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List of Contributors

Richard J. Abanes Department of Religion and Ralph Armbruster-Sandoval Journalist Philosophy Assistant Professor Religious Information Center Northland College Department of Chicana and Chicano Irvine, California BURAKUMIN Studies CHRISTIAN IDENTITY University of California, Santa Garland E. Allen Barbara Russell L. Adams Professor LATINO SOCIAL MOVEMENTS Professor Emeritus Department of Biology Department of Afro-American Washington University (St. Louis, Joshua Aronson Studies Missouri) Professor Howard University GENETICS, HISTORY OF Department of Applied Psychology SLAVE TRADE IDEOLOGY Kevin S. Amidon New York University STEREOTYPE THREAT AND RACIAL Delia D. Aguilar Assistant Professor of German Studies STIGMA Adjunct Professor Iowa State University Women’s Studies Program CHAMBERLAIN, HOUSTON STEWART John Asimakopoulos University of Connecticut Professor ASIAN-AMERICAN FEMINISM Julius Amin Professor and Chair Department of Social Sciences J. Keith Akins Department of History Bronx Community College, City Assistant Professor The University of Dayton University of New York TRANSNATIONAL LABOR Department of Criminal Justice GARNET, HENRY HIGHLAND New Mexico State University ORGANIZING DUKE, DAVID Keith Aoki Dustin Avent-Holt ENGLISH SKINHEADS Professor KU KLUX KLAN School of Law University of Massachusetts University of California at Davis PAY EQUITY Gerardo V. Aldana ALIEN LAND LAWS Associate Professor Ronald Bailey Department of Chicana and Chicano Bettina Aptheker Professor Studies Professor Department of African-American University of California, Santa Department of Feminist Studies Studies Barbara University of California, Santa Cruz Northeastern Illinois University VIOLENCE AGAINST INDIGENOUS DAVIS, ANGELA RACIAL SLAVE LABOR IN THE PEOPLE, LATIN AMERICA AMERICAS Shelley Arlen Leslie D. Alldritt University of Florida Lee D. Baker Associate Professor LANGUAGE, INCENDIARY Associate Professor

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CONTRIBUTORS

Department of Cultural University of California, Santa MANDELA, NELSON Antrhropology Barbara SOUTH AFRICAN RACIAL Duke University TRIRACIAL ISOLATES FORMATIONS ANTHROPOLOGY, HISTORY OF Brad M. Biglow Rose M. Brewer Lawrie Balfour Visiting Assistant Professor of Professor and Morse Alumni University of Virginia Anthropology Distinguished Teaching Professor DU BOIS, W. E. B. University of North Florida University of Minnesota INDIGENISMO IN MEXICO BLACK FEMINISM IN THE UNITED Elazar Barkan STATES Professor of International and Public Bob Blauner Affairs Professor Roy L. Brooks Columbia University Department of Sociology Warren Distinguished Professor of GENOCIDE University of California, Berkeley Law UNESCO STATEMENTS ON RACE COLONIALISM, INTERNAL University of San Diego JAPANESE AMERICAN REDRESS Susan M. Barnett Barry Bogin MOVEMENT Wolfson College Reader REPARATIONS FOR RACIAL Cambridge University Department of Human Sciences ATROCITIES IQ AND TESTING: CRITIQUES Loughborough University ANTHROPOMETRY B. Ricardo Brown Juan Battle Associate Professor of Cultural Eduardo Bonilla-Silva Professor Studies Department of Sociology Professor Department of Social Science and Hunter College and The Graduate Sociology Department Cultural Studies Center, City University of New York Duke University Pratt Institute COLOR-BLIND RACISM NOTT, JOSIAH GAY MEN Denise Ileana Bossy W. Fitzhugh Brundage Mia Bay Assistant Professor Professor Associate Professor Department of History Department of History Department of History University of North Florida University of North Carolina at Rutgers, The State University of New INDIAN SLAVERY Chapel Hill Jersey WASHINGTON, BOOKER T. ANTEBELLUM BLACK ETHNOLOGY C. Loring Brace Professor of Anthropology and Pem Davidson Buck Heidi L. Beirich Curator of Biological Anthropology Professor of Anthropology Deputy Director Museum of Anthropology, Division of Social and Behavioral Intelligence Project University of Michigan Sciences Southern Poverty Law Center CLINES Elizabethtown Community and INTELLIGENCE PROJECT CLUSTERS Technical College NATIONAL ALLIANCE FACIAL ANGLE RURAL WHITE STEREOTYPING SOUTHERN POVERTY LAW CENTER RACIAL HIERARCHY: RACES RANKED Michelle J. Budig David H. Bennett BY EARLY SCIENTISTS RACIAL HIERARCHY: DISPROVEN Associate Professor Professor Department of Sociology Department of History Glenn E. Bracey II University of Massachusetts Maxwell School, Syracuse University Texas A&M University PAY EQUITY NATIVISM HOAXING Louise Cainkar Amos J. Beyan Bryan McKinley Jones Brayboy Assistant Professor Professor Borderlands Associate Professor Department of Social and Cultural Department of History Educational Leadership and Policy Sciences Western Michigan University Studies Marquette University AMERICAN COLONIZATION SOCIETY Arizona State University ARABS AND ARAB AMERICANS AND THE FOUNDING OF LIBERIA EDUCATION, DISCRIMINATION IN CUFFE, PAUL HIGHER John O. Calmore DEW, THOMAS RODERICK Professor John D. Brewer School of Law Christopher Bickel Professor University of North Carolina at Associate Instructor Department of Sociology Chapel Hill Department of Sociology University of Aberdeen VOTING RIGHTS ACT OF 1965

