0 %) 0 0 0 ( 0 %) 0 0 5 05683-Adoor 0 ( 0 %) 0 0 0 ( 0 %) 0 0 0 ( 0 %) 0 0 Total 1 ( 2 %) 348 394 0 ( 0 %) 0 0 0 ( 0 %) 0 0

Table 2: Number and percentage of inhabited villages in specified population size ranges with the related population, 2011 (Rural) Contd…

Sr.No. Name of Taluk Number and Population 5000 - Number and Population 10000 and percentage 9999 percentage above of village of village

Males Females Males Females 1 2 22 23 24 25 26 27 1 05679-Thiruvalla 1 ( 10 %) 3,173 3,471 9 ( 90 %) 76,216 87,760 2 05680-Mallappally 1 ( 11 %) 3,779 4,322 8 ( 89 %) 59,969 66,149 3 05681-Ranni 1 ( 9 %) 4,645 4,903 10 ( 91 %) 90,128 98,518 4 05682-Kozhenchery 1 ( 5 %) 4,621 5,378 18 ( 90 %) 1,29,449 1,48,811 5 05683-Adoor 0 ( 0 %) 0 0 14 ( 100 %) 1,27,492 1,46,273 T otal 4 ( 6 %) 16,218 18,074 59 ( 92 %) 4,83,254 5,47,511

The total number of inhabited villages, the total rural population by sex and the number and the percentage of villages and the related population by sex for each of the seven population size classes are given for the rural areas of the district and the taluks. In the district as a whole, there are 64 inhabited villages. The villages are seen distributed in the population size-classes of 500-999, 5000 - 9999 and 10000+. 92 per cent (59) of the villages lie in the population size class of 10000 +, 6 per cent (4) in 5000 – 9999 and 2 per cent (1) in 500 – 999. Pathanamthitta (Part) village of Kozhenchery taluk is the only village that lies in the population size-class of 500-999. It can be concluded that more than 90 per cent of the villages of the district have 10,000 and above population and the villages in the district are large sized. If we do not consider a minor portion of Pathanamthitta (Part) village, it can be safely concluded that cent per cent villages of the district have population 5000 +.

Among the taluks, the position reveals that cent per cent villages of Adoor taluk are large sized with 10000+ population. All the taluks of the district except Mallapaly taluk have their majority villages (i.e. above 90%) with a population of 10000+. Thiruvalla (Kavumbhagom (Part) village), Mallappally (Thelliyoor village), Ranni (Athikkayam village) and Kozhenchery (Iravan village) taluks, have one village each which lies in the population range of 5000 – 9999 and Kozhenchery taluk (Pathanamthitta (Part) village) has one village falling in the range of 500–999.

64 Table 3: New towns, de-notified, declassified and merged town in 2011 census

(a) New (i) Statutory town Nil (ii) Census town 1 Kozhenchery (CT) (b) Denotified (i)Statutory towns of 2001 census denotified and also did not satisfy the criteria to be treated as Nil census towns.

(ii)Statutory towns of 2001 census denotified but identified as census towns based on Nil demographic and economic criteria.

(iii)Census towns of 2001 census are notified as statutory town in 2011 census. Nil

(c ) Declassified Nil (d) Wholly merged with other town(s). Nil

*Declassified means the census towns of 2001 census which failed to satisfy the demographic and economic criteria.

No new statutory towns have been formed in the district during 2011 Census. Kozhenchery (CT) is the only one new Census Town that has been formed in 2011 Census.

Table 4: Sex ratio of the state and district, 1901-2011 Census Year Kerala State Pathanamthitta District Total Rural Urban Total Rural Urban 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1901 1004 1008 953 986 986 - 1911 1008 1012 957 987 991 867 1921 1011 1016 958 949 951 909 1931 1022 1028 964 975 977 938 1941 1027 1033 979 986 985 990 1951 1028 1033 992 996 997 991 1961 1022 1027 991 1011 1010 1036 1971 1016 1020 997 1019 1018 1053 1981 1032 1034 1021 1056 1056 1054 1991 1036 1037 1034 1062 1063 1061 2001 1058 1059 1058 1094 1095 1078 2011 1084 1078 1091 1132 1132 1126 Note :- Sex ratio has been defined here as the number of females per 1000 males

In this table, the sex-ratio of the state and the district with rural-urban break-up are given for the census years from 1901 to 2011.

In the state, the sex-ratio showed an increasing trend up to 1951 and thereafter declined in 1961 and

65 1971 Censuses. Again since 1981, sex-ratio is steadily increasing. The sex ratio of 1084 recorded in 2011 Census is the highest sex ratio ever recorded during 1901-2011. Twenty six percentage point increase in the sex ratio recorded during 2001-11 is also the highest during 1901-2011

In the district, the sex-ratio was negative till 1951 Census. During the period from 1901–1951, the sex-ratio had declined only in 1921. From 1931 onwards, the sex-ratio is showing an increasing trend. The sex-ratio reported in 2011 Census is the highest sex-ratio reported during 1901–2011. From 1971 Census onwards the sex ratio of the district is higher than the State sex ratio.

The rural sex-ratio of the district is higher than the urban sex-ratio in all the census years except 1941, 1961 and 1971. There is a steady increase in the rural sex-ratio from 1931 onwards. The highest rural sex-ratio is recorded in 2011, i.e., 1132 females per 1000 males.

Coming to urban sex-ratio, it has shown an increasing trend from 1911 onwards. The highest urban sex-ratio is also recorded in 2011 i.e., 1126 females per 1000 males.

Table 5: Sex ratio by Taluk, 2011

Sr.No. Name of Taluk Sex ratio Total Rural Urban 1 2 3 4 5 1 05679-Thiruvalla 1145 1149 1131 2 05680-Mallappally 1105 1105 0 3 05681-Ranni 1091 1091 0 4 05682-Kozhenchery 1146 1150 1124 5 05683-Adoor 1145 1147 1123 District: 599-Pathanamthitta 1132 1132 1126

The sex-ratio with rural-urban break-up for 2011 Census is given for the district and the taluks.

The sex-ratio of the district is 1132 females per 1000 males. This is much higher than the sex-ratio of the state in 2011 (1084 females per 1000 males). The rural sex-ratio of the district (1132) is same as total and higher than urban sex-ratio.

Among the taluks, the highest sex-ratio is recorded in Kozhenchery taluk (1146). In Thiruvalla (1145), Kozhenchery (1146) and Adoor (1145) taluks, the sex-ratio is higher than the sex-ratio of district.

Among the rural areas of the taluks, the sex-ratio is again reported the highest in Kozhenchery taluk (1150) closely followed by Thiruvalla taluk (1149). Thiruvalla (1149), Kozhenchery (1150) and Adoor (1147) taluks have higher sex-ratio than the district rural (1132).

There are only three taluks having urban area in the district. The highest urban sex-ratio is reported in Thiruvalla taluk (1131).

66 Table 6: Sex ratio by CD Blocks, 2011

Sr.No. Name of CD block Sex ratio 1 2 3 1 0104-Veliyanad (Part) 1184 2 0114-Pulikkeezh (Part) 1147 3 0118-Kulanada (Part) 1166 4 0120-Bharanikkavu (Part) 1095 5 0121-Mallappally 1114 6 0122-Koipuram 1134 7 0123-Ranni 1082 8 0124-Elanthoor 1145 9 0125-Konni 1146 10 0126-Pandalam 1158 11 0127-Parakode (Part) 1144 Total 1132

There are 11 CD Blocks in the district of which portions of 5 CD Blocks are lying in Kollam and Alappuzha districts. Pulikkeezh, Kulanada and Parakode CD Blocks have major portions within the district while only minor portions of Veliyanad and Bharanikkavu CD blocks lie within the district. Therefore the sex-ratio figures of CD Blocks with minor portions within the district cannot be taken as the representative figure of those CD Blocks.

Among the nine CD Blocks lying wholly or having major portions within the district, the highest rural sex-ratio is registered in Kulanada (Part) CD Block (1166) and lowest rural sex ratio is recorded in Ranni CD Block (1082). All CD Blocks having sex ratio greater than 1000.

Table 7: Sex ratio of rural population by ranges, 2011

Range of sex ratio for Number of Percentage of villages Population 2011 Percentage distribution villages inhabited villages in each range of population

1 2 3 4 5 Less than 700 0 0.00 0 0.00 700 - 749 0 0.00 0 0.00 750 - 799 0 0.00 0 0.00 800 - 849 0 0.00 0 0.00 850 - 899 0 0.00 0 0.00 900 - 949 0 0.00 0 0.00 950 - 999 0 0.00 0 0.00 1000 - 1099 15 23.44 240881 22.60 1100+ 49 76.56 824918 77.40 District: Pathanamthitta (599) 64 100 1065799 100 Sex ratio District (Rural):1132

The villages are distributed in nine ranges of sex-ratio based on the sex-ratio of the villages. For each range of sex-ratio, the number of villages and their percentage to the total number of villages and the related rural population and their percentage to the total rural population are given. For the district (rural), the total number of villages and the total rural population are also shown.

67 The rural sex-ratio is 1000 or above in all the villages of the district. In 49 villages, forming 76.56 per cent of the total number of villages and covering more than 77 per cent of the rural population, the rural sex-ratio is above 1100. Table 8: Sex ratio of towns, 2011

Sr.No. Name of town Urban status of town Sex ratio

1 2 3 4 1 803303-Thiruvalla (M) (M) 1131 2 803304-Pathanamthitta (M) (M) 1116 3 628342-Kozhenchery (CT) (CT) 1149 4 803305-Adoor (M) (M) 1123 Sex ratio (Urban) district: 1126

In this table, the sex-ratio for the district (urban), three statutory towns and one Census Town are given. Among the three statutory towns, the highest sex-ratio is reported in Thiruvalla Municipality (1131). Its sex-ratio is also higher than the urban sex-ratio of the district (1126). The other two statutory towns, viz. Adoor and Pathanamthitta municipalities have recorded a sex-ratio of 1123 and 1116 respectively. The newly formed Census Town Kozhenchery (CT) has recorded sex-ratio of 1149 which is highest in the district.

Table 9: Sex ratio of population in the age group 0-6 for Taluk, 2011

Sr.No. Name of Taluk Total/ Total population in 0-6 age group Sex ratio for 0- Rural/ 6 age group Urban Persons Males Females 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 05679-Thiruvalla T otal 17478 8811 8667 984 Rural 13520 6816 6704 984 Urban 3958 1995 1963 984 2 05680-Mallappally T otal 10630 5383 5247 975 Rural 10630 5383 5247 975 Urban 0 0 0 0 3 05681-Ranni T otal 16599 8432 8167 969 Rural 16599 8432 8167 969 Urban 0 0 0 0 4 05682-Kozhenchery T otal 27105 13807 13298 963 Rural 22818 11615 11203 965 Urban 4287 2192 2095 956 5 05683-Adoor T otal 25025 12569 12456 991 Rural 22614 11355 11259 992 Urban 2411 1214 1197 986 District: 599-Pathanamthitta T otal 96837 49002 47835 976 Rural 86181 43601 42580 977 Urban 10656 5401 5255 973

The total population in 0-6 age-group by sex and the sex-ratio of the same age-group are given for the district and the taluks with rural urban break-up.

68 The child sex-ratio of the district is 976 female children per 1000 male children. Its rural urban break-up is 977 for rural and 973 for urban. Child sex-ratio is negative in all the taluks. In Thiruvalla(984) and Adoor (991) taluks, the child sex-ratio is above the corresponding district average (976). The rural child sex- ratio is higher than the urban child sex-ratio in all the taluks except Thiruvalla taluk where the urban child sex-ratio is same as that of rural child sex-ratio. Table 10: Sex ratio of population in the age group 0-6 for CD Blocks, 2011

Sr.No. Name of CD Block Total population in 0-6 age group Sex ratio for 0-6 age group Persons Males Females 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 0104-Veliyanad (Part) 9 5 4 800 2 0114-Pulikkeezh (Part) 7225 3664 3561 972 3 0118-Kulanada (Part) 5216 2675 2541 950 4 0120-Bharanikkavu (Part) 3 2 1 500 5 0121-Mallappally 9394 4743 4651 981 6 0122-Koipuram 9159 4605 4554 989 7 0123-Ranni 14018 7149 6869 961 8 0124-Elanthoor 7200 3636 3564 980 9 0125-Konni 11346 5769 5577 967 10 0126-Pandalam 5518 2759 2759 1000 11 0127-Parakode (Part) 17093 8594 8499 989 Total 86181 43601 42580 977

In this Table, the total rural population for 0-6 age-group by sex and the sex-ratio for 0-6 age-group are given for the rural areas of the District and the CD Blocks.

The child sex-ratio of the District rural is 977. Among the eleven CD Blocks, in 5 CD Blocks viz., Mallappally (981), Koipuram (989), Elanthoor (980) and Pandalam (1000) and portion of Parakode (989), the rural child sex-ratio is above the corresponding average for rural areas (977). It is seen that the rural child sex-ratio is negative in all the CD blocks except Pandalam CD Block which has a child sex-ratio of 1000 females per 1000 males which is also the highest sex-ratio reported in the district.

Table 11: Sex ratio of rural population in the age group 0-6 by ranges, 2011

Range of sex ratio for villages Number of inhabited Percentage Population Percentage distribution villages distribution of villages 2011 of population

1 2 3 4 5 Less than 700 0 0.00 0 0.00 700 - 749 0 0.00 0 0.00 750 - 799 0 0.00 0 0.00 800 - 849 0 0.00 0 0.00 850 - 899 3 4.69 3484 4.04 900 - 949 19 29.69 24622 28.57 950 - 999 17 26.56 24785 28.76 1000 - 1099 25 39.06 33290 38.63 1100+ 0 0.00 0 0.00 District: Pathanamthitta (599) 64 100 86181 100

Sex ratio District (Rural):977

69 The villages are distributed in nine ranges of child sex-ratio based on the child sex-ratio of the villages. For each child sex-ratio range, the number and the percentage of villages and the related rural population and their percentage are given. For the district (rural), the total number of villages and the total rural population are also shown.

The rural child sex-ratio of the district is 977. There are no villages in the district having rural child sex-ratio below 850. In 36 villages (56.25 per cent) covering 57.33 per cent of the rural child population, the rural child sex-ratio is between 900 – 999. In 25 villages, forming 39.06 per cent of the villages, the child sex- ratio is 1000 or above. In more than 95 per cent of the villages, the child sex-ratio is above 900. Table 12: Sex ratio of population in the age group 0-6 of towns, 2011

Sr.No. Name of town Urban Total population in 0-6 age group Sex ratio for 0-6 age status of group town Persons Males Females

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 803303-Thiruvalla (M) (M) 3958 1995 1963 984 2 803304-Pathanamthitta (M) (M) 3400 1723 1677 973 3 628342-Kozhenchery (CT) (CT) 887 469 418 891 4 803305-Adoor (M) (M) 2411 1214 1197 986 District (Urban): 599-Pathanamthitta 10656 5401 5255 973 In this table, the total urban population in the age-group 0-6 by sex and the sex-ratio for 0-6 age- group are given for the district (urban) , three statutory towns and one Census Town.

The urban child sex-ratio of the district is 973. Among the three statutory towns, the child sex-ratio is the highest in Adoor Municipality (986) and the lowest in Pathanamthitta municipality (973). All Statutory Towns have their child sex-ratio above the district average for urban areas (973).The newly formed Census Town Kozhenchery (CT) has recorded the sex-ratio in the age group 0-6 as 891 which is lower than the urban sex-ratio in the age group (0-6) of the district(973) .

Table 13: Number and percentage of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes population in Taluk, 2011

Sr.No. Name of Taluk Total/ Total Total Total Percentage of Percentage of Rural/ population scheduled scheduled scheduled scheduled tribes Urban castes tribes castes population to population population population to total population total population 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 05679-Thiruvalla Total 223503 26649 757 11.92 0.34 Rural 170620 22161 520 12.99 0.3 Urban 52883 4488 237 8.49 0.45 2 05680-Mallappally Total 134219 14847 561 11.06 0.42 Rural 134219 14847 561 11.06 0.42 Urban 0 0 0 0 0 3 05681-Ranni Total 198194 17424 4794 8.79 2.42 Rural 198194 17424 4794 8.79 2.42 Urban 0 0 0 0 0 4 05682-Kozhenchery Total 338560 49604 1266 14.65 0.37 Rural 289001 45092 1096 15.6 0.38 Urban 49559 4512 170 9.1 0.34

70 Table 13: Number and percentage of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes population in Taluk, 2011 Contd… Sr.No. Name of Taluk Total/ Total Total Total Percentage of Percentage of Rural/ population scheduled scheduled scheduled scheduled tribes Urban castes tribes castes population to population population population to total population total population 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 5 05683-Adoor T otal 302936 55941 730 18.47 0.24 Rural 273765 52320 692 19.11 0.25 Urban 29171 3621 38 12.41 0.13 599-Pathanamthitta T otal 1197412 164465 8108 13.74 0.68 Rural 1065799 151844 7663 14.25 0.72 Urban 131613 12621 445 9.59 0.34

This table gives the total population of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes and the percentage of Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe population for the district and the taluks with rural- urban break-up. In the district, 13.74 per cent of the populations constitute Scheduled Castes and 0.68 per cent constitute Scheduled Tribes in 2011 Census. As regards Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, they have a higher concentration in most of the rural areas as compared to the urban areas. Among the taluks, Adoor (18.47 per cent) and Kozhenchery (14.65 per cent) taluks have registered a higher concentration of Scheduled Castes population. The highest percentage of Scheduled Castes population is reported in Adoor taluk (18.47 per cent) and the lowest in Ranni taluk (8.79 per cent). In Thiruvalla, Mallappally and Ranni taluks, the percentage of Scheduled Castes population is lower than the corresponding district average. In the rural areas of the taluks, the same trend as in the total area is visible. In the urban areas, Adoor taluk has the highest proportion of Scheduled Castes. The percentage of Scheduled Tribes population is negligible in all the taluks. i.e., less than 1, Ranni taluk is the only taluk in the district with a higher proportion of Scheduled Tribes population (2.42 per cent). This percentage is also higher than the corresponding district average.

Table 14: Number and percentage of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes (rural) population in CD Blocks, 2011 Sr.No. Name of CD Block Total Total Total Percentage of Percentage of population scheduled scheduled scheduled castes scheduled tribes castes tribes population to total population to total population population population population

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 0104-Veliyanad (Part) 83 24 0 28.92 0 2 0114-Pulikkeezh (Part) 87619 10378 176 11.84 0.2 3 0118-Kulanada (Part) 66775 14471 146 21.67 0.22 4 0120-Bharanikkavu (Part) 44 30 0 68.18 0 5 0121-Mallappally 118203 14128 526 11.95 0.44 6 0122-Koipuram 120731 13552 420 11.22 0.35 7 0123-Ranni 164463 15705 4705 9.55 2.86 8 0124-Elanthoor 92484 13015 341 14.07 0.37 9 0125-Konni 141676 18251 657 12.88 0.46 10 0126-Pandalam 67526 13361 130 19.79 0.19 11 0127-Parakode (Part) 206195 38929 562 18.88 0.27 Total 1065799 151844 7663 14.25 0.72

71 The total rural population, the total rural Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe population and the percentage of rural Scheduled Caste / Scheduled Tribe population to the total rural population are given for the District and the 11 CD Blocks.

The rural proportion of Scheduled Caste population is 14.25 per cent in the District as against a negligible proportion of Scheduled Tribe population (0.72 per cent).

Among the nine CD Blocks lying wholly or having major portions within the district, the proportion of Scheduled Caste ranges from 9.55 per cent in Ranni CD Block to 21.67 per cent in Kulanada (Part) CD Block. In Kulanada (21.67 per cent), Pandalam (19.79 per cent) , and Parakode (Part) (18.88 per cent) CD Blocks, the proportion of Scheduled Castes is higher than the corresponding District average (14.25 per cent). There is almost equal proportion of Scheduled Caste population in Mallappally (11.95), Koipuram (11.22) and portion of Pulikkeezh (11.84) CD Blocks.

The proportion of Scheduled Tribe is negligible in all the CD Blocks except Ranni CD Block (2.86 per cent) where the percentage is higher than the corresponding District average (0.72 per cent).

Table 15: Proportion of scheduled castes population to total population in villages, 2011

Percentage range of scheduled Number of villages Percentage Scheduled castes Percentage castes population to total population population 1 2 3 4 5 NIL 0 0.00 0 0.00 Less than 5 1 1.56 1074 0.71 5 - 10 18 28.12 21030 13.85 11 - 20 38 59.38 101642 66.94 21 - 30 7 10.94 28098 18.50 31 - 40 0 0.00 0 0.00 41 - 50 0 0.00 0 0.00 51 - 75 0 0.00 0 0.00 76 and above 0 0.00 0 0.00 District: Pathanamthitta(599) 64 100.00 151844 100.00

This table gives the total number of villages and their percentage and the Scheduled Castes rural population and their percentage for eight specified percentage ranges based on the proportion of rural Scheduled Castes population to the total rural population in each village.

All the villages of the district have Scheduled Castes population. The proportion of Scheduled Castes population is seen limited to a maximum of 30 per cent in the district. There are only 7 villages in the range of 21-30.

More than 59 per cent of the villages have 11 – 20 per cent Scheduled Castes population within them and such villages cover more than 66.94 per cent of the rural Scheduled Castes population. More than 80 per cent of the villages in the district have 5 to 20 per cent Scheduled Castes population within them and they also cover an equal percentage of Scheduled Castes rural population.

72 Table 16: Proportion of scheduled tribes population to total population in villages, 2011

Percentage range of scheduled tribes Number of villages Percentage Scheduled tribes Percentage population to total population population

1 2 3 4 5 NIL 0 0.00 0 0.00 Less than 5 63 98.44 6401 83.53 5 - 10 1 1.56 1262 16.47 11 - 20 0 0.00 0 0.00 21 - 30 0 0.00 0 0.00 31 - 40 0 0.00 0 0.00 41 - 50 0 0.00 0 0.00 51 - 75 0 0.00 0 0.00 76 and above 0 0.00 0 0.00 District: Pathanamthitta(599) 64 100.00 7663 100.00

This table gives the total number of villages and their percentage and the rural Scheduled Tribes population and their percentage for eight specified percentage ranges based on the proportion of rural Scheduled Tribes population to the total rural population in each village. All the 64 villages in the district have Scheduled Tribes population. 63 villages comes in the range of less than 5 per cent of Scheduled Tribes population and one village in the range of 5-10. All the sixty four villages of the district have less than 10 per cent Scheduled Tribes population within them. Of these, in about ninety eight percentage of the total number of villages, the proportion of Scheduled Tribes population is less than 5 per cent. These villages have 83.53 per cent of total ST population.

Table 17: Number and percentage of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes population in towns, 2011

Sr.No. Name of town Total Total Total scheduled Percentage of Percentage of Population scheduled tribes scheduled castes scheduled tribes castes population population to population to population total population total population 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 803303-Thiruvalla (M) 52883 4488 237 8.49 0.45 2 803304-Pathanamthitta (M) 37538 3292 131 8.77 0.35 3 628342-Kozhenchery (CT) 12021 1220 39 10.15 0.32 4 803305-Adoor (M) 29171 3621 38 12.41 0.13 District (Urban) : 599-Pathanamthitta 131613 12621 445 9.59 0.34

The total urban population, the urban population of Scheduled Castes / Scheduled Tribes and their percentage to the total urban population are given for the district, 3 statutory towns and 1 Census Town. The urban population in the district is 9.59 for Scheduled Castes and 0.34 for Scheduled Tribes. Among the three statutory towns, Adoor (M) has the highest proportion of Scheduled Castes (12.41 per cent). Pathanamthitta (8.77 per cent) and Thiruvalla (8.49 per cent) municipalities have almost equal proportion, but lower than the corresponding district average (9.59 per cent). Kozhenchery (CT) has the percentage of Scheduled Castes Population (10.15), higher than the corresponding district average (9.59 percent).

73 In the case of Scheduled Tribes population, Thiruvalla municipality has registered the highest proportion (0.45 per cent) of Scheduled Tribes population to the total population. This percentage is higher than the corresponding district average (0.34). There is only negligible proportion of Scheduled Tribes in Adoor municipality (0.13) . Pathanamthitta (M) and Kozhenchery (CT) have registered almost equal proportion of Scheduled Tribes Population to the corresponding district average (0.34 percent).

Table 18: Sex ratio among scheduled castes and scheduled tribes (rural) in CD Blocks, 2011

Sr.No. Name of C.D.block Scheduled castes sex ratio Scheduled tribes sex ratio 1 2 3 4 1 0104-Veliyanad (Part) 1400 0 2 0114-Pulikkeezh (Part) 1078 1023 3 0118-Kulanada (Part) 1073 947 4 0120-Bharanikkavu (Part) 1143 0 5 0121-Mallappally 1063 1023 6 0122-Koipuram 1097 1143 7 0123-Ranni 1054 1037 8 0124-Elanthoor 1091 1131 9 0125-Konni 1126 1060 10 0126-Pandalam 1107 940 11 0127-Parakode (Part) 1085 1178 Total 1086 1053

This Table gives the sex-ratio of Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe population for the rural areas of the District and the 11 CD Blocks.

The rural sex-ratio of Scheduled Castes is 1086 and that of Scheduled Tribes is 1053. Scheduled Castes have a higher rural sex-ratio than that of Scheduled Tribes. Their sex-ratio is less than the total sex- ratio of the State (1132).

Among the nine CD Blocks lying wholly or having major portions within the district, Konni CD Block has registered the highest Scheduled Caste rural sex-ratio (1126) and the lowest in Ranni (1054) CD Block.

In the case of Scheduled Tribe sex-ratio, the portion of Parakode CD Block is showing the highest sex-ratio (1178). In Koipuram (1143), Elanthoor (1131) and portion of Parakode (1178) CD Blocks, the rural Scheduled Tribe sex-ratio is above the corresponding average for the District (1053). In Pandalam and Kulanada (Part) CD Blocks, the sex ratio is below 1000.

Table 19: Sex ratio among scheduled castes and scheduled tribes in towns, 2011

Sr.No. Name of town Scheduled castes sex ratio Scheduled tribes sex ratio 1 2 3 4 1 803303-Thiruvalla (M) 1087 1061 2 803304-Pathanamthitta (M) 1030 1148 3 628342-Kozhenchery (CT) 965 500 4 803305-Adoor (M) 1052 1923 District (Urban): 599-Pathanamthitta 1050 1070

74 In this table, the sex-ratio of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes are given for the district urban, 3 statutory towns and 1 Census Town.

The urban sex-ratio of the district is 1050 for Scheduled Castes and 1070 for Scheduled Tribes. The Scheduled Castes sex-ratio (1050) and the Scheduled Tribes sex-ratio (1070) are lower than the total sex- ratio of the district (1132).

In all the three statutory towns, the Scheduled Castes sex-ratio is more than 1000. Thiruvalla municipality has recorded the highest Scheduled Castes sex-ratio (1087). In Pathanamthitta municipality, the Scheduled Castes sex-ratio is below the district average of Scheduled Castes for urban area (1050). In Adoor municipality, the Scheduled Castes sex-ratio is almost equal to the urban sex-ratio of the district. Kozhenchery (CT) is the only one town showing sex-ratio less than 1000 of scheduled castes (965).

As regards the urban sex-ratio of Scheduled Tribes it is less than 1000 in Kozhenchery (CT). It has only a small number of Scheduled Tribes population. In Adoor municipality, it is as high as 1923 females per 1000 males. Adoor (M) (1923) and Pathanamthitta(M) (1148) are the two towns in the district having higher Scheduled Tribe urban sex-ratio than the corresponding district average (1070).

Table 20: Number of literates and illiterates, literacy rate by sex in Taluk, 2011 Sr. Name ofTaluk Total/ Number of literates and illiterates Literacy rate Gap in No. Rural/ Number of literates Number of illiterates male- Urban female literacy Persons Males Females Persons Males Females Persons Males Females rate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1 05679-Thiruvalla Total 200812 93413 107399 22691 10793 11898 97.47 97.92 97.1 0.84 Rural 153044 71037 82007 17576 8352 9224 97.42 97.88 97 0.86 Urban 47768 22376 25392 5115 2441 2674 97.64 98.05 97.3 0.77 2 05680-Mallappally Total 120446 57042 63404 13773 6706 7067 97.46 97.73 97.2 0.52 Rural 120446 57042 63404 13773 6706 7067 97.46 97.73 97.2 0.52 Urban 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 05681-Ranni Total 175742 84132 91610 22452 10641 11811 96.78 97.44 96.2 1.27 Rural 175742 84132 91610 22452 10641 11811 96.78 97.44 96.2 1.27 Urban 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 05682-Kozhenchery Total 300345 140146 160199 38215 17610 20605 96.43 97.36 95.6 1.72 Rural 256683 119575 137108 32318 14843 17475 96.43 97.37 95.6 1.74 Urban 43662 20571 23091 5897 2767 3130 96.44 97.28 95.7 1.57 5 05683-Adoor Total 265208 124448 140760 37728 16785 20943 95.43 96.72 94.3 2.41 Rural 239436 112236 127200 34329 15256 19073 95.34 96.64 94.2 2.43 Urban 25772 12212 13560 3399 1529 1870 96.31 97.49 95.3 2.22 District: Total 1062553 499181 563372 134859 62535 72324 96.55 97.36 95.8 1.53 Pathanamthitta(599) Rural 945351 444022 501329 120448 55798 64650 96.5 97.33 95.8 1.55 Urban 117202 55159 62043 14411 6737 7674 96.9 97.64 96.3 1.39

The number of literates and illiterates and literacy rate by sex and the gap in male-female literacy rate are given for the district and the taluks with rural-urban break-up of population.

In the district, the literacy rate is 96.55 with a break-up of 96.50 per cent for rural, 96.90 per cent for urban, 97.36 per cent for males and 95.83 per cent for females. The urban literacy rate is marginally higher

75 than the rural literacy rate. Similarly, the male literacy rate is also higher than the female literacy rate. In both the rural and the urban areas, the male and female literacy rates are above 90 per cent.

The literacy is above 90 per cent in all the taluks. It is also higher than the district average (96.55 per cent) except in the case of Kozhenchery and Adoor taluks. Male literacy rate in all the taluks are above 90 per cent. For all the taluks except in Adoor taluk, the male literacy rate is above the district average for male literacy rate (97.36 per cent). In female literacy rate also, the literacy rate is above 90 per cent in all the taluks. In Kozhenchery and Adoor taluks, the female literacy rate is lower than the district average for female literacy rate (95.83per cent).

