329 Abscesses, 17, 189. See Also Carbuncles

Home , Ecthyma gangrenosum, Histoid leprosy, Hot tub folliculitis, Pitted keratolysis, Pneumocystosis, Tinea incognita

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-89729-7 - Skin Infections: Diagnosis and Treatment Edited by John C. Hall and Brian J. Hall Index More information

I n d e x

abscesses, 17, 189. See also carbuncles; acute infections, primary signs of, 8 American Th oracic Society, 292 furuncles acute miliary cutaneous tuberculosis, 60, 74 American trypanosomiasis, 123 acanthamebiasis, in HIV infection, 193–194 acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis, amikacin with tetracycline, for Acanthamoeba spp., 121 294–295 protothecosis, 175 Acanthaster planci (crown of thorns) starfi sh, acute paronychial infections, 268–269 aminoglycosides 173 acyclovir for ecthyma gangrenosum, 215 acellular pertussis (DTaP) vaccination, 294 for congenital herpes simplex, 30 for nocardiosis, 198 acetaminophen, for HSV 1 and 2 infections, for genital herpes, 319 amitriptyline for post-herpetic neuralgia, 31 277 for hand-foot-and-mouth disease, 282 amorolfi ne Acinetobacter baumannii, 189 for herpes simplex virus, 200, 277 nail lacquers, for tinea unguium, 219 Ackerman, A. Bernard, 6 for herpes virus B, 34 topical, for tinea unguium, 236 acne miliaris necrotica, 262 for herpes zoster, 31 amoxicillin Acquired Immune Defi ciency Syndrome for HSV-1/HSV-2, 29 complications from, 33, 278–279 (AIDS). See also HIV-related skin oral, for HSV, 186 for genital bite wounds, 317 infections; Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS) for oral hairy leukoplakia, 187, 279 for Lyme disease, 215 acid-fast bacilli in, 72 for suspected neonatal HSV, 225 for perianal streptococcal dermatitis, 212 anergy, presence of, in, 4 for varicella zoster virus, 31, 201 amphotericin B coccidioidomycosis and, 144 for VZV, 187 for candidiasis, 191 cryptococcus with, 111 Aedes aegypti mosquito, 92, 95, 151, 152 for chromoblastomycoses, 156 cutaneous tuberculosis with, 73 African Americans for coccidioidomycosis, 148 diabetes and, 8 and lepromatous leprosy, 77 for cryptococcosis, 112 disseminated histoplasmosis (DH) and, and pediculosis, 230 for cutaneous cryptococcus, 191 104 and pseudofolliculitis barbae, 216 for entomophthoromycosis, 111 esophageal infections with, 221 and tinea capitis, 43 with 5-fl uorocytosine historical background, of, 185 agent formulary for topical therapy, 11 for aspergillosis/cryptococcosis/ Mycobacterium avium intracellulare with, albendazole candidiasis, 114 292 for cysticercosis, 129 for histoplasmosis, 192 pbmycosis with, 108 for echinococcosis, 129 IV, for protothecosis, 175 progressive vaccinia and, 23 for enterobiasis, 128 for leishmaniasis, 297 pulmonary tuberculosis in, 60 for fi lariasis, 124 liposomal, for mucormycosis, 110 systemic tropical mycoses and, 96 for loiasis, 124 for mycetoma, 157 tuberculosis and, 60 for mansonelliasis, 128 for Old World CL PVA failures, 143 Acremonium spp., 113, 270–272 for onchocercosis, 176 for paracoccidioidomycosis, 109 actinias, reactions to, 169–171 for trichinellosis, 128 intravenous, 159 Actinomadura madurae grains, 97, 156 Alcyonidrium gelatinosum bryozoans, 175 for penicilliosis, 193 Actinomyces, 3 Alcyonidrium hirsutum bryozoans, 175 for rhinosporidiosis, 104 Actinomyces israelii, 294 Alcyonidrium topsenti bryozoans, 175 for sporotrichosis, 102 actinomycosis, 294 algae/Bryozoans and aquatic dermatoses amyloidosis (primary) and Hansen’s acute disseminated miliary tuberculosis algae, 174 disease, 78 (tuberculosis cutis miliaris acuta Bryozoans, 175 Anaerobic streptococci, 250 generalisata), 67 protothecosis, 174–175 Anaplasma phagocytophilum, 215 acute exanthem, 145 allopurinol, for Old World CL, 144 Ancylostoma braziliensis (hookworm of dogs of HIV infection allylamine, for tinea unguium and cats), 125, 127, 176 cytomegalovirus, 187 (onychomycosis), 52 Ancylostoma caninum, 125, 176 Epstein-Barr virus, 187 Almeida, Floriano de, 151 Anemonia sulcata actinia, 168–170 herpes simplex virus (types 1 and 2), Alternaria spp., 113, 270 anergic leishmaniasis, 151 186 aluminum acetate (Burrow’s solution), for angular cheilitis (perleche), 221 human herpes virus 8, 188–189 impetigo, 261–262 anogenital disease pox virus, 187 Amblyomma americanum (lone star tick), 215 bowenoid papulosis, 26 varicella-zoster virus, 186–187 Amblyomma Cajennense (Cayenne tick), 323 condyloma acuminatum, 26 acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis (Sweet’s American Society for Dermatologic Surgery verrucous carcinoma, 26–27 syndrome), 146 survey, 303 anogenital warts, 319

329

330 — Index

anopheline (malaria-carrying) mosquitos, 95 arboviruses. See arthropod-borne infections clinical presentation, 89–90 anthrax, 295 Argentinian hemorrhagic fever, 153 diagnosis, 90 Anthraxin test, 4 Aristotle historical background, 88 antibiotics. See individual antibiotics on contagiousness of phthisis, 59 pitfalls and myths, 90–91 anticonvulsants. See carbamazepine; on parasites, 117 therapy, 90 gabapentin; pregabalin arthropod-borne infections. See also Chagas’ autoimmune polyendocrinopathy- antifungal medications. See also fl uconazole; disease; Dengue fever; ectoparasite candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy griseofulvin; itraconazole; infestation; mouse-borne diseases; (APECED) syndrome, 222 ketoconazole; terbinafi ne sandfl y-borne diseases; tick-borne Ayurveda, 59 for pityriasis versicolor (PV), 52–53 diseases; Yellow fever azidothymidine (AZT), for HIV, 185, 284 for seborrheic dermatitis/pityriasis diagnosis, 93–94 azithromycin capitis, 256 epidemiology, 93 for bacillary angiomatosis, 189–190, for tinea capitis, 51 general information, 92 198 for tinea corporis/cruris/faciei, 50–51 historical background, 92–93 for cat-scratch disease, 215 for tinea pedis/manuum, 47–50 pitfalls and myths, 95 for chancroid, 313 for tinea unguium (onychomycosis), therapy, 94–95 for diphtheria, 294 51–52 arthropods, lesions from, 174 for granuloma inguinale, 315 antifungal shampoos, 51, 217, 218, 256, 258 Asians for syphilis, 312 antihistamines and lepromatous leprosy, 77 for tularemia, 95 for folliculitis, 189 syphilis rates in pregnant women, 222 azoles for mite symptom control, 231 aspergillosis, 7, 47, 109, 192, 206, 207 for coccidioidomycosis, 148, 192 for pediculosis capitis itch control, 260 clinical presentation, 288 for Old World CL, 143 antimalarials, for ENL treatment, 84 diagnosis, 288 for pityriasis versicolor, 53 anti-retroviral therapy at hospital sites, 206 for tinea unguium (onychomycosis), 52 for acute exanthem, 186 invasive, in AIDS, 192 topical, for erythrasma, 249 for hairy leukoplakia, 279 in mucormycosis, 287 for KS, 34 in transplant patients, 264 B. dermatitides, 7 Aphrodite aculeata polychaete, 176 treatment, 288 babesiosis, 92 Apophysomyces elegans, 109 Aspergillus spp., 270–272 bacillary angiomatosis (BA) aquatic dermatoses from biotic organisms asymmetry (as sign of acute infection), 8 in HIV, 189–190 from algae/Bryozoans athletes, skin infections in in transplant recipients, 197–198 algae, 174 atypical mycobacteria (swimming pool Bacillus anthracis, 295 Bryozoans, 175 granuloma), 244 Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG), 60, 67 protothecosis, 174–175 bacterial infections vaccinations of against TB, 4, 62, 65, from aquatic bacteria folliculitis, 239 72–73 erysipeloid, 179 furunculosis, 238–239 bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) mycobacterium marinum, 178–179 gram negative hot tub folliculitis, 240 vaccinations, 4 from aquatic worms green foot, 240 Bacillus vincentii, 294 cercariae, 175 hot foot syndrome, 240 bacterial infections in athletes contact with bait, 176 impetigo, 238 folliculitis, 239 leeches, 176 pitted keratolysis, 239–240 furunculosis, 238–239 nematodes, 176–177 tropical ulcers, 240 gram negative hot tub folliculitis, 240 onchocercosis, 175–176 fungal infections green foot, 240 polychaetes, 176 tinea corporis gladiatorum, 243–244 hot foot syndrome, 240 from arthropods, 174 tinea pedis, 243 impetigo, 238 from coelenterates, 167–172 historical background, 238 pitted keratolysis, 239–240 actinia reactions, 169–171 parasites (cutaneous larvae migrans), 244 tropical ulcers, 240 jellyfi sh reactions, 168–169 viral infections bacterial infections in elderly patients physaliae/corals/hydroid reactions, herpes simplex cellulitis/erysipelas, 234 172 activation, 240 herpes zoster, 235 sea bather’s eruptions, 171–172 skin-to-skin transmission, 240–241 impetigo/folliculitis/furunculosis, from echinoderms molluscum contagiosum, 241–242 234–235 sea urchins, 172–173 verruca, 242 necrotizing fascitis, 235 starfi sh, 173–174 atopic dermatitis, 21, 114, 193, 225 bacterial infections of the scalp from fi sh, 177–178 atovaquone, for tularemia, 95 eosinophilic pustular folliculitis, 261 historical background, 167 atypical mycobacterioses, 6 erysipelas/scalp cellulitis, 262 from mollusks, 174 classifi cation, 88–89 folliculitis, 260 from sponges, 174 Mycobacterium avium complex, 89 impetigo, 261–262 aquatic worms and aquatic dermatoses Mycobacterium chelonae- staphylococcal folliculitis, 260–261 cercariae, 175 Mycobacterium abscessus bacterial infections related to HIV contact with bait, 176 complex, 89 bacillary angiomatosis, 189–190 leeches, 176 Mycobacterium fortuitum complex, 89 folliculitis, 189 nematodes, 176–177 Mycobacterium kansasii, 88 impetigo, abscesses, cellulitis, necrotizing onchocercosis, 175–176 Mycobacterium marinum, 67, 88 fascitis, 189 polychaetes, 176 Mycobacterium scrofulaceum, 64, 74, 89 mycobacterial infections, 189