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CONTRIBUTORS

Gregory R. Campbell Josef Castan˜eda-Liles Johnna Christian Professor Department of Sociology Assistant Professor Department of Anthropology University of California, Santa School of Criminal Justice University of Montana Barbara Rutgers, The State University of BLOOD QUANTUM MULTIRACIAL IDENTITIES New Jersey SUBSTANCE ABUSE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM Ingrid E. Castro Mariana P. Candido Assistant Professor Mark Christian Assistant Professor Department of Sociology Associate Professor Department of History Northeastern Illinois University Department of Sociology and Black University of Wisconsin-La Crosse IMPLICIT RACISM World Studies RACIAL DEMOGRAPHICS IN THE Miami University (Ohio) A. Scott Catey WESTERN HEMISPHERE UNITED KINGDOM RACIAL SLAVERY AND RACE Department of Anthropology and FORMATIONS Levin College of Law Nergis Canefe University of Florida Michelle Christian Associate Professor RESERVATION SYSTEM Duke University Department of Political Science COLOR-BLIND RACISM York University (Canada) Jorge Chapa FOURTH WORLD Professor of Sociology Peter Chua Director, Center for Democracy in a Assistant Professor Christina M. Capodilupo Multiracial Society Department of Sociology Department of Clinical and University of Illinois at Urbana- San Jose State University Counseling Psychology Champaign CULTURAL RACISM Teachers College, Columbia LATINOS University Colin Clark James C. Chatters MENTAL HEALTH AND RACISM Senior Lecturer Founder Department of Geography and Devon W. Carbado Applied Paleoscience Sociology Professor KENNEWICK MAN University of Strathclyde School of Law ROMA University of California, Los Angeles Ernesto Cha´vez RUSTIN, BAYARD Associate Professor Todd Clear Department of History Distinguished Professor of Criminal Allison Carter University of Texas at El Paso Justice Professor CHICANO MOVEMENT John Jay College of Criminal Justice Department of Sociology Rowan University Leo Chavez City University of New York CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM TOURISM AND NATIONAL HERITAGE Professor (U.S.) Department of Anthropology Mark Nathan Cohen University of California, Irvine University Distinguished Professor Rachel Caspari LATINA GENDER, REPRODUCTION, of Anthropology Associate Professor of Anthropology, AND RACE Department of Sociology, State University of New York, Anthropology, and Social Work Lisa Chavez Plattsburgh Central Michigan University Department of Women’s Studies IQ AND TESTING: CULTURE, ‘‘OUT OF AFRICA’’ HYPOTHESIS San Diego State University EDUCATION, AND IQ SCORES LESBIANS MONTAGU, ASHLEY Raphael Cassimere Jr. SICKLE CELL ANEMIA Seraphia D. Leyda Professor Erwin Chemerinsky Department of History Alston and Bird Professor of Law and Kevin O. Cokley University of New Orleans Political Science, School of Law Associate Professor of Counseling NIAGARA MOVEMENT Duke University Psychology and Black Studies AFFIRMATIVE ACTION University of Missouri Angelina E. Castagno INTERNALIZED RACIALISM Assistant Professor Erica Chito Childs Educational Leadership and Assistant Professor James E. Crisp Foundations Department of Sociology Associate Professor Northern Arizona University Hunter College, City University of Department of History EDUCATION, DISCRIMINATION IN New York North Carolina State University HIGHER BLACK-WHITE INTERMARRIAGE ALAMO

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Yacine Daddi Addoun Vanaja Dhruvarajan NATIVE AMERICAN GRAVES History Department Adjunct Professor PROTECTION AND REPATRIATION York University (Canada) Sociology and Women’s Studies ACT (NAGPRA) SLAVERY AND RACE Carleton University (Canada) Douglas R. Egerton FORCED STERILIZATION G. Reginald Daniel Professor Associate Professor Heather A. Diamond Department of History Department of Sociology Lecturer Le Moyne College University of California, Santa Department of American Studies ALLEN, RICHARD Barbara University of Hawai’i at Ma¯noa VESEY, DENMARK ORIENTALISM MULTIRACIAL IDENTITIES Clyde Ellis TRIRACIAL ISOLATES Gail Dines Professor Brianne A. Davila Professor Department of History and Department of Sociology Department of American Studies Geography University of California, Santa Wheelock College Elon University Barbara PORNOGRAPHY INDIAN BOARDING SCHOOLS HUERTA, DOLORES Rod Dixon Paul A. Erickson Thomas J. Davis Senior Attorney Professor Professor U.S. Department of Education Department of Anthropology Department of History and College Silver Springs, Maryland Saint Mary’s University (Canada) of Law NAACP: LEGAL ACTIONS, BOAS, FRANZ 1935–1955 Arizona State University Philomena Essed BAKER, ELLA Roxanne Lynn Doty Antioch University DOUGLASS, FREDERICK Associate Professor EVERYDAY RACISM POWELL, ADAM CLAYTON, JR. Department of Political Science Tanya A. Faberson Roberto M. De Anda Arizona State University Cultural Resource Analysts, Inc. Professor CITIZENSHIP AND ‘‘THE BORDER’’ RACIAL PURITY (U.S.), 1900–1910 Chicano/Latino Studies John F. Dovidio SEXUALITY Portland State University Professor GALARZA, ERNESTO Department of Psychology Elisa Facio Associate Professor Thomas F. DeFrantz University of Connecticut AVERSIVE RACISM Ethnic Studies Associate Professor University of Colorado at Boulder Theater Department BrianM.duToit CUBAN RACIAL FORMATIONS Massachusetts Institute of Professor Emeritus Technology Department of Anthropology Sylvanna M. Falco´n DANCE University of Florida Assistant Professor Department of Sociology Nicholas De Genova AFRIKANER BROEDERBOND APARTHEID Connecticut College Assistant Professor BORDER CROSSINGS AND HUMAN Anthropology and Latina/o Studies Dawn Duke RIGHTS Columbia University Assistant Professor IMMIGRATION TO THE UNITED Department of Modern Foreign Mary Farmer-Kaiser STATES Languages and Literatures Department of History and University of Tennessee Geography Adelaida R. Del Castillo BLACK FEMINISM IN BRAZIL University of Louisiana at Lafayette Associate Professor FREEDMEN’S BUREAU Department of Chicana and Chicano Ira Dworkin Studies Visiting Assistant Professor Joe R. Feagin San Diego State University English Department Professor LA MALINCHE Gettysburg College Department of Sociology SHEPPARD, WILLIAM Texas A&M University He´ctor L. Delgado HOAXING Associate Professor Walter R. Echo-Hawk INSTITUTIONAL RACISM Department of Sociology and Senior Staff Attorney Anthropology Native American Rights Fund Stephen C. Feinstein University of La Verne Boulder, Colorado Director, Center for Holocaust and LABOR MARKET GENOCIDE AND ETHNOCIDE Genocide Studies

