Library of Congress LIVE & The Smithsonian Associates Discovery Theater present:

Children of Struggle LEARNING GUIDE: ON EXHIBIT AT THE T Program Goals LIBRARY OF CONGRESS: T Read More About It! Brown v. Board of Education, opening May T Teachers Resources 13, 2004, on view through November T Ernest Green, Ruby Bridges, 2004. Contact Susan Mordan, (202) Claudette Colvin 707-9203, for Teacher Institutes and T Upcoming Programs school tours. Program Goals About The Co-Sponsors: Students will learn about the Civil Rights The Library of Congress is the largest Movement through the experiences of three library in the world, with more than 120 young people, Ruby Bridges, Claudette million items on approximately 530 miles of Colvin, and Ernest Green. They will be bookshelves. The collections include more encouraged to find ways in their own lives to than 18 million books, 2.5 million recordings, stand up to inequality. 12 million photographs, 4.5 million maps, and 54 million manuscripts. Founded in 1800, and Education Standards: the oldest federal cultural institution in the LANGUAGE ARTS (National Council of nation, it is the research arm of the United Teachers of English) States Congress and is recognized as the Standard 8 - Students use a variety of national library of the United States. technological and information resources to gather and synthesize information and to Library of Congress LIVE! offers a variety create and communicate knowledge. of program throughout the school year at no charge to educational audiences. Combining THEATER (Consortium of National Arts the vast historical treasures from the Library's Education Associations) collections with music, dance and dialogue. Standard 8 - Understanding Context by These programs provide an immediate, Recognizing the Role of Theater in Daily Life stimulating, first-hand view into history and • Students describe and compare universal cultures from around the world. Inspiring characters and situations in dramas from curiosity through the dynamic interplay of and about various cultures and historical artistic performance and primary resource periods, and discuss how theater reflects a materials, audiences are introduced to the culture. Library of Congress and its knowledgeable curators. To learn more, visit: SOCIAL STUDIES (National Council of www.loc.gov/kidslc. Social Studies) The Smithsonian Associate's Discovery Strand VI - Power, Authority & Governance Theater, located in the Arts and Industries • How people create and change structures Building on the National Mall, is dedicated to of power, authority, and governance offering the best in live performing arts for young people. Each season numerous CIVICS (National Standards for Civics and productions that present classic stories for Government) children, folk tales from all over the world, Standard V. What are the Roles of the Citizen American history and cultures, and innovative in American Democracy? theater techniques. Some productions, such as • What are the rights and responsibilities of Children of Struggle are written specially for citizens? Discovery Theater. Performances interactive, • What dispositions or traits of character are enjoyable and thought-provoking. important to the preservation and Discovery Theater improvement of American constitutional Smithsonian Institution democracy? Arts & Industries Building 900 Jefferson Drive, S.W. • How can citizens take part in civic life? Phone (202) 357-1500 , Fax (202) 357-2588 Email: [email protected] Ernest Green Ruby Bridges “What we “Racism has no needed was the place in the same thing to minds and hearts which all people of children.” are entitled . . . a society that Ruby Nell Bridges was six years old encourages us to when she was reach for our selected, with her dreams and parents’ consent, by recognizes us as whole persons.” the NAACP to try to Ernest Green was 15 when he volunteered to attend the New attend the all-white Little Rock, Arkansas Orleans, Louisiana all-white William Frantz Central High School in 1957. When he elementary school in 1960. Norman graduated one year later, Dr. Martin Luther Rockwell, in his painting, “The Problem We King, Jr. attended the ceremony with Green’s All Face,” depicted the day U.S. Marshals parents. Green and eight other students had escorted her to school through a crowd of to be escorted to school by guards; rioting angry protesters. Many parents pulled their occurred when the students tried to enter the children from the school, and throughout that school building. Throughout the school year, year, Ruby attended classes with her teacher, Green and the others were harassed by Mrs. Hughes, by herself every day. students and could not participate in clubs, Today, Ruby Bridges continues to promote sports teams, or other school activities. racial equality and equal opportunity to Green now works for an investment firm. education through her non-profit foundation. Claudette Colvin “I do not have to Teaching About Segregation get up. I paid my Students may have trouble understanding fare . . . It’s my the obstacles Bridges, Colvin, and Green faced as young people in a segregated constitutional society. Children of Struggle is one way to right!” help understand what it was like to face racism. Lesson plans on the subject are Claudette Colvin was available at the following sites: 15 years old when she was arrested because Discovery School: The Civil Rights she refused to give up her seat to a white Movement person in Montgomery, Alabama in 1955. school.discovery.com/lessonplans/programs/ Many African Americans resented and freeatlast/ resisted segregated busing in Montgomery. When Rosa Parks was later arrested for The History of Jim Crow refusing to give up her seat, they organized a www.jimcrowhistory.org bus boycott that forced the bus company to eliminate its segregated seating. Landmark Supreme Court Cases Colvin now works as a nurse’s aid. www.landmarkcases.org/brown/home.html Read More About It! Teachers: Elementary Level: Bernadette Anand, ed., Keeping the Struggle Alive: Studying Desegregation in Our Town: A Robert Coles, The Story of Ruby Bridges. New Guide to Doing Oral History. Teachers York: Scholastic, 1995. College Press, 2002. Amy Littlesugar, Freedom School, Yes! Philomel Wilmer Counts, A Life is More than a Moment: Books, 2001. (fiction) The Desegregation of Little Rock’s Central Margo Lundell, ed., Through My Eyes: Ruby High. Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana Bridges. New York: Scholastic Press, 1999. University Press, 1999. Patricia McKissack, Goin’ Someplace Special. Vivian Gunn Morris, The Price They Paid: Atheneum, 2001. (fiction) Desegregation in an African American Deborah Wiles, Freedom Summer. Atheneum, Community. New York: Teachers College 2001. (fiction) Press, 2002. Jacqueline Woodson, The Other Side. Putnam Mary C. Turck, The Civil Rights Movement for Publishing Group, 2001. (fiction) Kids: A History with 21 Activities. Chicago Review Press, 2000. Middle School level: Anna Victoria Wilson and William E. Segall, Freedom’s Children: Young Civil Rights Activists Oh, Do I Remember! :Experiences of Teachers Tell Their Own Stories. Thorndike, Me.: During the Desegregation of Austin’s Schools, Thorndike Press, 1993. 1964-1971. Albany, NY: State University James Haskins, The Freedom Rides: Journey for of New York Press, 2001. Justice. New York: Hyperion Books for Children, 1995. “It was high school, college, and Phillip M. Hoose, We Were There, Too! Young elementary school young people who People in U.S. History. New York: Farrar were in the front line of the school Straus Giroux, 2001. desegregation struggle. Lest if be Casey King, Oh, Freedom! Kids Talk about the forgotten. Opening of schools to Negroes Civil Rights Movement with the People who for the first time in history required that Made it Happen. New York: A.A. Knopf, there be young Negroes with the moral 1977. and physical courage to face the Rachel A. Koestler-Grack, Going to School challenges and, all too frequently, the During the Civil Rights Movement. Mankato, mortal dangers presented by mob Minn.: Blue Earth Books, 2002. resistance.” Doreen Rappaport, School is Not White! A True – Martin Luther King, Jr. Story of the Civil Rights Movement. New York: Jump at the Sun/Hyperion Books for Children, 2004. On-Line Sources from the Library of Belinda Rochelle, Witness to Freedom: Young Congress, American Memory: People Who Fought for Civil Rights. New York, Lodestar Books, 1993. African American History and Culture Guide to original documents from the Joyce Carol Thomas, Linda Brown, You Are Manuscript Division Not Alone. New York: Hyperion Books memory.loc.gov/ammem/mcchtml/afrhm.html for Children, 2004. African American Sites in the Digital Guided Comprehension: Self-Questioning Collections - Digitized materials throughout Using Question-Answer Relationships, the Library of Congress collections and online Sarah Dennis, Read - Think - Write, exhibits International Reading Association, National www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/afam/afam-home. Council of Teachers of English, and html marcopolo. www.readwritethink.org/lessons/lesson_view. asp?id=227 Sources for Images on African American History - Holdings in the Prints and Rosa Parks and the Montgomery Bus Photographs Division from slavery through Boycott, Lois Lewis, Education World. the Civil Rights era. www.education-world.com/a_lesson/01-1/lp www.loc.gov/rr/print/resource/063_afr.html 221_09.shtml