Index — 331

bacterial infections related to mucous Blastomyces dermatitidis, 105 breast cancer, infl ammatory, 208–209 membranes blastomycosis. See also cancers metastatic to skin, 210 actinomycosis, 294 chromoblastomycosis; North keratoacanthoma, 209–210 acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis, American blastomycosis; lethal midline granuloma, 209 294–295 paracoccidioidomycosis (South leukemia cutis, 208 anthrax, 295 American blastomycosis) lymphoma, 208 bacterial vaginosis, 295 chromomycosis (see squamous cell cancer, 209 diphtheria, 293–294 chromoblastomycosis) Stewart-Treves syndrome, 209 mycoplasma pneumoniae, 296 clinical presentation, 289 verrucous carcinoma, 209 noma (cancrum oris/gangrenous diagnosis, 289 therapy principles for cutaneous stomatitis), 295 diff erentiation from infections, 208 pseudomonas aeruginosa, 295 lupus vulgaris, 63, 74 Candida, 3 rhinoscleroma, 294 warty tuberculosis, 65 Candida albicans, 191, 235, 246, 271, 272, 286 staphylococcus, 293 in HIV infection, 193 Candida dubliniensis, 191 streptococcus, 293 keloidal blastomycosis, 102, 157 Candida glabrata, 191 tetanus, 296 in mucous membrane infections, 289 Candida krusei, 191 bacterial uSSSIs. See uncomplicated skin and oral itraconazole for, 47 Candida parapsilosis, 191, 271 skin structure infections (uSSSIs) bleomycin injections, for verrucae vulgaris/ Candida tropicalis, 191 bacterial vaginosis, 295 condyloma acuminatum, 203 candidal onychomycosis, 221, 236 bacterial/viral disease in transplant recipients blister beetles, 232 candidiasis bacillary angiomatosis, 197 blistering dactylitis, in children, 212 in children, 220–221 B-hemolytic streptococcus, 196–197 Bolivian hemorrhagic fever, 153 in diabetes mellitus, 246–247 gram-negative bacilli (GNB), 197 borderline lepromatous (BL) disease, 79, 83 in elderly patients, 235–236 historical background, 195 borderline tuberculoid (BT) leprosy, 78, 83 in HIV infection, 191 necrotizing fascitis, 197 Borrelia, 4 Candidin test, 4 nocardiosis, 198 Borrelia burgdorferi, 215 Capnocytophaga, cat and dog bites from, 19 Staphylococcus aureus, 195–196 Borrelia vincentii, 294 Capnocytophaga canimorsus, 19, 112 vibrio vulnifi cus, 197 bowenoid papulosis, 26 carbamazepine, for post-herpetic neuralgia, 31 Bacteroides, 250 breasts, tuberculosis of, 72 carbapenems (newer generation), for MRSA Baker-Rosenbach’s erysipeloid, 179 British Society for Antimicrobial strains, 20 Balamuthia mandrillaris, 121 Chemotherapy, 306 carbaryl, for pediculosis capitis, 259 Barmah Forest virus (BFV), 152–153 British Society for Dermatological carbuncles, 17. See also furuncles Bartonella, 4, 197 Surgery, 306 in diabetes mellitus, 248–249 Bartonella henselae, 189, 197, 215 Brucella, 3 in folliculitis, 234, 260 Bartonella quintana, 92, 189, 197 Brugia malayi, 123 S. aureus as causative, 19 basal cell carcinoma (BCC), 303 Brugia timori, 123 treatment of, 20 Basidiobolus haptosporus, 110 bryozoans and dermatitis, 175 carpal tunnel syndrome and Hansen’s Basidiobolus ranarum, 110 bullous impetigo, 195, 211 disease, 78 Bayle, Gaspard Laurent, 59 Bunostomum phlebotomum, 125 cat and dog bites, Pasteurella spp. as Bazin, Ernest, 69. See also erythema Burkitt lymphoma, 187, 279 causative, 19 induratum of Bazin Buruli ulcer, 7 caterpillars and moths, 232 bedbugs, 232 Burulin intradermal reaction, 4 cat-scratch disease, 6, 92, 215 benzathine penicillin Butcher’s warts, 26 Caucasians, and lepromatous leprosy, 77 for endemic treponematoses, 216 butenafi ne cefi xime, for gonorrhea, 315–316 for scarlet fever, 212 for tinea corporis/cruris/faciei, 50 cefoperazone sodium, for necrotizing for syphilis, 190, 312 for tinea pedis/manuum, 47 fascitis, 213 congenital, 223 ceft riaxone benznidazole C. immitis, 7 for chancroid, 313 for American trypanosomiasis, 123 C. neoformans, 7 for erysipeloid, 214 for Chagas’ disease, 160 Calymmatobacterium granulomatis, 314 for gonorrhea, 315–316 benzocaine preparations, for HSV, 277 Calymmatobacterium granulomatis Gram- intramuscular, for meningococcal benzoyl peroxide, 20, 21 negative rod, 151, 190 disease, 323 benzyl benzoate CA-MRSA. See community-acquired for nocardiosis, 198 for demodicidosis, 260 methicillin resistant Staphylococcus for syphilis, 190 for scabies, 193, 260 aureus (CA-MRSA) cefuroxime betadine, for impetigo, 261–262 cancer patients and skin infections for genital bite wounds, 317 bifonazole cutaneous infections for Lyme disease, 215 for pityriasis versicolor, 53 bacterial infections, 207 cellulitis, 17–18 with urea, for tinea unguium fungal infections, 207 in diabetes mellitus, 249 (onychomycosis), 219 viral infections, 207 in elderly patients, 234 Bipolaris, 113 diagnosis, 206 in HIV, 189 black piedra, 154, 258 epidemiology, 206 of lower extremity, pitfalls and myths, 21 black superfi cial onychomycosis (BSO), historical background, 206 S. aureus/S. pyogenes as causative, 19 271–272 malignant infections in scalp infections, 262 black-dot tinea capitis, 257 angiosarcoma, 209 treatment of, 20

332 — Index

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ciclopirox in HIV infection, 192 on arthropod-borne diseases for piedra, 259 interstitial granulomatous dermatitis, risk factors, 93 for tinea corporis/cruris/faciei, 50 146–147 treatment, 94–95 for tinea pedis/manuum, 47, 47–50, 236 pitfalls and myths, 148 on treatment for cutaneous TB, 73 for tinea unguium (onychomycosis), 219, primary cutaneous coccidioidomycosis, cephalopods, dermatoses from, 174 236 147–148 cephalosporin topical, for pityriasis versicolor, 53 serologic testing, 148 for cellulitis/erysipelas, 234 (topical), for white piedra, 154 Sweet’s syndrome, 146 for erysipelas, 20 ciclopirox olamine (1%), for tinea pedis/ treatment, 148 for folliculitis keloidalis, 262 manuum, 47 coelenterates for genital bite wounds, 317 ciclopirox shampoo, 256 and aquatic dermatoses, 167–172 for gonorrhea, 316 cidofovir actinia reactions, 169–171 for S. aureus, 196 for condyloma acuminata, 188 jellyfi sh reactions, 168–169 cercarial dermatitis (swimmer’s itch), 130, for herpes simplex virus, 200 physaliae/corals/hydroid reactions, 175 cimetidine, for verrucae vulgaris/condyloma 172 Cercopithecus aethiops (green monkeys), 153 acuminatum, 203 sea bather’s eruptions, 171–172 Cerqueira, Alexandre, 150 ciprofl oxacin description of actions, 167–168 cestodes, 128–130 for cat-scratch disease, 215 coenurosis, 129–130 coenurosis, 129–130 for chancroid, 313 colchicine, for ENL treatment, 84 cysticercosis, 129 for erysipeloid, 214 color (as sign of acute infection), 8 echinococcosis, 129 for granuloma inguinale, 315 Colorado tick fever, 92 sparganosis, 129 for rhinoscleroma, 294 common warts (verruca vulgaris), 25, Chagas, Carlos, 159 Cladophialophora carrionii, 98–99 203, 280 Chagas’ disease, 123. See also American cladosporiosis. See chromoblastomycosis community-acquired methicillin resistant trypanosomiasis Cladosporium carrionii dematieous fungus, Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA), diagnosis, 160 156 19, 211, 238, 262 treatment, 160 clarithromycin S. aureus colonization from, 21 chancroid, 309, 312–313 for atypical mycobacteria, 244 treatment of, 20 chemical peels, for pseudofolliculitis barbae, for atypical mycobacterioses, 90 complement fi xation (CF) test, 4 216 for bacillary angiomatous, 189–190 complications chemotherapy for diphtheria, 294 measles/rubeola, 36 for Burkitt lymphoma, 279 clindamycin Condylactis aurantiaca actinia, 170 for cervical intraepithelial neoplasms, 281 for acne miliaris necrotica, 262, 262 condyloma acuminatum (genital warts), 203 for chromomycosis, 100 for bacterial vaginosis, 295 clinical manifestations, 26 for cutaneous tuberculosis, 73 for erythrasma, 214 preventative therapies, 26 for KS, 34, 202 for necrotizing fascitis, 213 treatment, 26 pre-bone marrow transplant, 264 oral, for nasal carriage issues, 21 congenital cytomegalovirus, 33 skin infections aft er, 206 for perianal streptococcal dermatitis, 212 congenital HSV, 30 candidiasis, 221 for pitted keratolysis, 214 congenital indiff erence to pain and Hansen’s ecthyma gangrenosum, 214 with rifampicin, for scalp cellulitis, 263 disease, 78 oral mucositis, 275 topical, 20 cytomegalovirus, 224 chickenpox, 30, 186, 200, 235 for tularemia, 95 neonatal HSV, 224–225 Chironex fl eckeri jellyfi sh, 169 clofazimine parvovirus B19, 225 Chiropsalmus quadrigatus jellyfi sh, 169 for leprosy, 293 rubella, 223–224 Chlamydia, 4 for lobomycosis, 103, 158 syphilis, 222–223 Chlamydia trachomatis, 191, 313 for multibacillary disease, 84 varicella zoster, 225 chloramphenicol, for Rocky Mountain clotrimazole congenital rubella syndrome, 37 spotted fever, 324 for erythrasma, 249 conidiobolomycosis, 110 chlorhexidine for pityriasis versicolor, 53 Conidiobolus coronatus, 110 for impetigo, 261–262 for tinea corporis/cruris/faciei, 50 Conidiobolus incongruens, 111 for S. aureus in transplant recipients, 196 for tinea pedis/manuum, 47 Conus aulicus shell, 174 for skin colonization issues, 21 for tinea unguium (onychomycosis), 219 Conus geographus shell, 174 chromoblastomycosis, 6, 7, 98–100 cloxacillin, for carbuncles, 249 Conus gloria maris shell, 174 diff erentiation from warty tuberculosis, cnidocytes (of coelenterates), 167–168 corals, reactions to, 172 65 Coccidioides immitis, 104 corticosteroids genera diff erences, 99–100 Coccidioidin test, 4 for folliculitis, 189 treatment, 100 coccidioidomycosis and the skin for folliculitis keloidalis, 262 chronic granulomatous disease, 74 acute exanthem, 145 for scalp cellulitis, 263 chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV), 37 diagnosis, 144–145 for tinea capitis, 217 chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (CMC), disseminated infection, 147 for trichinellosis, 128 221–222 epidemiology, 144 Corynebacterium diphtheriae, 293 chronic paronychial infections, 269 erythema multiforme-like eruptions, Corynebacterium minutissimum, 214, 249 chronic traumatic lymphedema of the hands, 145–146 co-trimoxazole, for entomophthoromycosis, from sea urchins, 173 erythema nodosum, 145 111 Chrysops spp3, 124 historical background, 144 cowpox, 24

Index — 333

Coxsackie A-16. See hand, foot, and mouth tuberculids, 68 cercariae, 175 disease tuberculosis gumma, 68, 74 contact with bait, 176 creatinine phosphokinase, for diff erentiation tuberculosis verrucosa cutis, 60, 65, 74 leeches, 176 of necrotizing fascitis, 8, 213 tuberculous chancre, 60 nematodes, 176–177 crotamiton diagnosis, 61–62, 73–74 onchocercosis, 175–176 for demodicidosis, 260 general information, 59–60 polychaetes, 176 for scabies, 260 histopathology, 70–71 from arthropods, 174 crusted (ecthymatous) zoster, 186 historical background, 59 from coelenterates, 167–172 cryotherapy HIV with, 59, 72 actinia reactions, 169–171 for anogenital warts, 319 pathogenesis, 60–61 jellyfi sh reactions, 168–169 for chromoblastomycoses, 156 pitfalls and myths of, 73–75 physaliae/corals/hydroid reactions, for condyloma acuminata, 188 systemic involvement, 71–72 172 for genital warts, 319 treatments, 73 sea bather’s eruptions, 171–172 for KS, 202 Cyclops, 124–125, 129 from echinoderms for lobomycosis, 103 cyclosporine, with fl uconazole, 47 sea urchins, 172–173 for molluscum contagiosum, 187 cysticercosis, 129 starfi sh, 173–174 for Old World CL, 143 cytomegalovirus (CMV), 33 from fi sh, 177–178 for verruca, 228 in children, 224 from mollusks, 174 for verrucae vulgaris/condyloma diagnosis, 33 desert infections, Eastern hemisphere acuminatum, 203, 228 in HIV infection, 187 Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis, cryptococcal meningitis, 47, 111 in mucous membrane infections, 279 117–118 cryptococcosis, 96, 111–112, 187 in transplantation recipients, 201–202 clinical presentation, 138–140 clinical presentation, 287 treatment, 33 diagnosis, 140–141 diagnosis, 112, 287–288 epidemiology, 135–136 in HIV infection, 191 da Fonseca Filho, Olympia, 151 historical background, 135 treatment, 112, 114, 288 Dakin’s solution, for skin colonization issues, patient follow-up, 144 vs. molluscum contagiosum, 187 21 prevention, 137–138 Cryptococcus, 4 dapsone transmission (sandfl y vector/ Culex mosquito, 152 for leprosy, 293 Leishmania lifecycle), 136–137 Cunnigham, D. D., 135 for multibacillary disease, 84 treatment, 141–144 Cunninghmaella bertholletiae, 109 for Old World CL, 144 desert infections, Western hemisphere curettage for paucibacillary disease, 84 coccidioidomycosis and the skin for anogenital warts, 319 daptomycin, for MRSA strains, 20 acute exanthem, 145 for genital warts, 319 Dasypus novemcinctus, 106 diagnosis, 144–145 for molluscum contagiosum, 23, 187 DEET (N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide) disseminated infection, 147 for verrucae vulgaris/condyloma mosquito repellant, 95 epidemiology, 144 acuminatum, 203 for deterrence of sandfl ies, 137 erythema multiforme-like eruptions, Curvularia, 113 for prevention of cercarial dermatitis, 130 145–146 cutaneous infections (possibly) indicative of Demodex brevis mite, 260 erythema nodosum, 145 underlying cancer Demodex folliculorum mite, 260 historical background, 144 fungal infections demodicidosis, 193, 260 interstitial granulomatous dermatitis, aspergillosis, 207 demodicidosis (of the scalp), 260 146–147 Rhizopus/Mucor spp/saprophytes, 207 Dengue fever, 92, 95, 151–152 pitfalls and myths, 148 S. Aureus of streptococcal cellulitis, 207 cutaneous features, 151–152 primary cutaneous therapy principles, 208 treatment, 152 coccidioidomycosis, 147–148 viral infections dental pastes, for HSV, 277 serologic testing, 148 herpes simplex, 207 depilatory creams, for pseudofolliculitis Sweet’s syndrome, 146 herpes zoster, 207 barbae, 216 treatment, 148 warts, 207 Dermacentor andersoni (Rocky Mountain desipramine, for post-herpetic neuralgia, 31 cutaneous larva migrans, 124–125 wood tick), 323 Dharmendra lepromin antigen, 4 cutaneous pneumocystosis, 187 Dermacentor variabilis (American dog tick), diabetes mellitus, skin infections cutaneous tuberculosis 323 cutaneous infections classifi cation, 62 dermatophyte onychomycosis (of fi ngernails/ candida, 246–247 clinical features toenails), 47, 47, 52 carbuncles, 248–249 acute disseminated miliary dermatophytosis, 42, 53, 191, 249, 256. See cellulitis, 249 tuberculosis, 60, 67 also tinea capitis erysipelas, 249 erythema induratum of Bazin, 69–70 dermatoses, aquatic (from biotic organisms) erythrasma, 249 erythema nodosum, 70, 75 from algae/Bryozoans furuncles, 248 lichen scrofulosorum, 68–69 algae, 174 dermatophyte fungal infections, 247–248 lichen scrofulosorum (LS), 75 Bryozoans, 175 diagnosis, 246 lupus vulgaris, 60, 62–64, 74 protothecosis, 174–175 epidemiology, 246 orifi cial tuberculosis, 60, 67–68, 74–75 from aquatic bacteria historical background, 246 papulonecrotic tuberculids, 68, 75 erysipeloid, 179 life threatening infections primary inoculation tuberculosis, 67 mycobacterium marinum, 178–179 Fournier’s gangrene, 251 scrofuloderma, 60, 64 from aquatic worms malignant otitis externa, 251

