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Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-89729-7 - Skin Infections: Diagnosis and Treatment Edited by John C. Hall and Brian J. Hall Index More information I n d e x abscesses, 17, 189. See also carbuncles; acute infections, primary signs of, 8 American Th oracic Society, 292 furuncles acute miliary cutaneous tuberculosis, 60, 74 American trypanosomiasis, 123 acanthamebiasis, in HIV infection, 193–194 acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis, amikacin with tetracycline, for Acanthamoeba spp., 121 294–295 protothecosis, 175 Acanthaster planci (crown of thorns) starfi sh, acute paronychial infections, 268–269 aminoglycosides 173 acyclovir for ecthyma gangrenosum, 215 acellular pertussis (DTaP) vaccination, 294 for congenital herpes simplex, 30 for nocardiosis, 198 acetaminophen, for HSV 1 and 2 infections, for genital herpes, 319 amitriptyline for post-herpetic neuralgia, 31 277 for hand-foot-and-mouth disease, 282 amorolfi ne Acinetobacter baumannii, 189 for herpes simplex virus, 200, 277 nail lacquers, for tinea unguium, 219 Ackerman, A. Bernard, 6 for herpes virus B, 34 topical, for tinea unguium, 236 acne miliaris necrotica, 262 for herpes zoster, 31 amoxicillin Acquired Immune Defi ciency Syndrome for HSV-1/HSV-2, 29 complications from, 33, 278–279 (AIDS). See also HIV-related skin oral, for HSV, 186 for genital bite wounds, 317 infections; Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS) for oral hairy leukoplakia, 187, 279 for Lyme disease, 215 acid-fast bacilli in, 72 for suspected neonatal HSV, 225 for perianal streptococcal dermatitis, 212 anergy, presence of, in, 4 for varicella zoster virus, 31, 201 amphotericin B coccidioidomycosis and, 144 for VZV, 187 for candidiasis, 191 cryptococcus with, 111 Aedes aegypti mosquito, 92, 95, 151, 152 for chromoblastomycoses, 156 cutaneous tuberculosis with, 73 African Americans for coccidioidomycosis, 148 diabetes and, 8 and lepromatous leprosy, 77 for cryptococcosis, 112 disseminated histoplasmosis (DH) and, and pediculosis, 230 for cutaneous cryptococcus, 191 104 and pseudofolliculitis barbae, 216 for entomophthoromycosis, 111 esophageal infections with, 221 and tinea capitis, 43 with 5-fl uorocytosine historical background, of, 185 agent formulary for topical therapy, 11 for aspergillosis/cryptococcosis/ Mycobacterium avium intracellulare with, albendazole candidiasis, 114 292 for cysticercosis, 129 for histoplasmosis, 192 pbmycosis with, 108 for echinococcosis, 129 IV, for protothecosis, 175 progressive vaccinia and, 23 for enterobiasis, 128 for leishmaniasis, 297 pulmonary tuberculosis in, 60 for fi lariasis, 124 liposomal, for mucormycosis, 110 systemic tropical mycoses and, 96 for loiasis, 124 for mycetoma, 157 tuberculosis and, 60 for mansonelliasis, 128 for Old World CL PVA failures, 143 Acremonium spp., 113, 270–272 for onchocercosis, 176 for paracoccidioidomycosis, 109 actinias, reactions to, 169–171 for trichinellosis, 128 intravenous, 159 Actinomadura madurae grains, 97, 156 Alcyonidrium gelatinosum bryozoans, 175 for penicilliosis, 193 Actinomyces, 3 Alcyonidrium hirsutum bryozoans, 175 for rhinosporidiosis, 104 Actinomyces israelii, 294 Alcyonidrium topsenti bryozoans, 175 for sporotrichosis, 102 actinomycosis, 294 algae/Bryozoans and aquatic dermatoses amyloidosis (primary) and Hansen’s acute disseminated miliary tuberculosis algae, 174 disease, 78 (tuberculosis cutis miliaris acuta Bryozoans, 175 Anaerobic streptococci, 250 generalisata), 67 protothecosis, 174–175 Anaplasma phagocytophilum, 215 acute exanthem, 145 allopurinol, for Old World CL, 144 Ancylostoma braziliensis (hookworm of dogs of HIV infection allylamine, for tinea unguium and cats), 125, 127, 176 cytomegalovirus, 187 (onychomycosis), 52 Ancylostoma caninum, 125, 176 Epstein-Barr virus, 187 Almeida, Floriano de, 151 Anemonia sulcata actinia, 168–170 herpes simplex virus (types 1 and 2), Alternaria spp., 113, 270 anergic