Recherche De Compagnons De Faible Masse Par Optique Adaptative Guillaume Montagnier

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Recherche De Compagnons De Faible Masse Par Optique Adaptative Guillaume Montagnier Recherche de compagnons de faible masse par Optique Adaptative Guillaume Montagnier To cite this version: Guillaume Montagnier. Recherche de compagnons de faible masse par Optique Adaptative. Astro- physique stellaire et solaire [astro-ph.SR]. Université Joseph-Fourier - Grenoble I, 2008. Français. tel-00714874 HAL Id: tel-00714874 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00714874 Submitted on 5 Jul 2012 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. LABORATOIRE D’ASTROPHYSIQUE DEPARTEMENT´ D’ASTRONOMIE OBSERVATOIRE DE GRENOBLE FACULTE´ DES SCIENCES UJF/CNRS en cotutelle avec UNIVERSITE´ DE GENEVE` Dr. Jean-Luc Beuzit Pr. Stephane´ Udry Dr. Damien Segransan´ Recherche de compagnons de faible masse Par Optique Adaptative THESE` present´ ee´ par Guillaume MONTAGNIER (Grenoble, France) le 18 decembre´ 2008 pour obtenir le titre de : DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITE´ JOSEPH FOURIER Discipline : ASTROPHYSIQUE ET MILIEUX DILUES´ DOCTEUR ES` SCIENCES, UNIVERSITE´ DE GENEVE` Mention : ASTRONOMIE ET ASTROPHYSIQUE COMPOSITION DU JURY : Dr. Jerome´ BOUVIER President´ Pr. Rene´ DOYON Rapporteur Pr. Eduardo MART´IN Rapporteur Dr. Jean-Luc BEUZIT Directeur de these` Pr. Stephane´ UDRY Directeur de these` Dr. Damien SEGRANSAN´ Co-directeur de these` 2008 Table des matieres` 1 Recherche de compagnons de faible masse 5 1.1 Questions astrophysiques . 5 1.1.1 Multiplicite´ des etoiles´ . 5 1.1.2 Les objets sub-stellaires . 8 1.2 Techniques et strategies´ observationnelles . 16 1.2.1 Imagerie a` haute resolution´ et haut contraste . 16 1.2.2 Mesure de vitesses radiales . 29 1.2.3 Grandeurs physiques accessibles . 33 2 Observations, reduction´ et analyse de donnees´ 39 2.1 Reduction de donnees´ d’imagerie differentielle´ . 39 2.1.1 Observations . 39 2.1.2 Reduction´ des donnees´ . 40 2.2 Analyse de donnees´ . 41 2.2.1 Analyse des images . 41 2.2.2 Interpretations´ des vitesses radiales . 48 2.2.3 Combinaison de ces deux techniques d’observations . 52 3 Caracterisation´ du desert´ des naines brunes a` longue periode´ autour de naines G et K du voisinage solaire 57 3.1 Introduction . 57 3.2 Exploring the brown dwarf desert using CORALIE and NACO/SDI . 57 4 Recherche de compagnons de faible masse autour des naines M 89 4.1 Les naines M . 89 4.2 Caracterisation´ d’objets sub-stellaires autour de deux naines M a` derive´ . 89 i 4.2.1 Caracterisation´ du compagnon a` longue periode´ de GJ 436 . 90 4.2.2 Caracterisation´ du compagnon sub-stellaire de GJ849 . 97 4.2.3 Caracteristiques´ de l’etoile´ GJ 849 . 97 4.2.4 Vitesses radiales de l’etoile´ GJ 849 . 97 4.2.5 Observations et analyse des donnees´ . 97 4.2.6 Conclusion . 100 5 Vers la detection´ directe d’exoplanetes...` 101 5.1 L’instrument SPHERE . 102 5.1.1 Programme scientifique . 102 5.1.2 Besoins scientifiques et modes observationnels . 103 5.1.3 Description de l’instrument . 104 5.2 Stabilisation de la pupille de SPHERE . 110 5.3 Conclusion . 127 6 Bilan et perspectives 129 A Nouvelles decouvertes´ : Five new very low mass binaries 131 BDecouverte´ de deux planetes` a` orbite excentrique 137 Bibliographie 156 ii Table des figures 1.1 Relation Masse - Luminosite´ des etoiles´ de la sequence´ principale . 6 1.2 Distribution de masse des objets sub-stellaires detect´ es´ par vitesses radiales. 9 1.3 Distribution de masse et distribution mass-periode´ des exoplanetes.` . 11 1.4 Spectres de naines M, L et T. 15 1.5 Schema´ de principe de l’Optique Adaptative. 17 1.6 Reponse´ impulsionnelle d’un telescope´ avec obstruction centrale dans le cas ideal´ et avec un systeme` d’optique adaptative . 19 1.7 Schema´ de principe d’un analyseur de surface d’onde de type Schack-Hartmann. 20 1.8 Principe d’un coronographe a` masque focal. 23 1.9 Images des masques de phase de type Roddier et a` 4 quadrants. 24 1.10 Performances du coronographe a` quatre quadrants et du coronographe Lyot a` pupille apodisee.´ ........................................ 24 1.11 Spectres d’objets froids et absorption du methane.´ . 27 1.12 Rapport de flux dans les spectres F1 et F3 de NACO-SDI en fonction du type spectral de la naine brune. 28 1.13 Vitesses radiales de l’etoile´ 51 Peg. 30 1.14 Illustration de la construction de la fonction de correlation´ entre un spectre et un masque binaire. 32 1.15 Orientation d’une orbite dans l’espace vue par un observateur. 35 1.16 Exemple de l’ajustement d’une keplerienne sur les vitesses radiales de HD156846. 