334 — Index

diabetes mellitus, skin infections (cont.) Molluscum Contagiosum (MCV), 23 impetigo/folliculitis/furunculosis, necrotizing fascitis, 250 monkey pox, 24 234–235 rhinocerebral mucormycosis, 251 smallpox, 23 necrotizing fascitis, 235 predisposition to, 8 docosanol (10%) cream, for herpes labialis, fungal infections S. aureus colonization from, 21 277 candidiasis, 235–236 terbinafi ne for, 47 Donovan, C., 135 onychomycosis, 236 therapy for, 252 Donovania granulomatis, 314 tinea pedis/manum, 236–237 diabetic ketoacidosis, 110, 251, 286 doxycycline historical background, 233–234 diabetic neuropathy and Hansen’s disease, 78 for acne miliaris necrotica, 262 Electra pilosa bryozoan, 175 diaper dermatitis (monilial diaper for actinomycosis, 294 electric razor shaving, for pseudofolliculitis dermatitis), 221 for anthrax, 295 barbae, 216 Dick’s test, 4 for atypical mycobacterioses, 90 electrocautery diethylcarbamazine (DEC) for bacillary angiomatosis, 189–190, 198 for Butcher’s warts, 26 for fi lariasis, 124 for cat-scratch disease, 215 for common warts, 25 for loiasis, 124 for ehrlichiosis, 215 for condyloma acuminata, 26, 188 for onchocerciasis, 124 for endemic treponematoses, 216 for genital warts, 319 diff use cutaneous leishmaniasis, 4 for granuloma inguinale, 191, 315 for lupus nodules, 73 diloxanide, for enteric amebiasis, 121 for Lyme disease, 215 for oral fl orid papillomatosis, 281 diphenhydramine elixir with Maalox, for for Lyme disease/rickettsial diseases, 95 electrodesiccation HSV, 277 for lymphogranuloma venereum, 191, for anogenital warts, 319 diphtheria, 293–294 314 for molluscum contagiosum, 187 diphtheria vaccination, 294 for Rocky Mountain spotted fever, 324 for oral fl orid papillomatosis, 281 directly observed therapy (DOTS), 73, 292 for syphilis, 312 emetine hydrochloride, for enteric amebiasis, dissecting cellulitis (of the scalp), 262–263 for tick-borne disease, 95 121 disseminated herpes-zoster, 186 for vibrio vulnifi cus, 197 endemic treponematoses, in children, disseminated histoplasmosis (DH), 104 dracunculiasis, 124–125 215–216 disseminated infection, 147 Dracunculus medinensis, 124–125 Entamoeba histolytica, 121 distal subungual onychomycosis, 236 Dyptera Order of insects (vectors), 161 enteric amebiasis, 121 distal/lateral subungual onychomycosis, 270 Enterobacteriaceae, 19 DNA microarray technology (DNA chip Ebola virus, 153, 284 enterobiasis, 128 technology), 6 EBV-associated large cell lymphoma, 187 Enterovirus 71. See hand, foot, and mouth DNA viruses. See also herpes virus, various echinococcosis, 129 disease presentations Echinococcosis granulosus, 129 Enteroviruses hepadnaviruses, 35 (See also hepatitis B) Echinococcosis multilocularis, 129 hand, foot, and mouth disease, 35–36, human papillomavirus (HPV) Echinococcosis vogeli, 129 281–282 anogenital disease echinoderms and aquatic dermatoses hepatovirus/hepatitis A, 36 bowenoid papulosis, 26 from fi sh, 177–178 herpangina, 36, 276, 282–283 condyloma acuminatum, 26 sea urchins, 172–173 Entomophthorales (Zygomycosis), 109–110 verrucous carcinoma, 26–27 starfi sh, 173–174 entomophthoromycosis, 110–111 nongenital cutaneous diseases econazole eosinophilic pustular folliculitis (EPF), 216, Butcher’s warts, 26 for tinea corporis/cruris/faciei, 50 261 common warts (verruca for tinea pedis/manuum, 47 epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV), vulgaris), 25 ecthyma, 18, 24, 229 25–26, 228 epidermodysplasia verruciformis in children, 211 epithelioid cell granulomas, 74 (EV), 25–26 diagnosis, 20 Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) fl at warts (verrucae plana), 25 S. aureus/S. pyogenes causative for, clinical manifestations, 32 palmoplantar warts (myrmecia), 19, 197 in HIV infection, 187 25 similarity to mucormycosis, 109 lethal midline granuloma association, 209 nongenital mucosal disease in varicella zoster virus, 186, 200 in mucous membrane infections, 278–279 oral focal hyperplasia (Heck ecthyma gangrenosum, 109, 197, 214–215, in transplantation recipients, 201 disease), 27 295 treatment, 33 in mucous membrane infections ecthymatous (crusted) zoster, 186 equine encephalitis, 92 cytomegalovirus, 279 ectoparasite infestation, 92 erosion (as sign of acute infection), 8 Epstein-Barr virus, 278–279 Edwardsiella lineata anemone, 171–172 erosive pustular dermatosis (of the scalp), 263 HSV-1 and HSV-2, 276–278 efl ornithine erysipelas, 18 human papilloma virus, 280–281 for pseudofolliculitis barbae, 216 in diabetes mellitus, 249 Kaposi’s sarcoma, 280 for trypanosomiasis, 123 in elderly patients, 234 molluscum contagiosum, 281 Ehrlichia chaff eensis, 215 pitfalls and myths of, 21 parvovirus B19, 281 ehrlichiosis, 92 S. pyogenes as causative, 19 roseola infantum, 279–280 Eikenella corrodens, 317 in scalp infections, 262 varicella zoster (HSV-3), 278 elderly people, skin infections in treatment of, 20 parvoviruses, 34–35 bacterial infections erysipeloid (Baker-Rosenbach’s pox viruses cellulitis/erysipelas, 234 erysipeloid), 179 cowpox, 24 herpes zoster, 235 in children, 214

Index — 335

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, 179, 214 fl aviviruses. See Dengue fever; hepatitis C Foshay test, 4 erythema induratum of Bazin, 69–70 virus Fournier’s gangrene, 8 erythema infectiosum. See parvovirus B19 fl ea-borne diseases, 231–232 in diabetes mellitus, 251 erythema multiforme-like eruptions, fl uconazole treatment, 252 145–146 for Balamuthia mandrillaris, 122 free living amebas, 121–122 erythema nodosum (EN), 70, 75, 145 for coccidioidomycosis, 192 Frei’s test, 4 erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL), 81 for cryptococcosis, 112 fulminant meningococcal disease erythrasma for cutaneous cryptococcus, 191 (Waterhouse-Friderichsen in children, 214 for entomophthoromycosis, 111 syndrome), 323 clindamycin for, 214 with 5-fl uorocytosine, for candidiasis/ fungal infections (common) from Corynebacterium minutissimum, 214 cryptococcosis, 114 diagnostic procedures, 43–44 in diabetes mellitus, 249 for pityriasis versicolor, 53 epidemiology, 42–43 Whitfi eld’s ointment for, 214 for sporotrichosis, 102 historical background, 42 erythromycin for tinea capitis, 217, 258 pitfalls and myths, 53 for actinomycosis, 294 fl uconazole (oral) therapy, 44 (See also antifungal for bacillary angiomatosis, 189–190, 198 adverse eff ects, 47 medications) for cat-scratch disease, 215 for candidiasis, 191 fungal infections (deep) for chancroid, 313 for cryptococcal meningitis, 47 general information, 96 for diphtheria, 294 for dermatophyte fungal infections, 248 historical background, 96 for endemic treponematoses, 216 for old world leishmaniasis, 120, 143 opportunistic cutaneous infections, 114 for erythrasma, 249 for onychomycosis, 191 pitfalls and myths, 114–116 for granuloma inguinale, 315 for oropharyngeal/esophageal subcutaneous mycosis for pitted keratolysis, 214 candidiasis, 47 chromomycosis, 98–100 for scarlet fever, 212 for pityriasis versicolor, 53 mycetoma, 97–98 erythromycin-clindamycin double disk for tinea capitis, 51 rhinosporidiosis, 103–104 testing, 20 for tinea corporis/cruris/faciei, 50–51 sporotrichosis, 100–102, 193 ethambutol for tinea unguium (onychomycosis), 52 systemic mycosis for cutaneous TB treatment, 73 for vaginal candidiasis, 47, 248 blastomycosis (North American), for pulmonary tuberculosis, 292 fl ucytosine 105–106, 193 Exophiala, 113 for Balamuthia mandrillaris, 122 cryptococcosis, 111–112, 192 Exophiala jeanselmei, 113 for cryptococcosis, 112 entomophthoromycosis, 110–111 extrapulmonary paragonimiasis, 131 Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization (FISH), 5 histoplasmosis, 104–105 extrapulmonary tuberculosis, 5, 59 fl uoroquinolones hyalohyphomycosis, 113–114 for anthrax, 295 mucormycosis, 109–110 famciclovir for CA-MRSA, 20 paracoccidioidomycosis (S.A. for congenital herpes simplex, 30 for cellulitis/erysipelas, 234 blastomycosis), 106–109, 192 for genital herpes, 319 for malignant otitis externa, 251 chronic form (adult type), 107–108 for herpes simplex virus, 200, 277 for nocardiosis, 198 residual/sequel form, 108–109 for herpes zoster, 31, 264 follicular zoster, 186 phaeohyphomycosis, 112–113 for HSV-1/HSV-2, 250 folliculitis, 17 zygomycosis, 109 for varicella zoster virus, 31, 201 in AIDS/HIV, 186, 189 fungal infections in athletes for VZV, 187 in athletes, 239 tinea corporis gladiatorum, 243–244 Fasciola gigantica, 127, 130 carbuncles in, 234 tinea pedis, 243 Fasciola hepatica, 127, 130 in elderly patients, 234–235 fungal infections in children, 216–221 fascioliasis, 130 eosinophilic pustular folliculitis, 261 candidiasis, 220–221 fetal toxoplasmosis, 222 in HIV, 189 piedra, 220 Fibula nolitangere touch me not hot tub folliculitis, 19, 240 tinea capitis, 217–218 sponge, 174 pitfalls and myths of, 21 tinea cruris, 218 fi lariasis, 123–124, 150 in scalp infections, 260 tinea faceii, 218 Filoviridae virus, 153 eosinophilic pustular (EPF), 261 tinea imbricata (tokelau), 219 fi ngernail onychomycosis, 51 staphylococcal, 260–261 tinea incognito, 218 Finsen, Niels, 59 therapies for, 20 tinea nigra, 220 fi sh and aquatic dermatoses, 177–178 folliculitis decalvans, 262–263 tinea unguium (onychomycosis), 5-fl uorocytosine folliculitis keloidalis (acne keloidalis), 262 218–219 with amphotericin B Fonsecaea compacta dematiaceus fungus, fungal infections in elderly patients for aspergillosis/cryptococcosis/ 98–99, 156 candidiasis, 235–236 candidiasis, 114 Fonsecaea pedrosoi dematiaceus fungus, onychomycosis, 236 for chromoblastomycoses, 156 98–99, 156 tinea pedis/manum, 236–237 5-fl uorouracil injectable gel Fonseca’s disease. See chromoblastomycosis fungal infections in mucous membrane for condyloma acuminata, 188 foscarnet infections for oral fl orid papillomatosis, 281 for CMV, 187 chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, 286 fl at warts (verrucae plana), 25 for herpes simplex virus, 200 endemic mycoses, 288–290 treatment, 25 for HSV (in acyclovir-resistant patients), blastomycosis, 289 Flaviviridae genus, 151, 152 186 coccidioidomycosis, 289–290