leishmaniasis, 151 186 aluminum acetate (Burrow’s solution), for angular cheilitis (perleche), 221 human herpes virus 8, 188–189 impetigo, 261–262 anogenital disease pox virus, 187 Amblyomma americanum (lone star tick), 215 bowenoid papulosis, 26 varicella-zoster virus, 186–187 Amblyomma Cajennense (Cayenne tick), 323 condyloma acuminatum, 26 acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis (Sweet’s American Society for Dermatologic Surgery verrucous carcinoma, 26–27 syndrome), 146 survey, 303 anogenital warts, 319 329 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-89729-7 - Skin Infections: Diagnosis and Treatment Edited by John C. Hall and Brian J. Hall Index More information 330 — Index anopheline (malaria-carrying) mosquitos, 95 arboviruses. See arthropod-borne infections clinical presentation, 89–90 anthrax, 295 Argentinian hemorrhagic fever, 153 diagnosis, 90 Anthraxin test, 4 Aristotle historical background, 88 antibiotics. See individual antibiotics on contagiousness of phthisis, 59 pitfalls and myths, 90–91 anticonvulsants. See carbamazepine; on parasites, 117 therapy, 90 gabapentin; pregabalin arthropod-borne infections. See also Chagas’ autoimmune polyendocrinopathy- antifungal medications. See also fl uconazole; disease; Dengue fever; ectoparasite candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy griseofulvin; itraconazole; infestation; mouse-borne diseases; (APECED) syndrome, 222 ketoconazole; terbinafi ne sandfl y-borne diseases; tick-borne Ayurveda, 59 for pityriasis versicolor (PV), 52–53 diseases; Yellow fever azidothymidine (AZT), for HIV, 185, 284 for seborrheic dermatitis/pityriasis diagnosis, 93–94 azithromycin capitis, 256 epidemiology, 93 for bacillary angiomatosis, 189–190, for tinea capitis, 51 general information, 92 198 for tinea corporis/cruris/faciei, 50–51 historical background, 92–93 for cat-scratch disease, 215 for tinea pedis/manuum, 47–50 pitfalls and myths, 95 for chancroid, 313 for tinea unguium (onychomycosis), therapy, 94–95 for diphtheria, 294 51–52 arthropods, lesions from, 174 for granuloma inguinale, 315 antifungal shampoos, 51, 217, 218, 256, 258 Asians for syphilis, 312 antihistamines and lepromatous leprosy, 77 for tularemia, 95 for folliculitis, 189 syphilis rates in pregnant women, 222 azoles for mite symptom control, 231 aspergillosis, 7, 47, 109, 192, 206, 207 for coccidioidomycosis, 148, 192 for pediculosis capitis itch control, 260 clinical presentation, 288 for Old World CL, 143 antimalarials, for ENL treatment, 84 diagnosis, 288 for pityriasis versicolor, 53 anti-retroviral therapy at hospital sites, 206 for tinea unguium (onychomycosis), 52 for acute exanthem, 186 invasive, in AIDS, 192 topical, for erythrasma, 249 for hairy leukoplakia, 279 in mucormycosis, 287 for KS, 34 in transplant patients, 264 B. dermatitides, 7 Aphrodite aculeata polychaete, 176 treatment, 288 babesiosis, 92 Apophysomyces elegans, 109 Aspergillus spp., 270–272 bacillary angiomatosis (BA) aquatic dermatoses from biotic organisms asymmetry (as sign of acute infection), 8 in HIV, 189–190 from algae/Bryozoans athletes, skin infections in in transplant recipients, 197–198 algae, 174 atypical mycobacteria (swimming pool Bacillus anthracis, 295 Bryozoans, 175 granuloma), 244 Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG), 60, 67 protothecosis, 174–175 bacterial infections vaccinations of against TB, 4, 62, 65, from aquatic bacteria folliculitis, 239 72–73 erysipeloid, 179 furunculosis, 238–239 bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) mycobacterium marinum, 178–179 gram negative hot tub folliculitis, 240 vaccinations, 4 from aquatic worms green foot, 240 Bacillus vincentii, 294 cercariae, 175 hot foot syndrome, 240 bacterial infections in athletes contact with bait, 176 impetigo, 238 folliculitis, 239 leeches, 176 pitted keratolysis, 239–240 furunculosis, 238–239 nematodes, 176–177 tropical ulcers, 240 gram negative hot tub folliculitis, 240 onchocercosis, 175–176 fungal