The gap in male-female literacy rate is 1.53 per cent in the district. The gap is higher in the rural area as compared to the urban area. Among the taluks, Adoor taluk has the highest gap in male-female literacy rate (2.41 per cent). Table 21: Number of literates and illiterates, literacy rate by sex in CD Blocks (rural), 2011 Sr. Name of CD Block Number of literates and illiterates Literacy rate Gap in No. Number of literates Number of illiterates male- female literacy Persons Males Females Persons Males Females Persons Males Females rate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 0104-Veliyanad (Part) 72 33 39 11 5 6 97.3 100 95.1 4.88 2 0114-Pulikkeezh (Part) 78198 36332 41866 9421 4478 4943 97.27 97.81 96.8 1.01 3 0118-Kulanada (Part) 59743 27535 32208 7032 3291 3741 97.05 97.81 96.4 1.4 4 0120-Bharanikkavu (Part) 38 19 19 6 2 4 92.68 100 86.4 13.64 5 0121-Mallappally 106082 50009 56073 12121 5912 6209 97.49 97.72 97.3 0.42 6 0122-Koipuram 108866 50919 57947 11865 5655 6210 97.57 97.98 97.2 0.76 7 0123-Ranni 145351 69951 75400 19112 9059 10053 96.61 97.34 96 1.39 8 0124-Elanthoor 82720 38573 44147 9764 4552 5212 96.99 97.68 96.4 1.28 9 0125-Konni 124883 58434 66449 16793 7590 9203 95.82 96.98 94.8 2.15 10 0126-Pandalam 59936 27904 32032 7590 3386 4204 96.66 97.8 95.7 2.12 11 0127-Parakode (Part) 179462 84313 95149 26733 11868 14865 94.9 96.26 93.7 2.53 Total 945351 444022 501329 120448 55798 64650 96.5 97.33 95.8 1.55

In this Table, the number of literates and illiterates and literacy rate by sex and the gap in male- female literacy rate are given for the rural areas of the District and the CD Blocks.

The rural literacy rate of the District is 96.50 with a break-up of 97.33 per cent for males and 95.8 per cent for females. The male rural literacy rate is higher than the female rural literacy rate in the District.

Among the nine CD Blocks lying wholly or having major portions within the district, the rural literacy rate is above 90 per cent. In two CD Blocks viz., Konni (95.82 per cent) and Parakode (Part) (94.90 per cent), the literacy rate is below the District average for rural area (96.50 per cent). Male and Female rural literacy rates are above 90 per cent in all the CD Blocks.

The gap in male-female rural literacy rate in the District is 1.55 per cent. The highest gap in male- female rural literacy rate is recorded in Parakode (Part) CD Block (2.53 per cent) and the lowest in Mallapally CD Block(0.42 per cent).

76 Table 22: Distribution of villages by literacy rate range, 2011

Range of literacy rate Number of inhabited Percentage distribution of Population Percentage distribution for villages villages villages of population

1 2 3 4 5 0 0 0.00 0 0.00 1 - 10 0 0.00 0 0.00 11 - 20 0 0.00 0 0.00 21 - 30 0 0.00 0 0.00 31 - 40 0 0.00 0 0.00 41 - 50 0 0.00 0 0.00 51 - 60 0 0.00 0 0.00 61 - 70 0 0.00 0 0.00 71 - 80 0 0.00 0 0.00 81 - 90 0 0.00 0 0.00 91 - 99 64 100.00 1065799 100.00 100 0 0.00 0 0.00 District: 64 100.00 1065799 100.00 Pathanamthitta(599)

Literacy rate for District: 96.50

All the villages of the district are distributed in twelve ranges of literacy rate based on the literacy rate of the villages. For each range of literacy rate, the number and the percentage of villages, the related rural population and the percentage of rural population are given. For the district (rural), the total number of villages and the total rural population are also shown.

The literacy rate for the district (rural) is 96.5 per cent. None of the villages in the district have literacy rate below 90 per cent. The literacy rate of all the 64 villages of the district lies between 91 and 99 per cent. Table 23: Number of literates and illiterates, literacy rate by sex in towns, 2011 Sr. Name of town Number of literates and illiterates Literacy rate Gap in No. Number of literates Number of illiterates male- Persons Males Females Persons Males Females Persons Males Females female literacy rate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 803303-Thiruvalla (M) 47768 22376 25392 5115 2441 2674 97.64 98.05 97.28 0.77 2 803304-Pathanamthitta (M) 32910 15605 17305 4628 2139 2489 96.4 97.4 95.52 1.88 3 628342-Kozhenchery (CT) 10752 4966 5786 1269 628 641 96.57 96.9 96.29 0.61 4 803305-Adoor (M) 25772 12212 13560 3399 1529 1870 96.31 97.49 95.27 2.22 District (Urban): 117202 55159 62043 14411 6737 7674 96.9 97.64 96.25 1.39 Pathanamthitta(599)

The number of literates and illiterates and literacy rate by sex and the gap in male-female literacy rate are given for the district (urban) and the statutory towns.

77 The urban literacy rate of the district is 96.90 per cent with break-up of 97.64 per cent for males and 96.25 per cent for females. As is seen, the urban male literacy rate is higher than the urban female literacy rate.

There are three statutory towns and one Census Town in the district. The literacy rates of these towns are above 90 per cent. Thiruvalla municipality has the highest literacy rate of 97.64 per cent. Both male and female literacy rates exceed 90 per cent in all the towns. The male literacy rate is also higher than the female literacy rate in these four towns.

The gap in urban male-female literacy rate in the district is 1.39 per cent. It is as high as 2.22 per cent in Adoor municipality and as low as 0.61 per cent in Kozhenchery Census Town.

Table 24: Number of scheduled castes literates and illiterates, literacy rate by sex in CD Blocks, 2011 Sr.No. Name of CD Block Number of literates and illiterates Literacy rate Gap in Number of literates Number of illiterates male- female literacy Persons Males Females Persons Males Females Persons Males Females rate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 0104-Veliyanad (Part) 18 8 10 6 2 4 94.74 100 90.91 9.09 2 0114-Pulikkeezh (Part) 8914 4352 4562 1464 642 822 94.79 96.73 93.01 3.72 3 0118-Kulanada (Part) 12470 6098 6372 2001 883 1118 94.25 96.2 92.46 3.74 4 0120-Bharanikkavu (Part) 26 14 12 4 0 4 89.66 100 80 20 5 0121-Mallappally 12397 6038 6359 1731 811 920 96.23 97.11 95.41 1.7 6 0122-Koipuram 11860 5694 6166 1692 769 923 95.98 97.07 94.99 2.08 7 0123-Ranni 13174 6532 6642 2531 1115 1416 93.35 95.59 91.24 4.35 8 0124-Elanthoor 10908 5364 5544 2107 861 1246 92.01 94.82 89.45 5.37 9 0125-Konni 14542 7049 7493 3709 1535 2174 87.85 91.19 84.92 6.27 10 0126-Pandalam 11292 5488 5804 2069 854 1215 92.1 95.08 89.44 5.64 11 0127-Parakode (Part) 31464 15617 15847 7465 3058 4407 88.78 92.17 85.66 6.51 Total 127065 62254 64811 24779 10530 14249 91.98 94.5 89.68 4.82

The number of Scheduled Caste literates and illiterates and Scheduled Caste literacy rate by sex are given for the rural areas of the District and the CD Blocks.

The Scheduled Caste rural literacy rate is 91.98 per cent with a break-up of 94.50 per cent for males and 89.68 per cent for females. The rural literacy rate of Scheduled Castes is less than the total rural literacy rate (96.50 per cent). As is the trend in general literacy rate, the male rural literacy rate of Scheduled Castes is higher than the female rural literacy rate. It is also seen that the female rural literacy rate of Scheduled Castes is above 80 per cent but below 90 per cent.

Among the nine CD Blocks lying wholly or having major portions within the district, Konni (87.85) and Parakode (88.78) CD Blocks have Scheduled Caste rural literacy rate below 90 per cent. It is as high as 96.23 per cent in Mallappally CD Block and as low as 87.85 per cent in Konni CD Block.

The gap in Scheduled Caste male-female rural literacy rate is 4.82 per cent. It is as high as 6.51 per cent in Parakode (Part) CD Block and as low as 1.70 per cent in Mallappally CD Block

78 Table 25: Distribution of villages by literacy rate range for scheduled castes population (rural), 2011

Range of Number of inhabited Percentage distribution of Scheduled castes Percentage distribution of population literacy rate villages having villages population for villages Scheduled castes 1 2 3 4 5 0 0 0.00 0 0.00 1 - 10 0 0.00 0 0.00 11 - 20 0 0.00 0 0.00 21 - 30 0 0.00 0 0.00 31 - 40 0 0.00 0 0.00 41 - 50 0 0.00 0 0.00 51 - 60 0 0.00 0 0.00 61 - 70 0 0.00 0 0.00 71 - 80 0 0.00 0 0.00 81 - 90 16 25.00 47557 31.32 91 - 99 48 75.00 104287 68.68 100 0 0.00 0 0.00 Total 64 100.00 151844 100.00 District Scheduled castes Literacy rate: 91.98

The Villages having Scheduled Caste population are distributed in twelve literacy ranges based on Scheduled Caste literacy in the Villages. For each literacy range, the number and the percentage of Vil- lages, the related Scheduled Caste rural population and their percentage to the total Scheduled Caste rural population are given. For District rural, the total number of Villages having Scheduled Caste population and the total Scheduled Caste rural population are also shown.

The Scheduled Caste rural literacy rate for the District is 91.98 per cent. This is lower than the total rural literacy rate of the District (96.50 per cent). None of the Villages in the District have Scheduled Caste rural literacy rate below 80 per cent. 48 Villages constituting 75.00 per cent of the Villages and covering 68.68 per cent of the Scheduled Caste rural population, have Scheduled Caste rural literacy rate between 91 and 99 per cent. Remaining 16 Villages have Scheduled Caste rural literacy rate between 81 and 90 per cent. None of the Villages in the District have cent per cent Scheduled Caste rural literacy rate.

Table 26: Number of scheduled castes literates and illiterates, literacy rate by sex in towns, 2011

Sr. Name of Town Number of literates and illiterates Literacy rate Gap in No. Number of literates Number of illiterates male- Persons Males Females Persons Males Females Persons Males Females female literacy rate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 803303-Thiruvalla (M) 3917 1896 2021 571 254 317 95.54 96.88 94.31 2.57 2 803304-Pathanamthitta (M) 2697 1370 1327 595 252 343 90.56 94.16 87.13 7.03 3 628342-Kozhenchery (CT) 1028 524 504 192 97 95 93.88 95.1 92.65 2.45 4 803305-Adoor (M) 3006 1510 1496 615 255 360 91.15 94.43 88.05 6.38 District: Pathanamthitta (599) 10648 5300 5348 1973 858 1115 92.83 95.29 90.51 4.78

79 The number of Scheduled Caste literates and illiterates and Scheduled Caste literacy rate by sex and the gap in Scheduled Caste male-female literacy rate are given for the District (urban) and the Towns.

The District urban literacy rate for Scheduled Caste is 92.83 per cent with a break-up of 95.29 per cent for males and 90.51 per cent for females. The Scheduled Caste male urban literacy rate is above 90 per cent for all towns while Scheduled Caste female urban literacy rate is above 90 except for Pathanamthitta and Adoor Municipalities.

Among the three Statutory Towns, Thiruvalla Municipality has the highest literacy rate of 95.54 per cent. Thiruvalla municipality (95.54 ) and Kozhenchery Census Town (93.88 per cent) are having the Sched- uled Caste literacy rates above District urban literacy rate for Scheduled Caste. In Adoor and Pathanamthitta Municipalities, the rate is above 90 per cent but below District urban literacy rate. As regards male literacy rate, the same in Thiruvalla Municipality (96.88 per cent) is higher than the District male urban literacy rate (95.29 per cent). In Scheduled Caste female urban literacy rate, it is above 90 per cent in Thiruvalla Munici- pality (94.31 per cent) and Kozhenchery census Town (92.65 per cent). The scheduled Caste female urban literacy rate is the lowest in Pathanamthitta Municipality (87.13 per cent). The gap in Scheduled Caste male- female urban literacy rate is 4.78 per cent. The literacy gap is the highest in Pathanamthitta Municipality (7.03 per cent). Table 27: Number and percentage of scheduled tribes literates and illiterates by sex in CD Blocks, 2011

Sr. Name of CD Block Number of literates and illiterates Literacy rate Gap in No. Number of literates Number of illiterates male- female literacy Persons Males Females Persons Males Females Persons Males Females rate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 0114-Pulikkeezh (Part) 155 76 79 21 11 10 95.1 92.7 97.5 -4.85 2 0118-Kulanada (Part) 120 63 57 26 12 14 93 94 91.9 2.09 3 0121-Mallappally 444 216 228 82 44 38 92.3 93.1 91.6 1.53 4 0122-Koipuram 362 172 190 58 24 34 94.3 94.5 94.1 0.45 5 0123-Ranni 3774 1913 1861 931 397 534 88.7 91.6 86 5.61 6 0124-Elanthoor 291 132 159 50 28 22 93.6 93.6 93.5 0.09 7 0125-Konni 463 231 232 194 88 106 78.9 81.1 76.8 4.23 8 0126-Pandalam 111 57 54 19 10 9 94.1 93.4 94.7 -1.3 9 0127-Parakode (Part) 482 224 258 80 34 46 93.8 94.5 93.1 1.37 Total 6202 3084 3118 1461 648 813 89.4 91.4 87.5 3.89

The number of Scheduled Tribe literates and illiterates and Scheduled Tribe literacy rate by sex and the gap in Scheduled Tribe male-female literacy rate are given for the rural areas of the District and the CD Blocks. As there is no Scheduled Tribe population in Veliyanad (Part) and Bharanikkavu (Part) CD Blocks, those CD Blocks are not included in this table. The Scheduled Tribe rural literacy rate of the District is 89.35 per cent with a break-up of 91.35 per cent for males and 87.46 per cent for females. The Scheduled Tribe rural literacy rate is less than the total rural literacy rate (96.5 per cent) and Scheduled Caste rural literacy rate (91.98 per cent). Among the nine CD Blocks, Ranni (88.72) and Konni (78.88) CD Blocks have Scheduled Tribe rural literacy rate below 90 per cent. It is as high as 95.09 per cent in Pulikkeezh CD Block and as low as 78.88 per cent in Konni CD Block. The gap in Scheduled Tribe male-female rural literacy rate is 3.89 per cent. It is as high as 5.61 per cent in Ranni CD Block and as low as -4.85 per cent in Pulikkeezhu (Part) CD Block.

80 Table 28: Distribution of villages by literacy rate range for scheduled tribes population (rural), 2011 Range of literacy rate for Number of inhabited Percentage Scheduled tribes Percentage distribution of villages villages having distribution of population population Scheduled tribes villages 1 2 3 4 5 0 0 0.00 0 0.00 1 - 10 0 0.00 0 0.00 11 - 20 0 0.00 0 0.00 21 - 30 0 0.00 0 0.00 31 - 40 0 0.00 0 0.00 41 - 50 1 1.56 196 2.56 51 - 60 0 0.00 0 0.00 61 - 70 0 0.00 0 0.00 71 - 80 5 7.81 841 10.97 81 - 90 13 20.31 2475 32.30 91 - 99 28 43.75 3504 45.73 100 17 26.56 647 8.44 District: Pathanamthitta(599) 64 100.00 7663 100.00 Literacy rate for District: 89.35

All the Villages having Scheduled Tribe population are distributed in twelve Scheduled Tribe literacy ranges based on the Scheduled Tribe literacy in the Villages. For each Scheduled Tribe literacy range, the number and the percentage of Villages and the related Scheduled Tribe rural population are given. For the District (rural), the total number of Villages having Scheduled Tribe population and the total rural Scheduled Tribe population are also shown. The Scheduled Tribe literacy rate of the District (rural) is 89.35 per cent. There are 17 Villages in the District having cent per cent literacy rate. Out of remaining 47 Villages, in 28 Villages, the literacy rate is between 91-99, in 13 Villages the literacy rate is between 81 and 90 per cent,in 5 villages the literacy rate is between 71-80 and in the remaining 1 village the literacy rate is in between 41-50. None of the Villages in the District have Scheduled Tribe literacy rate below 40 per cent. The number of Villages falling in various literacy ranges below 80 comes to 6 only. They form only 9.37 per cent of the total Villages cover about 13.53 per cent of the Scheduled Tribe rural population in the District. Table 29: Number and percentage of scheduled tribe literates and illiterates by sex in towns, 2011 Sr. Name of town Number of Literates and Illiterates Literacy rate Gap in No. Number of literates Number of illiterates male- Persons Males Females Persons Males Females Persons Males Females female literacy rate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 803303-Thiruvalla (M) 209 102 107 28 13 15 97.66 97.1 98.2 -1.03

2 803304-Pathanamthitta (M) 109 55 54 22 6 16 91.6 98.2 85.7 12.5

3 628342-Kozhenchery (CT) 34 23 11 5 3 2 89.47 92 84.6 7.38

4 803305-Adoor (M) 33 11 22 5 2 3 91.67 91.7 91.7 0

District (Urban): 385 191 194 60 24 36 94.59 96.5 92.8 3.64 Pathanamthitta(599)

The number of Scheduled Tribe literates and illiterates and the percentage of Scheduled Tribe literates by sex and the gap in Scheduled Tribe male-female literacy rate are given for the District (urban) and the Statutory Towns.

81 The Scheduled Tribe urban literacy rate of the District is 94.59 per cent with a break-up of 96.46 per cent for males and 92.82 per cent for females. There are 209 Scheduled Tribe literates in Thiruvalla Munici- pality. The female literacy rate is higher than the male literacy rate among Scheduled Tribes in Thiruvalla Municipality. In Adoor Municipality, both male and female literacy rate are same (91.67 per cent ).

The gap in Scheduled Tribe male-female urban literacy rate in the District is 3.64 per cent.

Table 30: Number and percentage of main workers, marginal workers, and non-workers by sex in Taluk, 2011 Sr.No. Name of Taluk Persons/ Total Main workers Marginal workers Total workers Non workers Males/ population (main and Females marginal workers) Number Percen Number Percen Number Percen Number Percen tage tage tage tage 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 05679-Thiruvalla Persons 223503 54606 24.43 16816 7.52 71422 31.96 152081 68.04 Males 104206 40360 38.73 9579 9.19 49939 47.92 54267 52.08 Females 119297 14246 11.94 7237 6.07 21483 18.01 97814 81.99 2 05680-Mallappally Persons 134219 32663 24.34 10133 7.55 42796 31.89 91423 68.11 Males 63748 25428 39.89 5798 9.10 31226 48.98 32522 51.02 Females 70471 7235 10.27 4335 6.15 11570 16.42 58901 83.58 3 05681-Ranni Persons 198194 50742 25.60 15625 7.88 66367 33.49 131827 66.51 Males 94773 40771 43.02 9266 9.78 50037 52.80 44736 47.20 Females 103421 9971 9.64 6359 6.15 16330 15.79 87091 84.21 4 05682-Kozhenchery Persons 338560 81860 24.18 29361 8.67 111221 32.85 227339 67.15 Males 157756 61910 39.24 17050 10.81 78960 50.05 78796 49.95 Females 180804 19950 11.03 12311 6.81 32261 17.84 148543 82.16 5 05683-Adoor Persons 302936 73386 24.22 27602 9.11 100988 33.34 201948 66.66 Males 141233 55173 39.07 16519 11.70 71692 50.76 69541 49.24 Females 161703 18213 11.26 11083 6.85 29296 18.12 132407 81.88 District: Persons 1197412 293257 24.49 99537 8.31 392794 32.80 804618 67.20 Pathanamthitta (599) Males 561716 223642 39.81 58212 10.36 281854 50.18 279862 49.82 Females 635696 69615 10.95 41325 6.50 110940 17.45 524756 82.55

The number and the percentage of main workers, marginal workers and non-workers by sex are given for the district and the taluks. The percentage of total workers in the district is 32.80 per cent. Of the total workers, 24.49 per cent are main workers and 8.31 per cent are marginal workers. The percentage of male main workers (39.81 per cent) and male marginal workers (10.36 per cent) is higher than the percentage of female main workers (10.95 per cent) and female marginal workers (6.50 per cent). In the case of non-workers, there is higher percentage of females (82.55 per cent) than males (49.82 per cent). Among the taluks, the percentage of workers is the highest in Ranni taluk (33.49 per cent) closely followed by Adoor taluk (33.34 per cent) and they exceeds the district average for total workers (32.80 per cent). The lowest percentage of workers is in Thiruvalla and Mallappally taluks (31.96 per cent) and (31.89 per cent) respectively. In all the taluks, there is higher percentage of male workers than that of female workers. More than 45 per cent of the male population are workers among the taluks. The highest percentage of main workers is reported in Ranni taluk (25.60 per cent) and the lowest in Kozhenchery taluk (24.18 percent). Alongwith Kozhenchery, the percentage of main workers in Thiruvalla (24.43 per cent), Mallappally (24.34 per cent) and Adoor (24.22) are lower than the district average (24.49 per cent) for main workers . In all the taluks, main workers constitute 60 per cent and above of the

82 total workers. The male main workers dominate their female counter part in all the taluks. As regards marginal workers, the highest percentage is reported in Adoor taluk (9.11 per cent) which is also higher than the district average for marginal workers (8.31 per cent). The lowest percentage of marginal workers is reported in Thiruvalla and Mallappally taluks (7.52 per cent) and (7.55 per cent) respectively. The percentage of male marginal workers exceeds the percentage of female marginal workers in all the taluks. In the case of non-workers, the percentage is the highest in Mallappally taluk (68.11 per cent) and the lowest in Ranni and Adoor taluks (66.51per cent) and (66.66 per cent) respectively. Among the taluks, the percentage of female non-workers is higher than that of male non-workers. The non-workers also account for more than 65 per cent of the population in the taluks. Table 31: Number and percentage of main workers, marginal workers and non-workers by Sex in CD Blocks, 2011

Sr. Name of CD Persons/ Total Main workers Marginal workers Total workers Non workers No. Block Males/ population (main and Females marginal workers) Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent age age age age 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 0104-Veliyanad Persons 83 8 9.64 26 31.33 34 40.96 49 59.04 (Part) Males 38 6 15.79 16 42.11 22 57.89 16 42.11 Females 45 2 4.44 10 22.22 12 26.67 33 73.33 2 0114- Persons 87619 20828 23.77 8364 9.55 29192 33.32 58427 66.68 Pulikkeezh Males 40810 15428 37.80 4667 11.44 20095 49.24 20715 50.76 (Part) Females 46809 5400 11.54 3697 7.90 9097 19.43 37712 80.57 3 0118-Kulanada Persons 66775 14907 22.32 5693 8.53 20600 30.85 46175 69.15 (Part) Males 30826 11009 35.71 3380 10.96 14389 46.68 16437 53.32 Females 35949 3898 10.84 2313 6.43 6211 17.28 29738 82.72 4 0120- Persons 44 10 22.73 3 6.82 13 29.55 31 70.45 Bharanikkavu Males 21 9 42.86 0 0.00 9 42.86 12 57.14 (Part) Females 23 1 4.35 3 13.04 4 17.39 19 82.61 5 0121- Persons 118203 29692 25.12 8008 6.77 37700 31.89 80503 68.11 Mallappally Males 55921 22891 40.93 4557 8.15 27448 49.08 28473 50.92 Females 62282 6801 10.92 3451 5.54 10252 16.46 52030 83.54 6 0122-Koipuram Persons 120731 28497 23.60 9379 7.77 37876 31.37 82855 68.63 Males 56574 21797 38.53 5312 9.39 27109 47.92 29465 52.08 Females 64157 6700 10.44 4067 6.34 10767 16.78 53390 83.22 7 0123-Ranni Persons 164463 42107 25.60 13678 8.32 55785 33.92 108678 66.08 Males 79010 33992 43.02 8202 10.38 42194 53.40 36816 46.60 Females 85453 8115 9.50 5476 6.41 13591 15.90 71862 84.10 8 0124-Elanthoor Persons 92484 22052 23.84 6692 7.24 28744 31.08 63740 68.92 Males 43125 16988 39.39 3901 9.05 20889 48.44 22236 51.56 Females 49359 5064 10.26 2791 5.65 7855 15.91 41504 84.09 9 0125-Konni Persons 141676 35331 24.94 13908 9.82 49239 34.75 92437 65.25 Males 66024 26950 40.82 7869 11.92 34819 52.74 31205 47.26 Females 75652 8381 11.08 6039 7.98 14420 19.06 61232 80.94 10 0126-Pandalam Persons 67526 16215 24.01 6690 9.91 22905 33.92 44621 66.08 Males 31290 11965 38.24 3748 11.98 15713 50.22 15577 49.78 Females 36236 4250 11.73 2942 8.12 7192 19.85 29044 80.15 11 0127-Parakode Persons 206195 50309 24.40 19438 9.43 69747 33.83 136448 66.17 (Part) Males 96181 37918 39.42 11747 12.21 49665 51.64 46516 48.36 Females 110014 12391 11.26 7691 6.99 20082 18.25 89932 81.75 T otal Persons 1065799 259956 24.39 91879 8.62 351835 33.01 713964 66.99 Males 499820 198953 39.80 53399 10.68 252352 50.49 247468 49.51 Females 565979 61003 10.78 38480 6.80 99483 17.58 466496 82.42

83 The number and the percentage of total workers, main workers, marginal workers and non-workers by sex are given for the rural areas of the District and the CD Blocks. The percentage of total workers in the District (rural) is 33.01 per cent. Of this, 24.39 per cent are main workers and 8.62 per cent are marginal workers. The percentages of rural male main workers (39.80 per cent) and rural male marginal workers (10.68 per cent) are higher than the percentages of rural female main workers (10.78 per cent) and rural female marginal workers (6.80 per cent). In the case of rural non- workers, there is higher percentage of females (82.42 per cent) than that of males (49.51 per cent). Among the nine CD Blocks lying wholly or having major portions within the district, the highest percentage of total workers is in Konni CD Block (34.75 per cent) and the lowest in portion of Kulanada CD Block (30.85 per cent). In 5 CD Blocks, viz., Pulikkeezh (Part) (33.32 per cent), Ranni (33.92 per cent), Konni (34.75 per cent),Pandalam (33.92 per cent)and Parakode (Part) (33.83 per cent), the percentage of total workers is higher than the District average for total workers in rural area (33.01 per cent). More than 25 per cent of the population is workers and male workers dominate female workers in all the CD Blocks. The percentage of main workers to the total population ranges from 22.32 per cent in the Kulanada CD Block to 25.60 per cent in Ranni CD Block. In all CD Blocks, more than 70 per cent of the workers are main workers. In 4 CD Blocks, namely, Mallappally (25.12 per cent), Ranni (25.60 per cent), Konni (24.94 per cent) and in portion of Parakode (24.40 per cent), the percentage of main workers to the total population is higher than the District average for main workers in rural areas (24.39 per cent). The percentage of male main workers is higher than that of female main workers in all the CD Blocks. In the case of marginal workers, the highest percentage is in Pandalam CD Block (9.91 per cent) and the lowest in Mallappally CD Block (6.77 per cent). Pulikkeezh (Part) (9.55 per cent),Konni (9.82 per cent),Pandalam CD Block (9.91 per cent) and Parakode (9.43 per cent) CD Blocks have higher percentage of marginal workers than the District average for marginal workers in rural areas (8.62 per cent). The male marginal workers dominate their female counterpart in all the CD Blocks. As regards non-workers, the percentage is the highest in the portion of Kulanada (Part) CD Block (69.15 per cent) and the lowest in the portion of Konni CD Block (65.25 per cent). In all the CD Blocks , more than 65 per cent of the population are non-workers and the percentage of female non-workers is higher than that of male non-workers. Table 32: Number and percentage of main workers, marginal workers, and non-workers by sex in towns, 2011 Sr. Name of town Persons/ Total Main workers Marginal Total workers Non workers No. Males/ population workers (main and marginal Females workers) Number Percen Number Percen Number Percen Number Perce tage tage tage ntage 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 803303-Thiruvalla Persons 52883 13686 25.88 2617 4.95 16303 30.83 36580 69.17 (M) Males 24817 9939 40.05 1635 6.59 11574 46.64 13243 53.36 Females 28066 3747 13.35 982 3.50 4729 16.85 23337 83.15 2 803304- Persons 37538 9811 26.14 2442 6.51 12253 32.64 25285 67.36 Pathanamthitta (M) Males 17744 7427 41.86 1495 8.43 8922 50.28 8822 49.72 Females 19794 2384 12.04 947 4.78 3331 16.83 16463 83.17 3 628342- Persons 12021 2952 24.56 1128 9.38 4080 33.94 7941 66.06 Kozhenchery (CT) Males 5594 2042 36.50 659 11.78 2701 48.28 2893 51.72 Females 6427 910 14.16 469 7.30 1379 21.46 5048 78.54 4 803305-Adoor (M) Persons 29171 6852 23.49 1471 5.04 8323 28.53 20848 71.47 Males 13741 5281 38.43 1024 7.45 6305 45.88 7436 54.12 Females 15430 1571 10.18 447 2.90 2018 13.08 13412 86.92 District(Urban): Persons 131613 33301 25.30 7658 5.82 40959 31.12 90654 68.88 Pathanamthitta(599) Males 61896 24689 39.89 4813 7.78 29502 47.66 32394 52.34 Females 69717 8612 12.35 2845 4.08 11457 16.43 58260 83.57

84 The number and the percentage of total workers, main workers, marginal workers and non-workers by sex are given for the district (urban) and the towns. The percentage of total workers in the district (urban) in 31.12 per cent. Of the total population, 25.30 per cent are main workers and 5.82 per cent are marginal workers. The percentage of urban male main workers (39.89 per cent) and urban male marginal workers (7.78 per cent) exceeds the percentage of urban female main workers (12.35 per cent) and the urban female marginal workers (4.08 per cent). Among urban non-workers, there is higher percentage of females (83.57 per cent) than that of males (52.34 per cent). Among the towns, the highest percentage of total workers is in Kozhenchery (CT) (33.94 per cent) which is also higher than the district average for urban total workers (31.12 per cent) and the lowest in Adoor (M) (28.53 per cent). The male workers dominate their female counterpart in all the towns. As regards main workers, the highest percentage is reported in Pathanamthitta (M) (26.14 per cent) and the lowest in Adoor (M) (23.49 per cent). Thiruvalla (25.88 per cent) and Pathanamthitta municipalities (26.14 per cent) have higher percentage of main workers than the district average for urban main workers (25.30 per cent). The percentage of male main workers is higher than the corresponding percentage of females in all the towns.In the case of marginal workers, the highest percentage is in Kozhenchery (CT) (9.38 per cent) and the lowest is in Thiruvalla (M) (4.95 per cent). The male marginal workers dominate their female counterpart in all the towns.In all the towns, more than sixty five per cent of the population are non- workers. The highest percentage of non-workers is reported in Adoor (M) (71.47 per cent) and the lowest in Kozhenchery (CT)(66.06 per cent). Thiruvalla (M)(69.17 per cent) and Adoor (M) (71.47 per cent) are having higher percentage of non-workers than the district average for urban non-workers (68.88 per cent). The percentage of female non-workers exceeds 75 per cent in all the towns. Table 33: Distribution of workers by sex in four categories of economic activity in Taluk, 2011 Sr. No. Name of Taluk Persons/ Total Total Category of workers Males/ population workers Cultivators Agricultural Household Other workers Females (main + labourers industry marginal workers workers) Numb Perce Numb Perce Numb Perce Number Perce er ntage er ntage er ntage ntage

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1 05679-Thiruvalla Persons 223503 71422 3578 5.01 7915 11.08 2124 2.97 57805 80.93 Males 104206 49939 2962 5.93 5701 11.42 1469 2.94 39807 79.71 Females 119297 21483 616 2.87 2214 10.31 655 3.05 17998 83.78 2 05680- Persons 134219 42796 4354 10.17 5404 12.63 1391 3.25 31647 73.95 Mallappally Males 63748 31226 3740 11.98 4573 14.64 1017 3.26 21896 70.12 Females 70471 11570 614 5.31 831 7.18 374 3.23 9751 84.28 3 05681-Ranni Persons 198194 66367 9134 13.76 10394 15.66 1731 2.61 45108 67.97 Males 94773 50037 8216 16.42 8651 17.29 1245 2.49 31925 63.80 Females 103421 16330 918 5.62 1743 10.67 486 2.98 13183 80.73 4 05682- Persons 338560 111221 12134 10.91 16225 14.59 3154 2.84 79708 71.67 Kozhenchery Males 157756 78960 10743 13.61 12839 16.26 2041 2.58 53337 67.55 Females 180804 32261 1391 4.31 3386 10.50 1113 3.45 26371 81.74 5 05683-Adoor Persons 302936 100988 12214 12.09 15517 15.37 2674 2.65 70583 69.89 Males 141233 71692 10836 15.11 12466 17.39 1792 2.50 46598 65.00 Females 161703 29296 1378 4.70 3051 10.41 882 3.01 23985 81.87 District: Persons 1197412 392794 41414 10.54 55455 14.12 11074 2.82 284851 72.52 Pathanamthitta Males 561716 281854 36497 12.95 44230 15.69 7564 2.68 193563 68.67 (599) Females 635696 110940 4917 4.43 11225 10.12 3510 3.16 91288 82.29

85 The total population, total workers with their percentage to the total population and the four categories of workers with their percentage to the total workers are given by sex for the district and the taluks.