336 — Index

fungal infections in mucous membrane Galen, on treatment of ulcerations, 59 pyogenic granulomata, 189, 197 infections (cont.) ganciclovir (oral), for CMV, 187, 202 from sea urchins, 173, 180 histoplasmosis, 288–289 Gardnerella (Haemophilus) vaginalis, 295 tuberculoid, 6, 7, 62, 70 paracoccidioidomycosis, 289 genital bite wounds, 316–317 granulomatous diseases, 2 nonendemic mycoses, 286–288 genital herpes, 318–319 entomophthorales infections, 111 aspergillosis, 288 in AIDS patients, 186 fi sh tank/swimming pool granulomas, 88, disseminated candidiasis, 286 from HSV-2, 27, 276 178, 244 mucormycosis, 286–287 genital ulcers, 3, 275 granuloma inguinale (donovanosis), 3, 6, superfi cial mycoses/Candida spp., 284–286 genital warts (condyloma acuminatum), 203 190–191 fungal infections of HIV infection clinical manifestations, 26 granulomatous dermatitis, 114 aspergillosis, 192 preventative therapies, 26 granulomatous meningo-encephalitis, blastomycosis/sporotrichosis, 193 treatment, 26 121 candidiasis, 191 gentamicin antibiotic ointment, for Old interstitial granulomatous dermatitis, coccidiomycosis, 192 World CL, 143–143 146–147 cryptococcus, 191 Germ Th eory paradigm, 275 lethal midline granulomas, 122, 209, 287 dermatophytosis, 191 gingival stomatitis, 27 lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV), histoplasmosis, 191–192 gingivitis, acute necrotizing ulcerative, 191 paracoccidiomycosis, 192 294–295 Majocchi’s disease, 191, 234 penicilliosis, 192–193 Glucantime® (meglumine antimonate), for mycetoma, 97–98 pneumocystosis, 191 Old World CL, 143 pbmycosis, 106 fungal infections of the nail unit, 269–273 glycopeptides, for cellulitis/erysipelas, 234 Wegner’s granulomatosis, 164 combined variants of onychomycosis, gnathostomiasis, 126–127 green foot, in athletes, 240 272–273 Gnathostomiasis americanum, 126 griseofulvin (oral), 47 distal/lateral subungual onychomycosis, Gnathostomiasis binucleatum, 126 for tinea capitis, 51, 217, 258 270 Gnathostomiasis doloresi, 126 for tinea imbricata (tokelau), 219 mid-plate onychomycosis, 272 Gnathostomiasis miyasaki, 126 group A b-hemolytic streptococci (GABHS) proximal subungual onychomycosis, 270 Gnathostomiasis procyonis, 126 blistering dactylitis from, 212 relapse of onychomycosis, 273 Gnathostomiasis spinigerum, 126 ecthyma from, 211 total dystrophic onychomycosis, 272 Gnathostomiasis turgidum, 126 impetigo from, 211 white/black superfi cial onychomycosis, gonococcal infection, 3 perianal streptococcal dermatitis from, 271–272 gonorrhea, 315–316 212 fungal infections of the scalp clinical presentation/diagnosis, scarlet fever from, 212 piedra, 258–259 315–316, 320 gyrate erythema, 78 pityriasis amiantacea, 256 epidemiology, 315 pityriasis capitis, 255–256 historical background, 310 H. capsulatum, 7 seborrheic dermatitis, 255–256 with HIV, 284 Haemagogus, 152 tinea capitis, 256–258 treatment, 316 Haemophilus ducreyi, 312, 313 fungating granulomas, 67 gram-negative bacteria (in children) Haemophilus infl uenza, 19, 213 fungi cat-scratch disease, 215 hair-cutting (treatment) dematieous fungi ecthyma gangrenosum, 214–215 for black piedra, 154 Cladosporium carrionii, 156 ehrlichiosis, 215 for white piedra, 154 Fonsecaea compacta, 156 gram-positive bacteria (in children) HA-MRSA. See hospital associated Fonsecaea pedrosoi, 156 blistering dactylitis, 212 methicillin resistant Staphylococcus Phialophora verrucosa, 156 ecthyma, 211 aureus Rhinocladiella aquaspersa, 98–99, 156 erysipeloid, 214 hand, foot, and mouth disease, 35–36, dimorphic fungi erythrasma, 214 283–284 Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, 106–109, impetigo, 211 Hansen, Gerhard Henrik Armauer, 76 158–159 necrotizing fascitis, 213 Hansen’s disease (leprosy). See also Sporothrix schenckii, 155, 155 orbital/periorbital cellulitis, 213 borderline lepromatous (BL) disease; Hortaea werneckii, 154 perianal streptococcal dermatitis, 212 borderline tuberculoid (BT) leprosy; Lacazia loboi, 102, 157 pitted keratolysis, 214 lepromatous leprosy (LL) furuncles, 17. See also carbuncles scarlet fever, 212 clinical fi ndings/classifi cation criteria in diabetes mellitus, 248 trichomycosis axillaris, 214 Ridley-Jopling (classifi cation), 78–80, S. aureus as causative, 19 granuloma annulare, 78 83 treatment, 20 granuloma annulare vs. Hansen’s disease WHO (classifi cation), 76, 80 furunculosis lesions, 78 epidemiology/microbiology/ in athletes, 238–239 granulomas transmission, 76–77 in elderly patients, 234–235 from Aphrodite aculeata (“sea mouse”), 176 historical background, 76 in mycobacterium fortuitum complex, 89 candidal, 222 hypersensitivity reactions, 80–82 Fusarium spp., 113, 270, 271–272 categories, 6 immunology/pathogenicity, 77 fusidic acid, for scalp cellulitis, 263 epithelioid, 74, 83 laboratory tests, 82–83 fungating, 67 pathology, 83–84 gabapentin lymphocytes in, 61 pitfalls/myths about, 86–87 for herpes zoster, 235 necrotizing, 141 treatment/therapy, 84–86 for post-herpetic neuralgia, 31 pelvic/peritoneal, 128 Hapalochlaena maculosa octopus, 174

Index — 337

helminths, 123–131 congenital varicella syndrome, 30 of pediatric skin infections, 211 cestodes, 128–130 infantile zoster, 31 of sexually transmitted diseases, 309–310 coenurosis, 129–130 neonatal varicella, 31 of skin surgery-related infections, 303 cysticercosis, 129 Kaposi sarcoma (HHV-8), 33–34 History of Animals (Aristotle), 117 echinococcosis, 129 roseola infantum (HHV-6), 33 HIV-related skin infections. See also sexually sparganosis, 129 treatment, 30 transmitted diseases (STDs) and HIV nematodes, 123–128 varicella zoster (HHV-3), 30 skin infections cutaneous larva migrans, 124–125 zoster (shingles), 31–32 acute exanthem dracunculiasis, 124–125 herpes virus B (herpes simiae), 34 cytomegalovirus, 187 enterobiasis, 128 herpes zoster virus (HSV), 3, 30, 207 Epstein-Barr virus, 187 fi lariasis, 123–124 in AIDS patients, 186 herpes simplex virus (types 1 gnathostomiasis, 126–127 diagnosis, 31 and 2), 186 loiasis, 124 in elderly patients, 235 human herpes virus 8, 188–189 mansonelliasis, 128 pediatric manifestations pox virus, 187 onchocerciasis, 124 eczema herpeticum, 225–226 varicella-zoster virus, 186–187 trichinellosis, 127–128 gingivostomatitis, 225 bacterial infections trematodes, 130–131 herpes gladiatorum, 226–227 bacillary angiomatosis, 189–190 fascioliasis, 130 herpetic whitlow, 226 folliculitis, 189 paragonimiasis, 131 in scalp infections, 264 impetigo, abscesses, cellulitis, schistosomiasis, 130 treatment, 31 necrotizing fascitis, 189 b-hemolytic Group A streptococci, 250 vaccination for, 31, 235 mycobacterial infections, 189 hemorrhagic fevers, 92, 151, 153. See also herpetic folliculitis, in AIDS patients, 186 co-infections South American hemorrhagic fevers herpetic whitlow, 186, 226 cutaneous lesions of histoplasmosis, hepatitis A virus (HAV), 36 HHV 4. See Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) 104 hepatitis B virus (HBV), 35 HHV-8. See Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS) cutaneous tuberculosis, 59, 72 clinical manifestations, 35 highly active antiretroviral therapy with Mycobacterium leprae, 83 diagnosis, 35 (HAART) diagnosis, 38 treatment, 35 causative for varicella zoster virus, 186 fungal infections hepatitis C virus (HCV), 37 for folliculitis, 189 aspergillosis, 192 clinical manifestations, 37 for HIV, 185, 310 blastomycosis/sporotrichosis, 193 treatment, 37 for oral hairy leukoplakia, 187 candidiasis, 191 Hermodice carunculata polychaetes, 176 for penicilliosis, 193 coccidiomycosis, 192 herpangina, 36, 276, 282–283 Hippocrates, 275 cryptococcus, 191 herpes labialis, 27, 240, 276 histoid leprosy, 80 dermatophytosis, 191 herpes simplex virus (HSV) Histoplasma, 3 histoplasmosis, 191–192 in athletes Histoplasma capsulatum, 104 paracoccidiomycosis, 192 activation, 240 Histoplasmin test, 4 penicilliosis, 192–193 skin-to-skin transmission, 240–241 histoplasmosis, 104–105 pneumocystosis, 191 chronic ulcerative, 30 diagnosis, 104 historical background, 185 generalized acute mucocutaneous, 30 in HIV infection, 191–192 mucous membrane infections, 284 in immunosuppressed patients, 29–30 in mucous membrane infections, parasitic/ectoparasitic infections in scalp infections, 264 288–289 acanthamebiasis, 193–194 systemic, 30 oral itraconazole for, 47 demodicidosis, 193 herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) treatment, 104–105 leishmaniasis, 194 clinical manifestations, 27 vs. molluscum contagiosum, 187 scabies, 193 diagnosis, 27 historical background from sexually transmitted diseases in HIV infection, 186 of AIDS, 185 (STDs) in mucous membrane infections, 276–278 of arthropod-borne infections, 92–93 granuloma inguinale (donovanosis), in transplantation recipients, 199–200 of athlete skin infections, 238 190–191 treatments, 29 of atypical mycobacterioses, 88 lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV), viral properties, 27 of bacterial/viral disease in transplant 191 herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) recipients, 195 syphilis, 190 clinical manifestations, 29 of cancer patients and skin infections, HLA-DQ1 association with lepromatous in HIV infection, 186 206 leprosy, 77 in mucous membrane infections, 276–278 of common bacterial infections, 18–19 Horta, Parreiras, 151 in transplantation recipients, 199–200 of common fungal infections, 42 Hortaea werneckii fungus, 154 treatments, 29 of cutaneous tuberculosis, 59 hospital associated methicillin resistant viral properties, 29 of HIV-related skin infections, 185 Staphylococcus aureus herpes virus, various presentations of of Kaposi sarcoma, 185 (HA-MRSA), 19 chickenpox, 30 of life-threatening skin infections, 322 hospital gangrene. See necrotizing fascitis congenital HSV, 30 management principles, 8 hot-tub folliculitis, 19, 20, 240, 261 cytomegalovirus (HHV-5), 33 of mucous membrane infections, 275 human African trypanosomiasis (sleeping Epstein-Barr virus (HHV-4), 31–32 of Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis, sickness), 122–123 human herpes virus 7, 33 135 human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA), in-utero infections of parasitology, 117 215