infections green foot, 240 polychaetes, 176 tinea corporis gladiatorum, 243–244 hot foot syndrome, 240 from arthropods, 174 tinea pedis, 243 impetigo, 238 from coelenterates, 167–172 historical background, 238 pitted keratolysis, 239–240 actinia reactions, 169–171 parasites (cutaneous larvae migrans), 244 tropical ulcers, 240 jellyfi sh reactions, 168–169 viral infections bacterial infections in elderly patients physaliae/corals/hydroid reactions, herpes simplex cellulitis/erysipelas, 234 172 activation, 240 herpes zoster, 235 sea bather’s eruptions, 171–172 skin-to-skin transmission, 240–241 impetigo/folliculitis/furunculosis, from echinoderms molluscum contagiosum, 241–242 234–235 sea urchins, 172–173 verruca, 242 necrotizing fascitis, 235 starfi sh, 173–174 atopic dermatitis, 21, 114, 193, 225 bacterial infections of the scalp from fi sh, 177–178 atovaquone, for tularemia, 95 eosinophilic pustular folliculitis, 261 historical background, 167 atypical mycobacterioses, 6 erysipelas/scalp cellulitis, 262 from mollusks, 174 classifi cation, 88–89 folliculitis, 260 from sponges, 174 Mycobacterium avium complex, 89 impetigo, 261–262 aquatic worms and aquatic dermatoses Mycobacterium chelonae- staphylococcal folliculitis, 260–261 cercariae, 175 Mycobacterium abscessus bacterial infections related to HIV contact with bait, 176 complex, 89 bacillary angiomatosis, 189–190 leeches, 176 Mycobacterium fortuitum complex, 89 folliculitis, 189 nematodes, 176–177 Mycobacterium kansasii, 88 impetigo, abscesses, cellulitis, necrotizing onchocercosis, 175–176 Mycobacterium marinum, 67, 88 fascitis, 189 polychaetes, 176 Mycobacterium scrofulaceum, 64, 74, 89 mycobacterial infections, 189 © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University
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  • Skin and Soft Tissue Infections Following Marine Injuries

    Skin and Soft Tissue Infections Following Marine Injuries

    CHAPTER 6 Skin and Soft Tissue Infections Following Marine Injuries V. Savini, R. Marrollo, R. Nigro, C. Fusella, P. Fazii Spirito Santo Hospital, Pescara, Italy 1. INTRODUCTION Bacterial diseases following aquatic injuries occur frequently worldwide and usually develop on the extremities of fishermen and vacationers, who are exposed to freshwater and saltwater.1,2 Though plenty of bacterial species have been isolated from marine lesions, superficial soft tissue and invasive systemic infections after aquatic injuries and exposures are related to a restricted number of microorganisms including, in alphabetical order, Aeromonas hydrophila, Chromobacterium violaceum, Edwardsiella tarda, Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, Myco- bacterium fortuitum, Mycobacterium marinum, Shewanella species, Streptococcus iniae, and Vibrio vulnificus.1,2 In particular, skin disorders represent the third most common cause of morbidity in returning travelers and are usually represented by bacterial infections.3–12 Bacterial skin and soft tissue infectious conditions in travelers often follow insect bites and can show a wide range of clinical pictures including impetigo, ecthyma, erysipelas, abscesses, necro- tizing cellulitis, myonecrosis.3–12 In general, even minor abrasions and lacerations sustained in marine waters should be considered potentially contaminated with marine bacteria.3–12 Despite variability of the causative agents and outcomes, the initial presentations of skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) complicating marine injuries are similar to those occurring after terrestrial exposures and usually include erysipelas, impetigo, cellulitis, and necrotizing infections.3 Erysipelas is characterized by fiery red, tender, painful plaques showing well-demarcated edges, and, though Streptococcus pyogenes is the major agent of this pro- cess, E. rhusiopathiae infections typically cause erysipeloid displays.3 Impetigo is initially characterized by bullous lesions and is usually due to Staphylococcus aureus or S.