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University of Minnesota University of Michigan Cheryl Townsend Gilkes HOLOCAUST HUMAN BIOLOGICAL VARIATION Professor of African American Studies and Sociology and Director Alexander M. Feldman Samuel L. Gaertner of African American Studies Program Research Analyst, Civil Rights Professor Colby College Division Department of Psychology WOMANISM Anti-Defamation League, New York University of Delaware JEWISH DEFENSE LEAGUE AVERSIVE RACISM Zvi Gitelman James V. Fenelon SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY OF RACISM Professor Professor of Sociology Department of Political Science California State University Rajmohan Gandhi University of Michigan ANTI SEMITISM IN RUSSIA CRIME AND AMERICAN INDIANS Visiting Professor - International Programs and Studies Tanya Golash-Boza Edward Fergus University of Illinois at Urbana- Director Champaign Assistant Professor Departments of Sociology and Research and Evaluation, GANDHI, MOHANDAS KARAMCHAND Metropolitan Center for Urban American Studies University of Kansas Education Alma M. Garcia EDUCATION, RACIAL DISPARITIES New York University Professor of Sociology CULTURAL DEFICIENCY Santa Clara University Ellen J. Goldner Paul Finkelman CHICANA FEMINISM Associate Professor President, William McKinley College of Staten Island, City ´ Distinguished Professor of Law and Juan R. Garcıa University of New York Public Policy Associate Professor STOWE, HARRIET BEECHER Albany Law School Department of History BLACK CODES University of Arizona Andrew Goliszek DRED SCOTT V. SANDFORD OPERATION WETBACK Department of Biology RACIAL DESEGREGATION (U.S.) North Carolina A&T State SLAVE CODES Mario T. Garcia University Professor MEDICAL EXPERIMENTATION Nadia Y. Flores Department of History and Chicana Assistant Professor and Chicano Studies Vernadette V. Gonzalez Department of Sociology University of California, Santa Assistant Professor Texas A&M University Barbara Department of American Studies UNDOCUMENTED WORKERS CORONA, BERT University of Hawai’i at Ma¯noa Carolyn Fluehr-Lobban TRANSNATIONALISM Gladys Garcı´a-Lo´pez Professor Gloria Gonza´lez-Lo´pez Department of Anthropology University of California, Santa Barbara Assistant Professor Rhode Island College Department of Sociology ´ ANZALDU´ A, GLORIA FIRMIN, ANTENOR University of Texas at Austin GALTON, FRANCIS John D. Garrigus IMMIGRATION, RACE, AND WOMEN James R. Flynn Associate Professor Alan Goodman Professor Department of History Professor Department of Political Studies University of Texas at Arlington University of Otago (New Zealand) Department of Natural Science HAITIAN RACIAL FORMATIONS Hampshire College JENSEN, ARTHUR NONCONCORDANT VARIATION Paula J. Giddings James W. Fox Jr. Professor Professor Michele Goodwin Afro-American Studies College of Law College of Law Smith College Stetson University DePaul University WELLS BARNETT IDA B BLACK RECONSTRUCTION - , . CITIZENSHIP AND RACE A. Roberto Frisancho Dorie J. Gilbert Roderick Graham Arthur F. Thurnau Professor of Associate Professor Department of Sociology Anthropology and Research School of Social Work Graduate Center, City University of Professor of the Center for Human University of Texas at Austin New York Growth and Development HIV AND AIDS CALHOUN, JOHN C.