338 — Index

human herpes virus 3 (HHV-3). See varicella in children, 211 for lobomycosis, 158 zoster virus diagnosis, 20 for mycetoma, 157 human herpes virus 4 (HHV-4). See Epstein- in elderly patients, 234–235 for Old World CL, 143 Barr virus in HIV, 189 for onychomycosis, 191 human herpes virus 5 (HHV-5). See S. aureus/S. pyogenes causative for, 19 for paracoccidioidomycosis, 109, 159 cytomegalovirus in scalp infections, 261–262 for protothecosis, 175 human herpes virus 6 (HHV-6). See roseola treatment, 20 for tinea capitis, 217, 258 infantum In Situ Hybridization (ISH), 5 itraconazole (oral), 47 human herpes virus 7 (HHV-7), 33 Indians, and lepromatous leprosy, 77 adverse eff ects, 47 human herpes virus 8 (HHV-8). See Kaposi’s Indo-Aryans, 59 for North American blastomycosis, sarcoma induration (as sign of acute infection), 8 105–106 human monocytic ehrlichiosis (HME), 215 infections diseases, diagnostic techniques for penicilliosis, 193 human papillomavirus (HPV) culture, 3 for pityriasis versicolor, 53 anogenital disease intradermal reactions, 3–4 for sporotrichosis, 102 bowenoid papulosis, 26 molecular biology, 5–6 for tinea capitis, 51, 51 condyloma acuminatum, 26, 188 sample collection, 2 for tinea corporis/cruris/faciei, 50–51 verrucous carcinoma, 26–27 serology, 4–5 for tinea pedis/manuum, 47–50 in HIV infection, 187–188 skin biopsy, 6–7 for tinea unguium (onychomycosis), 52, low risk/high risk subtypes, 188 smears, 2–3 236 in mucous membrane infections, 280–281 infestations of children, 230–232 for toenail onychomycosis, 52 nongenital cutaneous diseases bedbugs, 232 itraconazole (topical), for tinea nigra, 154–155 Butcher’s warts, 26 blister beetles, 232 ivermectin common warts (verruca vulgaris), 25 caterpillars and moths, 232 for demodicidosis, 260 epidermodysplasia verruciformis fl eas, 231–232 with doxycycline for onchocerciasis, 124 (EV), 25–26 mites, 230–231 for fi lariasis, 124 fl at warts (verrucae plana), 25 papular urticaria, 231 for gnathostomiasis, 127 palmoplantar warts (myrmecia), 25 pediculosis, 230 for loiasis, 124 nongenital mucosal disease scorpions, 231 for mansonelliasis, 128 oral focal hyperplasia (Heck disease), spiders, 231 for onchocerciasis, 124 27 stinging insects, 232 for onchocercosis, 176 in transplantation recipients, 203 insect repellants. See DEET (N,N-diethyl-3- for scabies, 193, 260, 317–318 Hutchinson, Jonathan, 59 methylbenzamide) mosquito repellant Ixodes pacifi cus, 215 hyalohyphomycosis, 113–114 interferon a Ixodes scapularis, 215 causative agents, 113 for condyloma acuminata, 188 treatment, 113–114 for hepatitis B, 35 jellyfi sh, reactions to, 168–169 hydroids, reactions to, 172 for KS, 34 Jones, Joseph, 8 hyperbaric oxygenation, 9 interstitial granulomatous dermatitis, Jorge Lobo’s disease. See keloidal hyperglycemia control for diabetes skin 146–147 blastomycosis infections, 249, 251, 252 intradermal reactions, 3–4 hyper-IgE syndrome, 222 intraepidermal abscesses (in K. rhinoscleromatis, 7, 7 hyperimmune globulin, for South American chromomycosis), 99 Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS), 5, 33–34 hemorrhagic fevers, 153 intralesional interferon clinical manifestations, 33 for KS, 280 diagnosis, 34 IgG immunoglobulin, 9 for verrucae vulgaris/condyloma historical background, 185 IL-8 cytokine association with lepromatous acuminatum, 203 in HIV infection, 188–189 leprosy, 77 intralesional vinblastine, for KS, 34, 280 in mucous membrane infections, 280 IL-12 cytokine association with lepromatous in-utero herpes infections in transplantation recipients, 202 leprosy, 77 congenital varicella syndrome, 30 treatment, 34 imidazoles infantile zoster, 31 Katayama syndrome, 130 for localized Candida, 286 neonatal varicella, 31 keloidal blastomycosis, 102, 157 for piedra, 259 isoniazid ketoconazole imipenem, for nocardiosis, 198 for cutaneous TB treatment, 73 for entomophthoromycosis, 111 imiquimod (topical) for pulmonary tuberculosis, 292 for Old World CL, 143 for condyloma acuminata, 188 isotretinoin for paracoccidioidomycosis, 109 for molluscum contagiosum, 187 for erosive pustular dermatosis of for pityriasis versicolor, 53 for Old World CL, 144 scalp, 263 for tinea capitis, 51, 258 for verrucae vulgaris/condyloma for scalp cellulitis, 263 for tinea corporis/cruris/faciei, 50 acuminatum, 203 Ito Reenstierna test, 4 for tinea pedis/manuum, 47 immune reconstitution infl ammatory itraconazole ketoconazole (oral), 47 syndrome (IRIS), 186 for candidiasis, 191 adverse eff ects, 47 immunoglobulin (IV) for coccidioidomycosis, 192 for dermatophyte fungal infections, 248 for staphylococcal TSS, 325 for cutaneous cryptococcus, 191 for North American blastomycosis, for streptococcal TSS, 326 for entomophthoromycosis, 111 105–106 impetigo, 18 for histoplasmosis, 192 for pityriasis versicolor, 53 in athletes, 238 for hyalohyphomycosis, 113 for protothecosis, 175

Index — 339

ketoconazole (shampoo), 256 Leishmanin test (Montenegro test), 4 for Balamuthia mandrillaris, 122 for tinea capitis, 217, 218 lepromatous leprosy (LL), 4, 7, 77, 79 for perianal streptococcal dermatitis, 212 for tinea corporis gladiatorum, 244 histopathology, 83 Madurella mycetomatis grains, 156 ketoconazole (topical) HLA-DQ1 association, 77 Majocchi’s granuloma, 191 for tinea nigra, 154–155 Lucio’s phenomenon in, 82 malaria, 92, 93, 95, 150 for tinea pedis/manuum, 47–50, 236 oral lesions in, 292 Malassezia globosa yeast, 256 for white piedra, 154 resemblance to disseminated Malassezia restricta yeast, 256 Klebsiella pneumoniae, 19 coccidioidomycosis, 147 malathion Koch, Robert, 59 Lepromin test, 4 for pediculosis capitis, 259 KOH preparations, 2–3 leprosy. See Hansen’s disease for public lice, 318 Leptospira, 4 malignant otitis externa, 251 L. loboi (lobomycosis), 3, 7 Letterer-Siwe syndrome, 74 malignant skin infections Lacazia loboi fungus, 102, 157 lichen scrofulosorum (LS), 68–69, 75 angiosarcoma, 209 Laennec, Rene, 59 lidocaine (topical) breast cancer, infl ammatory, 208–209 larva currens, 126 for herpes zoster, 235 cancers metastatic to skin, 210 larva migrans cutanea, 176–177 for HSV, 277 keratoacanthoma, 209–210 laser treatment for oral infections, 275, 277 lethal midline granuloma, 209 for Bowenoid papulosis, 26 for post-herpetic neuralgia, 31 leukemia cutis, 208 for condyloma acuminata, 188 life-threatening skin infections lymphoma, 208 for folliculitis keloidalis, 262 historical background, 322 squamous cell cancer, 209 for oral fl orid papillomatosis, 281 meningococcal disease, 322–323 Stewart-Treves syndrome, 209 for pseudofolliculitis barbae, 216 Rocky Mountain spotted fever, 92, verrucous carcinoma, 209 for rhinoscleroma, 294 323–324 management principles for verrucae vulgaris/condyloma staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome, clinical diagnosis, 8 acuminatum, 203, 228 324–325 historical background, 8 Lassa fever, 153 streptococcal toxic shock syndrome, laboratory diagnosis, 8 Latruncula magnifi ca red sponge, 174 325–327 myths/pitfalls, 9–13 Laws of Manu, 59 ligase based method (of PCR), 5 treatment, 8–9 Leão, Arêa, 151 lindane Mansonella ozzardi, 128 leeches, reactions to, 176 for demodicidosis, 260 Mansonella perstans, 128 Legionella, 4 for pediculosis capitis, 259 Mansonella streptocerca, 128 Leishman, W. B., 135 for scabies, 260 mansonelliasis, 128 Leishmania aethiopica, 117–118 topical, for scabies, 317–318 Mantoux test, 4 Leishmania amazonensis, 119, 161 linear streaking along lymphatics (as sign of maprotiline, for post-herpetic neuralgia, Leishmania braziliensis (viannia), 117, 120, acute infection), 8 31 150, 160–161 linezolid Marburg/Ebola virus, 153 Leishmania chagasi, 119 for impetigo/folliculitis/furunculosis, Masters of the Salerno School of Medicine, Leishmania donovani, 117, 119 235–234 59 Leishmania guyanensis, 161 for MRSA strains, 20 Mastomys natalensis rodent, 153 Leishmania infantum, 117–118, 119 for nocardiosis, 198 measles/rubeola, 36–37 Leishmania major, 117–118 for S. aureus, 196 clinical manifestations, 36 Leishmania mexicana, 117 Linuche unguiculata jellyfi sh, 171–172 diagnosis, 37 Leishmania panamensis, 120 Loa loa, 124 in mucous membrane infections, 283 Leishmania peruviana, 117 Lobo, Jorge, 102, 151 ProQuad vaccine for, 278 Leishmania tropica, 117 lobomycosis, 102–103, 151 treatment, 37 leishmaniasis, 92, 117–121. See also anergic diagnosis, 103 mebendazole leishmaniasis; mucocutaneous/ treatment, 103 for dracunculiasis, 125 tegmental leishmaniasis; Old World loiasis, 124 for enterobiasis, 128 cutaneous leishmaniasis lower extremity cellulitis, pitfalls and for trichinellosis, 128 classifi cations myths, 21 melarsoprol, for trypanosomiasis, 123 cutaneous leishmaniasis, 117 Lucio’s phenomenon, 82, 84, 85 Meleney’s ulcer, 8 diff use cutaneous, 4 lupoid rosacea, 74 meningococcal conjugate lupus leishmaniasis, 74 lupus leishmaniasis, 74 vaccine A, C, Y, W-135, 323 mucocutaneous leishmaniasis, 119 lupus vulgaris, 59, 62–64, 74, 78 meningococcal disease new world leishmaniasis, 118–121 Lutz, Adolpho, 151 clinical manifestations, 322–323 old World leishmaniasis, 117–118 Lutzomyia genera, 117 diagnosis, 323 clinical manifestations, 161, 296 Lyme disease, 92, 95, 215 management, 323 diagnosis, 120 lymphadenopathy (as sign of acute pitfalls and myths, 327 in HIV infection, 194 infection), 8 meningoencephalitis, 152, 152 in Texas, borne by sandfl ies, 92 lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV), 309, methicillin, introduction of, 19 treatment, 120–121 313–314 methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus vacuolated histiocytes with Lyngbya majuscola seaweed, 174 (MRSA), 19, 20, 189, 195, 238, 262 lymphoplasmacytic infi ltrate methicillin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus in, 6 macrolides (MSSA), 19, 195 visceral, 4 for atypical mycobacterioses, 90 N-methylglucamine, for leishmaniasis, 164

340 — Index

methylprednisolone, for post-herpetic mouth rinses with topical anesthetic agents, protozoa neuralgia, 31 for HSV 1/2 infections, 277 leishmaniasis, 296–297 metronidazole MRSA. See methicillin resistant trichomoniasis, 296 for acute necrotizing ulcerative Staphylococcus aureus RNA retroviruses, 284 gingivitis, 295 mucocutaneous/tegmental leishmaniasis, HIV, 284 for bacterial vaginosis, 295 160–164 human T-lymphotropic virus, 284 for demodicidosis, 260 clinical manifestations, 161–164 RNA viruses, 281–284 for dracunculiasis, 125 diagnosis, 164 hand-foot-and-mouth disease, 281–282 IV/oral, for enteric amebiasis, 121 mosquito vectors, 161 herpangina, 282–283 for noma, 295 transmission, 161 measles, 283 for trichomoniasis, 296 treatment, 164 mumps, 283 miconazole Mucorales (Zygomycosis), 109 rubella, 283–284 for erythrasma, 249 mucormycosis, 7, 109–110. See also sexually transmitted bacterial infections for hyalohyphomycosis, 113 rhinocerebral mucormycosis spirochetes, 291 for pityriasis versicolor, 53 clinical patterns, 109, 287 syphilis, 291–292 for tinea corporis/cruris/faciei, 50 diagnosis, 287 mumps for tinea pedis/manuum, 47 treatment, 110, 287 in mucous membrane infections, 283 topical, for tinea nigra, 154–155 mucous membrane infections ProQuad vaccine for, 278 miconazole nitrate 1%, for tinea pedis/ bacterial infections, other mupirocin (topical) manuum, 47 actinomycosis, 294 for folliculitis, 20, 239 microbial paronychial infections, 268 acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis, for impetigo, 20, 211 Microciona prolifera sponge, 174 294–295 for nasal carriage, 21 Micrococcus (Kytococcus) sedentarius, 214 anthrax, 295 for S. aureus in transplant recipients, 196 Micrococcus spp., 189 bacterial vaginosis, 295 mycetoma, 97–98, 156–157 Microsporum audouinii, 256 diphtheria, 293–294 Mycobacterium abscessus, 3 Microsporum canis, 256 mycoplasma pneumoniae, 296 Mycobacterium africanum, 60 Microsporum distortum, 256 noma (cancrum oris/gangrenous Mycobacterium avium complex, 89, 292 mid-plate onychomycosis, 272 stomatitis), 295 Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Miller’s nodules (Paravaccinia) pseudomonas aeruginosa, 295 lymphadenitis, 64, 74 clinical manifestations, 24 rhinoscleroma, 294 Mycobacterium bovis, 60, 64. See also diagnosis, 24 staphylococcus, 293 scrofuloderma treatment, 24 streptococcus, 293 Mycobacterium chelonae, 3 miltefosine, for Old World CL, 144 tetanus, 296 Mycobacterium chelonae-Mycobacterium minocycline. See also ROM therapy DNA viruses abscessus complex, 89 for atypical mycobacteria, 244 Epstein-Barr virus, 278–279 Mycobacterium fortuitum, 3 for mycobacterium marinum, 179 human papilloma virus, Mycobacterium fortuitum complex, 89 for nocardiosis, 198 280–281 Mycobacterium kansasii, 4, 88 Mitsuda lepromin antigen, 4 human simplex 1 and 2, Mycobacterium leprae, 3, 4, 5, 7, 60, 76, MMR (measles, mumps, rubella) 276–278 292–293. See also Hansen’s disease vaccination, 283 Kaposi’s sarcoma, 280 Mycobacterium marinum, 7, 67, 88, 173, Moh’s surgery, 303, 305 molluscum contagiosum, 281 178–179 molecular biology, 5–6 parvovirus B19, 281 Mycobacterium microti, 60 molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV), roseola infantum, 279–280 Mycobacterium scrofulaceum, 4, 64, 74, 89 7, 23 varicella zoster, 278 Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 3, 4, 6, 7, 60, 61. in athletes, 241–242 fungal infections See also cutaneous tuberculosis in children, 228–229 chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, causative for tuberculosis, 292 clinical manifestations, 23 286 classifi cation, 62 in HIV infection, 187 endemic mycoses, 288–290 diagnosis, 61–62 in mucous membrane infections, 281 blastomycosis, 289 histopathology, 70–71 in transplantation recipients, 202–203 coccidioidomycosis, 289–290 HIV and, 72 treatment, 23 histoplasmosis, 288–289 PCR for, 189 mollusks and aquatic dermatoses, 174 paracoccidioidomycosis, 289 Mycobacterium ulcerans, 3–5, 7 monkeypox, in children, 229 nonendemic mycoses, 286–288 mycoplasma pneumoniae, 296 Montenegro, João, 151 aspergillosis, 288 Mycosel anaerobes, 3 Montenegro test (Leishmanin test), 4 disseminated candidiasis, 286 Mosquito Magnet (mosquito trap), 95 mucormycosis, 286–287 Naegleria spp., 121 mosquito vectors superfi cial mycoses/Candida spp., naft ifi ne hydrochloride 1%, for tinea pedis/ of Barmah Forest virus, 153 284–286 manuum, 47 of mucocutaneous/tegmental historical background, 275 nail unit infections leishmaniasis, 161 mycobacterial infections fungal infections, 269–273 of West Nile virus, 152 leprosy, 292–293 combined variants of onychomycosis, of Yellow fever, 152 mycobacterium avium intracellulare, 272–273 moths and caterpillars, 232 292 distal/lateral subungual mouse-borne diseases, 92 tuberculosis, 292 onychomycosis, 270