In the district, among the four categories of workers, ‘Other Workers’ constitute the highest percentage of the total workers (72.52 per cent). The next category in which the highest percentage of workers engaged is Agricultural Labour (14.12 per cent), followed by cultivation (10.54 per cent) and Household Industry (2.82 per cent). In Cultivator and Agricultural Labour, there is higher percentage of male workers than that of female workers. Household Industry and Other Workers are the two categories in which female workers are predominant in the district.

Among the five taluks, the percentage of workers is the highest in ‘Other Workers’ followed by Agricultural Labour, Cultivation and Household Industry. The percentage of Cultivators is the highest in Ranni taluk (13.76 per cent) and the lowest in Thiruvalla taluk (5.01 per cent). In all the taluks, except Thiruvalla and Mallappally taluks, the percentage of Cultivators are above the district average (10.54 per cent). The percentage of male cultivators is more than the corresponding percentage for females. Ranni taluk (15.66 per cent) tops with the highest percentage of Agricultural Labourers. The lowest is in Thiruvalla taluk (11.08 per cent). Except Thiruvalla and Mallappally taluks, in the other taluks, there is higher percentage of Agricultural Labourers than the district average for Agricultural Labourers (14.12 per cent). The male Agricultural Labourers dominate in all the taluks. The highest percentage of Household Industry Workers is reported in Mallappally taluk (3.25 per cent) and the lowest percentage in Ranni taluk (2.61 per cent) closely followed by Adoor taluk (2.65 per cent). The percentage of Household industry workers in Kozhencherytaluk (2.84 per cent) is very close to corresponding district average (2.82 per cent). Thiruvalla taluk (80.93 per cent) tops with the highest percentage of Other Workers and the percentage exceeds the district average for Other Workers (72.52 per cent). The lowest percentage is in Ranni taluk (67.97 per cent). The female Other Workers dominate in all the other taluks.

Table 34: Distribution of workers by sex in four categories of economic activity in CD blocks, 2011

Sr. Name of CD Persons/ Total Total Category of Workers No. Block Males/ population workers Cultivators Agricultural Household Other workers Females (main + labourers industry marginal workers workers) Number Perce Number Perce Number Perce Number Perce ntage ntage ntage ntage 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1 0104- Persons 83 34 0 0.00 23 67.65 0 0.00 11 32.35 Veliyanad (Part) Males 38 22 0 0.00 13 59.09 0 0.00 9 40.91 Females 45 12 0 0.00 10 83.33 0 0.00 2 16.67 2 0114- Persons 87619 29192 1754 6.01 4384 15.02 957 3.28 22097 75.70 Pulikkeezh Males 40810 20095 1405 6.99 2770 13.78 635 3.16 15285 76.06 (Part) Females 46809 9097 349 3.84 1614 17.74 322 3.54 6812 74.88 3 0118- Persons 66775 20600 1934 9.39 3026 14.69 687 3.33 14953 72.59 Kulanada (Part) Males 30826 14389 1705 11.85 2393 16.63 419 2.91 9872 68.61 Females 35949 6211 229 3.69 633 10.19 268 4.31 5081 81.81 4 0120- Persons 44 13 0 0.00 7 53.85 0 0.00 6 46.15 Bharanikkavu Males 21 9 0 0.00 7 77.78 0 0.00 2 22.22 (Part) Females 23 4 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 4 100.00

86 Table 34: Distribution of workers by sex in four categories of economic activity in CD blocks, 2011 Contd….. Sr. Name of Persons Total Total Category of Workers No. CD Block / Males/ population workers Cultivators Agricultural Household Other workers Females (main + labourers industry marginal workers workers) Number Perce Number Perce Number Perce Number Perce ntage ntage ntage ntage 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 5 0121- Persons 118203 37700 3567 9.46 4197 11.13 1164 3.09 28772 76.32 Mallappally Males 55921 27448 3130 11.40 3607 13.14 852 3.10 19859 72.35 Females 62282 10252 437 4.26 590 5.75 312 3.04 8913 86.94 6 0122- Persons 120731 37876 3066 8.09 4811 12.70 1212 3.20 28787 76.00 Koipuram Males 56574 27109 2601 9.59 4061 14.98 873 3.22 19574 72.20 Females 64157 10767 465 4.32 750 6.97 339 3.15 9213 85.57 7 0123-Ranni Persons 164463 55785 8075 14.48 9133 16.37 1499 2.69 37078 66.47 Males 79010 42194 7242 17.16 7462 17.68 1062 2.52 26428 62.63 Females 85453 13591 833 6.13 1671 12.29 437 3.22 10650 78.36 8 0124- Persons 92484 28744 3516 12.23 3754 13.06 635 2.21 20839 72.50 Elanthoor Males 43125 20889 3151 15.08 3200 15.32 471 2.25 14067 67.34 Females 49359 7855 365 4.65 554 7.05 164 2.09 6772 86.21 9 0125-Konni Persons 141676 49239 6403 13.00 8907 18.09 1523 3.09 32406 65.81 Males 66024 34819 5622 16.15 6838 19.64 959 2.75 21400 61.46 Females 75652 14420 781 5.42 2069 14.35 564 3.91 11006 76.32 10 0126- Persons 67526 22905 2374 10.36 3885 16.96 872 3.81 15774 68.87 Pandalam Males 31290 15713 2001 12.73 2869 18.26 582 3.70 10261 65.30 Females 36236 7192 373 5.19 1016 14.13 290 4.03 5513 76.65 11 0127- Persons 206195 69747 9422 13.51 10864 15.58 1588 2.28 47873 68.64 Parakode Males 96181 49665 8435 16.98 8903 17.93 1054 2.12 31273 62.97 (Part) Females 110014 20082 987 4.91 1961 9.76 534 2.66 16600 82.66 Total Persons 1065799 351835 40111 11.40 52991 15.06 10137 2.88 248596 70.66 Males 499820 252352 35292 13.99 42123 16.69 6907 2.74 168030 66.59 Females 565979 99483 4819 4.84 10868 10.92 3230 3.25 80566 80.98

In the District (rural), ‘other workers’ (70.66 per cent) constitute the highest percentage of the total workers. The second category constituting the highest percentage of workers is agricultural labour with 15.06 per cent. Cultivation and household industry constitute 11.4 per cent and 2.88 per cent respectively. Among workers, there is higher percentage of cultivators (13.99 per cent) and agricultural labourers (16.69 per cent) among males as compared to the corresponding proportion for females.

Among the nine CD Blocks lying wholly or having major portions within the district, there is higher percentage of workers in other workers category as compared to the other three categories of agricultural labour, cultivation and household industry. Ranni CD Block is reported to have the highest percentage of cultivators (14.48 per cent). Ranni (14.48 per cent),Elanthoor (12.23 per cent),Konni (13.00 per cent) and the portion of Parakode (13.51 per cent) CD Blocks have higher percentage of cultivators than the corresponding District average for rural areas (11.4 per cent). The male cultivators dominate their female counterpart in all

87 the CD Blocks. The percentage of agricultural labourers ranges from 11.13 per cent in Mallappally CD Block to 18.09 per cent in Konni CD Block. In Ranni (16.37 per cent), Konni (18.09 per cent), Pandalam (16.96 per cent) and Parakode(Part) (15.58 per cent) CD Blocks, the percentage of agricultural labourers is above the corresponding District average (15.06 per cent). In all the CD Blocks, excluding Pulikkeezhu (Part), the male agricultural labourers are predominant. Among household industry workers, the highest percentage is observed in Pandalam (3.81 per cent) CD Block. Pandalam (3.81 per cent), Koipuram (3.20 per cent), Konni (3.09 per cent), Mallappally (3.09 per cent) and the portions of Pulikkeezh (3.28 per cent) and Kulanada (3.33 per cent) CD Blocks have higher percentage of household industry workers than the corresponding District average (2.88 per cent). The female household industry workers dominate their male counterpart in all the CD Blocks except Mallappally, Koipuram and Elanthoor CD Blocks. Mallappally CD Block (76.32 per cent) is reported to have the highest percentage of other workers closely followed by Koipuram (76.00 per cent) and the lowest in Konni CD Block (65.81 per cent). Mallappally (76.32 per cent), Koipuram (76.00 per cent), Elanthoor (72.50 per cent) and the portions of Pulikkeezh (75.70 per cent) and Kulanada (72.59 per cent) CD Blocks have higher percentage of other workers than the corresponding District average (70.66 per cent) for rural areas.

Table 35: Distribution of workers by sex in four categories of economic activity in Towns, 2011 Sr. Name of town Persons Total Total Category of workers No. / Males/ population workers Cultivators Agricultural Household Other workers Females (main + labourers industry marginal workers workers) Number Perce Number Percen Number Perce Number Perce ntage tage ntage ntage 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1 803303- Persons 52883 16303 183 1.12 661 4.05 334 2.05 15125 92.77 Thiruvalla (M) Males 24817 11574 153 1.32 537 4.64 243 2.10 10641 91.94 Females 28066 4729 30 0.63 124 2.62 91 1.92 4484 94.82 2 803304- Persons 37538 12253 562 4.59 729 5.95 254 2.07 10708 87.39 Pathanamthitta Males 17744 8922 522 5.85 631 7.07 156 1.75 7613 85.33 (M) Females 19794 3331 40 1.20 98 2.94 98 2.94 3095 92.92 3 628342- Persons 12021 4080 140 3.43 313 7.67 135 3.31 3492 85.59 Kozhenchery Males 5594 2701 130 4.81 252 9.33 102 3.78 2217 82.08 (CT) Females 6427 1379 10 0.73 61 4.42 33 2.39 1275 92.46 4 803305-Adoor Persons 29171 8323 418 5.02 761 9.14 214 2.57 6930 83.26 (M) Males 13741 6305 400 6.34 687 10.90 156 2.47 5062 80.29 Females 15430 2018 18 0.89 74 3.67 58 2.87 1868 92.57 District Persons 131613 40959 1303 3.18 2464 6.02 937 2.29 36255 88.52 (Urban): Pathanamthitta Males 61896 29502 1205 4.08 2107 7.14 657 2.23 25533 86.55 Females 69717 11457 98 0.86 357 3.12 280 2.44 10722 93.58 The total urban population, total urban workers with their percentage to the total urban population and the four categories of workers with their proportion to the total urban workers are given by sex for the district (urban) and the towns. In the urban areas of the District, Other Workers (88.52 per cent) constitute the highest percentage among the total workers. The next category, constituting the highest percentage of workers is Agricultural Labour (6.02 per cent), followed by Cultivators (3.18 per cent) and Household Industry (2.29 per cent). Among Household Industry Workers and Other Workers, there is higher percentage of females than that of males.

88 In all the towns, ‘Other Workers’ constitute the highest percentage among the workers, followed by Agricultural Labourers. In the towns of Adoor, Kozhenchery and Pathanamthitta, Cultivators form the third major working sector, followed by Household Industry Workers. Thiruvalla (M) tops with the highest percentage of Other Workers (92.77 per cent) and the lowest is in Adoor (M) (83.26 per cent). Among towns, Adoor (M) has the unique position of having the highest percentage of Cultivators and Agricultural Labourers, while Thiruvalla (M) has the lowest percentage of Cultivators Agricultural Labourers and Household industry workers. The male Cultivators and Agricultural Labourers dominate their female counterpart in all the towns. In the case of Household Industry Workers, males are predominant in Thiruvalla (M) and Kozhenchery (CT). In the case of ‘Other Workers’, as usual, the female workers are more than the male workers.

(vi) Brief Analysis of the Village Directory and Town Directory data based on Inset tables 36 to 45

Table 36: Distribution of villages according to availability of different amenities, 2011 Sr. Name of Number Type of amenity available No. Taluk of @ Educat Medica Drinkin Post Telepho Transport Banks Agricult Appro Power inhabite # ion* l^ g water office ne ** communic ural ach by supply d $ ations credit pucca villages societies road 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1 05679- 10 10 ( 100)10 ( 100) 10 ( 100) 10 ( 100) 10 ( 100) 10 ( 100) 10 ( 100) 9 ( 90)10 ( 100)10 ( 100) Thiruvalla

2 05680- 9 9 ( 100) 9 ( 100) 9 ( 100) 9 ( 100) 9 ( 100) 9 ( 100) 9 ( 100) 6 ( 66.67) 9 ( 100) 9 ( 100) Mallappally 3 05681-Ranni 11 11 ( 100)11 ( 100) 11 ( 100) 11 ( 100) 11 ( 100) 11 ( 100) 11 ( 100) 7 ( 63.64)11 ( 100)11 ( 100) 4 05682- 20 19 ( 95)20 ( 100) 20 ( 100) 20 ( 100) 20 ( 100) 20 ( 100) 19 ( 95) 15 ( 75)20 ( 100)20 ( 100) Kozhenchery 5 05683-Adoor 14 14 ( 100)14 ( 100) 14 ( 100) 14 ( 100) 14 ( 100) 14 ( 100) 14 ( 100)11 ( 78.57)14 ( 100)14 ( 100)

Total 64 63 ( 98.44)64 ( 100) 64 ( 100) 64 ( 100) 64 ( 100) 64 ( 100) 63 ( 98.44) 48 ( 75)64 ( 100)64 ( 100)

Note:- * Education includes all education facilities. ^ Medical includes all medical facilities. # Post office includes post office, telegraph office and Post and telegraph office. $ Transport communication includes bus service, rail facility and navigable waterways. @ Bank includes Commercial Bank and Cooperative Bank. ** Telephone includes Telephone,PCO and Mobile.

This table shows the number of villages and different amenities within them for the rural areas of the district and the taluks. In cent percent of the villages, there are amenities like medical, drinking water, post office, transport and communications, approach by pucca road and power supply. In more than 95 per cent of the villages, other amenities like education and bank, except the facility of agricultural credit societies are present. Only one village lacking these amenities is seen in each case except in the case of agricultural credit societies.

Among the taluks, all the villages of Thiruvalla, Mallappally, Ranni and Adoor taluks have all the amenities except agricultural credit societies. Kozhenchery taluk can be inferred as the only taluk in the district lacking cent percent amenities in the villages in respect of education and banks. It is a uniform trend that all the villages do not have agricultural credit societies and all the taluks also lack the same.

89 Table 37: Number and percentage of rural population served by different amenities, 2011

Sr. Name of Taluk Total Type of amenity available No. populati on of @ inhabited Educati Medical Drinking Post Teleph Transp Banks Agricult Approa Power # villages on* ^ water office one ** ort ural ch by supply commu credit pucca nication societies road $ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1 05679-Thiruvalla 170620 170620 170620 ( 170620 170620 170620 170620 170620 163976 170620 170620 ( 100) 100) ( 100) ( 100) ( 100) ( 100) ( 100) ( 96.11) ( 100) ( 100)

2 05680-Mallappally 134219 134219 134219 ( 134219 134219 134219 134219 134219 85530 134219 134219 ( 100) 100) ( 100) ( 100) ( 100) ( 100) ( 100) ( 63.72) ( 100) ( 100)

3 05681-Ranni 198194 198194 198194 ( 198194 198194 198194 198194 198194 124174 198194 198194 ( 100) 100) ( 100) ( 100) ( 100) ( 100) ( 100) ( 62.65) ( 100) ( 100)

4 05682-Kozhenchery 289001 288259 289001 ( 289001 289001 289001 289001 288259 227270 289001 289001 ( 99.74) 100) ( 100) ( 100) ( 100) ( 100) ( 99.74) ( 78.64) ( 100) ( 100)

5 05683-Adoor 273765 273765 273765 ( 273765 273765 273765 273765 273765 220050 273765 273765 ( 100) 100) ( 100) ( 100) ( 100) ( 100) ( 100) ( 80.38) ( 100) ( 100)

Total 1065799 1065057 1065799 1065799 1065799 1065799 1065799 1065057 821000 1065799 1065799 ( 99.93) ( 100) ( 100) ( 100) ( 100) ( 100) ( 99.93) ( 77.03) ( 100) ( 100)

This table provides the rural population covered by each amenity, for the rural areas of the district and the taluks. In the district, cent per cent rural population has all the amenities like medical, drinking water, telephone, post office, transport and communications, approach by pucca road and power supply. More than 95 per cent of the rural population are also covered by the amenities of education, and banks. Agricultural credit societies are covered by more than 75 per cent of the rural population. In Thiruvalla, Mallappally, Ranni and Adoor taluks, entire rural population is covered by the specified amenities except the amenity of agricultural credit societies. In Kozhenchery taluk, entire rural population is not covered by the amenities of education, and banks. All the taluks lack the amenity of agricultural credit societies and this facility is not enjoyed by cent percent rural population within them.

90 Table 38: Distribution of villages not having certain amenities, arranged by distance ranges from the places where these are available, 2011 Village not having the amenity of Distance range of place from the villages where the amenity is available kilometres 5-10 kilometres 10+ kilometres Total (Col. 2-4) 1 2 3 4 5 1. Education:- (a) Primary school 1 0 0 1 (b) Middle school 1 0 0 1 (c) Degree college 20 23 8 51 2. Medical:- (a) Hospital 6 22 22 50 (b) PHC 6 13 3 22 3. Post office- 0 0 0 0 4. Telephone 0 0 0 0 5. Bus service 0 0 0 0 6. Bank:- (a) Commercial Bank 4 2 0 6 (b) Cooprative bank 1 0 0 1 7. Agricultural credit societies 8 8 0 16 Degree college includes Art,Engineering and Medicine Hospital includes Allopathic & Alternative Medicine Post office includes post office, telegraph office and post & telegraph office Telephone includes Telephone,PCO and mobiles Bus includes private and public

This tables gives the distribution of villages, not having certain amenities, by distance range from the place where these amenities are available. In the district, there is only one village each lacking the amenities of Primary Schools and Middle Schools. The said facility is available within less than 5 km. One village lacking the amenity of co-operative banks are found to have the said facilities within less than 5 kilometres. There are 51 villages lacking the facility of degree colleges. This is about 79.69 per cent of the villages in the district. For the majority of these villages, the said facility is available within 5-10 kms. In 78.13 per cent of the total number of villages, there are no Hospitals (Allopathic & Alternative Medicine). Agricultural credit societies are lacking in 16 villages forming 25 per cent of the villages in the district.

Table 39: Distribution of villages according to the distance from the nearest statutory town and availability of different amenities, 2011 Distance Number\ Number of Type of amenity available Range from Percentage Inhabited Educati Medic Post Telepho Transport Banks Agricultural Approa the nearest Villages in on* al^ Office# ne ** Communica @ Credit ch by Statutory Each Range tions $ Societies Pucca Town (In Road Kilometres) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Less than 5 Number 5 4 5 5 5 5 4 2 5 Percentage 80 100 100 100 100 80 40 100 5 - 15 Number 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 33 40 Percentage 100 100 100 100 100 100 82.5 100 16- 50 Number 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 13 19 Percentage 100 100 100 100 100 100 68.42 100 51+ Number 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Percentage 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

91 Table 39: Distribution of villages according to the distance from the nearest statutory town and availability of different amenities, 2011 Contd… Distance Number\ Number of Type of amenity available Range from Percentage Inhabited Educati Medic Post Telepho Transport Banks Agricultural Approa the nearest Villages in on* al^ Office# ne ** Communica @ Credit ch by Statutory Each Range tions $ Societies Pucca Town (In Road Kilometres)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Unspecified Number 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Percentage 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 T otal Number 64 63 64 64 64 64 63 48 64 Percentage 98.4 100 100 100 100 98.4 75 100 Note:- * Education includes all education facilities. ^ Medical includes all medical facilities. # Post office includes post office, telegraph office and Post and telegraph office. $ Transport communication includes bus service, railway facility and navigable waterways. @ Bank includes Commercial Bank and Cooperative Bank. This table gives the specified amenities for the villages classified by distance ranges from the nearest statutory towns.

There are no villages in the district located at distance of more than 50 kms. from the nearest statutory towns. Of the 64 villages, the majority of the villages (40) are located at a distance of 5-15 kms. There are 5 villages within less than 5 kms. and 19 villages within 16-50 kms. In the farthest villages from the statutory towns (16-50 km), all the specified amenities are present except agricultural credit societies. In the villages located nearest to the statutory towns, cent per cent facilities of education, banks and agricultural credit societies are lacking. Among the villages within the distance range of 5-15 kms., the facility of agricultural credit societies are lacking in cent percent villages.

Table 40: Distribution of villages according to population range and amenities available, 2011 Population Number\ Number of Type of amenity available range Percentage inhabited Educati Medi Drinking Post Teleph Transport Banks Agricult Appro Power villages in on* cal^ water offic one ** communic @ ural ach by suppl each range # $ e ations credit pucca y 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 societies11 road12 13 1-499 Number 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Percentage 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 500-999 Number 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 Percentage 0 100 100 100 100 100 0 0 100 100 1000 - 1999 Number 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Percentage 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2000 - 4999 Number 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Percentage 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5000 - 9999 Number 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 4 4 Percentage 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 75 100 100

92 Table 40: Distribution of villages according to population range and amenities available, 2011 Contd…. Population Number\ Number of Type of amenity available range Percentage inhabited Educati Medi Drinking Post Teleph Transport Banks Agricult Appro Power villages in on* cal^ water offic one ** communic @ ural ach by suppl each range # $ e ations credit pucca y societies road 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 10000 + Number 59 59 59 59 59 59 59 59 45 59 59 Percentage 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 76.27 100 100 District Total Number 64 63 64 64 64 64 64 63 48 64 64 Percentage 98.4 100 100 100 100 100 98.4 75 100 100 Note:- * Education includes all education facilities. ^ Medical includes all medical facilities. # Post office includes post office, telegraph office and Post and telegraph office. $ Transport communication includes bus service, railway facility and navigable waterways. @ Bank includes Commercial Bank and Cooperative Bank. ** Telephone includes Telephone,PCO and Mobile. The specified amenities for the villages classified by population ranges are given.

Pathanamthitta (Part) village is the sole village in the district falling in the size class 500 -999. The major portion of this village is urban. Only a very minor portion is considered as rural. It is therefore no inference can be drawn from the amenity data given in respect of this village under size class 500-999. Still it is appreciable to note that this small portion has got amenities like medical, drinking water, post office, telephone, transport & communications, pucca road and power supply. In four villages of size-class 5000- 9999, agricultural credit societies is lacking in 1 village and all other specified amenities are present. The size class 10000+ with 59 villages can be considered as a representative size-class. In this size-class, cent per cent villages have all the facilities of education, medical, improved drinking water, post office,telephone, transport and communications, approach by pucca road and power supply and more than 75 percentage of the villages are having agricultural credit societies. Table 41: Distribution of villages according to land use, 2011

Sr.No. Name of Taluk Number of inhabited Total area(in Percentage of Percentage of irrigated villages Hectares) cultivable area to area to total cultivable total area area 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 05679-Thiruvalla 10 13747.00 81.88 47.83 2 05680-Mallappally 9 15612.00 80.50 16.85 3 05681-Ranni 11 106789.00 29.83 5.02 4 05682-Kozhenchery 20 98168.00 27.62 9.68 5 05683-Adoor 14 30634.00 85.37 17.66 Total 64 264950.00 41.12 15.00 Note:- Culativable area= irrigated area + unirrigated area

93 The percentages of cultivable area to the total rural area and the irrigated area to the total cultivable area are given for the rural areas of the district and the taluks.

In the rural areas of the district, only 41.12 per cent of the rural area is cultivable and of which 15.00 per cent is irrigated. In Thiruvalla, Mallappally and Adoor taluks, more than 80 per cent of the rural area is cultivable. In Thiruvalla taluk, even 47.83 percent of the total cultivable area is irrigated. Kozhenchery taluk has the lowest percentage of cultivable area to the total rural area and Ranni Taluk has the lowest percentage of the irrigated area to the total cultivable area. Table 42: Schools/ colleges per 10,000 population in towns, 2011

Sr. No. Name of the town Type of educational institution (Approx. numbers) Primary Middle Secondary / Senior College* matriculation secondary 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 803303-Thiruvalla (M) 5 5 3 2 0 2 803304-Pathanamthitta (M) 3 2 3 1 0 3 628342-Kozhenchery (CT) 4 2 3 2 1 4 803305-Adoor (M) 3 1 2 1 0 District: Pathanamthitta (599) 4 3 3 2 0 Note- * College includes Arts/ Science/ Commerce College (Degree Level and above)

The number of schools/ colleges per 10,000 population is given for the three statutory towns and one Census Town in the district and the district (urban). There are 4 primary schools per 10,000 population in the urban areas of the district. In the case of colleges, the number per 10,000 population is negligible. For the other types of specified institutions, it ranges from 2 in the case of senior secondary to 3 in the case of secondary/middle schools. In Thiruvalla municipality, the number of institutions per 10,000 population is the same in the case of primary schools and secondary/middle schools (5). In Pathanamthitta Municipality and Kozhenchery (CT), the number of institutions per 10,000 population is the same in the case of secondary and middle schools. In Pathanamthitta municipality,Kozhenchery (CT) and Adoor municipality, there are more number of secondary/matriculation schools per 10,000 population than that of middle schools. Among the towns, Thiruvalla municipality has the highest number of primary schools (5), junior secondary/middle schools (5), secondary/matriculation(3) and senior secondary (2) per 10,000 population.

Table 43: Number of beds in medical institutions in towns, 2011 Sr. No. Name of the town Number of beds in medical institutions per 10,000 population (Approx. numbers)

1 2 3 1 803303-Thiruvalla (M) 41 2 803304-Pathanamthitta (M) 53 3 628342-Kozhenchery (CT) 196 4 803305-Adoor (M) 0 District: Pathanamthitta (599) 50

The number of beds per 10,000 population is given for the district (urban),three statutory towns and a Census Town. There are 50 beds per 10,000 population in the urban areas of the district. In Thiruvalla municipality, there are only 41 beds per 10,000 population. Kozhenchery (CT) occupies highest number of beds per 10,000 population (196).

94 Table 44: Proportion of slum population in towns, 2011

Sr.No. Name of the town having slum Total population Slum population Percentage of slum population to total population

1 2 3 4 5 There are no Slums reported in Pathanamthitta District

No slum population has been reported in Statutory Towns of Pathanamthitta District

Table 45: Most important commodity manufactured in towns, 2011

Sr. No. Name of the town Name of three most important commodities manufactured 1 2 3 1 803303-Thiruvalla (M) Cables, Electronic Equipments, Wheat Products 2 803304-Pathanamthitta (M) Rubber Products 3 628342-Kozhenchery (CT) Rubber 4 803305-Adoor (M) Textiles, Metal Grill And Gate, Food Products

The most important commodities manufactured are given in this table for the three statutory towns and a Census Town of the district. Rubber is reported as the most important commodity manufactured in Pathanamthitta municipality and in Kozhenchery (CT). The most important commodity manufactured in Adoor Municipality are Textiles, Metal Grill and Gate, Food Products and in Thiruvalla municipality are Cables, Electronic Equipments, Wheat Products. vii) MAJOR SOCIAL AND CULTURAL EVENTS,NATURAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE DEVELOPMENTS AND SIGNIFICANT ACTIVITIES DURING THE DECADE

Pathanamthitta is the head quarters of Pathanamthitta district . The district was formed on Ist November 1982. It was carved out of Idukki, Alappuzha and Kollam districts.The district is close to the western Ghats and is endowed with scenic landscape comprising of low undulating hills, extensive stretches of lush forests, rivers and charming countryside. It is also known for exuberant fairs and festivals. Pathanamthitta district is known as the ‘Headquarters of Pilgrimage Tourism’, of the State

Pathanamthitta was an important place in erstwhile Travancore state the biggest taluk in the old Travancore state was Pathanamthitta and the revenue collection from this taluk played a prominent role in filling the coffers of the state.The district headquarters is noted for communal and cultural harmony. There are numerous churches, temples and mosques built in close proximity. The Chandanakudam festival at the mosque in the centre of the town is quite famous. Situated near the Western Ghats and bordered by the hills, Pathanamthitta district is a treat to eyes with its vast unending stretches of forests, rivers and rural landscapes. Blessed by nature, the district is famous for its scenic beauty, fairs and festivalsNational Move- ment

The district can be proud of its rich contribution to the struggle for freedom. When Mahatma Gandhi visited the erstwhile Travancore in 1937, he asked his follower Khadar Das T.P. Gopala Pillai to spread the message of Khadi and Charka. Inspired by Gandhiji he founded the ‘Mahatma Khadi Ashram’ at Elanthoor 1941.He launched a scheme for mobilizing funds for khadi activities known as ‘ek paise fund’in order to ensure the participation of the whole people in the khadi movement. There was strong protest in Travancore against the British in connection with the visit of the Prince of Wales in 1921. In 1922, a student’s strike was

95 held which instilled a lot of spirit and enthusiasm among the freedom fighters. During the same period, Congress leaders like Ponnara Sreedhar and K. Kumar, the participants from Kerala in the flag satyagraha at Nagapur were arrested and beatenup by the police. The contribution of Elanthoor K.Kumar, Thadiyal Raghavan Pillai, Pandalam KP and N.G. Chacko to the National Movement have much significance in the history of freedom struggle.

Art and Culture

Aranmula Kannadi

‘Aranmula Kannadi’ is a unique art which cannot be found else anywhere in the world.The making of the metal mirror is a long process that needs enough patience. Some undisclosed metals are alloyed with copper and tin to cast the Aranmula Kannadi in typical clay moulds. It takes not less than 14 days to make a dozen metal mirrors, and the smallest Aranmula Kannadi of one-and-a-half inches costs about Rs.950. The technique of production of this mirror is a closely guarded secret handed over from generation to generation of craftsmen. It is believed that a divine visitation inspired a window of this village to discover a mysterious blend of bronze which could be waxed bright in to crystal clear mirror.

Padayani

Patayani is a ritualistic dance, which literally means an array of common people.The figures in Patayani consists of Pisachu, Kali, Karakkura, Pillatini, Bhairavi, Kalan etc. The masks are painted with a grotesque surrealistic touch. The round eyes and the triangular ears and abnormal size of the head gear give a touch of super human dimension.