37 2.1 Disposition des imagettes des 4 filtres de NACO/SDI. 40 2.2 Schema´ resumant´ la reduction´ de donnees´ en imagerie differentielle´ simultanee.´ . 42 2.3 Comparaison des performances de trois techniques a` haut contraste. 44 2.4 Comparaison de limites de detection´ en masse pour differents´ ages.ˆ . 45 2.5 Modelisation´ de la reponse´ impulsionnelle differentielle.´ . 47 2.6 Performances de l’imageur differentiel´ simultane´ de NAOS-CONICA (NACO-SDI). 49 iii 2.7 Distribution des inclinaisons des orbites. 50 2.8 Derive´ et distribution d’orbites dans le plan (m2,P) pour le compagnon de l’etoile´ Gl849. 53 2.9 Distribution d’orbites pour le compagnon de l’etoile´ Gl849 dans les plan (m2,Separation) et (m2,P), et en tenant compte des limites de detection´ d’OA. 54 4.1 Position des naines M dans le diagramme HR. 90 4.2 Vitesses radiales de l’etoile´ GJ 849. 98 4.3 Limites de detection´ de nos observations a` haut contraste de GJ 849. 99 5.1 Vue d’ensemble de SPHERE sur une plate-forme Nasmyth d’un UT. 105 5.2 Concept global de l’instrument SPHERE. 106 5.3 Diagramme des boucles du systeme` d’optique adaptative et miroir deformable´ de SPHERE. 107 5.4 Photo et performance du coronographe a` masque de phase quatre quadrant achroma- tique de SPHERE. 108 5.5 Performance de IRDIS avec un coronographe quatre quadrant achromatique. 109 5.6 Maquette de l’IFS de SPHERE et simulation d’une image brute de l’IFS. 109 5.7 Schema´ de principe et maquette du polarimetre` ZIMPOL. 110 5.8 Photo de l’experience´ en laboratoire optique pour valider le concept d’asservissement de la pupille de SPHERE. 111 5.9 Comparaison des limites de detection´ de quelques instruments a` haut contraste SPHERE.128 iv Merci a...` mes directeurs de these` Damien, Jean-Luc et Stephane,´ Jer´ omeˆ Bouvier et mes deux rapporteurs de these` Eduardo Mart`ın et Rene´ Doyon pour leurs commentaires pertinants lors de ma soutenance, mes collaborateurs et amis pour leur contribution dans ce travail, ma famille et mes amis qui se sont deplac´ es´ nombreux lors de ma soutenance, Tereza, qui m’a soutenu tout au long de ce travail. 1 Introduction Je presente´ dans ce manuscrit le travail effectue´ pendant la preparation´ de mon doctorat qui s’est deroul´ ee´ en cotutelle entre le Laboratoire d’Astrophysique de Grenoble (LAOG) et l’Observatoire de Geneve` entre 2004 et 2008. Pendant cette periode,´ le domaine de la recherche de planetes` extra-solaires a continuellement pro- gresse.´ Au moment de commencer ma these,` environ 130 planetes` extra-solaires avaient et´ e´ decouvertes´ depuis la detection´ de la premiere` planete` autour de l’etoile´ 51 Peg par Mayor & Queloz (1995). Au- jourd’hui (fin 2008), elle sont plus de 320. Alors qu’au debut,´ les planetes` extra-solaires n’etaient´ decouvertes´ que par la methode´ des vitesses radiales (voir section 1.2.2), de grands releves´ pho- tometriques´ les decouvrent´ aujourd’hui en grand nombre par la methode´ des transits. Les spectrosco- pistes se rapprochent maintenant de plus en plus des planetes` de la masse de la Terre (4 M , Mayor et al. 2008). ⊕ Cette periode´ a aussi vu pour la premiere` fois des detections´ directes de compagnons de masse planetaire´ (Chauvin et al. 2004; Neuhauser¨ et al. 2005; Lafreniere` et al. 2008). La detection´ directe est une methode´ qui permet de caracteriser´ les objects detect´ es´ de fac¸on plus poussee´ car c’est la seule technique permettant d’obtenir des spectres de ces derniers. De nombreux projets d’instruments destines´ a` la detection´ directe de planetes` extra-solaires, dits ≪ Planet Finder ≫, ont vu le jour au cours de ces dernieres` annees´ (par exemple Beuzit et al. 2008; Macintosh et al. 2006). Ma these` a et´ e´ influencee´ par cette progression dans le domaine de la recherche de planetes` extra- solaires. J’ai commence´ ma these` au LAOG sur le projet instrumental ≪ SPHERE ≫. Mon travail devait porter initialement sur la participation au developpement´ de SPHERE avec une composante astrophysique plus secondaire. En raison des contraintes dans l’agenda d’un tel projet, qui ne sont pas toujours compatibles avec l’emploi du temps d’un doctorant, ma these` s’est davantage orientee´ vers des thematiques´ astrophysiques. Donc, apres` avoir participe´ a` certains aspects du developpement´ de SPHERE, je me suis dirige´ vers la recherche de compagnons de faible masse de naines du voisi- nage solaire en imagerie a` haut contraste, le mode principal du futur instrument. La double direction de these` avec l’Observatoire de Geneve` m’a permis d’acquerir´ une expertise sur la methode´ des vi- tesses radiales.
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