Index — 341

mid-plate onychomycosis, 272 nonsteroidal anti-infl ammatory drugs Panstrongylus megistus parasite, 160 proximal subungual onychomycosis, (NSAIDs) papular urticaria, 231 270 association with gangrene, 8 papulonecrotic tuberculids, 68, 75 relapse of onychomycosis, 273 for ENL treatment, 84 Paracentrotus lividus sea anemone, 172 total dystrophic onychomycosis, for HSV 1 and 2 infections, 277 paracoccidioidomycosis (South American 272 for HSV infection, 277 blastomycosis), 6, 106–109, 158–159 white/black superfi cial for multibacillary/paucibacillary acute/subacute form (childhood/juvenile onychomycosis, 271–272 disease, 84 type), 106–107 historical background, 268 North American blastomycosis, 6, 105–106 chronic form (adult type), 107–108 paronychial infections diagnosis, 105 clinical manifestations, 106, 158 acute, 268–269 treatment, 105–106 diagnosis, 108, 158–159 chronic, 269 Nucleic Acid Sequence-based Amplifi cation discovery of, 151 microbial, 268 (NASBA), 5 in HIV infection, 192 pitfalls and myths, 273 nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors in mucous membrane infections, structure of nail unit, 268 (NRTIs), 38 289–290 necrosis (as sign of acute infection), 8 residual/sequel form, 108–109 necrosis lipoidica vs. Hansen’s disease Occult amigdalitis paracoccidioica, 107 treatment, 108–109, 159 lesions, 78 Ochlerotatus mosquito, 152, 153 paragonimiasis, 131. See also necrotizing fascitis, 8 Octopus vulgaris, 174 extrapulmonary paragonimiasis; in children, 213 olamine (topical) scrotal paragonimiasis in diabetes mellitus, 250 for tinea pedis/manuum, 47 Paragonimiasis westermani, 131 diff erentiation of via creatinine for white piedra, 154 Paramyxoviridae virus, 153 phosphokinase, 8 Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), parasitic infections of the scalp in elderly patients, 235 117–118 demodicidosis, 260 in HIV, 189 clinical presentation, 138–140 pediculosis capitis, 259–260 HIV infection and, 189 diagnosis, 140–141 scabies, 260 medication for epidemiology, 135–136 parasitology cefoperazone sodium, 213 historical background, 135 helminths, 123–131 clindamycin for, 213 patient follow-up, 144 cestodes, 128–130 creatinine phosphokinase, 213 prevention, 137–138 nematodes, 123–128 in transplant recipients, 197 transmission: sandfl y vector/Leishmania trematodes, 130–131 Neisseria gonorrhoeae, 2, 315, 316 lifecycle, 136–137 historical background, 117 Neisseria meningitidis, 4, 322, 322 treatment, 141–144 pitfalls and myths, 131 nematocysts of coelenterates, 168 Onchocerca skin test, 4 protozoa nematodes, 123–128 Onchocerca volvulus, 124, 175 enteric amebiasis, 121 and aquatic dermatoses, 176–177 onchocerciasis, 123, 124, 175–176 free living amebas, 121–122 cutaneous larva migrans, 124–125 onychomycosis. See also tinea unguium leishmaniasis, 117 (see also dracunculiasis, 124–125 dermatophyte onychomycosis, 47, 52 leishmaniasis) enterobiasis, 128 distal subungual onychomycosis, 236 trypanosomiasis, 122–123 fi lariasis, 123–124 distal/lateral subungual, 270 parenteral penicillin, for congenital syphilis, gnathostomiasis, 126–127 mid-plate, 272 223 loiasis, 124 proximal subungual, 270 Parinaud’s oculoglandular syndrome, 215 mansonelliasis, 128 relapse of, 273 PARK2 promoter region, association with onchocerciasis, 124 total dystrophic, 272 Hansen’s disease, 77 trichinellosis, 127–128 white/black superfi cial, 271–272 paromomycin (topical), for Old World CL, new world leishmaniasis, 118–121 opiates, for herpes zoster, 235 143 nifurtimox oral hairy leukoplakia (OHL), 187 paronychial infections of the nail unit for American trypanosomiasis, 123 orbital cellulitis, 213, 287 acute, 268–269 for Chagas’ disease, 160 orf virus, 81.10 chronic, 269 N-methylglucamine, for leishmaniasis, 164 organomegaly, 130 microbial, 268 nocardia, 2, 198, 264 orifi cial tuberculosis, 67–68, 74–75 parvovirus B19, 35 Nocardia asteroides, 198 oropharyngeal candida (thrush), 221 clinical manifestations, 34 Nocardia brasiliensis, 97, 156 oropharyngeal/esophageal candidiasis, 47 diagnosis, 35 nocturnal pruritus, 260 otitis externa (malignant), 246, 251–252 in mucous membrane infections, 281 noma (cancrum oris/gangrenous oxygen therapy, for Dengue fever, 152 treatment, 35 stomatitis), 295 paucibacillary disease treatment guidelines non-bullous impetigo, 211 P. braziliensis (South American (WHO), 84 nongenital cutaneous diseases blastomycosis). See pbmycosis. See paracoccidioidomycosis Butcher’s warts, 26 paracoccidioidomycosis (South American blastomycosis) common warts (verruca vulgaris), 25 Paecilomyces spp., 113 PCR. See polymerase chain reaction (PCR) epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV), PAIR ((percutaneous aspiration, infusion pediatric infestations, 230–232 25–26 of scolicidal agents, respiration)) bedbugs, 232 fl at warts (verrucae plana), 25 procedure, 129 blister beetles, 232 palmoplantar warts (myrmecia), 25 palmoplantar warts (myrmecia), 25 caterpillars and moths, 232

342 — Index

pediatric infestations (cont.) papular urticaria, 231 pentoxifylline, for ENL treatment, 84 fl eas, 231–232 pediculosis, 230 perianal streptococcal dermatitis, in mites, 230–231 scorpions, 231 children, 212 papular urticaria, 231 spiders, 231 periorbital cellulitis, in children, 213 pediculosis, 230 stinging insects, 232 peripheral neuropathies, from Hansen’s scorpions, 231 pseudofolliculitis barbae, 216 disease, 76 spiders, 231 spirochetes, 215–216 perleche (angular cheilitis), 221 stinging insects, 232 endemic treponematoses, 215–216 permethrin (topical) pediatric periorbital cellulitis, 19 Lyme disease, 215 for demodicidosis, 260 pediatric skin infections viral diseases for pediculosis capitis, 259 clinical infections HSV manifestations for public lice, 318 angular cheilitis (perleche), 221 eczema herpeticum, 225–226 for scabies, 193, 260 chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis gingivostomatitis, 225 phaeohyphomycosis, 112–113 (CMC), 221–222 herpes gladiatorum, 226–227 Phialophora verrucosa, 98–99, 113, 156 chronic paronychia, 221 herpetic whitlow, 226 phlebotominae insects (vectors), 161 congenital candidiasis, 221 molluscum and poxviridae, 228–229 Phlebotomus papatasi, 136 diaper dermatitis (monilial diaper monkeypox, 229 Phlebotomus sandfl y, 117, 136–137. dermatitis), 221 vaccinia and variola, 229–230 See also Old World cutaneous invasive fungal dermatitis, 221 verruca, 227–228 leishmaniasis (CL) oropharyngeal candida (thrush), 221 pediatric streptococcal dermatitis, 212 Phlebotomus sergenti, 136 spontaneous intestinal perforation, 221 pediculosis, 154, 230 photodynamic therapy, for Old World CL, systemic candidiasis, 221 pediculosis capitis (of the scalp), 259–260 144 congenital infections, 222–225 Pediculosis humanus capitis parasite, 259 Physalia physalis physaliae (Portuguese man- cytomegalovirus, 224 pediculosis pubis, 318 of-war), 172 neonatal HSV, 225 Pedroso and Lane’s mycosis. See Physalia utriculus physaliae, 172 parvovirus B19, 225 chromoblastomycosis physaliae, reactions to, 172 rubella, 223–224 peginterferon a for hepatitis C virus, 37 picornaviruses syphilis, 222–223 pegylated interferon + ribavirin for hepatitis Enteroviruses varicella zoster, 225 C virus, 37 hand, foot, and mouth disease, 35–36 eosinophilic pustula folliculitis, 216 Pelagia noctiluca jellyfi sh, 168 hepatovirus: hepatitis A, 36 fungal infections, 216–221 Pelodera strongyloides, 125 herpangina, 36 dermatophytes penciclovir, for herpes labialis, 277 Piedra hortae, 258 candidiasis, 220–221 penicillin piedra nigra, 151, 220 piedra, 220 for actinomycosis, 294 Piedraia hortai, 151 tinea capitis, 217–218 for acute necrotizing ulcerative pilocarpine preparations tinea cruris, 218 gingivitis, 295 for leprosy diagnosis, 79 tinea faceii, 218 for anthrax, 295 for pubic lice, 318 tinea imbricata (tokelau), 219 anti-pseudomonal, for ecthyma Pirquet test, 4 tinea incognito, 218 gangrenosum, 215 pitfalls and myths tinea nigra, 220 for cellulitis/erysipelas, 234 of arthropod-borne infections, 95 tinea unguium (onychomycosis), for erysipeloid, 214 of athletic skin infections, 244 218–219 for folliculitis keloidalis, 262 of atypical mycobacterioses, 90–91 gram-negative bacteria, 214–215 for impetigo/folliculitis/furunculosis, of cancer-related skin infections, 208 cat-scratch disease, 215 235–234 of common fungal infections, 53 ecthyma gangrenosum, 214–215 introduction of, 18 of cutaneous tuberculosis, 73–75 ehrlichiosis, 215 with metronidazole of deep fungal infections, 114–116 gram-positive bacteria, 211–214 for Fournier’s gangrene, 252 of diabetic skin infections, 251 blistering dactylitis, 212 for necrotizing fascitis, 252 of elderly patient skin infections, 237 ecthyma, 211 for noma, 295 of erysipelas, 21 erysipeloid, 214 for perianal streptococcal dermatitis, 212 of folliculitis, 21 erythrasma, 214 for S. pyogenes caused erysipelas, 20 of Hansen’s disease, 86–87 impetigo, 211 for scarlet fever, 212 of HIV-related skin infections, 90–91 necrotizing fascitis, 213 for streptococcal pharyngitis, 293 of lower extremity cellulitis, 21 orbital/periorbital cellulitis, 213 penicillin G, for syphilis, 223, 312 of marine biotic agents, 179–181 perianal streptococcal dermatitis, 212 penicilliosis, in HIV infection, 192–193 of meningococcal disease, 327 pitted keratolysis, 214 Penicillium marneff ei infection, 187 of mucous membrane infections, 297 scarlet fever, 212 Penicillium spp., 113, 187 of nail unit infections, 273 trichomycosis axillaris, 214 pentamidine of parasitology, 131 historical background, 211 for Balamuthia mandrillaris, 122 of pediatric skin infections, 232 infestations, 230–232 for enteric amebiasis, 121 of Rocky Mountain spotted fever, 327 bedbugs, 232 for trypanosomiasis, 123 of scalp infections, 264–265 blister beetles, 232 pentavalent antimonials, for leishmaniasis, of sexually transmitted disease, 319–320 caterpillars and moths, 232 164, 297 of skin infections, 9–13 fl eas, 231–232 Pentostam® (sodium stibogluconate), for Old of staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome, mites, 230–231 World CL, 121, 143, 164 327