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Joseph L. Graves Jr. Jose´ Angel Gutie´rrez University of Wisconsin–Madison Dean, University Studies, and Professor CRANIAL INDEX Professor of Biological Sciences Department of Political Science HUMAN AND PRIMATE EVOLUTION North Carolina A&T State University University of Texas at Arlington MORTON, SAMUEL GEORGE LA RAZA BASKETBALL Morris G. Henderson BOXING Assistant Professor CIVIL WAR POLITICS AND RACISM Mel Gutterman Department of African-American EYSENCK, HANS JURGEN Professor of Law TRACK AND FIELD Emory University School of Law Studies CHAIN GANGS Virginia Commonwealth University Clarence C. Gravlee TURNER, HENRY McNEAL Assistant Professor Euan Hague P. J. Henry Department of Anthropology Assistant Professor Assistant Professor University of Florida Department of Geography Psychology LIFE EXPECTANCY DePaul University WHITE CITIZENS’ COUNCIL AND DePaul University Andrew R. Graybill THE COUNCIL OF CONSERVATIVE SYMBOLIC AND MODERN RACISM CITIZENS Assistant Professor David Manuel Herna´ndez Department of History Janice E. Hale Assistant Professor University of Nebraska–Lincoln Professor of Early Childhood Chicana and Chicano Studies TEXAS RANGERS Education and Director of the University of California, Los Angeles Stanton W. Green Institute for the Study of the African ILLEGAL ALIEN American Child (ISAAC) Dean, McMurray School of Kevin Hicks Wayne State University Humanities and Social Sciences, Assistant Professor Professor of Anthropology CHILDREN, RACIAL DISPARITIES AND STATUS OF University College/English & Monmouth University Humanities BASEBALL Joan Wylie Hall Alabama State University Colleen Greer Instructor DIXON, THOMAS, JR. Department of English Associate Professor Janell Hobson Department of Sociology University of Mississippi LORDE, AUDRE Assistant Professor Bemidji State University Department of Women’s Studies MOTHERHOOD, DEFICIENCY IN Darrell Y. Hamamoto University at Albany, State Richard Griswold del Castillo Professor University of New York Asian American Studies Program HOTTENTOT VENUS Professor University of California, Davis Department of Chicana and Chicano FILM AND ASIAN AMERICANS Marianne Hoyd Studies University of Sydney San Diego State University Melissa D. Hargrove AUSTRALIAN ABORIGINE PEOPLES BARRIO Department of Anthropology TREATY OF GUADALUPE HIDALGO University of Tennessee Janis Faye Hutchinson SEX WORK Professor Zoltan Grossman Department of Anthropology Member of the Faculty Scott R. Harris University of Houston Geography and Native American & Assistant Professor MEDICAL RACISM World Indigenous Peoples Studies Department of Sociology and The Evergreen State College Criminal Justice Anthony A. Iaccarino ANTI-INDIAN MOVEMENT Saint Louis University Assistant Professor SOCIAL PROBLEMS Department of History Allen Carl Guelzo Reed College Director of Civil War Era Studies Tina M. Harris GARRISON, WILLIAM LLOYD Gettysburg College Associate Professor EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION Department of Speech Noel Ignatiev Communication Professor Shobha Hamal Gurung University of Georgia Department of Critical Studies Assistant Professor TELEVISION Massachusetts College of Arts Department of Sociology, IRISH AMERICANS AND WHITENESS Anthropology, and Social Work John Hawks PHILLIPS, WENDELL Eastern Connecticut State University Assistant Professor WATSON, THOMAS E. HUMAN TRAFFICKING Department of Anthropology ZIONISM

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CONTRIBUTORS

Lisa C. Ikemoto Ohio State University Fayetteville State University, North Professor CHA´VEZ, CE´SAR ESTRADA Carolina Davis School of Law, University of SOUTHERN POLITICS, 1883–1915 Catherine A. John California Leon J. Kamin REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES Assistant Professor African Diaspora Studies Professor Joseph E. Inikori University of Oklahoma Department of Psychology Professor BLACK CONSCIOUSNESS University of Cape Town Department of History IQ AND TESTING: ORIGIN AND University of Rochester Greg Johnson DEVELOPMENT AFRICAN ENSLAVEMENT, Feature Writer David Kamper PRECOLONIAL Philadelphia Tribune BATES, DAISY Assistant Professor Yasmiyn Irizarry Department of American Indian Department of Sociology Troy R. Johnson Studies University of Indiana Professor San Diego State University INFANT MORTALITY AND BIRTH Department of History ‘‘PLAYING INDIAN’’ WEIGHT California State University, Long Beach Stephen Kantrowitz Nina G. Jablonski INDIAN RIGHTS ASSOCIATION Associate Professor Professor and Head of the Department of History Department of Anthropology William Johnson University of Wisconsin–Madison Pennsylvania State University Co-Editor, Labor Notes TILLMAN, BENJAMIN ‘‘PITCHFORK’’ SKIN COLOR Brooklyn, New York LABOR, CHEAP J. Kehaulani Kauanui Antoinette T. Jackson LEAGUE OF REVOLUTIONARY BLACK Associate Professor Assistant Professor WORKERS Wesleyan University Department of Anthropology INDIGENOUS University of South Florida Christopher Jones Jay S. Kaufman FILMOGRAPHY IN THE APPENDIX Independent Scholar PLANTATIONS France Professor CAGOTS Department of Epidemiology, Pamela Braboy Jackson School of Public Health Professor D. Marvin Jones University of North Carolina at Department of Sociology Professor of Law Chapel Hill Indiana University University of Miami (Ohio) HYPERTENSION AND CORONARY INFANT MORTALITY AND BIRTH CIVIL RIGHTS ACTS HEART DISEASE WEIGHT David S. Jones Mary E. Kelly Steven Leonard Jacobs Assistant Professor Department of Sociology and Social Department of Religious Studies Program in Science, Technology, Work University of Alabama and Society University of Central Missouri ANTI-SEMITISM Massachusetts Institute of SYMBOLIC ETHNICITY ANTI-SEMITISM IN THE ARAB Technology WORLD INFECTIOUS DISEASE, Deseriee A. Kennedy SUSCEPTIBILITY, AND RACE College of Law M. A. Jaimes-Guerrero University of Tennessee Professor James M. Jones HOUSTON, CHARLES HAMILTON Department of Womens Studies Professor MARSHALL, THURGOOD San Francisco State University Department of Psychology FORCED STERILIZATION OF NATIVE University of Delaware Kenneth A. R. Kennedy AMERICANS SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY OF RACISM Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Angelene Jamison-Hall Joseph Jones Cornell University Department of African and African Department of Anthropology FORENSIC ANTHROPOLOGY AND American Studies University of Massachusetts Amherst RACE University of Cincinnati NONCONCORDANT VARIATION BALDWIN, JAMES Carool Kersten Ngozi Caleb Kamalu Lecturer J. Craig Jenkins Professor Islamic Studies Professor Department of Government and King’s College, London Department of Sociology History MUSLIMS