Padayani is associated with the Devi (goddess) temples of Central Travancore area. At least in a dozen village temples the art finds its existence, with the active corporation of the villagers who share the ritual experience and the responsibilities. The Velan (the sorcerer) plays on his percussion instrument ‘Para’ when the areca tree is uprooted and ceremoniously placed at the temple premises as the flagstaff of the festival for 28 days which has to conclude on the ‘Bharani’ day in the month of Meenam. The ‘Velichappadu’ who is from the Nayar caste gets possessed and dances to the rhythm of the Para and officiates the ritual of uprooting and placing the flagstaff with the help of the villagers. The Mannan (village washerman) who is also in charge of plucking coconuts supplies the areca sheaths and other materials with

96 which the masks are made. The Kaniyan paints the masks. On the next day of the flag hosting ceremony, the villagers assemble in the temple around 10 in the night with lighted torches and go thrice around the shrine articulating meaningless syllables meant for invoking the subordinate spirits who pay homage to the main deity. This is technically called ‘Chuttupatayani’ or Patayani with torches. This process continue for 18 days. On the 19th day the villagers reach the temple in procession singing boat songs in group in a rhythm peculiar to the rowing of a country boat. In front of the temple before a lighted lamp the neighbouring villagers conduct a group dance called ‘Kappoli’ as a gesture of corporation to the celebrations. In dancing they show a number of acrobatic martial feat accompanied by singing. The first item proper in the series is ‘Tavati’ in which six to seven experts dance the basic rhythms of Patayani to the accompaniment of the drum called ‘Tappu’ a round wooden instrument covered with thick hide.

Vasthuvidya Gurukulam

Vasthuvidya Gurukulam is functioning for the promotion of the ancient Indian architecture which is a pure and ethnic expression of Indian socio-cultural heritage. The objective of the Gurukulam is the preservation and promotion of vasthuvidya and mural paintings. It also aims at the renovation and conservation of traditional buildings and mural paintings. The gurukulam has been conducting an one year Post Graduate Diploma Course in Vasthuvidya. It also conducts a four month training course in the applica- tion of principles and practices of Vasthuvidya for the craftsmen belonging to the carpenters community engaged in the building industry. Based on the basic texts of Vasthuvidya four academic courses are conducted here and one of them is approved by Mahatma Gandhi University. Gurukulam has a very efficient consultancy center which prepare sketches and plans, designs building for those who are interested in building constructions in the traditional architectural patterns. Mural paintings drawn with natural colours with complex techniques are used and exhibited here. Mural art gallery is designed in such a way as to impart information about these complex art form to the people.

viii) BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF PLACES OF RELIGIOUS,HISTORICAL OR ARCHEOLOGICAL AND TOURIST IMPOR- TANCE IN VILLAGES AND PLACES OF TOURIST INTEREST IN THE TOWNS OF THE DISTRICT

(a) Places of Religious Importance

Although Pathanamthitta is the youngest among the districts of Kerala, the area comes under the district has a rich tradition of art and culture. The rich art includes the famous folk called Padayani. Vasthuvidya Gurukulam, constituted by the State’s Cultural Department is a unique institution functioning for the promotion of Vasthuvidya. Shakti Bhadran, author of the classical Sanskrit drama ‘Asharya Choodamani’ lived in Kodumon.

Sabarimala

Sabarimala is situated 72 km from Pathanamthitta town, 191 km from Thiruvananthapuram and 210 km from Kochi. It is the ‘Sacred Abode of Lord Ayyappa’ and one of the most important Hindu pilgrim centre in the country.The traditional route to Sabarimala is from Erumeli (40 km.). Other routes are from Vandiperiyar, Uppupara and Chalakkayam via Plappally. These routes are famous for these scenic splendour and mythological value. Sabarimala the holy shrine is located amidst dense forests in the rugged terrains of Western Ghats. Inhabited by various wildlife species. Millions of pilgrims from all over the Country assemble here during the most arduous festivals called as ‘Vishu Vilakku’ in April, ‘Mandalapooja’, in the months of Vrichikam Dhanu (Nov. - Dec) and ‘Makaravilakku’ in mid January, coinciding with Sankramam. On the particular day Makaravilakku, lakhs of devotees throng around the temple for a glimpse of Makara Jyothi. The temple is closed during the rest of the year except for the first five days of every Malayalam month (which fall around the middle of every month in the West calendar) and during Vishu (middle of April). Situated not far from the Sabarimala temple, there is a shrine in the mane of Vavar, a muslim of great valour, who was though to be a close associate of Lord Ayyappa. It is rare feature of the Pilgrimage to

97 Sabarimala that the hindu pilgrims offer worship at this shrine of Vavar also during their pilgrimage, indicat- ing the communal harmony that prevailed Kerala for ages.

Aranmula

Aranmula is a little temple town in Pathanamthitta District, surrounded by undulating green hill- ocks and girdled by the holy river Pampa. The Parthasarathi temple here dedicated to Lord Krishna attracts large crowds of devotees. This temple has fine murals from the 18th century. The Vijnana Kalavedi at Aranmula imparts training with traditional arts like Kathakali, classical dances, classical music as well as Kalaripayattu. Foreign tourists stay here for long periods to get a first hand knowledge of the culture of Kerala. Aranmula is also famous for its metal mirrors made of bell meta which is known as ‘Aranmula Kannadi’.This is a unique art which is not found any where else in the world .

Aranmula is also famous for the Aranmula Vallamkali (Boat Race), which is held on the annual commemoration of the week long Onam festival. The boat race is held on the last day of the weekly Onam festival. The exciting event begins in the afternoon; each snake boat is thirty feet long containing four helmsman, hundred rowers and twenty five singers.

98 Cherukolpuzha

Ayiroor Cherukolpuzha religious convention of the Hindus is held at Cherukole on the banks of River Pamba, usually in Feb every year. This famous convention is attended by a large number of people and addressed by prominent religious scholars and cultural personalities.

Kodumon Chilanthiyambalam

Kodumon is also the birth place of Sree Shakthi Bhadra, author of Ascharya Chudamani.The water of the Chilanthikinar (well) in the premises of this temple is believed to cure skin diseases. It is 15 km from pathanamthitta town.The Mahalakshmi of this temple is worshipped by all people irrespective of caste and creed.

Kadamanitta

The Kadamanitta Devi Temple is famous for the ten day long Padayani performances held in connection with the annual festival in April/May. The temple is situated about 8km away from Pathanamthitta town.

Chandanakudam festival

The Chandanakudam festival of the Pathanamthitta Muslim Jamaat mosque held in February th (M akaram 28 ) every year, attracts thousands of devotees. The Chandanakudam festival of Kattoor mosque in Cherukole Panchayat and Kalamala mosque near Adoor are also very famous.

Manjanikara

Mar Ignatius Elias III, the Holy Patriot of Anthiod while on a visit to India, died at this place in 1932. His mortal remains are preserved at Manjinikkara church. Later this place developed into a pilgrim centre. The annual festival (ormaperunnal) is held in February.

Pamba

This is the main halting point on the way to Sabarimala. It is also known as Thriveni Sangamam - the meeting point of three rivers.

Parumala

Parumala (10 km from Thiruvalla): The Ormaperunnal (Commemoration Day) of Mar Gregorios Met- ropolitan, the declared saint of Malankara Orthodox Church, is celebrated on the 1st and 2nd of November.

99 Maramon

Situated near Kozhencherry, Maramon is the venue of a mammoth religious convention of Christians from all over the world. It is attended by people from all communities. The convention which is usually held in February is addressed by religious thinkers and Christian scholars from across the world

Pandalam

Sree Ayyappa, the presiding deity of Sabarimala had his human sojourn here as the son of the Raja of Pandalam. As a holy town, Pandalam is perhaps second only to Sabarimala. The Valiyakoikal Temple near the palace on the banks of river Achenkovil has been modelled on the Sabarimala shrine. Pilgrims usually stop here to worship before proceeding to Sabarimala. Three days prior to the Makaravilaku festival, the sacred ornaments of Sree Ayyappa are taken in a procession from Pandalam to Sabarimala.

Niranam

The oldest Christian Church in India believed to be built by the apostle St.Thomas in AD 52 is situated at Niranam and it is about 7kms from Thiruvalla. The Paliakara Church here has some exquisite mural paintings. The St. Thomas art gallery here has been built by an Ecumenical body known as Niranam Thomathu Kadavu Smaraka Trust. Niranam is also the birth place of poets and social reformers popularly known as Karnassa Kavikal.

Omallur

It is situated 5km from Pathanamthitta. The Rakthakanta Swamy Temple and the annual cattle fair held in the Malayalam month of Meenam are the main attractions of Omallur. People from both within and outside the State participate in the fair.

Malayalapuzha

It is located 8 km from Pathanamthitta and the famous goddess Bhagavathy Temple is the main attraction. The temple has beautiful wall paintings and artistic stone carvings.

Nilackal

It is situated about 5 km from Pathanamthitta and the old Siva Temple on the Pamba- Pathanamthitta Road is an important place of worship. The estate of the Farming Corporation and the Ecumenical centre of the Christians are located here.

100 Kaviyoor

The Kaviyoor Mahadeva temple, which was constructed in the early years of the 10th century, is one of the oldest of the Mahadeva temples in Kerala. References are there in the Kaviyoor Shasanas of 950 A.D. about the gifts that were offered to this temple. But it is believed that the ‘Darusilpas’ seen around the temple belong to the 17th century.

Thiruvalla

Thiruvalla is the headquarters of the Malankara Marthoma Syrian Church.The Sree Vallabha temple here is one of the important pilgrim centres of Vaishanavites all over India. A granite pillar carved out of single piece with an image of Garuda on its top stands in front of the temple. The pillar, which serves as a flagstaff, is 60ft. high Kathakali, is performed almost on all days as offerings by devotees. The Paliakara church here contains exquisite mural paintings. b) Places of historical importance

Mannadi

It is situated 13 km from Adoor. This is where Veluthampi Dalawa, the renowned freedom fighter of Travancore, spent his last days. The ancient Bhagavathy Temple here has some exquisite stone sculptures. The annual festival is held in February/March. The Kerala Institute of Folklore and Folk Arts functions here

Muloor Smarakam

12 km from Pathanamthitta town, the memorial to Muloor S.Padmanabha Panicker(1869-1931), a renowned social reformer and poet, is located at Elavumthitta. His home at Elavumthitta is preserved as his monument by the Department of Culture of the State Government.

c) Places of Tourist importance

Konni

A hill town, Konni is famous for timber trade and wild elephant training centre.This is a charming town with lush meadows and hills stands on the bank of river Achankovil. It is surrounded by clove and pepper plantations. Elephants trapped from the forest area are also tamed here.

101 The Rock Cut Cave Temple

The rock cut Siva temple, half kilometer away is of great archeological significance. Dating back to the 8th century AD, this temple bears close resemblance to the Pallava style of architecture. The stone engravings here are among the earliest specimens of stone sculpture in Kerala.

Perunthenaruvi Water falls

It is located 36km from Pathanamthitta via. Vachoochira. The Perunthenaruvi waterfalls on the banks the Pamba River is a favourite picnic spot for both domestic and foreign tourists. The spectacular waterfalls pludge down into a ravine from a rocky height of 60 - 100 ft. It is accessible by bus from Kollam.

d) Other important Places

Kozhencherry

It lies 13 km. from Pathanamthitta, on the left bank of river Pamba and is a trading centre and flourishing market for agricultural goods ix) MAJOR CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DITRICT, CONTRIBUTION OF THE DISTRICT IN THE FORM OF ANY HISTORICAL FIGURE ASSOCIATED WITH THE DISTRICT

The scope of this publication in this regard is limited. The details of a few of the prominent personalities are given. The list is not exhaustive. Some of the prominent personalities in the district are as follows.

Saktibhadra

Saktibhadra, the great dramatist from Kerala was the first among the Sanskrit scholars from the South India in the 9th century AD, to compose an admirably full-blown drama. The drama which this richly gifted poet write is Ascharya Choodamani. Scholars consider it as sacred, profane, classical, romantic, historical and imaginative. Ascharya Choodamani was the first among the original Sanskrit dramas of South India. Ascharya Choodamani’s theme is the perennial Rama stody and the author effectively embellishes it with inventions of his own. It deals with the Rama story in seven acts beginning with surpanakha episode and ending with the pre-ordeal of Sita. Prior to this great epic, Saktibhadra had written other works like Unmadavasvadatta. It is claimed by some scholars that Saktibhadra was only a pseudonym and that the real name of the poet was Sankara. An attempt had been therefore made by some scholars to identify him with Sankaracharya, the advaitha philosopher. But no evidence to the effect is yet forthcoming.

Saktibhadra was born in Chennerkara Swaroopam Brahmin royal house in the village of Kodumon in Adoor taluk of Pathanamthitta district.

Niranam poets (Kannassa Panickers)

The most celebrated names in medieval Malayalam are those of Niranam poets. They are known as Niranam poets, since they belonged to a family in Niranam in Pathanamthitta district of Kerala. They are also called Kannassa Panickers. They include Madhava Panicker, Sankara Panicker and Rama Panicker. In which Madhava Panicker and Sankara Panicker were brothers and Rama Panicker was their nephew. They may be assigned to the 15th century.

Niranam poets evolved a diction almost completely emancipated from Tamil and enriched by assimilation of Sanskrit vocabulary. The metre which Niranam poets used is called Tarangini, appropriate name because it flows forward with a dancing wave like progression.

102 The most outstanding of the Niranam poets was Rama Panicker. He wrote Ramayana, Bharatam, Bhagavatam and Sanskrit, all these works are distinguished by their originality of treatment. It is not clear whether Madhava Panicker, the author of the malayalam translation of the Bhagavat Gita and Sankara Panicker, the author of the Bharatamala belonged to the same family.

Vennikulam Gopala Kurup (1902-1980)

Vennikulam Gopala Kurup was born in 1902 in Vennikulam (Puramattam village) in Mallappally taluk Kerala as the son of the Padmanabha Kurup and Lakshmi Kunjamma. He was an eminent poet, writer and biographer.

He started writing poems even as a school boy and published over fifteen collections of poems. His works include a dictionary, Kairali Kosham, two plays, Priyamvada and Kalidasnte Kanmani (Kalidasa’s darling) and works for children. Kathanakshatrangal (Stars of stories) and Jataka Kathakl (Jataka tales) and biographies Vanchi Rajeshwari and Sidhartha Charitam, Manikyavina (1966), which won the Kerala Sahitya Academy Awards (1967). His Kamasurabhi won the Sahitya Academy Awards in 1974. Among his other distinctions are the titles ‘Sahityanipura’ and ‘Sahitykalanidhi’ confered by the Maharaja of Cochin and the Kerala Hindi Pracharasabha respectively.

Vennikulam Gopala Kurup is rightly famous for his collection of lyrics written in the wake of the malayalam literary renaissance led by Vallathol and his contemporaries. Literary patriotism and cultural nationalism supplied him with public themes.

Dr. V.N. Philip

He was born in Thelliyoor village of Mallappally taluk. He was also the president of Kerala Hindi Teachers Form. He worked as Vice-President of Hindi Sahithya mandalam and member of various Hindi advisory committees of Central Government. He was recipient of various awards of Central Hindi Directorate, and also of Punjab, Bihar and Uttar Pradesh government. He was the author of Seven Hindi publications. His active role also extended to the Church in which be belonged and offered his services in various capacities.

Kadammanitta Ramakrishnan

He was born on the 17th March, 1935 in Naranganam village of Kozhenchery taluk. He started his carrier from Indian Postal Service. His effort was to give poetry a mass base of ordinary people. In 1982, his poetry received an award from Kerala Sahitya Academy and also got Ashan prize. In 1995, he was elected as a member of Legislative Assembly from Aranmula. Kavitha, ‘Mazha Peyyunnu Maddalam Kottunnu’ are his own work. Further he also translated the work of Samuel Baket -”Godoyeekath and Octovio Pass” – “Surya shila”.

K.M.George

He was born on the 20th April, 1914 in Aranmula village of Kozhenchery taluk. He took his MA and Phd. Degree from Madras University. He worked as the chief editor of “Vijnanakosam”, “Encyclopedia” of Indian literature and “Bharatiya Sahitaya Charitham”. He was the author of more than forty publications in Malayalam and 10 in English. He was awarded Bharatiya Bhasha Parishath Sahithya Puraskaram, SPCS Puraskaram, Soviet Land Nehru Award, Ezhuthachan Award and Padmashree Award. His main works are place names of Southern India (1986), A survey of Malayalam Literature (1968), Western Influence on Malayalam language and literature (1972), Jeeva Charitra Sahityam (1964) and “Anneshanangal Padanangal” (1980). He tried to bring Malayalam literature and Malayalam poets to the notice of the world and to create an interest among others the study of Indian literature and influence the mutual flow of literature of various countries. He left the world on the 12th November 2002.

103 Kandathil Varghese Mappila

He was born in Thiruvalla in 1857 in Kadathil family. For a period of one year i.e., from 1st January 1881, he worked as the editor of Kerala Mithram. On the 14th March, 1888, he registered a company for starting a newspaper of his town. On the 22nd March 1890, the first edition of Malayala Manorama was bought out. He was the overseer of the Kavi Samajam started in 1891 under the presidentship of Kerala Varma Valiya Koithampuran. He established a Manorama Nadaka Sabha in 1892. In 1893 he started Bhasha Poshini. The main works include Darppa Vicchedam, Yosha Bhushanam, Abrayakutty (Drama) and Kalahnee Needamanakam Vismayajanakam (poetry). He left the world on the 6th July 1904 x) SCOPE OF VILLAGE DIRECTORY AND TOWN DIRECTORY

The Village Directory and Town Directory Statements presented in Part-A of this volume are useful sources of data for planners and researchers. It can provide accurate and reliable data on important rural/ urban characteristics. The Village Directory Data is considered to be “the Great Indian Rural Data•base”. Unlike most other States where each Village is wholly included in one Development Block, in Kerala several Villages fall under more than one Development Block. The Village Directory Data are available for the whole village and not for parts. So it has been decided to present the Village Directory Taluk-wise as was done in previous censuses. The non-census data given in the Village Directory and Town Directory Statements are supplied by the concerned Tahsildars or Municipal Secretaries and the data was later updated/corrected in consultation with the concerned Departments.

The amenities available in the rural areas of the districts are presented in the Village Directory. The Village Directory consists of Statements of villages in each taluk and for each village, area, population, number of households, availability of amenities such as educational, medical, drinking water, post, telegraph and telephone, communication facilities, power supply, approach to village and land use pattern are provided. Some new item of information such as number of banks, credit societies, number of recreational and cultural facilities in the village, etc., have been added in the present volume as compared to 2001. There are appendices also showing Abstracts/ Summaries of information given in Village Directory. The Town Directory Data are presented in seven Statements. The Town Directory furnishes data in respect of status of town (i.e. Municipal Corporation, Municipality / Cantonment, Township, Census Town); growth history (population for the period 2001 to 2011); physical aspects and location of towns, municipal finance; civic and other amenities; medical, educational recreational and cultural facilities, trade; commerce, industry and banking and civic and other amenities in the slum of Class-I and Clas-II Towns. Towns showing their Out-growths with population are presented as Appendix to Town Directory. Some important demographic characteristics collected through Houselist/Household Schedules of 2011 census like Total population, Total number of Households, Total Scheduled Caste population and Total Scheduled Tribe population are also given.

104 VILLAGE AND TOWN DIRECTORY

SECTION I - VILLAGE DIRECTORY

105 BRIEF NOTE ON THE VILLAGE AND TOWN DIRECTORY FOR THE DCHB, CENSUS OF INDIA,2011 VILLAGE DIRECTORY 2011 CENSUS The Village Directory is being compiled for both inhabited and un-inhabited villages. In the village directory both private and government facilities/institutions have been given. In case of un-inhabited / depopulated villages, the location code number, name and area of the village is being given universally in Village Directory and Village PCA. The columns relating to the amenities and land use pattern, etc. being left blank and it will be noted against the name of the village that it is un-inhabited/depopulated. The Appendices to Village Directory and Inset Tables based on village Directory data are also prepared for inhabited villages.

In the Village Directory format for 2011 Census there are 121 columns and the details thereon are as follows:

Columns 1 : Serial Number: - Self explanatory. All the villages within the CD block are presented serially in the ascending order of their location code number. Columns 2 : Name of village: - Self explanatory. The name of the villages are shown against this column. This also includes the forest and uninhabited villages. Columns 3 : Location Code Number of village: - The location code number of the villages are shown against this column. Columns 4 : Area of the Village: - The area of the villages has been given in hectares. Column 5 : Total Population: - The total population of the village as per 2011 Census has been given against this column. Column6 : Number of Households: - The number of households as per 2011 Census have been given in this column. Amenities : - The availability of different infrastructural amenities such as education, medical, drinking water, post, telegraph, banks, credit societies, recreation and cultural facilities, communication, power, etc. in each village have been given in the Village Directory. Wherever the amenities are not available in the village, the distance range code viz; ‘a’ for <5 Kms, ‘b’ for 5-10 Kms and ‘c’ for 10+ Kms of the nearest where facility is available is given. Column wise details are given below: Columns No. 7 – 20 Educational Facilities : - All the different educational facilities available in the village have been given under these columns. Nursery/LKG//UKG classes are included in Pre- Primary Schools, Classes up to class V included in Primary School; Classes from VI to VIII are included in the Middle school. Classes from IX and X included in Secondary School. Classes from XI and XII are included in Senior Secondary School. In case of composite schools like middle school with primary school or secondary school with middle school, these are also included in the number of primary and middle schools, respectively. The information on the entire educational institutes is given under these columns. Columns No. 21 to 38 - Medical Facilities : - All the different medical facilities available in the village have been given under these columns. Columns No. 39 to 46 -Drinking Water : - The information on availability of various types of the drinking water facility within the village has been given under these columns. Columns No. 47 to 50 – Availability of Toilet and others :- The information on availability of toilet and Bio-Gas etc. available in the village has been given under these columns. Columns No. 51 to 67 Communication (Post & Telegraph and transport) :- The information on communication and Post Office, Sub-Post Office, & Telegraph Office, Village PIN Code number, Phone-Landlines, Mobile Phone, Private Courier Facility, Internet Café, etc; available in the

106 village has been given under these columns. The information on all various transport facilities whether public/private transport like Bus, Railway Station, or Navigable waterways, Taxi , Van, Tractors etc. available in the village has also been given under these columns. Columns No.68 to 79 – Village connected to High ways, Village Roads, Banks and Credit Societies : - The information on all roads connected to village has been given under these columns. These include National Highway, State Highway, District Roads and other district roads connected to the village, Pucca roads, Kutchcha Roads, Water Bounded Macadam Roads, Navigable Water Ways and Foot Paths has been given under these columns. Further, the information on availability of banks, ATM and Agricultural Credit societies in the village has been given under these columns. Column No. 80 to 96 Miscellaneous Facilities : - The information on various miscellaneous facilities available in the village has been given under these columns. These includes Self -Help Group, Public Distribution Shop (PDS), Mandi /Regular Market, Weekly Haat, Agricultural Marketing Society, Nutrition Centre(ICDS),Anganwadi Centre, ASHA, Community Centre, Sports Fields, Sports Club/Recreation Centre, Cinema/Video Halls, Public Library, Public Reading Room, News Paper Supply, Assembly Polling Station, Birth and Death Registration Office. Columns No. 97 to 100 – Electricity : - Availability of Power Supply in the village, whatever may be the form of its use has been given in these columns. These include Electricity for Domestic Use, Electricity for Agriculture Use Electricity for Commercial Use, and Electricity for all purpose Domestic Uses. Column No. 101 and 102 -Nearest Town : - The name of the nearest town along with the distance range code has been in these columns. Land use and Irrigation : - The land use pattern in the Village Directory conform to the pattern of classification of land use as recommended by the Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India. The Ministry has recommended the maintenance of records of land use pattern under the following 9 categories. (i) Column No. 103 -Forests:-This includes all lands classed as forest under any legal enactment dealing with forests or administered as forests, whether state-owned or private, and whether wooded or maintained as potential forest land. The area of crops raised in the forest and grazing lands or areas open for grazing within the forests remain included under the forest area. (ii) Column No. 104 - Area under non-agricultural use:-This includes all lands occupied by buildings, roads and railways or under water, e.g. rivers and canals and other lands put to uses other than agriculture. (iii) Columns No. 105 - Barren and un-culturable land:-This includes all barren and unculturable land like mountains, deserts, etc. land which cannot be brought under cultivation except at an exorbitant cost should be classed as unculturable whether such land is in isolated blocks or within cultivated holdings. (iv) Column No. 106 - Permanent Pastures and other Grazing Lands:-This includes all grazing lands whether they are permanent pastures and meadows or not. Village common grazing land is included under this head. (v) Column No. 107 - Land under Miscellaneous Tree Crops, etc.:- This includes all cultivable land which is not included in ‘Net area sown’ but is put to some agricultural uses. Lands under Causing trees, thatching grasses, bamboo bushes and other groves for fuel, etc. which are not included under ‘Orchards’ are classed under this category. (vi) Column No. 108- Culturable Waste Land: - This includes lands available for cultivation, whether not taken up for cultivation or taken up for cultivation once but not cultivated

107 during the current year and the last five years or more in succession for one reason or other. Such lands may be either fallow or covered with shrubs and jungles which are not put to any use. They may be assessed or unassessed and may lie in isolated blocks or within cultivated holdings. Land once cultivated but not cultivated for five years in succession is also included in this category at the end of the five years. (vii) Column No. 109- Fallow Lands other than Current Fallows: - This includes all lands which were taken up for cultivation but are temporarily out of cultivation for a period of not less than one year and not more than five years. (viii) Column No. 110- Current Fallows: - This represents cropped area, which is kept fallow during the current year. For example, if any seeding area is not cropped against the same year it may be treated as current fallow. (ix) Column No. 111- Net Area Sown: - This represents the total area sown with crops and orchards. Area sown more than once; in the same year is counted only once. Column No. 112- Total Irrigated Land Area: - It includes all land which is cultivable and irrigated by any source of irrigation. The total irrigated area of the village has been given under this column. Column No. 113- Total Un-Irrigated land Area: - Un-Irrigated area includes all land which is cultivable but not irrigated by any source of irrigation. The total un-irrigated land area of the village has been given under this column. Column No. 114 to 118 Area Irrigated by source: - The area irrigated by various source of irrigation in the village have been given under these columns. The different source of irrigation facilities available in the village are as follows: (i) Canals(C)-Govt. or Pvt., (ii) Wells/Tube-wells (W/TW), (iii) Tanks/Lake(T/L), (iv) Waterfall,(WF) (v) Others(O). Columns No.119 to 121 -Three most important commodities manufactured :- The names of three most important commodities manufactured in the village are indicated in this column. Taluk level totals of the Village Directory:-

At the end of entries for the Village Directory of each Taluk, the totals of different columns are being given wherever possible. However, in case of some of the columns, it may not be possible to work out the Taluk level totals, in such cases the particular of relevant columns are being left blank against Taluk level.

Appendices to Village Directory: - The Village Directory also includes the following appendices:

Appendix –I : Summary showing total number of villages having Educational, Medical and other amenities in villages – Taluk level.

Appendix I A : Villages by number of Primary Schools.

Appendix I B : Villages by Primary, Middle and Secondary Schools.

Appendix I C : Villages with different sources of drinking water facilities available.

108 Appendix II : Villages with 5,000 and above population which do not have one or more amenities available.

Appendix -III : Land utilization data in respect of Census towns.

Appendix -IV : Taluk wise list of inhabited villages where no amenity other than drinking water facility is available

Appendix -V : Summary showing number of Villages not having Scheduled Caste population.

Appendix -VI : Summary showing number of Villages not having Scheduled Tribe population.

Appendix VII A : List of villages according to the proportion of the Scheduled Castes to the total population by ranges.

Appendix VII B : List of villages according to the proportion of the Scheduled Tribes to the total population by ranges. Appendix -VIII : Number of villages under each Gram Panchayat (Taluk wise).

109 110 LIST OF VILLAGES MERGED IN TOWNS AND OUTGROWTHS AT 2011 CENSUS List of Villages Name of Town/Out-growths 1 2 Kavumbhagom (Part) Thiruvalla (M) Thiruvalla do Kuttappuzha do Pathanamthitta (Part) Pathanamthitta (M) Malayalapuzha (Part) do Mylapra (Part) do Kozhenchery Kozhenchery (CT) Adoor Adoor (M) Peringanadu (Part) do

111 112 Alphabetical list of Villages along with location code 2001 and 2011.