Riding the Bus - Taking a Stand, Alabama W. Ralph Eubanks discusses his memoir, Department of Archives and History. Ever is a Long Time: A Journey into www.archives.state.al.us/teacher/rights/rights Mississippi’s Dark Past 1.html www.loc.gov/locvideo/eubanks/

Lesson Plans: On the cover, clockwise from top left: Ruby Bridges entering William Frantz From Jim Crow to Linda Brown: A Elementary School under guard; the “Little Retrospective of the African American Rock Nine” entering Little Rock Central Experience from 1897 to 1953, Library of High School; Taylor Washington, Ivanhoe Congress Learning Page Donaldson, Joyce Ladner, John Lewis and memory.loc.gov/learn/lessons/97/crow/cro other at a sit-in; young woman arrested for whome.html participating in sit-in, St. Louis, Illinois; SNCC leader John Lewis in prayer during Ruby Bridges, Deserae Archibald, demonstration. TeacherLINK, Utah State University. The Library of Congress is providing access to the www.teacherlink.usu.edu/tlresources/units/B images in this guide for educational purposes only. yrnes-famous/rubybrid.html The written permission of the copyright owners and/or other rights holders (such as publicity Melba Pattillo and Ruby Bridges: Two and/or privacy rights) is required for distribution, Pioneers of School Integration, Gary reproduction, or other use of protected items Hopkins, Education World. beyond that allowed by fair use or other statutory exemptions. While the Library of Congress is not www.educationworld.com/a_lesson/03/lp29 aware of any U.S. copyright protection (see Title 17 7-05.shtml U.S.C.) or any other restrictions in these materials, there may be content protected by copyright law. The Melba Patillo Story, Scholastic Additionally, the reproduction of some materials www.teacher.scholastic.com/barrier/hwyf/m may be restricted by privacy or other rights. pbstory/index.htm

Crisis in Little Rock, Chris Mott, Teacher LINK. www.teacherlink.org/content/social/instructi onal/little/lrstud.html