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Ann Kingsolver Novotny Lawrence R. C. Lewontin Associate Professor Assistant Professor Agassiz Research Professor Department of Anthropology Radio-Television Department Department of Organismic and University of South Carolina Southern Illinois University- Evolutionary Biology CAPITALISM Carbondale Harvard University BUFFALO SOLDIERS GENE POOL Edward Kissam HERITABILITY Aguirre Division, JBS International Angelica Lawson Burlingame, California Assistant Professor Peter S. Li FARMWORKERS Native American Studies Professor University of Montana Department of Sociology Julie A. Kmec NATIVE AMERICAN POPULAR University of Saskatchewan, Canada Assistant Professor CULTURE AND RACE CANADIAN RACIAL FORMATIONS Department of Sociology Leonard Lieberman Washington State University Shawn Lay Professor Emeritus OCCUPATIONAL SEGREGATION Department of History Coker College, South Carolina Department of Sociology and Peter H. Knapp SECOND KLAN Anthropology Professor Central Michigan University Mark M. Leach Department of Sociology CLINES AND CONTINUOUS VARIATION Villanova University Associate Professor Department of Psychology Alice Littlefield IQ AND TESTING: OVERVIEW University of Southern Mississippi Professor Allen Kohlhepp WHITE RACIAL IDENTITY Department of Anthropology Anti-Defamation League Central Michigan University Byoungha Lee EXPLOITATION NATIONAL STATES RIGHTS PARTY Department of Political Science Donald E. Lively Kathleen Korgen Rutgers, The State University of New Vice President for Program Professor Jersey Development Department of Sociology IMMIGRATION REFORM AND InfiLaw William Paterson University CONTROL ACT OF 1986 (IRCA) UNITED STATES CONSTITUTION BIRACIALISM Robert G. Lee Richard A. Lobban Jr. Arnd Kru¨ger Associate Professor Department of American Department of Anthropology Institut fur Sportswissenschaften der Civilization Rhode Island College George-August-Universitat Brown University GENOCIDE IN SUDAN OLYMPIC GAMES OF 1936 MODEL MINORITIES SLAVERY, RACIAL

Michel S. Laguerre Joselyn Leimbach Mamie E. Locke Professor and Director Department of Women’s Studies Dean Center for Globalization and San Diego State University School of Liberal Arts and Professor Information Technology LESBIANS of Political Science University of California, Berkeley Hampton University CARIBBEAN IMMIGRATION LaVonne Jackson Leslie HAMER, FANNIE LOU Associate Professor NAACP Jayati Lal Department of Afro-American REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS Assistant Professor Studies WILKINS, ROY Departments of Sociology and Howard University Women’s Studies REMOND, CHARLES LENOX Francisco A. Lomelı´ University of Michigan Professor SWEATSHOPS Daniel Levitas Department of Chicana and Chicano Author, The Terrorist Next Door: The Studies Stephanie M. Laudone Militia Movement and The Radical University of California, Santa Barbara Fordham University Right AZTLA´N BLACK-WHITE INTERMARRIAGE SWIFT, WESLEY Jeffrey C. Long Kristen M. Lavelle Cecil M. Lewis Jr. Professor Department of Sociology Department of Human Genetics Department of Human Genetics Texas A&M University University of Michigan University of Michigan INSTITUTIONAL RACISM HUMAN GENETICS HUMAN GENETICS