Sl. No. Name of village 2011 Census MDDS Code 2001 Census PLCN 1 2 3 4 Taluk: Thiruvalla 1 Eraviperoor 628299 112300 2 Kadapra 628293 111700 3 Kaviyoor 628298 112200 4 Kavumbhagom (Part) 628296 112000 5 Koipuram 628300 112400 6 Kuttoor 628297 112100 7 Nedumpuram 628294 111800 8 Niranam 628292 111600 9 Peringara 628295 111900 10 Thottapuzhassery 628301 112500

113 Census of India 2011- Village Directory Amenities and Land use ( As in 2009 ) Name of District:-Pathanamthitta Location CodeNo:-599 Name of Taluk:-Thiruvalla Location CodeNo:-05679 Number of educational amenities available. (If not available within the village , the distance range code viz; a for < 5 Kms, b for 5-10 Kms and c for 10+ kms of nearest place where facility is available is given). Sr.No. Name village Location code no. Total area of the village ( in hectares rounded up to one decimal place) Total population ( 2011 census ) Number of households (2011 census) Pre-Primary school (PP) Primary school (P) Middle school (M) Secondary School (S) Senior Secondary school (SS) Degree college of arts science & commerce (ASC) Engineering college(EC) Medical college (MC) Management institute (MI) Polytechnic (Pt) Vocational training school /ITI Non-formal training centre (NFTC) Special school for disabled (SSD) Others (specify) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 1 Niranam 628292 1101 10770 2837 2 10 3 1 a 1 1 c 1 1 1 1 b 1 2 Kadapra 628293 1690 23502 6242 5 15 8 8 2 1 c b 1 c 1 b b b 3 Nedumpuram 628294 849 12694 3397 2 8 3 1 a b c b b c b b b b 4 Peringara 628295 1249 14440 3744 4 9 6 3 1 c c b b c 1 c b b 5 Kavumbhagom (Part) 628296 761 6644 1662 2 3 2 a b 2 b a a a b a a a 6 Kuttoor 628297 1249 19652 5146 a 9 5 2 a b a a a c b a a a 7 Kaviyoor 628298 1308 16852 4499 5 13 6 5 1 b b b b b 1 1 2 b 8 Eraviperoor 628299 1868 25172 6773 2 17 11 5 3 b b b b b 1 1 b 1 9 Koipuram 628300 2226 26425 7319 1 20 8 5 3 c c c c b b b c b 10 Thottapuzhassery 628301 1446 14469 3980 1 12 4 4 1 a c c c b 1 1 c c Taluk Total : 13747 170620 45599 24 116 56 34 11 4 1 0 2 1 6 4 2 2

114 Census of India 2011- Village Directory Amenities and Land use ( As in 2009 ) Name of District:-Pathanamthitta Location CodeNo:-599 Name of Taluk:-Thiruvalla Location CodeNo:-05679 Number of Medical Amenities Number of Non- Availability of drinking water available. (If not available within the Government Medical - Yes / No village , the distance range code viz; Amenities available. a for < 5 Kms, b for 5-10 Kms and c for 10+ kms of nearest place where facility is available is given). Community health centre (CHC) Primary health centre (PHC) Primary health sub centre (PHS) Maternity and child welfare centre (MCW) T.B. clinic (TBC) Hospital-allopathic (HA) Hospital-alternative medicine (HO) Dispensary (D) Veterinary hospital (VH) Mobile health clinic (MHC) Family welfare centre (FWC) Charitable non Govt. hospital/Nursing home. Medical practitioner with MBBS Degree Medical practitioner with other degree Medical practitioner with no degree Traditional practitioner and faith healer . Medicine Shop Others Tap water (Treated/Untreated) Well water (Covered / Uncovered well) Hand Pump Tube wells / Bore well Spring River / Canal Tank / Pond Lake Others Name village Sr.No. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 2 1 b 1 1 1 c b b 3 1 b 1 0 8 0 0 1 3 0 Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes No Niranam 1 b 1 b 1 c b b 2 1 b 1 2 16 8 3 1 7 0 Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes No Kadapra 2 c 1 2 1 a a a 1 1 a 1 0 3 2 0 0 3 0 Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes No Nedumpuram 3 c 1 b 1 c b b 2 1 c 1 0 8 1 1 2 2 0 Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes No Peringara 4 c b 1 a c a a a a a b 1 3 0 0 0 2 0 Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes No Kavumbhagom (Part) 5 a 1 2 1 c b b 3 1 b 1 0 4 1 0 0 4 0 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Kuttoor 6 b 1 3 1 b b b 1 1 b 1 0 3 0 0 0 1 0 Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Kaviyoor 7 b 1 b 1 c b b 3 2 b 1 0 3 0 0 2 8 0 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Eraviperoor 8 c 1 1 1 c c c 3 1 c 1 1 5 3 0 6 4 0 Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Koipuram 9 b 1 1 1 a c c 2 1 c 1 0 3 0 0 1 3 0 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Thottapuzhassery 10 0 9 11 9 0 0 0 20 10 0 9 4 56 15 4 13 37 0 10 10 6 5 3 10 10 1 Taluk Total

115 Census of India 2011- Village Directory Amenities and Land use ( As in 2009 ) Name of District:-Pathanamthitta Location CodeNo:-599 Name of Taluk:-Thiruvalla Location CodeNo:-05679 Availability of Communication and transport facilities (If amenities available code -Yes toilet & others Yes / is given except for Village Pin Code ,If not available within the village , the No distance range code viz; a for < 5 Kms, b for 5-10 Kms and c for 10+ kms of nearest place where facility is available is given). Sr.No. Name village Community toilet including bath. Community toilet excluding bath. Rural sanitary mart or hardware outlet available near the village. Community bio- gas or recycle of waste for productive use. Post office(PO) Sub post office (SPO) Post & Telegraph office (P&TO) Village Pin Code Telephones (Land lines) Public call office (PCO) Mobile phone coverage Internet cafes/ Common service centre (CSC) Private courier facility Bus service (Public & Private) Railway stations Auto/Modified Autos Taxis and Vans Tractors Cycle-pulled rickshaws(Manual & Machine driven) Carts driven by animals Sea /River ferry service 1 2 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 1 Niranam No No No No Yes Yes Yes 689621 Yes a Yes b b Yes c Yes Yes c 2 Kadapra No No Yes No Yes Yes Yes 689104 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes b Yes Yes Yes 3 Nedumpuram No No No No Yes Yes Yes 689110 Yes Yes Yes a b Yes b Yes Yes c 4 Peringara No No Yes No Yes Yes Yes 689108 Yes Yes Yes b b Yes b Yes Yes Yes 5 Kavumbhagom (Part) No No Yes No Yes Yes a 689102 Yes a Yes Yes a Yes b Yes Yes c 6 Kuttoor No No Yes No Yes Yes Yes 689106 Yes Yes Yes a a Yes a Yes Yes c 7 Kaviyoor No No No No Yes Yes Yes 689582 Yes Yes Yes b b Yes b Yes Yes c 8 Eraviperoor No No No No Yes Yes Yes 689542 Yes Yes Yes b b Yes b Yes Yes c 9 Koipuram No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes 689548 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes c Yes Yes Yes 10 Thottapuzhassery No No No No Yes Yes Yes 689549 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes c Yes Yes Yes Taluk Total 1 5 0 10 10 9 10 10 8 10 4 3 10 0 10 10 0 0 0 4

116 Census of India 2011- Village Directory Amenities and Land use ( As in 2009 ) Name of District:-Pathanamthitta Location CodeNo:-599 Name of Taluk:-Thiruvalla Location CodeNo:-05679 Village connected to highways,village roads, banks Availability of miscellaneous facilities (If & credit societies (If amenities available code -Yes amenities available code -Yes is given, If is given, If not available within the village , the not available within the village , the distance range code viz; a for < 5 Kms, b for 5-10 distance range code viz; a for < 5 Kms, b Kms and c for 10+ kms of nearest place where for 5-10 Kms and c for 10+ kms of nearest facility is available is given). place where facility is available is given). Connected to national highway(NH) Connected to state highway(SH) Connected to major district road (MDR) Connected to others district road Pucca roads Kutchcha roads Water bounded macadam(WBM) roads Navigable waterway (river/canal)(NW) Footpaths (FP) Commercial & Co-operative Banks ATM Agricultural Credit Societies Self-Help Group (SHG) Public distribution system (PDS) shop Mandis / Regular market Weekly Haat Agricultural marketing society Integrated Child Development Scheme (Nutritional Centres) Anganwadi Centre (Nutritional Centres) Others (Nutritional Centres) ASHA (Accredited Social Health Activist) Name village Sr.No. 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 2 1 c Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes c Yes Yes Yes b Yes Yes Yes Yes b a Yes Yes c Yes Niranam 1 c Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes c Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes c Yes Kadapra 2 c b Yes Yes Yes Yes c Yes Yes Yes a Yes Yes Yes Yes a a Yes Yes c Yes Nedumpuram 3 c a a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes b Yes Yes Yes Yes b c Yes Yes b Yes Peringara 4 Yes c Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes a a Yes Yes Yes a a Yes Yes b Yes Kavumbhagom (Part) 5 Yes c Yes Yes Yes Yes c Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes b Yes Yes b Yes Kuttoor 6 c b Yes Yes Yes Yes c Yes Yes Yes a Yes Yes Yes Yes b c Yes Yes b Yes Kaviyoor 7 c Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes b Yes Yes Yes Yes Eraviperoor 8 c Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes c Yes Koipuram 9 c Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes c Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes b Yes Yes Yes b Yes Thottapuzhassery 10 2 5 9 10 10 10 4 10 10 10 5 9 10 10 10 4 3 10 10 1 10 Taluk Total

117 Census of India 2011- Village Directory Amenities and Land use ( As in 2009 ) Name of District:-Pathanamthitta Location CodeNo:-599 Name of Taluk:-Thiruvalla Location CodeNo:-05679 Availability of miscellaneous Availability of Land Use facilities (If amenities available electricity Nearest Town Area under different types code -Yes is given, If not (Yes/No) of land use ( in hectares available within the village , the rounded up to one decimal distance range code viz; a for < place) 5 Kms, b for 5-10 Kms and c for 10+ kms of nearest place where facility is available is given). Sr.No. Name village Community centre with/without TV Sports Field, Sports Club / Recreation Centre Cinema / Video Hall Public Library Public Reading Room Newspaper Supply Assembly Polling station Birth & Death Registration Office Power Supply for Domestic Use (ED) Power Supply for Agricultural Use (EAG) Power Supply for Commercial Use (EC) Power Supply for All Uses (EA) Name Distance range code i.e. a for < 5 Kms, b 5-10 Kms and c for 10+ kms . Forests Area under Non-agricultural Uses Barren and Un-cultivable land Permanent Pastures and Other Grazing Lands Land Under Miscellaneous Tree Crops etc. 1 2 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 1 Niranam b Yes Yes b b b Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Thiruvalla b 0 117.5 3.3 0 37 2 Kadapra Yes Yes Yes b Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Thiruvalla b 0 190.7 0 0 0 3 Nedumpuram a Yes Yes a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Thiruvalla a 0 127.9 0 0 0 4 Peringara b Yes Yes a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Thiruvalla b 0 97.4 0 0 0 5 Kavumbhagom (Part) a Yes Yes a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Thiruvalla a 0 659.8 7 0 0 6 Kuttoor Yes Yes Yes a Yes b Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Thiruvalla a 0 693 0 0 20 7 Kaviyoor Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Thiruvalla b 0 0 0 0 0 8 Eraviperoor Yes Yes b Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Thiruvalla b 0 75.5 3.5 0 0 9 Koipuram Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Thiruvalla c 0 133.3 0 0 0 10 Thottapuzhassery Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Thiruvalla c 0 133 10 0 0 Taluk Total 10 9 4 9 8 10 10 10 10 9 10 9 0 0 0 2228 24 0 57

118 Census of India 2011- Village Directory Amenities and Land use ( As in 2009 ) Name of District:-Pathanamthitta Location CodeNo:-599 Name of Taluk:-Thiruvalla Location CodeNo:-05679 Land Use Name of three most important Area under different types of Area irrigated by source commodities manufactured land use ( in hectares rounded (in hectare). up to one decimal place) Culturable Waste Land Fallow lands other than current fallows Current Fallows Net Area Sown Total Irrigated Land Area Total Un-irrigated Land Area Canals ( C ) Wells/Tube-wells(W/TW) Tanks/Lakes(T/L) Water Falls(WF) Others(O) First Second Third Name of Village Serial Number 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 2 1 50.1 33.3 145 714.6 744.5 185.6 0 0 0 0 745 Niranam 1 0 100 100 1299.3 670 829.3 268 0 0 0 402 Sugar Kadapra 2 81 0 86 554.1 304.2 336 0 0 304 0 0 Bricks Nedumpuram 3 20.2 173 0 958.4 1037 94.8 0 0 0 0 1037 Peringara 4 0 24 2 68.2 0 94.2 0 0 0 0 0 Hollow Bricks Kavumbhagom (Part) 5 0 35 171 330 533 23 533 0 0 0 0 Kuttoor 6 0 0 137 1171 150 1158 150 0 0 0 0 Kaviyoor 7 51.3 0 0 1737.7 918.8 818.9 841 8.1 16 0 53.6 Hollow Bricks Eraviperoor 8 6.9 0 0 2085.8 823.2 1263 745 0 0 0 78.4 Bricks Koipuram 9 30 0 82 1191 203.6 1069 163 20.5 0 2.8 17.1 Thottapuzhassery 10 240 365 723 10110 5384 5872 2700 28.6 320 2.8 Taluk Total

119 120 Alphabetical list of Villages along with location code 2001 and 2011.

2011 Census 2001 Census Sl. No. Name of village MDDS Code PLCN 1 2 3 4 Taluk: Mallappally 1 Anicad 628305 112900 2 Ezhumattoor 628308 113200 3 Kallooppara 628303 112700 4 Kottangal 628306 113000 5 Kunnamthanam 628302 112600 6 Mallappally 628304 112800 7 Perumpetty 628307 113100 8 Puramattam 628310 113400 9 Thelliyoor 628309 113300

121 Census of India 2011- Village Directory Amenities and Land use ( As in 2009 ) Name of District:-Pathanamthitta Location CodeNo:-599 Name of Taluk:-Mallappally Location CodeNo:-05680 Number of educational amenities available. (If not available within the village , the distance range code viz; a for < 5 Kms, b for 5-10 Kms and c for 10+ kms of nearest place where facility is available is given). Sr.No. Name village Location code no. Total area of the village ( in hectares rounded up to one decimal place) Total population ( 2011 census ) Number of households (2011 census) Pre-Primary school (PP) Primary school (P) Middle school (M) Secondary School (S) Senior Secondary school (SS) Degree college of arts science & commerce (ASC) Engineering college(EC) Medical college (MC) Management institute (MI) Polytechnic (Pt) Vocational training school /ITI Non-formal training centre (NFTC) Special school for disabled (SSD) Others (specify) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 1 Kunnamthanam 628302 1722 20573 5399 3 8 3 3 1 b b b b c b b b b 2 Kallooppara 628303 1690 16837 4561 6 13 5 4 3 1 1 b 1 b 1 a b c 3 Mallappally 628304 1997 17693 4787 4 14 5 3 3 b b b b b 3 b b c 4 Anicad 628305 1904 14678 3750 6 11 3 3 1 b c c c c b c c c 5 Kottangal 628306 2342 17174 4331 6 11 5 4 a c c c c c b 2 1 c 6 Perumpetty 628307 2285 14396 3881 1 8 5 4 1 b c c c c 1 c c c 7 Ezhumattoor 628308 1191 10698 2835 2 5 3 1 1 c c c c c c c c c 8 Thelliyoor 628309 1015 8101 2210 2 8 4 2 2 b b c c b b b 1 c 9 Puramattam 628310 1466 14069 3778 1 6 3 2 1 a a b b 1 1 b b b Taluk Total : 15612 134219 35532 31 84 36 26 13 1 1 0 1 1 6 2 2 0

122 Census of India 2011- Village Directory Amenities and Land use ( As in 2009 ) Name of District:-Pathanamthitta Location CodeNo:-599 Name of Taluk:-Mallappally Location CodeNo:-05680 Number of Medical Amenities Number of Non- Availability of drinking water available. (If not available within the Government Medical - Yes / No village , the distance range code viz; Amenities available. a for < 5 Kms, b for 5-10 Kms and c for 10+ kms of nearest place where facility is available is given). Community health centre (CHC) Primary health centre (PHC) Primary health sub centre (PHS) Maternity and child welfare centre (MCW) T.B. clinic (TBC) Hospital-allopathic (HA) Hospital-alternative medicine (HO) Dispensary (D) Veterinary hospital (VH) Mobile health clinic (MHC) Family welfare centre (FWC) Charitable non Govt. hospital/Nursing home. Medical practitioner with MBBS Degree Medical practitioner with other degree Medical practitioner with no degree Traditional practitioner and faith healer . Medicine Shop Others Tap water (Treated/Untreated) Well water (Covered / Uncovered well) Hand Pump Tube wells / Bore well Spring River / Canal Tank / Pond Lake Others Name village Sr.No. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 2 1 a 1 2 1 b b b 1 1 b 1 0 3 0 1 0 8 0 Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Kunnamthanam 1 1 b 1 b 1 1 b 2 1 b b 0 3 1 0 1 2 0 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Kallooppara 2 1 b b b b 1 a 2 1 c b 0 10 8 0 5 15 0 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Mallappally 3 b 1 3 1 c b b 2 1 c 1 0 3 0 0 0 1 0 Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Anicad 4 b 1 3 1 1 b b 2 1 c 1 0 4 0 0 6 1 0 Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Kottangal 5 c 1 b 1 b c c 2 1 c 1 0 7 0 0 0 1 0 Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes No Perumpetty 6 1 b 1 b c c c 1 1 c b 0 5 0 0 0 2 0 Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes No Ezhumattoor 7 c 1 b 1 c b b c 1 c 1 0 6 1 0 0 5 0 Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes No Thelliyoor 8 c 1 2 1 c b b 3 2 b 1 1 3 0 0 0 3 0 Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Puramattam 9 3 6 12 6 2 2 0 15 10 0 6 1 44 10 1 12 38 0 9 9 9 9 2 6 9 1 Taluk Total

123 Census of India 2011- Village Directory Amenities and Land use ( As in 2009 ) Name of District:-Pathanamthitta Location CodeNo:-599 Name of Taluk:-Mallappally Location CodeNo:-05680 Availability of Communication and transport facilities (If amenities available code -Yes is toilet & others given except for Village Pin Code ,If not available within the village , the Yes / No distance range code viz; a for < 5 Kms, b for 5-10 Kms and c for 10+ kms of nearest place where facility is available is given). Sr.No. Name village Community toilet including bath. Community toilet excluding bath. Rural sanitary mart or hardware outlet available near the village. Community bio- gas or recycle of waste for productive use. Post office(PO) Sub post office (SPO) Post & Telegraph office (P&TO) Village Pin Code Telephones (Land lines) Public call office (PCO) Mobile phone coverage Internet cafes/ Common service centre (CSC) Private courier facility Bus service (Public & Private) Railway stations Auto/Modified Autos Taxis and Vans Tractors Cycle-pulled rickshaws(Manual & Machine driven) Carts driven by animals Sea /River ferry service 1 2 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 1 Kunnamthanam No No No No Yes Yes Yes 689581 Yes Yes Yes Yes b Yes b Yes Yes c 2 Kallooppara No No Yes No Yes Yes Yes 689583 Yes Yes Yes b b Yes b Yes Yes Yes 3 Mallappally Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes 689585 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes c Yes Yes Yes 4 Anicad No No No No Yes Yes Yes 680585 Yes Yes Yes Yes b Yes c Yes Yes Yes 5 Kottangal No No Yes No Yes Yes Yes 686547 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes c Yes Yes Yes 6 Perumpetty No No No No Yes a Yes 689592 Yes Yes Yes Yes b Yes c Yes Yes c 7 Ezhumattoor No No No No Yes Yes Yes 689586 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes c Yes Yes c 8 Thelliyoor No No No No Yes Yes a 689544 Yes a Yes b b Yes c Yes Yes c 9 Puramattam Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes 689543 Yes Yes Yes b Yes Yes c Yes Yes c Taluk Total 2 1 4 0 9 8 8 9 9 8 9 6 4 9 0 9 9 0 0 0 4

124 Census of India 2011- Village Directory Amenities and Land use ( As in 2009 ) Name of District:-Pathanamthitta Location CodeNo:-599 Name of Taluk:-Mallappally Location CodeNo:-05680 Village connected to highways,village roads, banks Availability of miscellaneous facilities (If & credit societies (If amenities available code -Yes amenities available code -Yes is given, If is given, If not available within the village , the not available within the village , the distance range code viz; a for < 5 Kms, b for 5-10 distance range code viz; a for < 5 Kms, b Kms and c for 10+ kms of nearest place where for 5-10 Kms and c for 10+ kms of nearest facility is available is given). place where facility is available is given). Connected to national highway(NH) Connected to state highway(SH) Connected to major district road (MDR) Connected to others district road Pucca roads Kutchcha roads Water bounded macadam(WBM) roads Navigable waterway (river/canal)(NW) Footpaths (FP) Commercial & Co-operative Banks ATM Agricultural Credit Societies Self-Help Group (SHG) Public distribution system (PDS) shop Mandis / Regular market Weekly Haat Agricultural marketing society Integrated Child Development Scheme (Nutritional Centres) Anganwadi Centre (Nutritional Centres) Others (Nutritional Centres) ASHA (Accredited Social Health Activist) Name village Sr.No. 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 2 1 c b Yes Yes Yes Yes c b Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes c Yes Kunnamthanam 1 c b b Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes b b Yes Yes Yes b b Yes Yes Yes Yes Kallooppara 2 c Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes c Yes Yes c Yes Mallappally 3 c b b Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes b b Yes Yes Yes b b Yes Yes c Yes Anicad 4 c b b Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes b Yes Yes Yes b b Yes Yes b Yes Kottangal 5 c c Yes Yes Yes Yes c c Yes Yes b Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes c Yes Perumpetty 6 a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes c c Yes Yes c Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Ezhumattoor 7 c c Yes Yes Yes Yes c b Yes Yes b Yes Yes Yes Yes a b Yes Yes b Yes Thelliyoor 8 c c Yes Yes Yes Yes c Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Puramattam 9 0 2 6 9 9 9 4 5 9 9 4 6 9 9 9 5 4 9 9 3 9 Taluk Total

125 Census of India 2011- Village Directory Amenities and Land use ( As in 2009 ) Name of District:-Pathanamthitta Location CodeNo:-599 Name of Taluk:-Mallappally Location CodeNo:-05680 Availability of miscellaneous Availability of Land Use facilities (If amenities available electricity Nearest Town Area under different code -Yes is given, If not (Yes/No) types of land use ( in available within the village , the hectares rounded up to distance range code viz; a for < one decimal place) 5 Kms, b for 5-10 Kms and c for 10+ kms of nearest place where facility is available is given). Sr.No. Name village Community centre with/without TV Sports Field, Sports Club / Recreation Centre Cinema / Video Hall Public Library Public Reading Room Newspaper Supply Assembly Polling station Birth & Death Registration Office Power Supply for Domestic Use (ED) Power Supply for Agricultural Use (EAG) Power Supply for Commercial Use (EC) Power Supply for All Uses (EA) Name Distance range code i.e. a for < 5 Kms, b 5-10 Kms and c for 10+ kms . Forests Area under Non-agricultural Uses Barren and Un-cultivable land Permanent Pastures and Other Grazing Lands Land Under Miscellaneous Tree Crops etc. 1 2 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 1 Kunnamthanam Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Thiruvalla b 0 471.8 0 0 0 2 Kallooppara Yes b Yes b Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Thiruvalla b 0 203 0 0 0 3 Mallappally Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Thiruvalla c 0 84 18 0 0 4 Anicad Yes b Yes c Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Thiruvalla c 0 386.3 2.5 0 0 5 Kottangal b Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Thiruvalla c 0 607.1 0 0 0 6 Perumpetty b Yes b Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Thiruvalla c 645 73.6 0 0 0 7 Ezhumattoor Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Thiruvalla c 0 144.6 7.5 0 0 8 T helliyoor Yes c Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Thiruvalla c 0 55.5 0 0 0 9 Puramattam Yes Yes a Yes b Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Thiruvalla b 0 194.9 1.8 0 0 Taluk Total 7 6 7 7 8 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 0 0 645 2221 30 0 0

126 Census of India 2011- Village Directory Amenities and Land use ( As in 2009 ) Name of District:-Pathanamthitta Location CodeNo:-599 Name of Taluk:-Mallappally Location CodeNo:-05680 Land Use Name of three most important Area under different types of Area irrigated by source commodities manufactured land use ( in hectares rounded (in hectare). up to one decimal place) Culturable Waste Land Fallow lands other than current fallows Current Fallows Net Area Sown Total Irrigated Land Area Total Un-irrigated Land Area Canals ( C ) Wells/Tube-wells(W/TW) Tanks/Lakes(T/L) Water Falls(WF) Others(O) First Second Third Name of Village Serial Number 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 2 1 62 44 28 1116.2 48.2 1140 48.2 0 0 0 0 Kunnamthanam 1 6.2 30.6 48.3 1402 276.5 1204 155 20 0 0 101 Kallooppara 2 18.6 35.8 11.2 1829.4 160.7 1716 69.6 21.4 0 0 69.6 Mallappally 3 18.6 28.2 23.7 1444.6 76.4 1420 22.2 8.9 0 0 45.4 Anicad 4 20.1 201 98.3 1415.5 0 1715 0 0 0 0 0 Kottangal 5 0 56.7 0 1510 1479 87.4 0 0 0 0 1479 Perumpetty 6 2.1 1.5 2.2 1033.1 3 1034 0 0 3 0 0 Ezhumattoor 7 5.4 11.4 18 924.8 0.4 953.8 0 0.3 0.1 0 0 Thelliyoor 8 15.3 35.1 18.3 1200.5 72.8 1181 72.8 0 0 0 0 Puramattam 9 148 444 248 11876 2117 10451 368 50.6 3.1 0 Taluk Total

127 128 Alphabetical list of Villages along with location code 2001 and 2011. 2011 Census Sl. No. Name of village 2001 Census PLCN MDDS Code 1 2 3 4 Taluk: Ranni 1 Angadi 628316 114000 2 Athikkayam 628314 113800 3 Ayiroor 628317 114100 4 Cherukole 628318 114200 5 Chethakkal 628311 113500 6 Chittar-Seethathodu 628321 114500 7 Kollamula 628312 113600 8 Pazhavangadi 628315 113900 9 Perunad 628313 113700 10 Ranni 628319 114300 11 Vadasserikkara 628320 114400

129 Census of India 2011- Village Directory Amenities and Land use ( As in 2009 ) Name of District:-Pathanamthitta Location CodeNo:-599 Name of Taluk:-Ranni Location CodeNo:-05681 Number of educational amenities available. (If not available within the village , the distance range code viz; a for < 5 Kms, b for 5-10 Kms and c for 10+ kms of nearest place where facility is available is given). Sr.No. Name village Location code no. Total area of the village ( in hectares rounded up to one decimal place) Total population ( 2011 census ) Number of households (2011 census) Pre-Primary school (PP) Primary school (P) Middle school (M) Secondary School (S) Senior Secondary school (SS) Degree college of arts science & commerce (ASC) Engineering college(EC) Medical college (MC) Management institute (MI) Polytechnic (Pt) Vocational training school /ITI Non-formal training centre (NFTC) Special school for disabled (SSD) Others (specify) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 1 Chethakkal 628311 4793 15027 3982 3 6 4 4 2 1 c c c 1 c c c b 2 Kollamula 628312 7112 22449 5724 1 10 5 4 4 b c c c b b c 1 b 3 Perunad 628313 7523 15018 4130 2 6 4 2 1 c 1 c 1 c b c c 1 4 Athikkayam 628314 2156 9548 2477 1 6 3 1 1 c b c c b c c c a 5 Pazhavangadi 628315 2646 20068 5369 1 14 5 4 4 1 c c c c c 1 c b 6 Angadi 628316 3072 14855 3989 4 11 5 2 1 a c c c c b a c c 7 Ayiroor 628317 2576 21797 5905 4 17 6 5 2 a c c c c 2 c c c 8 Cherukole 628318 1562 12169 3382 3 6 5 2 a a a c 1 c 1 a c 1 9 Ranni 628319 1605 13361 3665 1 8 4 1 1 a c c c c 1 b c c 10 Vadasserikkara 628320 6007 21933 5827 6 11 7 6 3 c b c b c 2 c c b 11 Chittar-Seethathodu 628321 67737 31969 8722 7 18 9 5 3 c c c c c c 2 c b Taluk Total : 106789 198194 53172 33 113 57 36 22 2 1 0 2 1 6 3 1 2

130 Census of India 2011- Village Directory Amenities and Land use ( As in 2009 ) Name of District:-Pathanamthitta Location CodeNo:-599 Name of Taluk:-Ranni Location CodeNo:-05681 Number of Medical Amenities Number of Non- Availability of drinking water - available. (If not available within the Government Medical Yes / No village , the distance range code viz; Amenities available. a for < 5 Kms, b for 5-10 Kms and c for 10+ kms of nearest place where facility is available is given). Community health centre (CHC) Primary health centre (PHC) Primary health sub centre (PHS) Maternity and child welfare centre (MCW) T.B. clinic (TBC) Hospital-allopathic (HA) Hospital-alternative medicine (HO) Dispensary (D) Veterinary hospital (VH) Mobile health clinic (MHC) Family welfare centre (FWC) Charitable non Govt. hospital/Nursing home. Medical practitioner with MBBS Degree Medical practitioner with other degree Medical practitioner with no degree Traditional practitioner and faith healer . Medicine Shop Others Tap water (Treated/Untreated) Well water (Covered / Uncovered well) Hand Pump Tube wells / Bore well Spring River / Canal Tank / Pond Lake Others Name village Sr.No. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 2 1 b 1 2 1 c b b 2 1 c 1 1 3 2 3 2 5 6 Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes No Chethakkal 1 c 1 c 1 c c c 2 2 c 1 0 3 1 0 2 1 0 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Kollamula 2 1 b 3 c c c c 2 1 c b 0 3 0 0 3 3 0 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Perunad 3 c 2 1 2 c c c 2 1 c 2 0 6 0 0 0 2 0 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Athikkayam 4 c a 2 a c a a 2 1 c a 1 20 25 0 3 11 0 Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Pazhavangadi 5 b 1 3 1 c a a c 1 c 1 0 32 3 0 1 3 0 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Angadi 6 1 b c a a c 1 1 1 c b 3 12 3 3 0 8 0 Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Ayiroor 7 a 1 3 1 a b b a 1 c 1 0 2 0 0 1 1 0 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Cherukole 8 c b 3 c 1 1 1 2 1 c b 0 4 0 0 1 5 0 Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Ranni 9 b 1 1 1 c 1 1 1 1 c 1 3 20 10 4 2 10 0 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Vadasserikkara 10 b 2 2 2 c c c 3 2 c 2 0 5 0 0 0 5 0 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Chittar-Seethathodu 11 2 9 20 9 1 2 3 17 13 0 9 8 110 44 10 15 54 6 11 11 11 11 7 10 11 1 Taluk Total

131 Census of India 2011- Village Directory Amenities and Land use ( As in 2009 ) Name of District:-Pathanamthitta Location CodeNo:-599 Name of Taluk:-Ranni Location CodeNo:-05681 Availability of Communication and transport facilities (If amenities available code -Yes toilet & others Yes / is given except for Village Pin Code ,If not available within the village , the No distance range code viz; a for < 5 Kms, b for 5-10 Kms and c for 10+ kms of nearest place where facility is available is given). Sr.No. Name village Community toilet including bath. Community toilet excluding bath. Rural sanitary mart or hardware outlet available near the village. Community bio- gas or recycle of waste for productive use. Post office(PO) Sub post office (SPO) Post & Telegraph office (P&TO) Village Pin Code Telephones (Land lines) Public call office (PCO) Mobile phone coverage Internet cafes/ Common service centre (CSC) Private courier facility Bus service (Public & Private) Railway stations Auto/Modified Autos Taxis and Vans Tractors Cycle-pulled rickshaws(Manual & Machine driven) Carts driven by animals Sea /River ferry service 1 2 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 1 Chethakkal Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 689677 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes c Yes Yes b 2 Kollamula No No No No Yes Yes Yes 686510 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes c Yes Yes Yes 3 Perunad Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes 689711 Yes Yes Yes Yes c Yes c Yes Yes Yes 4 Athikkayam No No No No Yes Yes Yes 689711 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes c Yes Yes c 5 Pazhavangadi Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes 689673 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes c Yes Yes Yes 6 Angadi No No Yes No Yes Yes Yes 689674 Yes Yes Yes Yes a Yes c Yes Yes Yes 7 Ayiroor Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 689611 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes c Yes Yes Yes 8 Cherukole No No No No Yes Yes Yes 689650 Yes Yes Yes a a Yes c Yes Yes Yes 9 Ranni Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes 689672 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes c Yes Yes Yes 10 Vadasserikkara Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 689662 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes c Yes Yes c 11 Chittar-Seethathodu No No No No Yes Yes Yes 689663 Yes Yes Yes b Yes Yes c Yes Yes c Taluk Total 6 3 6 3 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 9 8 11 0 11 11 0 0 0 7

132 Census of India 2011- Village Directory Amenities and Land use ( As in 2009 ) Name of District:-Pathanamthitta Location CodeNo:-599 Name of Taluk:-Ranni Location CodeNo:-05681 Village connected to highways,village roads, banks Availability of miscellaneous facilities (If & credit societies (If amenities available code -Yes amenities available code -Yes is given, If is given, If not available within the village , the not available within the village , the distance range code viz; a for < 5 Kms, b for 5-10 distance range code viz; a for < 5 Kms, b Kms and c for 10+ kms of nearest place where for 5-10 Kms and c for 10+ kms of nearest facility is available is given). place where facility is available is given). Connected to national highway(NH) Connected to state highway(SH) Connected to major district road (MDR) Connected to others district road Pucca roads Kutchcha roads Water bounded macadam(WBM) roads Navigable waterway (river/canal)(NW) Footpaths (FP) Commercial & Co-operative Banks ATM Agricultural Credit Societies Self-Help Group (SHG) Public distribution system (PDS) shop Mandis / Regular market Weekly Haat Agricultural marketing society Integrated Child Development Scheme (Nutritional Centres) Anganwadi Centre (Nutritional Centres) Others (Nutritional Centres) ASHA (Accredited Social Health Activist) Name village Sr.No. 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 2 1 c Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes c b Yes Yes Yes b Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes b Yes Chethakkal 1 c Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes b Yes Yes Yes Yes a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Kollamula 2 c c Yes Yes Yes Yes c Yes Yes Yes b Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes c Yes Yes c Yes Perunad 3 c b Yes Yes Yes Yes c c Yes Yes c Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes b Yes Yes b Yes Athikkayam 4 c Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes b Yes Yes Yes c Yes Pazhavangadi 5 c c Yes Yes Yes Yes b Yes Yes Yes Yes a Yes Yes Yes a a Yes Yes c Yes Angadi 6 c a Yes Yes Yes Yes a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes c Yes Ayiroor 7 c c a Yes Yes Yes c Yes Yes Yes Yes a Yes Yes Yes a a Yes Yes c Yes Cherukole 8 c Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes c Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes c Yes Ranni 9 c Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes c Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes b Yes Yes Yes c Yes Vadasserikkara 10 c b a Yes Yes Yes c c Yes Yes Yes b Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes c Yes Chittar-Seethathodu 11 0 5 9 11 11 11 2 8 11 11 8 7 11 11 11 6 7 11 11 1 11 Taluk Total