Index — 343

of surgical skin infections, 306–307 protozoa. See also individual Leishmania for verrucae vulgaris/condyloma of tropical infections, 164–165 species acuminatum, 203, 228 of viral skin infections, 38 Chagas’ disease, 159–160 Rhabdoviridae virus, 153 pitted keratolysis enteric amebiasis, 121 rhinocerebral mucormycosis, 251 in athletes, 239–240 free living amebas, 121–122 Rhinocladiella aquaspersa dematieous in children, 214 leishmaniasis, 117. See also leishmaniasis fungus, 98–99, 156 pityriasis amiantacea (of the scalp), 256 mucocutaneous/tegmental leishmaniasis, rhinophycomycosis, 110 pityriasis capitis (of the scalp), 255–256 160–164 rhinoscleroma, 294 pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta in mucous membrane infections rhinosporidiosis, 103–104 (PLEVA), 74 leishmaniasis, 296–297 Rhinosporidium seeberi, 103 pityriasis versicolor (PV), antifungal trichomoniasis, 296 Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Brown dog tick), medications for, 52–53 trypanosomiasis, 122–123 323 PLEVA. See pityriasis lichenoides et American trypanosomiasis, 123 Rhizomucor pusillus, 109 varioliformis acuta (PLEVA) human African trypanosomiasis, Rhizopodiformis, 109 Pliny the Elder, on tuberculosis, 59 122–123 Rhizopus arrhizus (oryzae), 109 Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, 185 proximal subungual onychomycosis (PSO), Rhizopus microsporus var., 109 pneumocystosis 236, 270 Rhodnius prolixus parasite, 160 cutaneous, 187 Pseudallescheria boydii, 113 ribavirin in HIV infection, 191 pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia (in for chronic HCV, 37 podophyllin (topical) chromomycosis), 99, 114 for South American hemorrhagic fevers, for molluscum contagiosum, 187 pseudolymphoma of the skin, 74 153 for oral hairy leukoplakia, 187 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 19, 189, 214–215, Rickettsia rickettsii, 323 podophyllotoxin solution (or resin) 251, 295, 303 rickettsial disease, 92, 95, 311 for anogenital warts, 319 psoriasis Ridley-Jopling classifi cation of Hansen’s for condyloma acuminata, 188 guttate psoriasis, 211, 212 disease, 78–80, 83 for oral fl orid papillomatosis, 281 impetigo infections from, 261 rifampicin for oral hairy leukoplakia, 279 mimicking of for CA-MRSA, 20 for verrucae vulgaris/condyloma by lupus vulgaris, 74 with clindamycin, for scalp cellulitis, 263 acuminatum, 203 by onychomycosis, 53 for cutaneous TB treatment, 73 polychaetes, dermatitis from, 176 nail dystrophy from, 236 for multibacillary disease, 84 polymerase chain reaction (PCR), 5, 7, 38 pityriasis amiantacea from, 256 for nasal carriage issues, 21 posaconazole, 110, 287 vs. Hansen’s disease lesions, 78 for Old World CL, 144 potassium iodide (KI) pubic lice, 318 for paucibacillary disease, 84 for entomophthoromycosis, 111 Public Health Service (PHS) paucibacillary for rhinoscleroma, 294 for sporotrichosis, 102 disease treatment guidelines, 84 rifampin povidone iodine shampoo, for tinea pulmonary tuberculosis, 5 for actinomycetoma management, 98 capitis, 51 pustulation (as sign of acute infection), 8 for atypical mycobacteria, 244 pox viruses pyrazinamide for cat-scratch disease, 215 Molluscum Contagiosum (MCV), 23 for cutaneous TB treatment, 73 for cutaneous tuberculosis, 73 orthopox for pulmonary tuberculosis, 292 for ehrlichiosis, 215 cowpox, 24 pyrethrin extracts, for pediculosis capitis, for leprosy, 293 monkey pox, 24 259 for meningococcal disease, 323 smallpox, 23 pyrithione zinc shampoo, 256 for multibacillary disease, 84 vaccinia, 24 for pulmonary tuberculosis, 292 parapox quinine, for tularemia, 95 Rig Veda, 59 Miller’s nodules (Paravaccinia), 24 quinolones RNA retroviruses in mucous membrane orf, 24 for atypical mycobacterioses, 90 infections PPD-Y intradermal reaction, 4 for cellulitis/erysipelas, 234 HIV, 284 praziquantel quinupristin/dalfopristin, for MRSA human T-lymphotropic virus, 284 for cysticercosis, 129 strains, 20 RNA viruses for fasciolasis, 130 fl aviviruses: hepatitis C, 37 for paragonimiasis, 131 Rabello, Francisco, 151 in mucous membrane infections, 281–284 pregabalin, for post-herpetic neuralgia, 31 ravuconazole, for mucormycosis, 110 hand-foot-and-mouth disease, primary cutaneous coccidioidomycosis, recalcitrant cutaneous dermatophyte, 47 281–282 147–148 “reinfection” tuberculosis, 60 herpangina, 282–283 primary inoculation tuberculosis relapsing fever, 92 measles, 283 (tuberculosus chancre), 67 repellants for insects. See DEET (N,N- mumps, 283 progressive hypertrophic familial neuropathy diethyl-3-methylbenzamide) rubella, 283–284 and Hansen’s disease, 78 mosquito repellant paramyxoviruses: rubeola/measles, 36–37 Propionibacterium acnes, 262 retapamulin ointment, for impetigo, 20 picornaviruses ProQuad vaccine, for measles/mumps/ retinoids (topical) enteroviruses varicella, 278 for Bowenoid papulosis, 26 hand, foot, and mouth disease, Prototheca green seaweed mutant, 174 for KS, 34 35–36 Prototheca wickerhamii, 174 for molluscum contagiosum, 229, 264 hepatovirus: hepatitis A, 36 protothecosis infection, 174–175 for pseudofolliculitis barbae, 216 herpangina, 36

344 — Index

RNA viruses (cont.) pityriasis capitis, 255–256 Silva, Flaviano, 151 retroviruses: HIV, 37–38 seborrheic dermatitis, 255–256 skin surgical site infections (SSIs) togaviruses: rubella (German historical background, 255 defi nition/classifi cation, 303–304 measles), 37 from intrauterine fetal monitoring historical background, 303 Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF), 92, devices, 262 intrinsic risk factors, 304 323–324 parasitic infections management/prevention clinical manifestations, 324 demodicidosis, 260 antibiotic prophylaxis, 306 diagnosis, 324 pediculosis capitis, 259–260 aseptic technique, 305 historical background, 322 scabies, 260 surgical site care, 305–306 management, 324 pitfalls and myths, 264–265 procedure-related risk factors Roger of Palermo, 275 postoperative infections, 262 bleeding during procedure, 304–305 Rokintansky, Carl, 59 with presumed bacterial etiology location, 304 ROM therapy (rifampin 600 mg, ofl oxacin acne miliaris necrotica, 262 type of lesion, 304 400 mg, minocycline 100 mg), 84 dissecting cellulitis, 262–263 type of procedure and repair, 304 roseola infantum (HHV 6), 33 erosive pustular dermatosis, 263 “Slapped Cheeks.” See parvovirus B19 bone marrow transplant patients and, folliculitis decalvans, 262–263 sleeping sickness. See human African 33 folliculitis keloidalis (acne keloidalis), trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) clinical manifestations, 33 262 smallpox virus diagnosis, 33 scalp anatomy, 255 clinical manifestations, 23 HIV and, 33 in transplant patients, 264 vaccination for, 23, 229 in mucous membrane infections, 279–280 unusual infections sodium stibogluconate (Pentostam®), for treatment, 33 mycobacterial infection, 264 leishmaniasis, 121, 143, 164 rubella (German measles), 37 syphilis, 263–264 South American blastomycosis clinical manifestations, 37 viral infections (P. braziliensis). See congenital, 223–224 herpes viral infections, 264 paracoccidioidomycosis (South diagnosis, 37 molluscum contagiosum, 264 American blastomycosis) treatment, 37 warts, 264 South American hemorrhagic fevers, 153 rubeola (measles), 36–37 Scedosporium apiospermum, 113 sparganosis, 129 clinical manifestations, 36 Schistosoma hematobium, 130 spectinomycin, for gonorrhea, 315–316 diagnosis, 37 Schistosoma japonicum, 130 Spherulin test, 4 in mucous membrane infections, 283 Schistosoma mansoni, 130 spiders, 231 ProQuad vaccine for, 278 schistosomal dermatitis. See cercarial spirochetes (in children) treatment, 37 dermatitis (swimmer’s itch) endemic treponematoses, 215–216 Rudolph, Max, 151 schistosomiasis, 130, 150 Lyme disease, 215 Scopulariopsis brevicaulis, 219, 236, 270, 271 Spirometra spp., 129 Saksenaea vasiformis, 109 Scopulariopsis spp., 113 sponges and aquatic dermatoses, 174 salicylates, 277, 278 scorpions, 231 Sporothrix schenckii dimorphic fungus, 155 salicylic acid Scrofulin intradermal reaction, 4 sporotrichosis, 6, 64, 100–102 for Butcher’s warts, 26 scrofuloderma, 59, 64, 74 cutaneous forms, 100–101 for common warts, 25 scrotal paragonimiasis, 131 diagnosis, 101–102, 155 for tinea nigra, 154–155 Scytalidium dimidiatum, 272 extra-cutaneous forms, 101 for verruca, 228 sea bather’s eruption, 171–172 treatment, 102 for verruca vulgaris/condyloma sea urchins, reactions to, 172–173 zoonotic transmission, 155 acuminatum, 25, 203 seborrheic dermatitis, 255–256 Sporotrichum, 7 sandfl y-borne diseases, 92, 136–137, secondary syphilis, 74 squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) 137. See also Old World cutaneous selenium sulfi de anogenital, 187 leishmaniasis for piedra, 259 from chronic sun exposure, 203 Sappinia diploidea, 121 for tinea capitis, 51, 217 diff erentiation from tuberculosis, 65 sarcoidal granulomas, 6 selenium sulfi de shampoos, 51, 217, 256 epidermoid, 99 Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis, 260, 317 sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and lesion excision, 303 scabies, 317–318 HIV skin infections oral, 280 causative agents, 193 anogenital warts, 319 PS as suggestive of, 114 diagnosis, 2 chancroid, 309, 312–313 subungual, 209 in HIV infection, 193 genital bite wounds, 316–317 squamous cell carcinoma in situ (SCCIS), vs. onchocerciasis, 124 genital herpes, 318–319 203 scalp infections gonorrhea, 310, 315–316 staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome bacterial infections granuloma inguinale (donovanosis), (SSSS), 196, 212–213 eosinophilic pustular folliculitis, 261 190–191, 309, 314–315 staphylococcal scarlet fever, 196 erysipelas/scalp cellulitis, 262 historical background, 309–310 staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome, 19, folliculitis, 260 lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV), 191, 324–325 impetigo, 261–262 309, 313–314 clinical manifestations, 325 staphylococcal folliculitis, 260–261 pubic lice, 318 diagnosis, 325 fungal infections scabies, 317–318 historical background, 322 piedra, 258–259 syphilis, 190, 309, 310–312 (see also management, 325 pityriasis amiantacea, 256 syphilis) pitfalls and myths, 327