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Mary Alice Long Eric W. Mania Arizona State University Department of Women’s Studies Professor CENTRAL AMERICANS University of California, San Diego Department of Psychology Ann V. Millard MOTHERHOOD University of Delaware SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY OF RACISM Associate Professor Felipe H. Lopez School of Rural Public Health and Department of Urban Planning Maxine L. Margolis South Texas Center University of California, Los Angeles Professor Texas A&M University MEXICANS Department of Anthropology LATINOS University of Florida Gilbert Felipe Mireles Jr. Judith Lorber BRAZILIAN RACIAL FORMATIONS Professor Emerita Assistant Professor Graduate Center and Brooklyn Jonathan Marks Department of Sociology College Professor Whitman College City University of New York Department of Anthropology UNITED FARM WORKERS UNION GENDER IDEOLOGY University of North Carolina at Charlotte Heidi Safia Mirza Paul E. Lovejoy GENETIC DISTANCE Professor of Racial Equality Studies Professor GENETIC MARKER Middlesex University Department of History GREAT CHAIN OF BEING BLACK FEMINISM IN THE UNITED York University (Canada) SCIENTIFIC RACISM, HISTORY OF KINGDOM RACIAL DEMOGRAPHICS IN THE SUBSPECIES Michael J. Montoya WESTERN HEMISPHERE Perry Mars Professor SLAVERY AND RACE Anthropology and Chicano/Latino TRIANGULAR SLAVE TRADE Professor Department of Africana Studies Studies Kelly Lytle Hernandez Wayne State University University of California, Irvine Department of History AFRICAN DIASPORA DIABETES University of California, Los Angeles CARIBBEAN RACIAL FORMATIONS John H. Moore BORDER PATROL Tony Martin Professor Gaynor Macdonald Professor Department of Anthropology University of Florida Senior Lecturer Department of Africana Studies BLACK INDIANS Department of Anthropology Wellesley College ETHNOCENTRISM University of Sydney, Australia GARVEY, MARCUS FEDERAL RECOGNITION: WHAT IS AUSTRALIAN ABORIGINE PEOPLES CarolynMartinShaw AN INDIAN? Robin K. Magee Professor GENES AND GENEALOGIES GENESIS AND POLYGENESIS Associate Professor Department of Anthropology University of California, Santa Cruz School of Law Russell Mootry Jr. BODY POLITICS Hamline University, Minnesota Dean/Professor of Social Sciences FELONY DISENFRANCHISEMENT Oscar J. Martı´nez Bethune-Cookman University BETHUNE, MARY MCLEOD Bill Mallon, M.D. Regents’ Professor Department of History FORTUNE, TIMOTHY THOMAS Past President University of Arizona WHITE, WALTER FRANCIS International Society of Olympic BRACEROS, REPATRIATION, AND Historians (ISOH) Anthony Moran SEASONAL WORKERS OLYMPIC GAMES OF 1904 Lecturer Nancy A. Matthews School of Social Sciences Mahmood Mamdani Associate Professor La Trobe University Herbert Lehman Professor of Northeast Illinois University WHITE SETTLER SOCIETY Government and Professor of NEO-NAZIS Anthropology Wilson J. Moses Columbia University Wendy Patrick Mazzarella Professor GENOCIDE IN RWANDA Deputy District Attorney Department of History San Diego County, California Pennsylvania State University Xolela Mangcu HATE CRIMES MAGIC FLUTE, THE Visiting Public Scholar and Director WAGNERIAN MUSIC of the Centre for Public Engagement Cecilia Menjı´var University of the Witwatersrand Associate Professor Alfred A. Moss Jr. BIKO, STEPHEN BANTU Department of Sociology Department of History

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University of Maryland, College Park Obioma Nnaemeka HEALTH DISPARITIES BETWEEN AMERICAN NEGRO ACADEMY Professor INDIANS AND NON-INDIANS Department of World Languages Barbara A. Moss and Cultures Rhacel Salazar Parren˜as Professor Indiana University Associate Professor Department of History AFRICAN FEMINISMS Asian American Studies Clark Atlanta University University of California, Davis CHISHOLM, SHIRLEY Donald M. Nonini IMMIGRANT DOMESTIC WORKERS Professor Joia S. Mukherjee Department of Anthropology Antonio Pastrana Jr. Medical Director University of North Carolina at The Graduate Center Partners in Health (PIH) Chapel Hill City University of New York HEALTH CARE GAP CHINESE DIASPORA GAY MEN Carol C. Mukhopadhyay Molly Townes O’Brien Abha Sood Patel Department of Anthropology Senior Lecturer Lecturer San Jose State University Faculty of Law Department of English CULTURAL RACISM University of Wollongong Monmouth University Joane Nagel PLESSY V. FERGUSON RACE RIOTS (U.S.), 1900–1910 University Distinguished Professor Tamika Corinne Odum Department of Sociology Diane B. Paul University of Kansas Program Manager, Outreach, Professor Promotion and Education AMERICAN INDIAN MOVEMENT Department of Political Science Women’s Center (AIM) University of Massachusetts at SYMBOLIC ETHNICITY University of Cincinnati Boston FAMILIES EUGENICS, HISTORY OF Diane Brook Napier ` Program Head Moju´baolu´ Olu´funke´ Okome Peter N. Peregrine Social Foundations of Education Associate Professor Professor University of Georgia Department of Political Science Department of Anthropology PAN-AFRICANISM Brooklyn College, City University of Lawrence University New York RACIAL HIERARCHY: OVERVIEW George O. Ndege AFRICAN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT Associate Professor James Peterson Michael J. O’Neal Department of History Assistant Professor St Louis University Independent Researcher Department of English AFRICA: GERMAN COLONIES AMERICAN ANTI-SLAVERY SOCIETY Penn State MALCOLM X HIP-HOP CULTURE Angela M. Nelson URBAN LEAGUE RAP MUSIC Associate Professor Carlos Salvador Ordo´n˜ez Department of Popular Culture Layli Phillips Postdoctoral Fellow Bowling Green State University Associate Professor National Autonomous University of BLACK POPULAR CULTURE Department of Women’s Studies Mexico Georgia State University Francis Njubi Nesbitt MAYAN GENOCIDE IN GUATEMALA HETEROSEXISM AND HOMOPHOBIA Associate Professor ZAPATISTA REBELLION Department of Africana Studies Fritz G. Polite San Diego State University Paul Ortiz Assistant Professor ANTI-APARTHEID MOVEMENT Associate Professor Department of Community Studies Sport Management Caryn E. Neumann University of California, Santa Cruz University of Tennessee Visiting Assistant Professor RACE RIOTS (U.S.), 1917–1923 GENETICS AND ATHLETIC Wesleyan University PERFORMANCE AFRICA: PORTUGUESE COLONIES Michael Alan Park Professor Mark Potok Joseph Nevins Department of Anthropology Director, Intelligence Project Assistant Professor Central Connecticut State University Editor, Intelligence Report Department of Geology and DEME Southern Poverty Law Center Geography INTELLIGENCE PROJECT Vassar College, New York Isaac F. Parr NATIONAL ALLIANCE OPERATION GATEKEEPER Phoenix Indian Medical Center SOUTHERN POVERTY LAW CENTER