133 Census of India 2011- Village Directory Amenities and Land use ( As in 2009 ) Name of District:-Pathanamthitta Location CodeNo:-599 Name of Taluk:-Ranni Location CodeNo:-05681 Availability of miscellaneous Availability of Land Use facilities (If amenities available electricity Nearest Town Area under different types code -Yes is given, If not (Yes/No) of land use ( in hectares available within the village , the rounded up to one decimal distance range code viz; a for < place) 5 Kms, b for 5-10 Kms and c for 10+ kms of nearest place where facility is available is given). Sr.No. Name village Community centre with/without TV Sports Field, Sports Club / Recreation Centre Cinema / Video Hall Public Library Public Reading Room Newspaper Supply Assembly Polling station Birth & Death Registration Office Power Supply for Domestic Use (ED) Power Supply for Agricultural Use (EAG) Power Supply for Commercial Use (EC) Power Supply for All Uses (EA) Name Distance range code i.e. a for < 5 Kms, b 5-10 Kms and c for 10+ kms . Forests Area under Non-agricultural Uses Barren and Un-cultivable land Permanent Pastures and Other Grazing Lands Land Under Miscellaneous Tree Crops etc. 1 2 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 1 Chethakkal b Yes Yes b Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Pathanamthitta c 962.8 415.3 3.4 0 0 2 Kollamula Yes Yes Yes b Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Pathanamthitta c 505.1 502.9 5.3 0 2.2 3 Perunad Yes Yes Yes c Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Pathanamthitta c 4006.1 579.6 0 0 0 4 Athikkayam b c Yes c Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Pathanamthitta c 345.5 444 32 0 0 5 Pazhavangadi b b Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Pathanamthitta c 583.5 437.1 0 0 0 6 Angadi Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Pathanamthitta c 1000.5 132.4 0 0 0 7 Ayiroor Yes Yes Yes b Yes b Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Pathanamthitta c 0 231.5 0 0 0 8 Cherukole a a a a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No Pathanamthitta c 0 0 0 0 0 9 Ranni Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Pathanamthitta c 0 137 0 0 0 10 Vadasserikkara Yes Yes Yes b Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Pathanamthitta c 1143.6 685 0 0 0 11 Chittar-Seethathodu Yes Yes b Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Pathanamthitta c 62259 376.5 0 0 0 Taluk Total 7 8 9 4 11 10 11 11 11 11 10 8 8 0 0 70806 3941 41 0 2.2

134 Census of India 2011- Village Directory Amenities and Land use ( As in 2009 ) Name of District:-Pathanamthitta Location CodeNo:-599 Name of Taluk:-Ranni Location CodeNo:-05681 Land Use Name of three most important Area under different types of Area irrigated by source commodities manufactured land use ( in hectares rounded (in hectare). up to one decimal place) Culturable Waste Land Fallow lands other than current fallows Current Fallows Net Area Sown Total Irrigated Land Area Total Un-irrigated Land Area Canals ( C ) Wells/Tube-wells(W/TW) Tanks/Lakes(T/L) Water Falls(WF) Others(O) First Second Third Name of Village Serial Number 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 2 1 0 876 0 2535.7 20.8 3391 0 0 0 0 20.8 Chethakkal 1 0 0 0 6096.6 0 6099 0 0 0 0 0 Kollamula 2 0 0 0 2937.3 0 2937 0 0 0 0 0 Perunad 3 27 169 0 1138.2 0 1308 0 0 0 0 0 Athikkayam 4 40.3 150 50 1385.1 100.5 1485 0 0 0 0 101 Pazhavangadi 5 80 45 30.4 1783.8 262 1597 0 32 0 0 230 Angadi 6 3.7 2.2 0 2338.6 368 1973 368 0 0 0 0 Ayiroor 7 0 0 0 1562 810 752 810 0 0 0 0 Cherukole 8 0 0 44 1424 36 1432 36 0 0 0 0 Ranni 9 0 0 0 4178.4 0 4178 0 0 0 0 0 Tyre Tube Vadasserikkara 10 0 0 0 5101.4 0 5101 0 0 0 0 0 Chittar-Seethathodu 11 151 1242 124 30481 1597 30253 1214 32 0 0 Taluk Total

135 136 Alphabetical list of Villages along with location code 2001 and 2011. 2011 Census Sl. No. Name of village 2001 Census PLCN MDDS Code 1 2 3 4 Taluk: Kozhenchery 1 Aranmula 628325 114900 2 Aruvappulam 628339 116400 3 Chenneerkara 628328 115300 4 Elanthoor 628327 115200 5 Iravan 628340 116500 6 Kidangannur 628324 114800 7 Konni 628338 116300 8 Konnithazham 628335 116000 9 Kulanada 628322 114600 10 Malayalapuzha (Part) 628334 115900 11 Mallapuzhassery 628326 115100 12 Mezhuveli 628323 114700 13 Mylapra (Part) 628333 115800 14 Naranganam 628332 115700 15 Omalloor 628330 115500 16 Pathanamthitta (Part) 628331 115600 17 Pramadom 628336 116100 18 Thannithode 628341 116600 19 Vallicode 628329 115400 20 Vallicode-Kottayam 628337 116200

137 Census of India 2011- Village Directory Amenities and Land use ( As in 2009 ) Name of District:-Pathanamthitta Location CodeNo:-599 Name of Taluk:-Kozhenchery Location CodeNo:-05682

Number of educational amenities available. (If not available within the village , the distance range code viz; a for < 5 Kms, b for 5-10 Kms and c for 10+ kms of nearest place where facility is available is given). Sr.No. Name village Location code no. Total area of the village ( in hectares rounded up to one decimal place) Total population ( 2011 census ) Number of households (2011 census) Pre-Primary school (PP) Primary school (P) Middle school (M) Secondary School (S) Senior Secondary school (SS) Degree college of arts science & commerce (ASC) Engineering college(EC) Medical college (MC) Management institute (MI) Polytechnic (Pt) Vocational training school /ITI Non-formal training centre (NFTC) Special school for disabled (SSD) Others (specify) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 1 Kulanada 628322 1880 21217 5827 2 12 4 1 1 a a a c a a a c b 2 Mezhuveli 628323 1714 16863 4675 2 8 6 1 1 b 1 c c b 2 b c 1 3 Kidangannur 628324 1196 14264 3965 3 6 2 2 2 b b c c c b c c b 4 Aranmula 628325 1208 14431 3932 1 8 2 1 1 a b c 1 c b 2 a b 5 Mallapuzhassery 628326 1132 11784 3281 1 5 3 3 2 a b c c c 1 c c a 6 Elanthoor 628327 1509 15344 4176 1 6 2 2 1 b b c b c 1 b b 2 7 Chenneerkara 628328 1950 19124 5271 3 5 5 3 3 b 1 c b b 1 b b a 8 Vallicode 628329 1866 20287 5616 3 9 5 4 2 b c c b c b b b b 9 Omalloor 628330 1454 17611 4858 2 7 2 2 1 a b c a c a a a c 10 Pathanamthitta (Part) 628331 228 742 215 a a a a a b a c b c c a b b 11 Naranganam 628332 2042 16452 4488 2 12 5 3 2 b 1 c b c b b b c 12 Mylapra (Part) 628333 1039 10082 2710 3 6 3 2 1 b b c 1 c 1 b b c 13 Malayalapuzha (Part) 628334 2524 16664 4709 1 5 2 1 a b a c b a a b b c 14 Konnithazham 628335 10198 13009 3530 a 5 2 2 2 1 b c b c 1 c c c 15 Pramadom 628336 1727 19489 5373 2 4 3 3 2 a a c a a a a a c

138 Census of India 2011- Village Directory Amenities and Land use ( As in 2009 ) Name of District:-Pathanamthitta Location CodeNo:-599 Name of Taluk:-Kozhenchery Location CodeNo:-05682 Number of Medical Amenities Number of Non- Availability of drinking water available. (If not available within the Government Medical - Yes / No village , the distance range code viz; Amenities available. a for < 5 Kms, b for 5-10 Kms and c for 10+ kms of nearest place where facility is available is given). Community health centre (CHC) Primary health centre (PHC) Primary health sub centre (PHS) Maternity and child welfare centre (MCW) T.B. clinic (TBC) Hospital-allopathic (HA) Hospital-alternative medicine (HO) Dispensary (D) Veterinary hospital (VH) Mobile health clinic (MHC) Family welfare centre (FWC) Charitable non Govt. hospital/Nursing home. Medical practitioner with MBBS Degree Medical practitioner with other degree Medical practitioner with no degree Traditional practitioner and faith healer . Medicine Shop Others Tap water (Treated/Untreated) Well water (Covered / Uncovered well) Hand Pump Tube wells / Bore well Spring River / Canal Tank / Pond Lake Others Name village Sr.No. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 2 1 c 2 2 2 c c c 3 2 c 2 2 13 0 0 0 7 1 Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Kulanada 1 b 1 2 1 c c c 3 1 b 1 1 5 0 0 1 2 0 Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes No Mezhuveli 2 c 1 1 1 b c c 3 2 b 1 0 5 5 0 2 8 0 Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes No Kidangannur 3 a a 3 b c c c b a b a 1 8 2 0 0 5 0 Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Aranmula 4 c 1 2 1 a c c a 1 c 1 0 3 0 0 0 2 0 Yes Yes Yes Yes YesYes Yes No Mallapuzhassery 5 1 c 3 b b b 1 3 1 b c 0 3 1 1 3 4 0 Yes Yes Yes Yes YesYes Yes No Elanthoor 6 c 1 1 1 c c c b 1 b 1 1 3 0 0 0 2 0 Yes Yes Yes Yes YesYes Yes YesChenneerkara 7 c 1 2 1 b b b 2 1 b 1 0 3 0 0 0 1 0 Yes Yes Yes Yes YesYes Yes No Vallicode 8 1 c b a a a 1 3 1 b c 0 3 1 0 0 6 0 Yes Yes Yes Yes YesYes Yes YesOmalloor 9 1 a a b b a a b b a a 0 4 0 0 0 3 0 Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes No Pathanamthitta (Part) 10 b 1 1 1 b b b b 1 b 1 0 3 2 0 1 2 0 Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Naranganam 11 b 1 3 1 c b b a 1 b 1 0 3 2 0 0 3 0 Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes YesMylapra (Part) 12 b 1 1 1 c b 1 b 1 b 1 2 4 1 0 1 3 0 Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Malayalapuzha (Part) 13 c b b c c c c 1 b 1 b 0 4 0 0 5 5 0 Yes Yes Yes Yes YesYes Yes YesKonnithazham 14 1 a 1 a a b b a 1 b a 0 3 0 0 0 2 0 Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes No Pramadom 15

139 Census of India 2011- Village Directory Amenities and Land use ( As in 2009 ) Name of District:-Pathanamthitta Location CodeNo:-599 Name of Taluk:-Kozhenchery Location CodeNo:-05682 Availability of Communication and transport facilities (If amenities available code -Yes toilet & others Yes / is given except for Village Pin Code ,If not available within the village , the No distance range code viz; a for < 5 Kms, b for 5-10 Kms and c for 10+ kms of nearest place where facility is available is given). Sr.No. Name village Community toilet including bath. Community toilet excluding bath. Rural sanitary mart or hardware outlet available near the village. Community bio- gas or recycle of waste for productive use. Post office(PO) Sub post office (SPO) Post & Telegraph office (P&TO) Village Pin Code Telephones (Land lines) Public call office (PCO) Mobile phone coverage Internet cafes/ Common service centre (CSC) Private courier facility Bus service (Public & Private) Railway stations Auto/Modified Autos Taxis and Vans Tractors Cycle-pulled rickshaws(Manual & Machine driven) Carts driven by animals Sea /River ferry service 1 2 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 1 Kulanada No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 689503 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes c Yes Yes c 2 Mezhuveli No No No No Yes Yes Yes 689507 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes c Yes Yes c 3 Kidangannur No No No No Yes Yes Yes 689514 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes c Yes Yes c 4 Aranmula No No No No Yes Yes Yes 689533 Yes Yes Yes Yes a Yes b Yes Yes c 5 Mallapuzhassery No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes a 689643 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes c Yes Yes Yes 6 Elanthoor No No No No Yes Yes Yes 689643 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes c Yes Yes c 7 Chenneerkara No No Yes No Yes Yes b 689503 Yes Yes Yes b b Yes c Yes Yes c 8 Vallicode No No No No Yes Yes Yes 689648 Yes Yes Yes Yes b Yes c Yes Yes c 9 Omalloor No Yes No No Yes Yes a 689647 Yes Yes Yes Yes b Yes c Yes Yes c 10 Pathanamthitta (Part) No No No No Yes a b 689645 Yes a Yes a Yes Yes c Yes Yes c 11 Naranganam No No Yes No Yes Yes Yes 689642 Yes Yes Yes b Yes Yes c Yes Yes c 12 Mylapra (Part) No No Yes Yes Yes Yes b 689671 Yes Yes Yes Yes b Yes c Yes Yes c 13 Malayalapuzha (Part) No No No No Yes Yes Yes 689666 Yes Yes Yes b Yes Yes c Yes Yes c 14 Konnithazham No No No No Yes Yes Yes 689692 Yes Yes Yes Yes c Yes c Yes Yes c 15 Pramadom No No Yes No Yes Yes Yes 689691 Yes Yes Yes a a Yes c Yes Yes c

140 Census of India 2011- Village Directory Amenities and Land use ( As in 2009 ) Name of District:-Pathanamthitta Location CodeNo:-599 Name of Taluk:-Kozhenchery Location CodeNo:-05682 Village connected to highways,village roads, banks Availability of miscellaneous facilities (If & credit societies (If amenities available code -Yes amenities available code -Yes is given, If is given, If not available within the village , the not available within the village , the distance range code viz; a for < 5 Kms, b for 5-10 distance range code viz; a for < 5 Kms, b Kms and c for 10+ kms of nearest place where for 5-10 Kms and c for 10+ kms of nearest facility is available is given). place where facility is available is given). Connected to national highway(NH) Connected to state highway(SH) Connected to major district road (MDR) Connected to others district road Pucca roads Kutchcha roads Water bounded macadam(WBM) roads Navigable waterway (river/canal)(NW) Footpaths (FP) Commercial & Co-operative Banks ATM Agricultural Credit Societies Self-Help Group (SHG) Public distribution system (PDS) shop Mandis / Regular market Weekly Haat Agricultural marketing society Integrated Child Development Scheme (Nutritional Centres) Anganwadi Centre (Nutritional Centres) Others (Nutritional Centres) ASHA (Accredited Social Health Activist) Name village Sr.No. 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 2 1 Yes c Yes Yes Yes Yes c c Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes c Yes Kulanada 1 c b Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes c Yes Mezhuveli 2 c b Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes c Yes Kidangannur 3 c b Yes Yes Yes Yes c c Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Aranmula 4 c Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes c Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes c Yes Mallapuzhassery 5 c Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes c c Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes b Yes Yes c Yes Elanthoor 6 c c Yes Yes Yes Yes c Yes Yes Yes a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes b Yes Yes Yes Yes Chenneerkara 7 c Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes c Yes Yes Yes b Yes Yes Yes b Yes Yes Yes c Yes Vallicode 8 c c Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes c Yes Omalloor 9 c a a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes a a a Yes Yes Yes b b Yes Yes c Yes Pathanamthitta (Part) 10 c b Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes c Yes Yes b Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes b Yes Naranganam 11 c Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes c Yes Yes Yes a Yes Yes Yes b b Yes Yes c Yes Mylapra (Part) 12 c b Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes c Yes Malayalapuzha (Part) 13 c a Yes Yes Yes Yes c c Yes Yes b b Yes Yes Yes a a Yes Yes c Yes Konnithazham 14 c Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes c c Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes b Yes Pramadom 15

141 Census of India 2011- Village Directory Amenities and Land use ( As in 2009 ) Name of District:-Pathanamthitta Location CodeNo:-599 Name of Taluk:-Kozhenchery Location CodeNo:-05682 Availability of miscellaneous Availability of Land Use facilities (If amenities available electricity code -Yes is given, If not (Yes/No) Nearest Town Area under different types of available within the village , the land use ( in hectares distance range code viz; a for < rounded up to one decimal 5 Kms, b for 5-10 Kms and c place) for 10+ kms of nearest place where facility is available is given). Sr.No. Name village Community centre with/without TV Sports Field, Sports Club / Recreation Centre Cinema / Video Hall Public Library Public Reading Room Newspaper Supply Assembly Polling station Birth & Death Registration Office Power Supply for Domestic Use (ED) Power Supply for Agricultural Use (EAG) Power Supply for Commercial Use (EC) Power Supply for All Uses (EA) Name Distance range code i.e. a for < 5 Kms, b for 5-10 Kms and c 10+ kms . Forests Area under Non-agricultural Uses Barren and Un-cultivable land Permanent Pastures and Other Grazing Lands Land Under Miscellaneous Tree Crops etc. 1 2 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 1 Kulanada Yes Yes a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Pandalam a 0 499 0 0 0 2 Mezhuveli b b Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Pathanamthitta c 0 0 0 0 0 3 Kidangannur Yes Yes Yes b Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Chengannur b 0 0 0 0 0 4 Aranmula Yes Yes Yes a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Chengannur b 0 283 0 0 0 5 Mallapuzhassery Yes a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Pathanamthitta c 0 174.1 0 0 0 6 Elanthoor b Yes Yes b Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Pathanamthitta b 0 77.1 0 0 0 7 Chenneerkara Yes Yes Yes b Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Pathanamthitta b 0 315 0 0 0 8 Vallicode b Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Pathanamthitta b 0 644 0 0 0 9 Omalloor b Yes b a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Pathanamthitta a 0 96 0 0 0 10 Pathanamthitta (Part) b b b b a a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Pathanamthitta a 0 180 0 0 30 11 Naranganam Yes b Yes b Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Pathanamthitta b 0 90 0 0 0 12 Mylapra (Part) b b b a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Pathanamthitta b 0 40 21 0 0 13 Malayalapuzha (Part) b Yes Yes b Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Pathanamthitta b 0 166 0 0 0 14 Konnithazham b c Yes b a a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Pathanamthitta b 8020.2 391.8 0 0 0 15 Pramadom Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Pathanamthitta b 0 652 0 0 0

142 Census of India 2011- Village Directory Amenities and Land use ( As in 2009 ) Name of District:-Pathanamthitta Location CodeNo:-599 Name of Taluk:-Kozhenchery Location CodeNo:-05682 Name of three most important Land Use commodities manufactured Area under different types of Area irrigated by source land use ( in hectares (in hectare). rounded up to one decimal place) Culturable Waste Land Fallow lands other than current fallows Current Fallows Net Area Sown Total Irrigated Land Area Total Un-irrigated Land Area Canals ( C ) Wells/Tube-wells(W/TW) Tanks/Lakes(T/L) Water Falls(WF) Others(O) First Second Third Name of Village Serial Number 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 2 1 0 0 364 1017 60 1321 3.2 5.1 13 0 38.6 Kulanada 1 0 0 0 1714 410 1304 50.2 360 0 0 0 Mezhuveli 2 0 95.3 151 950.1 250 946 250 0 0 0 0 Kidangannur 3 37 108 34.9 745.1 220.5 667.5 221 0 0 0 0 Aranmula 4 24 138 143 652.9 473.9 460 474 0 0 0 0 Mallapuzhassery 5 0 0 0 1431.9 107.3 1325 107 0 0 0 0 Khadi Products Elanthoor 6 0 15 140 1480 218 1417 0 90 0 0 128 Chenneerkara 7 30 32 35 1125 0 1192 0 0 0 0 0 Vallicode 8 20 111 0 1227 80 1258 0 0 0 0 80 Coconut Oil Masala Items Omalloor 9 0 0 0 18 48 0 0 0 0 0 48 Wiring Cable Pathanamthitta (Part) 10 0 0 0 1952 167 1785 167 0 0 0 0 Naranganam 11 48 14 15 901 133 797 133 0 0 0 0 Atta Mylapra (Part) 12 92 0 0 2266 0 2266 0 0 0 0 0 Malayalapuzha (Part) 13 0 0 0 1786 0 1786 0 0 0 0 0 Konnithazham 14 0 0 0 1075 0 1075 0 0 0 0 0 Pramadom 15

143 Census of India 2011- Village Directory Amenities and Land use ( As in 2009 ) Name of District:-Pathanamthitta Location CodeNo:-599 Name of Taluk:-Kozhenchery Location CodeNo:-05682

144 Census of India 2011- Village Directory Amenities and Land use ( As in 2009 ) Name of District:-Pathanamthitta Location CodeNo:-599 Name of Taluk:-Kozhenchery Location CodeNo:-05682 Number of Medical Amenities Number of Non- Availability of drinking water available. (If not available within the Government Medical - Yes / No village , the distance range code viz; Amenities available. a for < 5 Kms, b for 5-10 Kms and c for 10+ kms of nearest place where facility is available is given). Community health centre (CHC) Primary health centre (PHC) Primary health sub centre (PHS) Maternity and child welfare centre (MCW) T.B. clinic (TBC) Hospital-allopathic (HA) Hospital-alternative medicine (HO) Dispensary (D) Veterinary hospital (VH) Mobile health clinic (MHC) Family welfare centre (FWC) Charitable non Govt. hospital/Nursing home. Medical practitioner with MBBS Degree Medical practitioner with other degree Medical practitioner with no degree Traditional practitioner and faith healer . Medicine Shop Others Tap water (Treated/Untreated) Well water (Covered / Uncovered well) Hand Pump Tube wells / Bore well Spring River / Canal Tank / Pond Lake Others Name village Sr.No. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 2 1 c 1 3 1 c c c 1 1 c 1 0 3 0 0 0 1 0 Yes Yes Yes Yes YesYes Yes No Vallicode-Kottayam 16 1 b b 1 1 1 b b 1 b b 3 8 2 0 1 18 0 Yes Yes Yes Yes YesYes Yes No Konni 17 c 1 2 1 b c c 1 b c 1 0 3 0 0 3 6 0 Yes Yes Yes Yes YesYes Yes Yes Aruvappulam 18 b 1 b 1 c c c 1 1 c 1 0 6 0 0 0 1 0 Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Iravan 19 c 1 1 1 c c c 2 1 c 1 0 4 0 0 0 2 0 Yes Yes Yes Yes YesYes Yes Yes Thannithode 20 5 14 28 15 1 1 3 23 18 1 14 10 91 16 1 17 83 1 20 20 19 16 10 20 20 6 Taluk Total

145 Census of India 2011- Village Directory Amenities and Land use ( As in 2009 ) Name of District:-Pathanamthitta Location CodeNo:-599 Name of Taluk:-Kozhenchery Location CodeNo:-05682 Availability of Communication and transport facilities (If amenities available code -Yes toilet & others Yes / is given except for Village Pin Code ,If not available within the village , the No distance range code viz; a for < 5 Kms, b for 5-10 Kms and c for 10+ kms of nearest place where facility is available is given). Sr.No. Name village Community toilet including bath. Community toilet excluding bath. Rural sanitary mart or hardware outlet available near the village. Community bio- gas or recycle of waste for productive use. Post office(PO) Sub post office (SPO) Post & Telegraph office (P&TO) Village Pin Code Telephones (Land lines) Public call office (PCO) Mobile phone coverage Internet cafes/ Common service centre (CSC) Private courier facility Bus service (Public & Private) Railway stations Auto/Modified Autos Taxis and Vans Tractors Cycle-pulled rickshaws(Manual & Machine driven) Carts driven by animals Sea /River ferry service 1 2 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 16 Vallicode-Kottayam No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes 689656 Yes Yes Yes c Yes Yes c Yes Yes c 17 Konni Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 689691 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes c Yes Yes c 18 Aruvappulam No Yes No No Yes b b 689691 Yes b Yes b b Yes c Yes Yes Yes 19 Iravan No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes 689692 Yes Yes Yes b c Yes c Yes Yes c 20 Thannithode No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes 689699 Yes Yes Yes Yes c Yes c Yes Yes c Taluk Total 1 4 7 7 20 18 14 20 20 18 20 12 10 20 0 20 20 0 0 0 2

146 Census of India 2011- Village Directory Amenities and Land use ( As in 2009 ) Name of District:-Pathanamthitta Location CodeNo:-599 Name of Taluk:-Kozhenchery Location CodeNo:-05682 Village connected to highways,village roads, banks Availability of miscellaneous facilities (If & credit societies (If amenities available code -Yes amenities available code -Yes is given, If is given, If not available within the village , the not available within the village , the distance range code viz; a for < 5 Kms, b for 5-10 distance range code viz; a for < 5 Kms, b Kms and c for 10+ kms of nearest place where for 5-10 Kms and c for 10+ kms of nearest facility is available is given). place where facility is available is given). Connected to national highway(NH) Connected to state highway(SH) Connected to major district road (MDR) Connected to others district road Pucca roads Kutchcha roads Water bounded macadam(WBM) roads Navigable waterway (river/canal)(NW) Footpaths (FP) Commercial & Co-operative Banks ATM Agricultural Credit Societies Self-Help Group (SHG) Public distribution system (PDS) shop Mandis / Regular market Weekly Haat Agricultural marketing society Integrated Child Development Scheme (Nutritional Centres) Anganwadi Centre (Nutritional Centres) Others (Nutritional Centres) ASHA (Accredited Social Health Activist) Name village Sr.No. 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 2 1 c Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes c c Yes Yes b Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes b Yes Vallicode-Kottayam 16 c Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes c Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes b Yes Yes Yes c Yes Konni 17 c a a Yes Yes Yes a a Yes Yes b Yes Yes Yes Yes b b Yes Yes c Yes Aruvappulam 18 c b a Yes Yes Yes Yes c Yes Yes a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes b Yes Iravan 19 c c c Yes Yes Yes b c Yes Yes c Yes Yes Yes Yes c c Yes Yes c Yes Thannithode 20 1 7 16 20 20 20 9 8 20 19 12 15 20 20 20 13 13 20 20 2 20 Taluk Total

147 Census of India 2011- Village Directory Amenities and Land use ( As in 2009 ) Name of District:-Pathanamthitta Location CodeNo:-599 Name of Taluk:-Kozhenchery Location CodeNo:-05682 Availability of miscellaneous Availability of Land Use facilities (If amenities available electricity code -Yes is given, If not (Yes/No) Nearest Town Area under different types available within the village , the of land use ( in hectares distance range code viz; a for < rounded up to one 5 Kms, b for 5-10 Kms and c decimal place) for 10+ kms of nearest place where facility is available is given). Sr.No. Name village Community centre with/without TV Sports Field, Sports Club / Recreation Centre Cinema / Video Hall Public Library Public Reading Room Newspaper Supply Assembly Polling station Birth & Death Registration Office Power Supply for Domestic Use (ED) Power Supply for Agricultural Use (EAG) Power Supply for Commercial Use (EC) Power Supply for All Uses (EA) Name Distance range code i.e. a for < 5 Kms, b 5-10 Kms and c 10+ kms . Forests Area under Non-agricultural Uses Barren and Un-cultivable land Permanent Pastures and Other Grazing Lands Land Under Miscellaneous Tree Crops etc. 1 2 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 16 Vallicode-Kottayam a YesYes b Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Pathanamthitta c 0 714 0 0 0 17 Konni Yes YesYes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Pathanamthitta b 0 265.4 0 0 0 18 Aruvappulam Yes YesYes c b Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Pathanamthitta c 23228 244.5 0 0 0 19 Iravan a a Yes a a a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Pathanamthitta c 973 313 0 0 0 20 Thannithode b YesYes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Pathanamthitta c 33028 2 0 0 0 Taluk Total 9 13 16 7 16 17 20 20 20 20 17 20 17 0 0 65249 5147 21 0 30

148 Census of India 2011- Village Directory Amenities and Land use ( As in 2009 ) Name of District:-Pathanamthitta Location CodeNo:-599 Name of Taluk:-Kozhenchery Location CodeNo:-05682 Name of three most important Land Use commodities manufactured Area under different types Area irrigated by source of land use ( in hectares (in hectare). rounded up to one decimal place) Culturable Waste Land Fallow lands other than current fallows Current Fallows Net Area Sown Total Irrigated Land Area Total Un-irrigated Land Area Canals ( C ) Wells/Tube-wells(W/TW) Tanks/Lakes(T/L) Water Falls(WF) Others(O) First Second Third Name of Village Serial Number 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 2 1 0 0 0 0 1270 0 1270 0 0 0 0 0 Vallicode-Kottayam 16 0 0 0 164 640.6 164 640.6 0 0 0 0 164 Rice Maida Konni 17 0 0 5.1 601 2508 40.5 3074 0 40.5 0 0 0 Aruvappulam 18 0 171 0 0 601 252 349 0 252 0 0 0 Chappals Iravan 19 0 210 0 0 1562 0 1562 0 0 0 0 0 Thannithode 20 30 632 519 1648 24923 2624 24495 1405 747 13 0 Taluk Total

149 150 Alphabetical list of Villages along with location code 2001 and 2011.