Index — 345

staphylococcus, 293 sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (SMZ- Taenia multiceps, 129 Staphylococcus aureus, 18 TMP), for paracoccidioidomycosis, Taenia serialis, 129 blistering dactylitis from, 212 108, 159 tar shampoos, 256, 256 carbuncles caused by, 19 sulfur preparations, for scabies, 260 Tedania anhelans sponge, 174 cellulitis from, 249 sulfur shampoos, 256 Tedania ignis fi re sponge, 174 conditions predisposing to colonization, sunscreen tegmental leishmaniasis. See 21 on lips, for herpes labialis, 240, 277 mucocutaneous/tegmental ecthyma caused by, 19 for warts, 203 leishmaniasis folliculitis from, 189, 234 superfi cial mycoses teicoplanin, for MRSA strains, 20 furunculosis from, 234 black piedra, 154 telogen effl uvium, 256 impetigo from, 19, 211, 234, 238 piedra nigra, 151 tenderness (as sign of acute infection), 8 orbital/periorbital cellulitis from, 213 tinea nigra, 154–155 terbinafi ne (oral) perianal streptococcal dermatitis from, white piedra, 153–154 for adult dermatophyte onychomycosis, 212 suppurative granulomas, 6 47 SSSS from, 212 suppurative/granulomatous infl ammatory adverse eff ects, 47 staphylococcal TSS from, 322, 325 infi ltrate (in chromomycosis), 99 for black piedra, 259 surgical skin infections from, 303 suramin, for trypanosomiasis, 123 for diabetes mellitus, 47 in transplant recipients, 195–196 surgical excision for entomophthoromycosis, 111 Staphylococcus epidermis, 189, 212 for anogenital warts, 319 mycological cure rates in dermatophyte Staphylococcus pneumoniae, 196, 213 for chromoblastomycoses, 156 onychomycosis, 52 starfi sh, reactions to, 173 for coenurosis, 130 for onychomycosis, 191, 236 Steven-Johnson syndrome, 45, 185, 258 for condyloma acuminata, 188 for sporotrichosis, 102 Stichodactyla gigantea anemone, 170 for echinococcosis, 129 for tinea capitis, 51, 51, 217, 258 stinging insects, 232 for genital warts, 319 for tinea corporis/cruris/faciei, 50–51 streptococcal toxic shock syndrome, 19, for KS, 202 for tinea imbricata (tokelau), 219 325–327 for lobomycosis, 103 for tinea pedis/manuum, 47–50 clinical manifestations, 326 for mucormycosis, 110 for tinea unguium, 52, 191, 236, 237 diagnosis, 326 for oral fl orid papillomatosis, 281 for transplant patients, 47 historical background, 322 for protothecosis, 175 terbinafi ne (solution, cream, gel, spray), for management, 326–327 for rhinosporidiosis, 104 pityriasis versicolor, 53 pitfalls and myths, 327 of solitary KS lesions, 34 tertiary syphilis, 74 Streptococcus aureus, 250, 262 Sweet’s syndrome (acute febrile neutrophilic tetanus, 294, 296, 317 Streptococcus mutans, 293 dermatosis), 146 tetanus, diphtheria, acellular (DTaP) vaccine, streptococcus pharyngitis, 293 swimmers itch. See cercarial dermatitis 294 Streptococcus pyogenes, 18, 250, 262, 293, sympathetic nerve blockade, for post- tetanus vaccination, 294 325–326 herpetic neuralgia, 31 tetracyclines ecthyma caused by, 19 syphilis, 190, 275, 309, 310–312 for acne miliaris necrotica, 262 erysipelas caused by, 19 clinical manifestations, 310 for atypical mycobacterioses, 90 impetigo caused by, 19 and secondary/tertiary hair loss, for CA-MRSA, 20 orbital/periorbital cellulitis from, 213 263–264 for endemic treponematoses, 216 Streptococcus viridians, 293 systemic corticosteroids for folliculitis keloidalis, 262 Streptomyces somaliensis, 97 for candidal infection, 284 for rhinoscleroma, 294 streptomycin for Lucio’s phenomenon, 85 for syphilis, 312 for actinomycetomas, 98 for Sweet’s syndrome, 146 thermocoagulation, for condyloma for tularemia, 95 systemic mycosis acuminata, 188 Strongyloides stercoralis, 125, 126 blastomycosis (North American), Th ermoMed™ device, for Old World CL, subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis, 113 105–106 142–143 subcutaneous/deep mycoses chronic form (adult type), 107–108 thrush (oropharyngeal candida) chromoblastomycosis, 98–100, 156 (see cryptococcosis, 111–112 in children, 221 also chromoblastomycosis) entomophthoromycosis, 110–111 in elderly people, 235 lobomycosis, 151, 157 (see also histoplasmosis, 104–105 tick-borne diseases, 92 lobomycosis) hyalohyphomycosis, 113–114 tigecycline, for MRSA strains, 20 mycetoma, 97–98, 156–157 mucormycosis, 109–110 Tilbury, William, 59 paracoccidioidomycosis, 158–159 (see paracoccidioidomycosis (S.A. tinea capitis. See also dermatophytosis also paracoccidioidomycosis) blastomycosis), 106–109 antifungal medications for, 51 rhinosporidiosis, 103–104 chronic form (adult type), 107–108 black-dot tinea capitis, 257 sporotrichosis, 100–102, 155–156 (see residual/sequel form, 108–109 in children, 217–218 also sporotrichosis) phaeohyphomycosis, 112–113 oral vs. topical medication, 45 subungual proximal superfi cial residual/sequel form, 108–109 of the scalp, 256–258 onychomycosis, 191 zygomycosis, 109 Tinea corporis, 191 sulconazole nitrate 1%, for tinea pedis/ tinea corporis/cruris/faciei, 50–51, 78 manuum, 47 T. pallidum, 3, 216, 292, 313, 320 tinea cruris, in children, 218 sulfadiazine tacrolimus (topical), for erosive pustular tinea imbricata (tokelau), in children, 219 for Balamuthia mandrillaris, 122 dermatosis of scalp, 263 tinea incognita, 2, 218 for congenital toxoplasmosis, 222 Taenia crassiceps, 129 tinea nigra, 154–155, 220

346 — Index

tinea pedis/manuum, 47–50, 236–237 Trichinella pseudospiralis, 127 tinea nigra, 154–155 Tinea rubrum, 191 Trichinella solium, 128 white piedra, 153–154 tinea unguium, 42, 51–52 Trichinella spiralis, 127 viruses antifungal medications for, 51–52 trichinellosis, 127–128 Barmah Forest virus (BFV), 152–153 in children, 218–219 diagnosis, 128 Dengue fever, 92, 95, 151–152 in elderly patients, 236 treatment, 128 hemorrhagic fevers, 151 mimicking by other conditions, 53 trichloroacetic acid (80%) Lassa fever, 153 North American prevalence, 42 for anogenital warts, 319 Marburg/Ebola virus, 153 oral vs. topical therapy, 45 for Butcher’s warts, 26 South American hemorrhagic fevers, subtypes of, 236 for common warts, 25 153 white onychomycosis, 2 for condyloma acuminata, 26, 188 West Nile virus (WNV), 152 tinidazole for molluscum contagiosum, 23 Yellow fever, 152 for enteric amebiasis, 121 Trichoderma spp., 113 Trypanosoma cruzi parasite, 159 for trichomoniasis, 296 trichomycosis axillaris, in children, 214 Trypanosomatidae family, 161, 117. See also toenail onychomycosis, 51, 52 Trichophytin test, 4 Leishmania entries togaviruses. See rubella (German measles) Trichophyton mentagrophytes, 243, 257–258 trypanosomiasis, 92, 122–123, 150 toll-like receptor-(TLR)-2 association with Trichophyton rubrum, 243, 270–271 American trypanosomiasis, 123 lepromatous leprosy, 77 Trichophyton schoenleinii, 256, 258 human African trypanosomiasis, tolnaft ate solution, for tinea unguium Trichophyton soudanense, 272 122–123 (onychomycosis), 219 Trichophyton tonsurans, 256–258 Trypanosomiasis brucei gambiense, 122 topical clindamycin, 20, 214 Trichophyton verrucosum, 257–258 Trypanosomiasis brucei rhodesiense, 122 topical mupirocin Trichophyton violaceum, 256, 272 Trypanosomiasis cruzi, 122 for localized impetigo, 20 Trichosporon asahii, 112, 258 tuberculids, 68 for nasal carriage issues, 21, 196 Trichosporon asteroides, 258 Tuberculin test (PPD/purifi ed protein topical therapy, agent formulary/guidelines, Trichosporon beigelii yeast, 153 derivative), 4 11 Trichosporon cutaneum, 258 tuberculoid granulomas, 6, 7, 62, 70. See also total dystrophic onychomycosis, 272 Trichosporon inkin, 258 leishmaniasis; sporotrichosis toxic shock syndrome (TSS), 196, 305. Trichosporon interdigitale, 271 tuberculosis. See cutaneous tuberculosis; See also staphylococcal toxic shock Trichosporon mucoides, 258 extrapulmonary tuberculosis; syndrome; streptococcal toxic shock Trichosporon ovoides, 258 Mycobacterium tuberculosis syndrome triclabendazole, for fasciolasis, 130 tuberculosis (TT) leprosy, 79 Transcription Mediated Amplifi cation triclosan, for skin colonization issues, 21 tuberculosis chancre (primary inoculation (TMA), 5 tricyclic antidepressants tuberculosis), 67 transplant recipients, bacterial/viral diseases for herpes zoster, 235 tuberculosis cutis miliaris acuta generalisata bacillary angiomatosis, 197 for post-herpetic neuralgia, 31 (acute disseminated miliary B-hemolytic streptococcus, 196–197 trifl uridine, for herpes simplex virus, 200 tuberculosis ), 67 gram-negative bacilli (GNB), 197 trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole tuberculosis gumma, 68, 74 historical background, 195 (TMP-SMX) tuberculosis of the breast, 72 necrotizing fascitis, 197 for atypical mycobacterioses, 90 tuberculosis verrucosa cutis (warty nocardiosis, 198 for CA-MRSA, 20 tuberculosis), 60, 65, 74, 78 Staphylococcus aureus, 195–196 for cat-scratch disease, 215 vs. Hansen’s disease lesions, 78 vibrio vulnifi cus, 197 for granuloma inguinale, 191, 315 tuberculous lymphadenitis with lupus transplantation-related viral disease for nocardiosis, 198 vulgaris, 63 cytomegalovirus, 201–202 tropical infections tularemia, 67, 74, 92 Epstein-Barr virus, 201 in athletes (ulcers), 240 tumor necrosis factor A (TNFA) association herpes simplex virus, 1 and 2, 199–200 general information, 150 with lepromatous leprosy, 77 Herpetoviridae (human herpes viruses), historical background, 150–151 199 pitfalls and myths, 164–165 ulceration (as sign of acute infection), 8 human herpes virus-8, 202 protozoa Uncinaria stenocephala, 125, 176 human papilloma virus, 203 Chagas’ disease, 159–160 uncomplicated skin and skin structure molluscum contagiosum, 202–203 mucocutaneous/tegmental infections (uSSSIs). See also varicella-zoster virus, 200–201 leishmaniasis, 160–164 Staphylococcus aureus; Streptococcus trematodes, 130–131 subcutaneous/deep mycoses pyogenes fasciolasis, 130 chromoblastomycoses, 156 (see also abscesses/carbuncles/furuncles, 17 paragonimiasis, 131 chromoblastomycosis) cellulitis, 17–18 schistosomiasis, 130 lobomycosis, 151, 157–158 (see also diagnosis of, 20 treponemal serology test, 4 lobomycosis) ecthyma, 18 tretinoin (topical), for molluscum mycetoma, 97–98, 156–157 epidemiology of, 19–20 contagiosum, 187 paracoccidioidomycosis, 158–159 (see erysipelas, 18 Triamota infestans arthropod, 160 also paracoccidioidomycosis) folliculitis, 17 Trichinella britovi, 127 sporotrichosis, 155 (see also historical background, 18–19 Trichinella murrelli, 127 sporotrichosis) impetigo, 18 Trichinella native, 127 superfi cial mycoses therapies for, 20–21 Trichinella nelsoni, 127 black piedra, 154 unilateral regional lymphadenopathy, 74 Trichinella papuae, 127 piedra nigra, 151 urethral secretions, 2

Index — 347

uSSSIs. See uncomplicated skin and skin vasculitic appearance (as sign of acute warts. See Butcher’s warts; common warts structure infections infection), 8 (verruca vulgaris); condyloma Vedic scriptures, 59 acuminatum (genital warts); fl at warts vaccinations verrucous carcinoma (verrucae plana); palmoplantar warts for Argentinian hemorrhagic fevers, treatment, 27 (myrmecia) 153 types of warty tuberculosis (tuberculosis verrucosa Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG), 4, 62, epithelioma cuniculatum, 26–27 cutis), 60, 65, 74 65, 72–73 giant condyloma of Buschke and Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome for diphtheria, 294 Lowenstein, 27 (fulminant meningococcal disease), measles, 37 oral fl orid papillomatosis, 27 323 for measles, mumps, rubella (MMR), verrucous zoster, 186 West Nile virus (WNV), 92, 152 278, 283 vesiculation (as sign of acute infection), 8 clinical manifestations, 152 meningococcal conjugate Viana, Gaspar, 150, 160–161 diagnosis/treatment, 152 vaccine A, C, Y, W-135, 323 Villemin, Jean Antoine, 59 mosquito vectors, 152 smallpox virus, 23, 229 vinblastine, for KS, 34, 202, 280 white piedra, 153–154, 220, 258 varicella zoster virus, 31–32, 201 viral disease in transplantation white superfi cial onychomycosis (WSO), for Yellow fever, 152 cytomegalovirus, 201–202 236, 271–272 vaccinia Epstein-Barr virus, 201 Whitfi eld’s ointment in children, 229–230 herpes simplex virus, 1 and 2, 199–200 for erythrasma, 214 clinical manifestations, 24 herpetoviridae (human herpes viruses), for tinea imbricata (tokelau), 219 treatment, 24 199 Willan, Robert (British Dermatology vaginal candidiasis, 47, 248, 252 human herpes virus-8, 202 founder), 59 valacyclovir human papilloma virus, 203 World Health Organization (WHO) for congenital herpes simplex, 30 molluscum contagiosum, 202–203 classifi cation of Hansen’s disease, 76, 80 for genital herpes, 319 varicella-zoster virus, 200–201 hepatitis C estimates, 37 for herpes simplex virus, 200, 277 viral encephalitis, 92 leishmaniasis data for herpes zoster, 31, 235, 264 viral hemorrhagic fevers, 92 mucocutaneous/tegmental for HSV, 186 viral infections in athletes leishmaniasis, 160 for HSV-1/HSV-2, 29 herpes simplex Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis, for oral hairy leukoplakia, 187 activation, 240 135–136 for varicella zoster virus, 31, 201 skin-to-skin transmission, 240–241 paucibacillary disease treatment valganciclovir, for CMV, 33, 187, molluscum contagiosum, 241–242 guidelines, 84 202, 279 verruca, 242 TB infection estimates, 59 vancomycin Virchow, Rudolph, 59, 59 Wuchereria bancroft i, 123 for cellulitis/erysipelas, 234 visceral leishmaniasis, 4 for impetigo/folliculitis/furunculosis, Vitamin A Yellow fever, 151, 152 234–235 for measles, 37 clinical fi ndings, 152 for MRSA strains, 20 topical, for oral hairy leukoplakia, diagnosis, 152 for S. aureus, 196 279 mosquito vectors, 152 for staphylococcal TSS, 325 volume expanders, for Dengue fever, 152 treatment, 152 varicella zoster virus (HHV-3), 5, 30 voriconazole in acute exanthem of HIV infection, with amphotericin B, for zinc pyrithione, for tinea capitis, 51 186–187 hyalohyphomycosis, 113–114 zinc sulfate, for Old World CL, 144 children’s treatment, 31 for aspergillosis, 288 zoonosis infection, 126, 161. See also in mucous membrane infections, 278 American trypanosomiasis; neonatal varicella, 31 Wangiella dermatitidis, 98–99, 113 leishmaniasis in transplantation recipients, 200–201 warmth (as sign of acute infection), 8 zygomycosis, 96, 103, 109, 209