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Ralph R. Premdas Rutgers, The State University of New Esther Rothblum Professor Jersey Professor Department of Behavioral Sciences TOKENISM Department of Women’s Studies University of the West Indies, San Diego State University Trinidad and Tobago Beth E. Richie LESBIANS ETHNIC CLEANSING Professor and Head of Department of African-American Studies Paula Rothenberg Michael Pretes University of Illinois at Chicago Senior Fellow Assistant Professor VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND Murphy Institute, City University of Department of Geography GIRLS New York University of North Alabama SEXISM AFRICA: ITALIAN COLONIES Lynn Roberts Assistant Professor Ananya Roy Patrick Rael Urban Public Health Associate Professor and Chair Associate Professor Hunter College, City University of Urban Studies Department of City Department of History New York and Regional Planning Bowdoin College ADOLESCENT FEMALE SEXUALITY University of California, Berkeley SMITH, JAMES McCUNE POVERTY WALKER, DAVID Dean E. Robinson John Ruedy Shirley Ann Rainey Associate Professor Emeritus Professor Fisk University Political Science University of Massachusetts Amherst Georgetown University, GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT MOVEMENT SOCIAL CLASS AND MORTALITY Washington, D.C. Catherine S. Ramı´rez ORGANISATION ARME´E SECRE`TE Assistant Professor of American Cheryl R. Rodriguez (SECRET ARMY ORGANIZATION) Associate Professor Studies Kristi Ryujin University of California, Santa Cruz Africana Studies Director of Utah Opportunity ZOOT SUIT RIOTS University of South Florida RAPE Scholarship and Grants Programs University of Utah Barbara Reed SOCIAL WELFARE STATES Associate Professor EDUCATION, DISCRIMINATION IN Journalism and Media Studies Donald Roe HIGHER Rutgers, The State University of New Assistant Professor of History Elizabeth Salas Jersey Howard University Associate Professor TROTTER, WILLIAM MONROE BIRTH OF A NATION, THE Department of American Ethnic John H. Relethford Michelle Ronda Studies University of Washington Distinguished Teaching Professor Assistant Professor Department of Anthropology Department of Sociology SOLDIERS OF COLOR State University of New York, Marymount Manhattan College Xuan Santos Oneonta PUERTO RICANS GENETIC VARIATION AMONG Department of Sociology University of California, Santa POPULATIONS F. Arturo Rosales Barbara Professor Shelley Z. Reuter LABOR MARKET, INFORMAL Department of History Assistant Professor Arizona State University Department of Sociology and Gretchen E. Schafft Anthropology EL PLAN DE SANTA BARBARA Applied Anthropologist in Residence American University Concordia University (Canada) Charles K. Ross TAY-SACHS AND ‘‘JEWISH’’ DISEASES RASSENHYGIENE Director, African American Studies, David S. Reynolds and Associate Professor of History Nicole Scott Distinguished Professor and African American Studies Medical School Baruch College University of Mississippi University of Michigan City University of New York FOOTBALL (U.S.) HUMAN GENETICS BROWN, JOHN Rosetta E. Ross David O. Sears Norma M. Riccucci Associate Professor Professor Professor Department of Religion Psychology and Political Science School of Public Affairs and Spelman College University of California, Los Angeles Administration TRUTH, SOJOURNER SYMBOLIC AND MODERN RACISM

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RACE AND RACISM XXXIII Encyclopedia of Race and Racism, Vol1 – 2nd/ 9/17/2007 22:13 Page 34