2011 Census Sl. No. Name of village 2001 Census PLCN MDDS Code 1 2 3 4 Taluk: Adoor 1 Angadickal 628347 117100 2 Enadimangalam 628350 117400 3 Enathu 628356 118000 4 Erathu 628352 117600 5 Ezhamkulam 628351 117500 6 Kadampanadu 628355 117900 7 Kalanjoor 628349 117300 8 Kodumon 628346 117000 9 Koodal 628348 117200 10 Kurampala 628344 116800 11 Pallickal 628354 117800 12 Pandalam 628343 116700 13 Pandalam Thekkekara 628345 116900 14 Peringanadu (Part) 628353 117700

151 Census of India 2011- Village Directory Amenities and Land use ( As in 2009 ) Name of District:-Pathanamthitta Location CodeNo:-599 Name of Taluk:-Adoor Location CodeNo:-05683 Number of educational amenities available. (If not available within the village , the distance range code viz; a for < 5 Kms, b for 5-10 Kms and c for 10+ kms of nearest place where facility is available is given). Sr.No. Name village Location code no. Total area of the village ( in hectares rounded up to one decimal place) Total population ( 2011 census ) Number of households (2011 census) Pre-Primary school (PP) Primary school (P) Middle school (M) Secondary School (S) Senior Secondary school (SS) Degree college of arts science & commerce Engineering college(EC) Medical college (MC) Management institute (MI) Polytechnic (Pt) Vocational training school /ITI Non-formal training centre (NFTC) Special school for disabled (SSD) Others (specify) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 1 Pandalam 628343 1583 22635 5905 4 9 8 3 1 1 b 1 c b 2 2 3 c 2 Kurampala 628344 1447 20822 5505 2 7 3 3 2 a b c c b b b c c 3 Pandalam Thekkekara 628345 2536 24069 6581 3 10 6 5 1 b b c b 1 c b b c 4 Kodumon 628346 1540 15542 4188 2 6 4 2 a b b c b 1 1 b 1 c 5 Angadickal 628347 2096 11934 3287 1 12 1 1 1 c b c b b b b b c 6 Koodal 628348 3305 15979 4461 4 9 2 1 a b c c c c 1 c c c 7 Kalanjoor 628349 3296 16075 4373 1 7 6 2 2 c c c b 1 c c c c 8 Enadimangalam 628350 3077 20568 5666 4 11 9 5 1 b c c b b b b b c 9 Ezhamkulam 628351 1734 18655 5005 2 7 3 2 1 c c c 1 c c 1 c c 10 Erathu 628352 2174 24880 6730 1 9 7 4 4 1 1 c b 1 1 1 1 1 11 Peringanadu (Part) 628353 1894 20638 5581 2 14 5 3 3 b a c 1 a 2 a 1 c 12 Pallickal 628354 2236 21143 5628 2 7 3 2 2 c c c b c b b b c 13 Kadampanadu 628355 2395 26909 7126 3 13 8 2 1 c b c c b b c b c 14 Enathu 628356 1321 13916 3657 3 6 2 1 a a 1 c a b b b 1 c Taluk Total : 30634 273765 73693 34 127 67 36 19 2 2 1 2 4 7 4 7 1 District Total : 264950 1065799 287615 159 563 278 174 92 12 8 2 9 7 32 15 12 8

152 Census of India 2011- Village Directory Amenities and Land use ( As in 2009 ) Name of District:-Pathanamthitta Location CodeNo:-599 Name of Taluk:-Adoor Location CodeNo:-05683 Number of Medical Amenities Number of Non- Availability of drinking water - available. (If not available within the Government Medical Yes / No village , the distance range code viz; Amenities available. a for < 5 Kms, b for 5-10 Kms and c for 10+ kms of nearest place where facility is available is given). Community health centre (CHC) Primary health centre (PHC) Primary health sub centre (PHS) Maternity and child welfare centre (MCW) T.B. clinic (TBC) Hospital-allopathic (HA) Hospital-alternative medicine (HO) Dispensary (D) Veterinary hospital (VH) Mobile health clinic (MHC) Family welfare centre (FWC) Charitable non Govt. hospital/Nursing home. Medical practitioner with MBBS Degree Medical practitioner with other degree Medical practitioner with no degree Traditional practitioner and faith healer . Medicine Shop Others Tap water (Treated/Untreated) Well water (Covered / Uncovered well) Hand Pump Tube wells / Bore well Spring River / Canal Tank / Pond Lake Others Name village Sr.No. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 2 1 b a b b b b 1 b a b a 0 10 0 0 0 10 0 Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Pandalam 1 b 1 1 1 a b b 2 1 b 1 0 4 4 2 2 6 0 Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Kurampala 2 1 b 2 1 1 b b 2 2 b b 2 4 2 0 0 2 0 Yes Yes Yes Yes YesYes Yes No Pandalam Thekkekara 3 b a 3 b c b 1 2 1 b a 0 3 0 0 0 4 0 Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes No Kodumon 4 c 1 b 1 c b b a a c 1 0 4 0 0 0 2 0 Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes No Angadickal 5 b 1 2 1 c c c 1 a c 1 0 4 3 1 0 6 0 Yes Yes Yes Yes YesYes Yes No Koodal 6 a 1 1 1 c c c 1 1 c 1 0 3 10 0 0 5 0 Yes Yes Yes Yes YesYes Yes No Kalanjoor 7 1 b 1 1 b c c 2 1 b b 0 3 3 0 0 2 0 Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Enadimangalam 8 b b b a b b b a 1 b b 0 3 0 0 0 1 0 Yes Yes Yes Yes YesYes Yes No Ezhamkulam 9 a 1 2 1 c a 1 1 2 a 1 0 3 2 0 0 3 0 Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Erathu 10 c b b a c a a a a c b 0 3 0 0 0 3 0 Yes Yes Yes Yes YesYes Yes No Peringanadu (Part) 11 c 1 2 1 c c 1 1 1 b 1 1 3 2 0 1 5 0 Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Pallickal 12 c 1 1 1 b b 1 3 1 1 1 0 4 0 0 0 2 0 Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Kadampanadu 13 1 c b b b b b 3 b b c 0 6 0 0 0 6 0 Yes Yes Yes Yes YesYes Yes No Enathu 14 3 7 15 9 1 0 5 18 11 1 7 3 57 26 3 3 57 0 14 14 14 12 6 14 14 2 Taluk Total 13 45 86 48 5 5 11 93 62 2 45 26 358 111 19 60 269 7 64 64 59 53 28 60 64 11 District Total

153 Census of India 2011- Village Directory Amenities and Land use ( As in 2009 ) Name of District:-Pathanamthitta Location CodeNo:-599 Name of Taluk:-Adoor Location CodeNo:-05683 Availability of Communication and transport facilities (If amenities available code -Yes is toilet & others given except for Village Pin Code ,If not available within the village , the Yes / No distance range code viz; a for < 5 Kms, b for 5-10 Kms and c for 10+ kms of nearest place where facility is available is given). Sr.No. Name village Community toilet including bath. Community toilet excluding bath. Rural sanitary mart or hardware outlet available near the village. Community bio- gas or recycle of waste for productive use. Post office(PO) Sub post office (SPO) Post & Telegraph office (P&TO) Village Pin Code Telephones (Land lines) Public call office (PCO) Mobile phone coverage Internet cafes/ Common service centre (CSC) Private courier facility Bus service (Public & Private) Railway stations Auto/Modified Autos Taxis and Vans Tractors Cycle-pulled rickshaws(Manual & Machine driven) Carts driven by animals Sea /River ferry service 1 2 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 1 Pandalam Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes 689501 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes c Yes Yes Yes 2 Kurampala Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes a 689501 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes c Yes Yes Yes 3 Pandalam Thekkekara No No No No Yes Yes Yes 689501 Yes Yes Yes b b Yes c Yes Yes Yes 4 Kodumon No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes 691555 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes c Yes Yes c 5 Angadickal No No No Yes Yes a b 691555 Yes Yes Yes a Yes Yes c Yes Yes c 6 Koodal No No No No Yes Yes Yes 689693 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes c Yes Yes c 7 Kalanjoor No No No No Yes Yes Yes 689694 Yes Yes Yes Yes a Yes b Yes Yes c 8 Enadimangalam No No Yes No Yes Yes b 689695 Yes Yes Yes b b Yes c Yes Yes c 9 Ezhamkulam Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes 691556 Yes Yes Yes Yes a Yes c Yes Yes c 10 Erathu No No No No Yes Yes a 691551 Yes Yes Yes Yes a Yes c Yes Yes c 11 Peringanadu (Part) No No No No Yes Yes a 691551 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes c Yes Yes c 12 Pallickal Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes 691523 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes c Yes Yes c 13 Kadampanadu No No No No Yes Yes Yes 691552 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes c Yes Yes Yes 14 Enathu Yes Yes Yes No Yes a Yes 691526 Yes a Yes Yes Yes Yes c Yes Yes c Taluk Total 4 6 3 14 12 9 14 14 13 14 11 9 14 0 14 14 0 0 0 4 District Total 13 28 13 64 59 51 64 64 58 64 42 34 64 0 64 64 0 0 0 21

154 Census of India 2011- Village Directory Amenities and Land use ( As in 2009 ) Name of District:-Pathanamthitta Location CodeNo:-599 Name of Taluk:-Adoor Location CodeNo:-05683 Village connected to highways,village roads, banks Availability of miscellaneous facilities (If & credit societies (If amenities available code -Yes amenities available code -Yes is given, If is given, If not available within the village , the not available within the village , the distance range code viz; a for < 5 Kms, b for 5-10 distance range code viz; a for < 5 Kms, b Kms and c for 10+ kms of nearest place where for 5-10 Kms and c for 10+ kms of nearest facility is available is given). place where facility is available is given). Connected to national highway(NH) Connected to state highway(SH) Connected to major district road (MDR) Connected to others district road Pucca roads Kutchcha roads Water bounded macadam(WBM) roads Navigable waterway (river/canal)(NW) Footpaths (FP) Commercial & Co-operative Banks ATM Agricultural Credit Societies Self-Help Group (SHG) Public distribution system (PDS) shop Mandis / Regular market Weekly Haat Agricultural marketing society Integrated Child Development Scheme (Nutritional Centres) Anganwadi Centre (Nutritional Centres) Others (Nutritional Centres) ASHA (Accredited Social Health Activist) Name village Sr.No. 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 2 1 Yes c Yes Yes Yes Yes a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes b Yes Yes Yes c Yes Pandalam 1 Yes c Yes Yes Yes Yes a c Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes a Yes Kurampala 2 Yes c Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes a Yes Pandalam Thekkekara 3 c b Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes c Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes b Yes Kodumon 4 c b a Yes Yes Yes Yes b Yes Yes b a Yes Yes Yes b b Yes Yes b Yes Angadickal 5 c Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes c Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes a Yes Koodal 6 c Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes c c Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes b Yes Kalanjoor 7 c Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes c c Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes a Yes Yes c Yes Enadimangalam 8 c Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes c c Yes Yes a Yes Yes Yes Yes b Yes Yes Yes b Yes Ezhamkulam 9 Yes c Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes c Yes Yes a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes c Yes Erathu 10 c Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes c Yes Yes Yes a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes a Yes Peringanadu (Part) 11 c a a Yes Yes Yes c c Yes Yes b b Yes Yes Yes b Yes Yes Yes b Yes Pallickal 12 c Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes c Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes c Yes Kadampanadu 13 Yes c Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes c Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes b Yes Enathu 14 5 6 12 14 14 14 8 2 14 14 10 11 14 14 14 10 12 14 14 0 14 Taluk Total 8 25 52 64 64 64 27 33 64 63 39 48 64 64 64 38 39 64 64 7 64 District Total

155 Census of India 2011- Village Directory Amenities and Land use ( As in 2009 ) Name of District:-Pathanamthitta Location CodeNo:-599 Name of Taluk:-Adoor Location CodeNo:-05683 Availability of miscellaneous Availability of Land Use facilities (If amenities available electricity Nearest Town Area under different types code -Yes is given, If not (Yes/No) of land use ( in hectares available within the village , the rounded up to one decimal distance range code viz; a for < place) 5 Kms, b for 5-10 Kms and c for 10+ kms of nearest place where facility is available is given). Sr.No. Name village Community centre with/without TV Sports Field, Sports Club / Recreation Centre Cinema / Video Hall Public Library Public Reading Room Newspaper Supply Assembly Polling station Birth & Death Registration Office Power Supply for Domestic Use (ED) Power Supply for Agricultural Use (EAG) Power Supply for Commercial Use (EC) Power Supply for All Uses (EA) Name Distance range code i.e. a for < 5 Kms, b 5-10 Kms and c for 10+ kms . Forests Area under Non-agricultural Uses Barren and Un-cultivable land Permanent Pastures and Other Grazing Lands Land Under Miscellaneous Tree Crops etc. 1 2 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 1 Pandalam b Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Adoor b 0 422 0 0 0 2 Kurampala Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Pandalam a 0 102 0 0 0 3 Pandalam Thekkekara Yes Yes Yes b Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Adoor b 0 230.8 21 0 0 4 Kodumon Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Adoor b 0 391.6 12 0 0 5 Angadickal b a Yes b Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Adoor b 0 70.6 0 0 0 6 Koodal b Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Pathanapuram b 264.4 82.3 0 0 0 7 Kalanjoor Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Pathanapuram a 1069.5 305.1 0 0 0 8 Enadimangalam Yes Yes Yes c Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Pathanapuram b 493.2 150.1 8 0 0 9 Ezhamkulam Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Adoor b 0 37 0 0 0 10 Erathu b Yes Yes c Yes b Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Adoor a 0 122.9 14 0 0 11 Peringanadu (Part) a a Yes a Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Adoor a 0 0 0 0 1.4 12 Pallickal Yes b Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Adoor c 0 177.3 0 0 0 13 Kadampanadu Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Adoor b 0 128.2 25 0 0 14 Enathu Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No Adoor b 0 35 3 0 0 Taluk Total 9 11 14 9 14 13 14 14 14 14 13 13 13 0 0 1827.1 2255 83 0 1.4 District Total 38 48 55 31 58 57 64 64 64 64 58 60 56 0 0 138527 15792 198 0 91

156 Census of India 2011- Village Directory Amenities and Land use ( As in 2009 ) Name of District:-Pathanamthitta Location CodeNo:-599 Name of Taluk:-Adoor Location CodeNo:-05683 Land Use Name of three most important Area under different types of Area irrigated by source commodities manufactured land use ( in hectares rounded (in hectare). up to one decimal place) Culturable Waste Land Fallow lands other than current fallows Current Fallows Net Area Sown Total Irrigated Land Area Total Un-irrigated Land Area Canals ( C ) Wells/Tube-wells(W/TW) Tanks/Lakes(T/L) Water Falls(WF) Others(O) First Second Third Name of Village Serial Number 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 2 1 20.7 0 78 1062.4 510 630.3 382 0 0 0 128 Pandalam 1 0 0 0 1345 380 965 380 0 0 0 0 Hollow Bricks Kurampala 2 115 11 15 2143.1 102.5 2067 103 0 0 0 0 Pandalam Thekkekara 3 0 20 19 1097.4 426 710.4 368 0 0 0 58 Kodumon 4 86.9 25.6 25 1888 0 1939 0 0 0 0 0 Hollow Bricks Angadickal 5 0 42.8 84 2831.4 372.9 2585 156 64.8 4 0 148 Koodal 6 0 0 0 1921.4 164.7 1757 0 0 0 0 165 Plywood Hollow BricksM Sand Kalanjoor 7 0 50.2 65.1 2310.3 300 2126 175 0 5 0 120 Enadimangalam 8 0 20 180 1497 141.6 1555 142 0 0 0 0 Ezhamkulam 9 21.7 0 960 1055.1 698.2 1317 65.6 18.9 0 0 614 Erathu 10 0 0 0 1892.6 506.9 1387 310 126 10 0 60.9 Soap Hollow Bricks Peringanadu (Part) 11 0 0 0 2058.7 116.5 1942 117 0 0 0 0 Hollow Bricks Furniture Pallickal 12 0 28 10 2203.8 900 1342 700 10.7 0 0 189 Kadampanadu 13 71 72 15 1125 0 1212 0 0 0 0 0 Coconut Oil Hollow BricksM Sand Enathu 14 316 270 1451 24431 4619 21534 2897 220 19 0 Taluk T otal 1486 2840 4195 101821 16342 92604 8584 1079 356 2.8 District T otal

157 APPENDICES TO VILLAGE DIRECTORY

Appendix I - Village Directory Summary showing total number of villages having educational, medical and other amenities -Taluk level District: Pathanamthitta (599) Sr. Name of Taluk Total Total Villages having educational institutions No. number of population inhabited of Taluk Pre- Primary Middle Secon Senior Degree Degree Medical villages in primary school school dary secon college of college of college the Taluk school school dary arts sceince engineering school & commerce (SS)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 05679-Thiruvalla 10 170620 9 10 10 9 6 3 1 0

2 05680-Mallappally 9 134219 9 9 9 9 8 1 1 0

3 05681-Ranni 11 198194 11 11 11 11 10 2 1 0

4 05682- 20 289001 17 19 19 19 16 2 3 1 Kozhenchery 5 05683-Adoor 14 273765 14 14 14 14 11 2 2 1

Total 64 1065799 60 63 63 62 51 10 8 2

Sr. Name of Taluk Villages having educational institutions (contd.) Villages having Medical institutions No. Manage Poly Vocati Non- Special Others No Comm Primar Primary Matern T.B. Hos ment tech onal formal school (specify) educati unity y health ity and clini pital- institute nic trainin training for onal health health sub child c allo g centre disable facility centre centre centre welfare path school d centre ic /ITI 1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 1 05679-Thiruvalla 2 1 6 4 1 2 0 0 9 7 9 0 0

2 05680-Mallappally 1 1 4 1 2 0 0 3 6 6 6 2 2

3 05681-Ranni 2 1 4 2 1 2 0 2 7 9 7 1 2

4 05682- 2 0 6 1 0 2 1 5 13 15 14 1 1 Kozhenchery 5 05683-Adoor 2 4 5 3 5 1 0 3 7 9 9 1 0

Total 9 7 25 11 9 7 1 13 42 46 45 5 5

158 APPENDICES TO VILLAGE DIRECTORY

Appendix I - Village Directory Summary showing total number of villages having educational, medical and other amenities - Taluk level District: Pathanamthitta (599) Sr. Name of Taluk Villages having Medical institutions (contd.) … No. Hospital- Dispen Veterinary Mobile Family Medical Medical Medicine Others No alternative sary hospital health welfare practioner practioner shop medical medicine clinic centre (with (with facility MBBS other Degree) degree)

1 2 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 1 05679-Thiruvalla 0 9 9 0 9 10 5 10 0 0

2 05680-Mallappally 0 8 9 0 6 9 3 9 0 0

3 05681-Ranni 3 9 11 0 7 11 6 11 1 0

4 05682-Kozhenchery 3 11 16 1 13 20 8 20 1 0

5 05683-Adoor 5 10 9 1 7 14 7 14 0 0

Total 11 47 54 2 42 64 29 64 2 0

Sr. Name of Taluk Villages having drinking water Villages having Post & No. Telegraph Tap Well Hand Tube Spring River/ Tank/ Others No Post Sub Post Phone water water pump well/ canal pond/ drinkin office post & (land (treated (coverd/ bore lake g water office telegr lines) /untreat uncover well facility aph ed) ed well) office

1 2 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 1 10 10 6 5 3 10 10 1 0 10 10 9 10 05679-Thiruvalla 2 9 9 9 9 2 6 9 1 0 9 8 8 9 05680-Mallappally 3 11 11 11 11 7 10 11 1 0 11 11 11 11 05681-Ranni 4 05682- 20 20 19 16 10 20 20 6 0 20 18 14 20 Kozhenchery 5 14 14 14 12 6 14 14 2 0 14 12 9 14 05683-Adoor Total 64 64 59 53 28 60 64 11 0 64 59 51 64

159 Appendix I - village directory Summary showing total number of villages having educational, medical and other amenities - CD Block level District: Pathanamthitta (599) Name of Taluk Sr. Villages having transport No. Public Mobile Internet Village Bus service Railway Auto/ Taxi & Tractors Navigable call phone cafes/ roads- (public/priv station modified vans water ways office coverage Common pucca ate) autos (river/canal/sea service road ferry service) centre

2 1 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 05679-Thiruvalla 1 8 10 4 10 10 0 10 10 0 10

05680-Mallappally 2 8 9 6 9 9 0 9 9 0 5

05681-Ranni 3 11 11 9 11 11 0 11 11 0 8

05682- 4 18 20 12 20 20 0 20 20 0 8 Kozhenchery 05683-Adoor 5 13 14 11 14 14 0 14 14 0 2

Total 58 64 42 64 64 0 64 64 0 33

Sr. Name of Banks Credit Villages having recreation Miscellaneous Villages having No. Taluk societi facility power supply Comme ATM Agricues Cinema Public Public Availa Public Weekly Asembl Birth Avail Not rcial & ltural / video library readin bility distribu haat y & able available co- credit halls g of tion polling death operati societi rooms news system station regist ve es paper (PDS) ration shop office 1 2 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 1 05679- 10 5 9 4 9 8 10 10 4 10 10 10 0 Thiruvalla 2 05680- 9 4 6 7 8 9 9 9 5 9 9 9 0 Mallappally 3 05681-Ranni 11 8 7 4 11 10 11 11 6 11 11 11 0

4 05682- 19 12 15 7 16 17 20 20 13 20 20 20 0 Kozhenchery 5 05683- 14 10 11 9 14 13 14 14 10 14 14 14 0 Adoor Total 63 39 48 31 58 57 64 64 38 64 64 64 0

160 Appendix IA - village directory Villages by number of primary schools District: Pathanamthitta (599) Sr.No. Name of Taluk Total number of Number of primary schools inhabited villages None One Two Three Four +

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 05679-Thiruvalla 10 0 0 0 1 9 2 05680-Mallappally 9 0 0 0 0 9 3 05681-Ranni 11 0 0 0 0 11 4 05682-Kozhenchery 20 1 0 1 0 18 5 05683-Adoor 14 0 0 0 0 14 T otal 64 1 0 1 1 61

Appendix IB - village directory Villages by primary, middle and secondary schools District: Pathanamthitta (599) Sr.No. Name of Taluk Total number of Type of educational institutions available inhabited villages No school At least one primary At least one At least one middle school and no middle primary school school and one school and one middle secondary school school 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 05679-Thiruvalla 10 0 0 10 9 2 05680-Mallappally 9 0 0 9 9 3 05681-Ranni 11 0 0 11 11 4 05682-Kozhenchery 20 1 0 19 19 5 05683-Adoor 14 0 0 14 14 Total 64 1 0 63 62

Appendix IC - Village Directory Villages with different sources of drinking water facilities available District: Pathanamthitta (599) Sr.No. Name of Taluk Number of villages with different sources of drinking water facilities available Only tap Only well Only Only More than one source only (treated/ (covered / tubewell handpump from tap, well, tubewell,hand untreated) uncovered) /borewell pump 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 05679-Thiruvalla 0 0 0 0 10 2 05680-Mallappally 0 0 0 0 9 3 05681-Ranni 0 0 0 0 11 4 05682-Kozhenchery 0 0 0 0 20 5 05683-Adoor 0 0 0 0 14 Total 0 0 0 0 64

161 Appendix II- Village Directory Villages with 5000 and above population which do not have one or more amenities available. District: Pathanamthitta (599) Sr. Name of Taluk Name of village Location Popula Amenities not available (indicate N.A. where amenity not No. code tion available) number Senior College Primary Tap Bus Approa Banks second health drinking facility ch by ary sub water pucca school centre road 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 05679-Thiruvalla Niranam 628292 10770 N.A. Available Available Available Available Available Available 2 05679-Thiruvalla Kadapra 628293 23502 Available Available N.A. Available Available Available Available 3 05679-Thiruvalla Nedumpuram 628294 12694 N.A. N.A. Available Available Available Available Available 4 05679-Thiruvalla Peringara 628295 14440 Available N.A. N.A. Available Available Available Available 5 05679-Thiruvalla Kavumbhagom 628296 6644 N.A. Available Available Available Available Available Available (Part) 6 05679-Thiruvalla Kuttoor 628297 19652 N.A. N.A. Available Available Available Available Available 7 05679-Thiruvalla Kaviyoor 628298 16852 Available N.A. Available Available Available Available Available 8 05679-Thiruvalla Eraviperoor 628299 25172 Available N.A. N.A. Available Available Available Available 9 05679-Thiruvalla Koipuram 628300 26425 Available N.A. Available Available Available Available Available 10 05679-Thiruvalla Thottapuzhassery 628301 14469 Available N.A. Available Available Available Available Available 11 05680-Mallappally Kunnamthanam 628302 20573 Available N.A. Available Available Available Available Available 12 05680-Mallappally Mallappally 628304 17693 Available N.A. N.A. Available Available Available Available 13 05680-Mallappally Anicad 628305 14678 Available N.A. Available Available Available Available Available 14 05680-Mallappally Kottangal 628306 17174 N.A. N.A. Available Available Available Available Available 15 05680-Mallappally Perumpetty 628307 14396 Available N.A. N.A. Available Available Available Available 16 05680-Mallappally Ezhumattoor 628308 10698 Available N.A. Available Available Available Available Available 17 05680-Mallappally Thelliyoor 628309 8101 Available N.A. N.A. Available Available Available Available 18 05680-Mallappally Puramattam 628310 14069 Available N.A. Available Available Available Available Available 19 05681-Ranni Kollamula 628312 22449 Available N.A. N.A. Available Available Available Available 20 05681-Ranni Athikkayam 628314 9548 Available N.A. Available Available Available Available Available 21 05681-Ranni Angadi 628316 14855 Available N.A. Available Available Available Available Available 22 05681-Ranni Ayiroor 628317 21797 Available N.A. N.A. Available Available Available Available 23 05681-Ranni Cherukole 628318 12169 N.A. N.A. Available Available Available Available Available 24 05681-Ranni Ranni 628319 13361 Available N.A. Available Available Available Available Available 25 05681-Ranni Vadasserikkara 628320 21933 Available N.A. Available Available Available Available Available 26 05681-Ranni Chittar- 628321 31969 Available N.A. Available Available Available Available Available Seethathodu 27 05682- Kulanada 628322 21217 Available N.A. Available Available Available Available Available Kozhenchery 28 05682- Kidangannur 628324 14264 Available N.A. Available Available Available Available Available Kozhenchery 29 05682- Aranmula 628325 14431 Available N.A. Available Available Available Available Available Kozhenchery 30 05682- Mallapuzhassery 628326 11784 Available N.A. Available Available Available Available Available Kozhenchery

162 Appendix II- Village Directory Villages with 5000 and above population which do not have one or more amenities available. District: Pathanamthitta (599) Sr. Name of Taluk Name of village Location Popula Amenities not available (indicate N.A. where amenity not No. code tion available) number Senior College Primary Tap Bus Approa Banks second health drinking facility ch by ary sub water pucca school centre road

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 31 05682- Elanthoor 628327 15344 Available N.A. Available Available Available Available Available Kozhenchery 32 05682- Vallicode 628329 20287 Available N.A. Available Available Available Available Available Kozhenchery 33 05682- Omalloor 628330 17611 Available N.A. N.A. Available Available Available Available Kozhenchery 34 05682- Mylapra (Part) 628333 10082 Available N.A. Available Available Available Available Available Kozhenchery 35 05682- Malayalapuzha (Part) 628334 16664 N.A. N.A. Available Available Available Available Available Kozhenchery 36 05682- Konnithazham 628335 13009 Available Available N.A. Available Available Available Available Kozhenchery 37 05682- Pramadom 628336 19489 Available N.A. Available Available Available Available Available Kozhenchery 38 05682- Vallicode-Kottayam 628337 11762 N.A. N.A. Available Available Available Available Available Kozhenchery 39 05682- Konni 628338 13568 Available Available N.A. Available Available Available Available Kozhenchery 40 05682- Aruvappulam 628339 13801 N.A. Available Available Available Available Available Available Kozhenchery 41 05682- Iravan 628340 9999 Available N.A. N.A. Available Available Available Available Kozhenchery 42 05682- Thannithode 628341 12508 Available N.A. Available Available Available Available Available Kozhenchery 43 05683-Adoor Pandalam 628343 22635 Available Available N.A. Available Available Available Available 44 05683-Adoor Kurampala 628344 20822 Available N.A. Available Available Available Available Available 45 05683-Adoor Pandalam Thekkekara 628345 24069 Available N.A. Available Available Available Available Available 46 05683-Adoor Kodumon 628346 15542 N.A. N.A. Available Available Available Available Available 47 05683-Adoor Angadickal 628347 11934 Available N.A. N.A. Available Available Available Available 48 05683-Adoor Koodal 628348 15979 N.A. N.A. Available Available Available Available Available 49 05683-Adoor Kalanjoor 628349 16075 Available N.A. Available Available Available Available Available 50 05683-Adoor Enadimangalam 628350 20568 Available N.A. Available Available Available Available Available 51 05683-Adoor Ezhamkulam 628351 18655 Available N.A. N.A. Available Available Available Available 52 05683-Adoor Peringanadu (Part) 628353 20638 Available N.A. N.A. Available Available Available Available 53 05683-Adoor Pallickal 628354 21143 Available N.A. Available Available Available Available Available 54 05683-Adoor Kadampanadu 628355 26909 Available N.A. Available Available Available Available Available 55 05683-Adoor Enathu 628356 13916 N.A. Available N.A. Available Available Available Available

163 Appendix III-Village Directory Land Utilization data in respect of Census Towns District: Pathanamthitta (599) Sr. Name of Total Area Barren Permanent Land under Cultur Fallow Current Net Total Total Un- No. Census Forest under and Pastures Miscellane able Lands Fallows Area irrigated irrigated Towns and Area Non- unculti- and other ous Tree waste other sown Land Land Area C.D.Blocks agricultu vable Grazing Crops etc. lands than Area within ral Uses land lands Current Bracket Fallows

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Not Available

Appendix IV-Village Directory Taluk wise list of Inhabited villages where no amenity other than drinking water facility is available District: Pathanamthitta (599) Sr. No. Location Code Number Name of Village 1 2 3

Nil

Appendix V- Village Directory Summary showing number of villages not having scheduled castes population District: Pathanamthitta (599) Sr.No. Name of Taluk Total villages Uninhabited villages Inhabited villages Number of inhabited villages having no scheduled castes population 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 05679-Thiruvalla 10 0 10 0 2 05680-Mallappally 9 0 9 0 3 05681-Ranni 11 0 11 0 4 05682-Kozhenchery 20 0 20 0 5 05683-Adoor 14 0 14 0 Total 64 0 64 0

164 Appendix VI- Village Directory Summary showing number of villages not having scheduled tribes population District: Pathanamthitta (599) Sr.No. Name of Taluk Total villages Uninhabited villages Inhabited villages Number of inhabited villages having no scheduled tribes population 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 05679-Thiruvalla 10 0 10 0 2 05680-Mallappally 9 0 9 0 3 05681-Ranni 11 0 11 0 4 05682-Kozhenchery 20 0 20 0 5 05683-Adoor 14 0 14 0 Total 64 0 64 0

Appendix VII -A- Village Directory List of villages according to the proportion of the scheduled castes and the scheduled tribes to the total population by ranges. Name of District:-Pathanamthitta Location Code No:-599 A - Scheduled Castes Range of scheduled castes population (Percentages) Location code Name of village number 1 2 3 Name of Taluk:-Thiruvalla Location Code No:-05679

5 - 10 628294 Nedumpuram 5 - 10 628295 Peringara 5 - 10 628301 Thottapuzhassery 11 - 20 628292 Niranam 11 - 20 628293 Kadapra 11 - 20 628296 Kavumbhagom (Part) 11 - 20 628297 Kuttoor 11 - 20 628298 Kaviyoor 11 - 20 628299 Eraviperoor 11 - 20 628300 Koipuram Name of Taluk:-Mallappally Location Code No:-05680 5 - 10 628304 Mallappally 5 - 10 628306 Kottangal 5 - 10 628309 Thelliyoor 11 - 20 628302 Kunnamthanam 11 - 20 628303 Kallooppara 11 - 20 628305 Anicad 11 - 20 628307 Perumpetty 11 - 20 628308 Ezhumattoor 11 - 20 628310 Puramattam

165 Appendix VII -A- Village Directory List of villages according to the proportion of the scheduled castes and the scheduled tribes to the total population by ranges. Name of District:-Pathanamthitta Location Code No:-599 A - Scheduled Castes Range of scheduled castes population (Percentages) Location code Name of village number 1 2 3 Name of Taluk:-Ranni Location Code No:-05681 Less than 5 628317 Ayiroor 5 - 10 628311 Chethakkal 5 - 10 628312 Kollamula 5 - 10 628314 Athikkayam 5 - 10 628315 Pazhavangadi 5 - 10 628316 Angadi 5 - 10 628318 Cherukole 5 - 10 628319 Ranni 11 - 20 628313 Perunad 11 - 20 628320 Vadasserikkara 11 - 20 628321 Chittar-Seethathodu Name of Taluk:-Kozhenchery Location Code No:-05682

5 - 10 628332 Naranganam 5 - 10 628336 Pramadom 5 - 10 628338 Konni 5 - 10 628340 Iravan 5 - 10 628341 Thannithode 11 - 20 628322 Kulanada 11 - 20 628326 Mallapuzhassery 11 - 20 628327 Elanthoor 11 - 20 628328 Chenneerkara 11 - 20 628329 Vallicode 11 - 20 628330 Omalloor 11 - 20 628331 Pathanamthitta (Part) 11 - 20 628333 Mylapra (Part) 11 - 20 628335 Konnithazham 11 - 20 628337 Vallicode-Kottayam 11 - 20 628339 Aruvappulam 21 - 30 628323 Mezhuveli 21 - 30 628324 Kidangannur 21 - 30 628325 Aranmula 21 - 30 628334 Malayalapuzha (Part)

166 Appendix VII -A- Village Directory List of villages according to the proportion of the scheduled castes and the scheduled tribes to the total population by ranges. Name of District:-Pathanamthitta Location Code No:-599 A - Scheduled Castes Range of scheduled castes population (Percentages) Location code Name of village number 1 2 3 Name of Taluk:-Adoor Location Code No:-05683 11 - 20 628343 Pandalam 11 - 20 628344 Kurampala 11 - 20 628347 Angadickal 11 - 20 628348 Koodal 11 - 20 628349 Kalanjoor 11 - 20 628351 Ezhamkulam 11 - 20 628352 Erathu 11 - 20 628353 Peringanadu (Part) 11 - 20 628354 Pallickal 11 - 20 628355 Kadampanadu 11 - 20 628356 Enathu 21 - 30 628345 Pandalam Thekkekara 21 - 30 628346 Kodumon 21 - 30 628350 Enadimangalam Appendix VII -B- Village Directory List of villages according to the proportion of the scheduled castes and the scheduled tribes to the total population by ranges. Name of District:-Pathanamthitta Location Code No:-599 B - Scheduled Tribes Range of scheduled tribes Location code number Name of village population (percentages) 1 2 3 Name of Taluk:-Thiruvalla Location Code No:-05679 Less than 5 628292 Niranam Less than 5 628293 Kadapra Less than 5 628294 Nedumpuram Less than 5 628295 Peringara Less than 5 628296 Kavumbhagom (Part) Less than 5 628297 Kuttoor Less than 5 628298 Kaviyoor Less than 5 628299 Eraviperoor Less than 5 628300 Koipuram Less than 5 628301 Thottapuzhassery

167 Appendix VII -B- Village Directory List of villages according to the proportion of the scheduled castes and the scheduled tribes to the total population by ranges. Name of District:-Pathanamthitta Location Code No:-599 B - Scheduled Tribes Range of scheduled tribes Location code number Name of village population (percentages) 1 2 3 Name of Taluk:-Mallappally Location Code No:-05680 Less than 5 628302 Kunnamthanam Less than 5 628303 Kallooppara Less than 5 628304 Mallappally Less than 5 628305 Anicad Less than 5 628306 Kottangal Less than 5 628307 Perumpetty Less than 5 628308 Ezhumattoor Less than 5 628309 Thelliyoor Less than 5 628310 Puramattam Name of Taluk:-Ranni Location Code No:-05681 Less than 5 628311 Chethakkal Less than 5 628313 Perunad Less than 5 628314 Athikkayam Less than 5 628315 Pazhavangadi Less than 5 628316 Angadi Less than 5 628317 Ayiroor Less than 5 628318 Cherukole Less than 5 628319 Ranni Less than 5 628320 Vadasserikkara Less than 5 628321 Chittar-Seethathodu 5 - 10 628312 Kollamula Name of Taluk:-Kozhenchery Location Code No:-05682 Less than 5 628322 Kulanada Less than 5 628323 Mezhuveli Less than 5 628324 Kidangannur Less than 5 628325 Aranmula Less than 5 628326 Mallapuzhassery Less than 5 628327 Elanthoor

168 Appendix VII -B- Village Directory List of villages according to the proportion of the scheduled castes and the scheduled tribes to the total population by ranges. Name of District:-Pathanamthitta Location Code No:-599 B - Scheduled Tribes Range of scheduled tribes Location code number Name of village population (percentages) 1 2 3 Less than 5 628328 Chenneerkara Less than 5 628329 Vallicode Less than 5 628330 Omalloor Less than 5 628331 Pathanamthitta (Part) Less than 5 628332 Naranganam Less than 5 628333 Mylapra (Part) Less than 5 628334 Malayalapuzha (Part) Less than 5 628336 Pramadom Less than 5 628337 Vallicode-Kottayam Less than 5 628338 Konni Less than 5 628339 Aruvappulam Less than 5 628340 Iravan Less than 5 628341 Thannithode Name of Taluk:-Adoor Location Code No:-05683 Less than 5 628343 Pandalam Less than 5 628344 Kurampala Less than 5 628345 Pandalam Thekkekara Less than 5 628346 Kodumon Less than 5 628347 Angadickal Less than 5 628348 Koodal Less than 5 628349 Kalanjoor Less than 5 628350 Enadimangalam Less than 5 628351 Ezhamkulam Less than 5 628352 Erathu Less than 5 628353 Peringanadu (Part) Less than 5 628354 Pallickal Less than 5 628355 Kadampanadu Less than 5 628356 Enathu

169 Appendix-VIII-Village Directory Number of villages under each Gram Panchayat(Taluk-wise) District: Pathanamthitta(599) Sl. Name of Gram Panchayat Area Number of villages with Location code No. of Total Total Total No. and Location Code in Number Locationnumbers Name of Village house Population Scheduled Scheduled Number hect- Code holds Caste Tribe ares Number Population Population 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Name of Taluk : Thiruvalla C.D.Block :Mallappally

1 Kaviyoor (01) NA 1 628298 Kaviyoor 4499 16852 2869 76

C.D.Block :Koipuram

1 Eraviperoor (01) NA 1 628299 Eraviperoor 6773 25172 3866 119

2 Koipuram (02) NA 1 628300 Koipuram 7319 26425 3769 115

3 Thottapuzhassery (03) NA 1 628301 Thottapuzhassery 3980 14469 1255 34

C.D.Block :Veliyanad

1 Muttar (06) NA 1 628295 Peringara(Part) 17 83 24 0

C.D.Block :Pulikeezh

1 Niranam (01) NA 2 628292 Niranam 3509 13445 1760 15

628293 Kadapra

2 Kadapra (02) NA 1 628293 Kadapra 5570 20827 2730 31

3 Peringara (03) NA 2 628295 Peringara (Part) 5389 21001 2115 35

628296 Kavumbhagom (P)

4 Kuttoor (04) NA 1 628297 Kuttoor 5146 19652 2787 48

5 Nedumpuram (05) NA 1 628294 Nedumpuram 3397 12694 986 47

Name of Taluk : Mallappally C.D.Block :Mallappally

1 Kunnamthanam (02) NA 1 628302 Kunnamthanam 5399 20573 2857 58

2 Kallooppara (03) NA 2 628303 Kallooppara 4586 16921 1914 50

628304 Mallappally

3 Mallappally (04) NA 3 628304 Mallappally 4789 17712 1600 178

628305 Anicad

628306 Kottangal

4 Anicad (05) NA 1 628305 Anicad 3726 14585 1776 85

5 Kottangal (06) NA 1 628306 Kottangal 4328 17164 1345 41

6 Kottanad (07) NA 1 628307 Perumpetty 3881 14396 1767 38

C.D.Block :Koipuram

1 Ezhumattoor (04) NA 2 628308 Ezhumattoor 5045 18799 1777 88

628309 Thelliyoor

2 Puramattam (05) NA 1 628310 Puramattam 3778 14069 1811 23

170 Appendix-VIII-Village Directory Number of villages under each Gram Panchayat(Taluk-wise) District: Pathanamthitta(599) Sl. Name of Gram Panchayat Area Number of villages with Location code No. of Total Total Total No. and Location Code in Number Locationnumbers Name of Village house Population Scheduled Scheduled Number hect- Code holds Caste Tribe ares Number Population Population 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Name of Taluk : Ranni

C.D.Block :Koipuram

1 Ayiroor (06) NA 1 628317 Ayiroor 5905 21797 1074 41

C.D.Block :Ranni

1 Ranni Pazhavangadi (01) NA 3 628311 Chethakkal 6559 24468 1851 146

628314 Athikkayam

628315 Pazhavangadi

2 Vechoochira (02) NA 2 628311 Chethakkal 5510 21627 1603 436

628312 Kollamula

3 Naranamoozhi (03) NA 4 628311 Chethakkal 4027 15454 1442 1703

628312 Kollamula

628314 Athikkayam

628315 Pazhavangadi

4 Ranni - Perunad (04) NA 2 628312 Kollamula 5586 20561 2329 1182

628313 Perunad

5 Ranni Angadi (05) NA 1 628316 Angadi 3989 14855 810 33

6 Vadasserikkara (06) NA 1 628320 Vadasserikkara 5785 21755 2655 182 (Part) 7 Seethathodu (07) NA 1 628321 Chittar-Seethathodu 4306 15773 1411 127

8 Ranni (08) NA 1 628319 Ranni (Part) 3661 13345 1109 106

9 Chittar (09) NA 2 628321 Chittar-Seethathodu 4512 16525 2472 790

628313 Perunad

C.D.Block :Elanthoor

1 Cherukole (01) NA 1 628318 Cherukole 3382 12169 688 48

C.D.Block :Konni

1 Mylapra (01) NA 1 628319 Ranni (Part) 239 861 33 5

2 Malayalapuzha (02) NA 1 628320 Vadasserikkara 968 3546 545 8 (Part) Name of Taluk :Kozhenchery

C.D.Block :Ranni

1 Ranni (08) NA 1 628333 Mylapra (P)(Part) 33 100 23 0

171 Appendix-VIII-Village Directory Number of villages under each Gram Panchayat(Taluk-wise) District: Pathanamthitta(599) Sl. Name of Gram Panchayat Area Number of villages with Location code No. of Total Total Total No. and Location Code in Number Locationnumbers Name of Village house Population Scheduled Scheduled Number hect- Code holds Caste Tribe ares Number Population Population 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Name of Taluk :Kozhenchery

C.D.Block :Elanthoor

1 Mallapuzhassery (02) NA 1 628326 Mallapuzhassery 3281 11784 2078 21

2 Elanthoor (03) NA 1 628327 Elanthoor 4176 15344 2560 58

3 Chenneerkara (04) NA 1 628328 Chenneerkara 5271 19124 3632 25

4 Omalloor (05) NA 1 628330 Omalloor 4858 17611 2411 45

5 Naranganam (06) NA 1 628332 Naranganam 4488 16452 1646 144

6 Kozhenchery (07) NA 1 628342 Kozhenchery (CT) 3393 12021 1220 39

C.D.Block :Konni

1 Mylapra (01) NA 2 628333 Mylapra (P)(Part) 2513 9397 1169 13

628331 Pathanamthitta (P)

2 Malayalapuzha (02) NA 3 628334 Malayalappuzha (P) 3752 13487 1583 35

628331 Pathanamthitta (P)

3 Vallicode (03) NA 1 628329 Vallicode 5616 20287 3356 54

4 Konni (04) NA 4 628334 Malayalapuzha (P) 8330 30299 3965 76

628335 Konnithazham

628338 Konni

628340 Iravan

5 Thannithode (05) NA 2 628335 Konnithazham 3604 13012 1348 65

628341 Thannithode (Part)

6 Pramadom (06) NA 2 628336 Pramadom 8631 31251 3729 195

628337 Vallicode-Kottayam

7 Aruvappulam (07) NA 2 628339 Aruvappulam 5410 19536 2523 206

628340 Iravan

C.D.Block :Kulanada

1 Mezhuveli (01) NA 2 628322 Kulanada 4060 14535 3332 31

628323 Mezhuveli

2 Aranmula (02) NA 2 628324 Kidangannur 7897 28695 6926 72

628325 Aranmula

3 Kulanada (03) NA 2 628322 Kulanada 6442 23545 4213 43

628323 Mezhuveli

172 Appendix-VIII-Village Directory Number of villages under each Gram Panchayat(Taluk-wise) District: Pathanamthitta(599) Sl. Name of Gram Panchayat Area Number of villages with Location No. of Total Total Total No. and Location Code in Number Locationcode numbers Name of Village househol Population Scheduled Scheduled Number hect- Code ds Caste Tribe ares Number Population Population 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Name of Taluk :Adoor C.D.Block :Pandalam

1 Pandalam (01) NA 2 628343 Pandalam 10903 41594 7678 89

628344 Kurampala

2 Thumpamon (02) NA 2 628344 Kurampala 2109 7566 1713 4

628345 Pandalam Thekkekara 3 Pandalam Thekkekara (03) NA 1 628345 Pandalam 4979 18366 3970 37 Thekkekara C.D.Block :Parakode

1 Kodumon (01) NA 3 628346 Kodumon 7547 27700 7171 66

628347 Angadickal

628348 Koodal

2 Enadimangalam (02) NA 2 628349 Kalanjoor 5635 20453 4228 50

628350 Enadimangalam

3 Ezhamkulam (03) NA 3 628351 Ezhamkulam 8684 32642 4852 81

628352 Enathu

628350 Enadimangalam

4 Erathu (04) NA 1 628356 Erathu 6730 24880 4564 135

5 Pallickal (05) NA 2 628353 Peringanadu (P) 11199 41737 7991 117

628354 Pallickal (Part)

6 Kadampanadu (06) NA 1 628355 Kadampanadu 7126 26909 5038 24

7 Kalanjoor (07) NA 3 628348 Koodal 8771 31874 5085 89

628350 Enadimangalam

628349 Kalanjoor

C.D.Block :Bharanikkavu

1 Palamel (06) NA 0 628354 Pallickal (Part) 10 44 30 0

Note: The data depicted from col.no. 7 to 10 pertains to the Gram Panchayat as mentioned under col. no. 2.

173 174 SECTION II - TOWN DIRECTORY

175 176 NOTE EXPLAINING THE ABBREVIATIONS USED IN TOWN DIRECTORY 2011 CENSUS Statement I :- Status and Growth History:

Column 1 :– Serial Number:- Self explanatory Column 2 :- Class, Name and civic status of town:- The Class is presented according to population of the towns in 2011 Census as follows: Population Class Population Class

1,00,000 & above I 10,000-19,999 IV

50,000-99,999 II 5,000-9,999 V

20,000-49,999 III Below 5000 VI

The following abbreviations are used to denote the Civic Status of the town.

Civic Status Codes Civic Status Codes i-Municipal Corporation M.Corp. xii – Notified Town Area NTA ii-Municipal Committee MC xiii – Industrial Notified Area INA iii-Municipal Council M Cl xiv – Industrial Township ITS iv-City Municipal Council CMC xv – Township TS v-Town Municipal Council TMC xvi – Town Panchayat TP vi- Municipal Board MB xvii – Nagar Panchayat NP Vii –Municipality M xviii – Town Committee/ Town Area TC Committee viii- Cantonment CB xix – Small Town Committee ST Board/Cantonment ix- Notified Area NA xx – Estate Office EO x –Notified Town NT xxi –Gram Panchayat GP xi - Notified Area Committee/ NAC xxii – Census Town CT Notified Area Council

Column 3 - 25: - These columns are self explanatory Statement II : - Physical Aspects and Location of town, 2009.

Column 1 - 2 Serial number and Name of town: - Self explanatory Columns 3 to 5 - Physical Aspects :- In these columns the Rainfall and Maximum and Minimum Temperature of the town is recorded. Columns 6 to 12 :- Name and road distance of the town (in kms.) from the State headquarters, District headquarters, Sub-divisional/Taluk/Tahsil/ Police station/Development Block/Island HQ., Nearest city with population of one lakh and more, Nearest city with population of five lakh and more, Railway station and Bus route is recorded in these columns respectively. If the names mentioned in these columns are the same as the referent town itself, the distance is recorded as (0) zero.

177 Statement III – Civic and other Amenities, 2009:-

Column 1 - 2 Serial number and Name of town : - Self explanatory Column 3 – Road length (in km.) :- The information about the road length (in km.) within the limit of the town is recorded in this column. Columns 4 to 7- System of drainage : - The system of drainage available in the town is indicated in these columns by the following codes: System of drainage Codes Open drains OD Closed drains CD Both drains BD Columns 8 to 11-Number of latrines : - The number of various types of latrines available in the town is indicated in these columns. Columns No. 12 & 13 – Protected water supply : - The information on source of water supply and system of water storage with capacity available in the town are given in these columns in the following codes: Column 12 (Source of water supply):- (i) Tap water T (ii) Tube-well water TW (iii) Tank Water TK (iv) Well water W

Column 13 (System of water storage):- (i) Over Head Tank OHT (ii) Service Reservoir SR (iii) River Infiltration Gallery RIG (iv) Bore Well Pumping System BWP (v) Pressure Tank PT The information on 2 major source of water supply is given in column 12 and the system of water storage with capacity against each in kilo-litres (in bracket) is presented in column 13. Columns 14 Fire Fighting Service : - In case the fire fighting service is available in the referent town, ‘yes’ is recorded. If the facility is not available within the town, the name of the nearest place having this facility with its distance from the referent town has been recorded. Columns 15 to 19- Electrification (Number of connections) :- Different types of electric connections have been shown in these columns, i.e., Domestic, Industrial, Commercial, Road lighting (points) & others. Statement IV: Medical Facilities, 2009 :- Columns 1 - 2 Serial number and Name of town : - Self explanatory Columns 3 to 13 :- The number of various medical institutions such as Hospitals, Dispensaries, Health Center, Family Welfare Center, Maternity and Child Welfare Center, Maternity Homes, T.B.

178 Hospital/clinic, Nursing Homes, Charitable Hospital/Nursing Home, Mobile Health Clinic and Others as available in the town, are indicated in these columns (along with number of beds in brackets). If a medical facility is not available in the town, the name of the nearest place and its distance in kilometers from the town where the facility is available is mentioned.

Column 14 - Veterinary Hospital :- The Number of Veterinary Hospitals available in the town is given in this column. Column 15 - Medicine Shop :- The number of Medicine shops available in the town is given in this column. Statement V : Educational, Recreational and Cultural Facilities, 2009 :-

Columns 1 - 2 Serial number and Name of town : - Self explanatory Columns 3 to 15 Educational Facilities :- The information on number of Primary school, Middle school, Secondary school, Senior Secondary school, Arts/Science/ Commerce colleges (of degree level and above), Medical colleges, Engineering colleges, Management Institute/Colleges, Polytechnics, Recognized Shorthand, Typewriting and vocational training Institutions, Non-formal Education Center (Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan Center), Special School for disabled and Others available in the town, are indicated in these columns. If an educational facility is not available in the town, the name of the nearest place and its distance in kilometers from the town where the facility is available is mentioned.

Columns 16 to 23 – Number of Social, Recreational and Culture Facilities :- The information on No. of Home Orphanage, Working women’s hostels (with No. of seats in bracket), No. of Old Age Home, Stadium, Cinema Theatre, Auditorium/Community halls, Public libraries and Reading rooms available in the town are given under these column. Statement VI: Industry and Banking 2009:- Columns 1 - 2 Serial number and Name of town : - Self explanatory Columns 3 to 5 - Names of three most important commodities manufactured :- The names of three most important commodities manufactured in the town are given under these columns. Columns 6 to 8 - Number of banks : - The number of banks available in the referent town both Commercial and Co-operative banks are recorded against these columns. Columns 9 & 10 – Number of Agricultural and Non Agricultural Credit Societies : - The number of Agricultural and Non Agricultural Credit Societies available in the referent town are given in these columns. Statement VII: Civic and other Amenities in Slums, 2009 :-

This statement VII provides information on civic and other amenities in all slums whether notified or not and for all towns having statutory bodies, like Municipality, Municipal Corporation, Town area committee etc.

179 STATEMENT - I Status and Growth History Sr. Class, name and civic Location Code Name of Name of Area (sq. Number of Scheduled Scheduled No. status of town No. Taluk/ CD block Km.) household Castes Tribes Tahsil/ Police s including Population Population Station/Islan houseless (2011 (2011 ds etc. household Census) Census) s (2011 Census) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 II, Thiruvalla (M), M 3259905679803303 Thiruvalla 27.15 13952 4488 237 2 III, Pathanamthitta (M), M 3259905682803304 Kozhencherry 23.5 9813 3292 131 3 IV, Kozhenchery (CT), CT 3259905682628342 Kozhencherry Elanthoor 9.74 3393 1220 39 4 III, Adoor (M), M 3259905683803305 Adoor 20.82 7911 3621 38

STATEMENT - I Status and Growth History Sr. Class, name and civic Population and growth rate (in brackets) of the town at the Censuses of No. status of town 1901 1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981

1 2 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 1 II, Thiruvalla (M), M 0 (0) 7969 (0) 12010 14489 18002 20709 24242 26683 29225 (50.7) (20.6) (24.3) (15) (17.1) (10.1) (9.5) 2 III, Pathanamthitta (M), M 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 4165 4880 5846 0 (0) 0 (0) 32967 (0) (17.2) (19.8) (0) 3 IV, Kozhenchery (CT), CT 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0)

4 III, Adoor (M), M 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0)

STATEMENT - I Status and Growth History Sr. Class, name and civic Population and growth rate (in brackets) Density Sex ratio No. status of town of the town at the Censuses of (2011 1991 2001 2011 Census) 1991 2001 2011

1 2 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 1 II, Thiruvalla (M), M 54780 (87.4) 56837 (3.8) 52883 (-6.96) 1948 1084 1098 1131 2 III, Pathanamthitta (M), M 35882 (8.8) 38009 (5.9) 37538 (-1.24) 1597 1019 1053 1116 3 IV, Kozhenchery (CT), CT 0 (0) 0 (0) 12021 (0) 1234 0 0 1149 4 III, Adoor (M), M 26639 (0) 28952 (8.7) 29171 (0.76) 1401 1048 1072 1123

180 STATEMENT-II Physical Aspects and Location of Towns, 2009 Sr. Name of town Physical aspects Name of and road distance (in kms.) from No. Rainfall Temperature State HQ. District HQ. Sub-Division/ (in mm) (in centigrade) Taluk/ Tahsil / Maximum Minimum Police station/ Development Block/ Island HQ. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1 Thiruvalla (M) 2667 30 23 Thiruvananthapuram (128) Pathanamthitta (30) Thiruvalla (0) 2 Pathanamthitta (M) 2790 30 23 Thiruvananthapuram (113) Pathanamthitta (0) Kozhenchery (13) 3 Kozhenchery (CT) 2624 32 21 Thiruvananthapuram (125) Pathanamthitta (12) Kozhenchery (12) 4 Adoor (M) 2790 33 23 Thiruvananthapuram (93) Pathanamthitta (19) Adoor (0)

STATEMENT-II Physical Aspects and Location of Towns, 2009 Sr. Name of Name of and road distance (in kms.) from Railway Bus route No. town Nearest city with Nearest city with population of five lakh station population of one lakh and and more more

1 2 9 10 11 12 1 Thiruvalla KOLLAM (M Corp. + OG) (72) THIRUVANANTHAPUARM (M Corp. + OG) Thiruvalla (0) Thiruvalla (0) (M) (128) 2 Pathanamthi KOLLAM (M Corp. + OG) (69) THIRUVANANTHAPUARM (M Corp. + OG) Chengannur (26) Pathanamthitta (0) tta (M) (113) 3 Kozhenchery KOLLAM (M Corp. + OG) (70) THIRUVANANTHAPUARM (M Corp. + OG) Punalur (15) Kozhenchery (0) (CT) (125) 4 Adoor (M) KOLLAM (M Corp. + OG) (49) THIRUVANANTHAPUARM (M Corp. + OG) Chengannur (23) Adoor (0) (93)

STATEMENT - III Civic and other Amenities, 2009 Sr. Name of Town Road length System of drainage Number of latrines No. (in kms.) Open Closed Both -Open & Nil Pit System Flush/Pour (OD) (CD) Closed (BD) Flush (Water borne) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 Thiruvalla (M) 288 BD 127 13198 2 Pathanamthitta (M) 145 BD 2500 6000 3 Kozhenchery (CT) 117 BD 1000 3000 4 Adoor (M) 278 BD 2884 5010

181 Civic and other Amenities, 2009 Sr.No. Name of Town Protected water supply Fire fighting service* Service Others Source of System of storage with capacity supply (Codes) in kilo litres (along with Codes) @ @

1 2 10 11 12 13 14 1 Thiruvalla (M) 0 0 TT,CW OHT(1900),OHT(1230) Yes 2 Pathanamthitta (M) 0 0 TT,TW/B OHT(2600),SR(500) Yes 3 Kozhenchery (CT) 0 0 TT,CW OHT(50),RIG(50) No,Pathanamthitta(12) 4 Adoor (M) 0 0 TT,CW OHT(1200) Yes

STATEMENT - III Civic and other Amenities, 2009 Sr.No. Name of Town Electrification (Number of connections) Domestic Industrial Commercial Road lighting (points) Others

1 2 15 16 17 18 19 1 Thiruvalla (M) 13415 89 2392 2724 43 2 Pathanamthitta (M) 9000 102 1750 2284 15 3 Kozhenchery (CT) 3832 142 1815 740 56 4 Adoor (M) 9031 180 3452 2273 49

*In case this service is not available in the town, the name of the nearest place and its distance from the town where facility is available has been given @Two major source only

Abbreviation TT: Tap water from treated source TK/P/L:Tank/Pond/Lake TU:Tap water from un-treated source O:Others CW: Covered well OHT:Over head Tank UW: Un-covered well SR:Service Reservoir HP:Hand pump RIG:River Infiltration Gallery TW/B:Tubewell /Borehole BWP:Bore Well Pumping system RW:Rainwater PT:Pressure Tank S:Spring N\A,NA,N.A.: Not Avialable

182 STATEMENT - IV Medical Facilities, 2009 Sr.No. Name of Town No. of Medical facilities* (with number of beds in brackets) Hospitals Dispensaries / Family Maternity and Child Maternity Homes (Allopathic & Health Center Welfare Welfare Center Others) Center 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 Thiruvalla (M) 2(193) 2(0) 1(0) 1(0) 1(25) 2 Pathanamthitta (M) 1(198) 17(0) 8(0) 4(0) 14 Kms.

3 Kozhenchery (CT) 2(236) 2(0) 1(0) 12 Kms. 12 Kms.

4 Adoor (M) 12 Kms. 19 Kms. 19 Kms. 18 Kms. 18 Kms.

STATEMENT - IV Medical Facilities, 2009 Sr.No. Name of Town No. of Medical facilities* (with number of beds in brackets) Charitable Medicine Shop T.B.Hospital/ Nursing Veterinary Mobile Others etc. Hospital/Nursing (Numbers) Clinic Homes Hospital Health Home (Numbers) Clinic 1 2 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 1 Thiruvalla (M) 30 Kms. N.A. 4(0) 30 Kms. 19 Kms. 0 98 2 Pathanamthitta (M) 14 Kms. N.A. 1(0) 1(0) 23 Kms. 1 21

3 Kozhenchery (CT) 1(0) N.A. 1(0) 1 Kms. 20 Kms. 0 14

4 Adoor (M) 18 Kms. N.A. 1(0) 18 Kms. 16 Kms. 1 38

*If a medical facility is not available in the town,nearest place distance from the town where facility is available has been given *N.A.:Not Available

183 Statement-V Educational, Recreational and Cultural Facilities, 2009 Sr. No. Name of Town Number of Educational Facilities* Primary Middle Secondry Senior Arts/ Science/ Medical Engineering colleges school school school Secondry Commerce colleges school colleges (of degree level and above)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 Thiruvalla (M) 28 26 17 13 1 1 Bharanikkavu(18) 2 Pathanamthitta (M) 12 6 11 4 1 Thiruvalla(16) 1 3 Kozhenchery (CT) 5 3 4 2 1 Thiruvalla(18) Adoor(13) 4 Adoor (M) 9 4 7 2 1 Thiruvalla(64) 1

Statement-V Educational, Recreational and Cultural Facilities, 2009 Sr. No. Name of Town Number of Educational Facilities* Management Polytechnics Recognised Non-formal Special Others Institute/ Shorthand, Education School for colleges Typewriting and Center (Sarva Disabled vocational Shiksha training Abhiyan Center) institutions 1 2 10 11 12 13 14 15 1 Thiruvalla (M) 1 Pandalam(10) 5 3 1 1 2 Pathanamthitta (M) Thiruvalla(16) Pandalam(16) 10 Thiruvalla(16) 1 Thiruvalla(16) 3 Kozhenchery (CT) Thiruvalla(13) Pandalam(17) 1 1 1 Thiruvalla(8) 4 Adoor (M) 2 Pandalam(13) 6 1 1 Thiruvalla(7)

184 Statement-V Educational, Recreational and Cultural Facilities, 2009 Number of Social, Recreational and Cultural facilities Name of Town Sr. No. No. of Orphanage Working women's No. of Old Age Home Stadium Home hostles

16 17 18 19 2 1 2 6 1 1 Thiruvalla (M) 1 1 4 3 1 Pathanamthitta (M) 2 1 1 1 1 Kozhenchery (CT) 3 Pathanamthitta(19) 2 1 Pathanamthitta(19) Adoor (M) 4

Statement-V Educational, Recreational and Cultural Facilities, 2009 Number of Social, Recreational and Cultural facilities Name of Town Sr. No. Cinema Theatre Auditorium/ Public libraries Reading rooms Community halls

20 21 22 23 2 1 3 24 8 11 Thiruvalla (M) 1 2 7 2 2 Pathanamthitta (M) 2 1 7 4 3 Kozhenchery (CT) 3 4 7 5 5 Adoor (M) 4

185 STATEMENT - VI Industry and Banking, 2009 Sr. Name of Town Names of three most important Number of banks Number of Number of No. commodities manufactured agricultural non- credit agricultural 1st 2nd 3rd Nationalised Private Co- Bank Commercial operative societies credit Bank Bank societies

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 Thiruvalla (M) Cables Electronic Wheat 18 14 7 5 31 equipments Products 2 Pathanamthitta (M) Rubber products 18 5 8 3 1

3 Kozhenchery (CT) Rubber 10 3 1 1 1 4 Adoor (M) Textiles Metal Grill Food 10 3 1 3 13 and Gate Products

STATEMENT - VII Civic and other amenities in Slums, 2009 Sr.No. Class and Name of Is it No. of Population of Paved System of drainage name of the slum notified households the Slum roads (in town (approximate) (approximate) kms.) Open Closed Both Nil (Open & Closed)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Nil

STATEMENT - VII Civic and other amenities in Slums, 2009 Sr.No Class and Number of latrines Community No. of tap Electricity (Number of connections) . name of points/ public town Private hydrants Domestic Road Others Pit Flush/ Service Others installed for lighting System Pour Flush supply of (points) (Water protected borne) water

1 2 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Nil

186 Appendix to Town Directory Towns showing their Outgrowth with population Sl. No. Name of Town with Population of Core Name of Outgrowth Population of Outgrowth Location Code Town 1 2 3 4 5

Nil

187

ORGI-KERALA English - (10-2011)

Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala C.G.O. Complex, Poonkulam Vellayani P.O. Thiruvananthapuram-695 522

Email: [email protected] Website: http://www.censusindia.gov.in