CONTRIBUTORS

Oren Segal Ilya Somin Daniel J. Tichenor Director Assistant Professor of Law Associate Professor of Political Center for the Study of Left-Wing George Mason University Science and Research Professor at the and Islamic Extremism PEONAGE CASES Eagleton Institute of Politics Anti-Defamation League, New York Rutgers, The State University of New NATION OF ISLAM AND NEW BLACK Cassia Spohn Jersey PANTHER PARTY Professor IMMIGRATION REFORM AND School of Criminology and Criminal CONTROL ACT OF 1986 (IRCA) Donald R. Shaffer Justice Professor Arizona State University Mark C. Tilden Division of Liberal Arts Native American Rights Fund CRIMINALITY, RACE AND SOCIAL Upper Iowa University FACTORS Boulder, Colorado BLACK CIVIL WAR SOLDIERS NATIVE AMERICAN RIGHTS FUND SCOTTSBORO BOYS Brett C. Stockdill (NARF) Eugenia Shanklin Associate Professor of Sociology, Gerald Torres Latin and Latin American Studies, Author, Anthropology and Race: The Bryant Smith Chair and Women’s Studies Explanation of Differences Law Northeastern Illinois University FOLK CLASSIFICATION University of Texas at Austin ANTIRACIST SOCIAL MOVEMENTS CRITICAL RACE THEORY Chuan-kang Shih Assistant Professor Darin B. Stockdill George R. Trumbull IV Departments of Anthropology and School of Education Assistant Professor and Faculty Asian Studies Eastern Michigan University Fellow Institute of French Studies University of Florida NEW DEAL AND OLD RACISM New York University RACISM, CHINA AFRICA: FRENCH COLONIES Derald Wing Sue Frederick J. Simonelli Professor William H. Tucker Associate Professor Department of Counseling and Professor Department of History and Political Clinical Psychology Department of Psychology Science Teachers College, Columbia Rutgers, The State University of New Mount St. Mary’s College University Jersey ROCKWELL, GEORGE LINCOLN MENTAL HEALTH AND RACISM HERRNSTEIN, RICHARD J. Manisha Sinha STODDARD, T. LOTHROP Associate Professor Harold D. Tallant France Winddance Twine Departments of Afro-American Professor Professor of Sociology Studies and History Department of History University of California, Santa University of Massachusetts Georgetown College (Kentucky) Barbara ABOLITION MOVEMENT BIRNEY, JAMES GILLESPIE RACIAL FORMATIONS Lanny Smith George Tamblyn John Obioma Ukawuilulu Doctors for Global Health/People’s Department of History Associate Professor of Sociology/ Health Movement, Residency University of Washington Gerontology and Head of Programs in Primary Care and Social JOHNSON, MORDECAI WYATT Medicine Department of Gerontology Bethune-Cookman University Montefiore Medical Center, New York Clarence Taylor AFRICA: BELGIAN COLONIES HEALTH CARE GAP Professor AFRICA: BRITISH COLONIES Robert Samuel Smith Department of History Baruch College, City University of Assistant Professor Avelardo Valdez New York Department of Africana Studies Professor University of North Carolina at MAYS, BENJAMIN E. Graduate College of Social Work Charlotte University of Houston CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT Anderson Thompson MACHISMO Associate Professor C. Matthew Snipp Jacob Carruthers Center for Inner- Zulema Valdez Professor City Studies Assistant Professor Department of Sociology Northeastern Illinois University Department of Sociology Stanford University ASSOCIATION FOR THE STUDY OF Texas A&M University DEMOGRAPHICS AND RACE NEGRO LIFE AND HISTORY UNDEREMPLOYMENT

XXXIV ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RACE AND RACISM Encyclopedia of Race and Racism, Vol1 – 2nd/ 9/17/2007 22:13 Page 35

CONTRIBUTORS

Abel Valenzuela Jr. University of California, Berkeley MISSIONARIES AMONG AMERICAN Department of Chicano Studies and CHINA-U.S. RELATIONS AND INDIANS Center for the Study of Urban CHINESE AMERICANS Poverty CHINESE AMERICANS AFTER WORLD Wendy M. Williams University of California, Los Angeles WAR II Department of Human DAY LABORERS, LATINO CHINESE IMMIGRATION AND Development EXCLUSION (U.S.), NINETEENTH Cornell University Jeffrey M. Valla CENTURY IQ AND TESTING: CRITIQUES Department of Human Leland Ware Development Julie Winch Louis L. Redding Professor of Law Cornell University Professor and Public Policy IQ AND TESTING: CRITIQUES Department of History University of Delaware University of Massachusetts, Boston Michelle VanNatta BROWN V. BOARD OF EDUCATION FORTEN, JAMES Director of Criminology Rachel J. Watkins Dominican University (Illinois) Peter H. Wood SINGLETON, BENJAMIN ‘‘PAP’’ Assistant Professor Department of Anthropology Professor Olga A. Va´squez American University Department of History Associate Professor DISEASES, RACIAL Duke University Department of Communication TURNER, NAT Bruce Webb University of California, San Diego Handel Kashope Wright LANGUAGE Independent Researcher Atlanta, Georgia Canada Research Chair–Cultural James Diego Vigil STANDARDIZED TESTS Studies and Director Centre for Professor Culture, Identity, and Education Norman E. Whitten Jr. University of California, Irvine University of British Columbia GANGS AND YOUTH VIOLENCE Professor Emeritus, Anthropology MULTICULTURALISM MEXICANS and Latin American Studies, and Curator Emeritus, Spurlock Naomi Zack L. Marie Wallace Museum Professor Pima College University of Illinois at Urbana- Department of Philosophy HEALTH DISPARITIES BETWEEN Champaign University of Oregon INDIANS AND NON-INDIANS BLACKNESS IN LATIN AMERICA FEMINISM AND RACE MISSIONARIES AMONG AMERICAN EL MESTIZAJE INDIANS LATIN AMERICAN RACIAL Eleanor Zelliot TRANSFORMATIONS Hanes Walton Jr. Professor Emerita Professor Harold L. Wilensky History Department Department of Political Science Professor Emeritus of Political Carleton College University of Michigan Science DALITS KING, MARTIN LUTHER, JR. University of California, Berkeley John J. Zokovitch III WORKFARE AND WELFARE L. Ling-chi Wang Pax Christi USA Professor Amy Fischer Williams Gainesville, Florida Department of Ethnic Studies University of Wisconsin–Oshkosh PORRES, MARTIN DE, ST.

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