Lodging in Spring Oats

This dissertation has been 65—3821 microfilmed exactly as received

BAINS, Darshan Singh, 1921- LODGING IN SPRING OATS.

The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1964 Economics, finance

University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan LODGING IN SPRING OATS

DISSERTATION

Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University

Darshan Singh Bains M.Sc., (Agr.)

******

The Ohio State University 196k

Approved by

/ft. Adviser Department of Agronoi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I wish to express my sincere gratitude to Dr. Dale A. Ray for his continuous guidance, encouragement and help extended to me generously throughout the conduct of this study. My thanks are also due to Dr. 0. W. Volk, Dr. P. E. Smith, Dr. J. W. Burley and Mr. Albert E. Beardsley and other members of the Agronomy

Department for their efforts in providing necessary facilities and counsel in conducting these investigations. Special gratitude is also expressed to Dr. J. B. Jones of the Agronomy Department,

Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station, Wooster, Ohio, for the help in chemical analysis of the plant material.

1 am indeed grateful to the Agency for International Develop ment, the United States of America, and the Government of Punjab

(India) who made it possible for me to spend the last two years at the Ohio State University for furtherance of my studies.

Finally I am indebted to my wife and other family members who kept their problems to themselves, but shared with me their patience and courage during my stay in the United States Of

America.

(ii) VITA

March 19, 1921 Born - Sarhali, Punjab, India

191*2 . . . B.Sc.(Agr.) Punjab University

19UU . . . M.Sc.(Agr.) Punjab University

191*5-191*6 Agricultural Assistant Extension Service

191*6-1951 Manager, Experimental Fruit Farm, Palampur, Punjab

1952-1961 Lecturer, Agronomy Section, Govt. Agricultural

College, Ludhiana, Punjab

1961-1961* Assist. Professor of Agronomy

Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab

FIELDS OF STUDY

Major Field: Agronomy

Studies in Techniques with Field Plot Bata and Experimental Designs. Professors Dale A. Ray and P. E. Smith

Soil Fertility. Professors E. 0. McLean and F. L. Himes

Plant Physiology. Professors C. A. Swanson and J. W. Burley

Plant Morphology. Professor G. W. Blaydes

Plant Anatomy. Professor R. A. Popham

Plant Genetics. Professor E. F. Paddock

(iii) CONTENTS

Page

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS...... ii

VITA ...... ill

LIST OF TABLES...... vti

UST OF ILLUSTRATIONS...... xiii

INTRODUCTION ...... 1

UTERATUHE REVIEW ...... 3

Chemical Composition and Lodging of Plants ...... 3

Soil Fertilization and Plant L o d g i n g ...... 1*

Measuring Resistance to Lodging...... 6

Morphological Characters and Lodging ...... 8

EXPERIMENTAL METHODS AND MATERIALS...... li+

Experiment I ...... Til.

Spring Oat Varieties ...... lli

Rates of Fertilization ...... * ...... l£

Heading D a t e ...... 16

Straw Strength...... 16

Degree of Lodging ...... 17

Number of T i l l e r s ...... 17

Height of Plants ...... 17

Number of Nodes and Length, of Internodes...... 17

iv CONTENTS (Continued)

Page

Y i e l d ...... 17

Test W e i g h t ...... 17

Experiment II ...... 18

Rates of Fertilization ...... 18

Inducement of Lodging ...... 19

Width of C u l m ...... 19

Weight of Shoot and Root ...... 21

Chemical Composition of Top and Basal Portions of

Oat Culm ...... 21

EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DIS C U S S I O N...... 22

Resistance to Lodging ...... 22

Degree of Lodging ...... 22

Height of Plants ...... 26

Number of Tillers ...... 30

Number of Nodes ...... 30

Length of Internode ...... 3k

Culm W i d t h ...... 37

Heading D a t e ...... liO

Yield U0

Test Weight ...... kS

v CONTENTS (Continued)

Page

Weight of 100 Seeds ...... k9

Weight of Plant Tops andRoots and the Top-Root Ratio . . $1

Chemical Composition of the Cu l m ...... 57

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS...... 79

APPENDIX ...... 8i*

LITERATURE CITED ...... 110

vi LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

1 Resistance to lodging as influenced by fertilizer treat ment in three varieties of spring oats in the field, 1963 . 23

2 Angle in degrees of lodging in spring oat varieties in the field, 1963 ...... 2i*

3 Degree of lodging as influenced by fertilizer treatment in three spring oat varieties in the field, 1963 25

U Angle in degrees of recovery from lodging of spring oat varieties in the field, 1963...... 27

5 Angle in degrees of recovery from lodging of spring oats as influenced by fertilizer treatments in the field, 1963 • 28

6 Plant height as influenced by fertilizer treatment in three varieties of spring oats in the field, 1963 ...... 29

7 Number of tillers as influenced by fertilizer treatments > in the greenhouse, 1 9 6 U ...... 31

8 Number of tillers as influenced by fertilizer treatments on three varieties of spring oats in the field, 1963 . . . 32

9 Number of nodes as influenced by the fertilizer treatments on three varieties of spring oats, 1963 ...... 33

10 Average length of first and second internodes from the top of plants in three spring oat varieties as influenced by fertilizer treatments in the field, 1963 35

11 Average length of fourth and fifth internodes from the top of plants in three spring oat varieties as influenced by fertilizer treatments in the field, 1963 36

12 Culm diameter as influenced by fertilizer treatment and induced angle of lodging in the greenhouse, 1961j. .... 33

13 Culm diameter as influenced by fertilizer treatment of the plants grown in the greenhouse, 196k • ...... 39

vii LEST OF TABLES (Continued)

Table Page

lU Heading date as influenced by fertilizer treatments in three varieties of spring oats in the field, 1 9 6 3 ...... Ul

15 Heading date of spring oats as influenced by fertilizer treatments in the field, 1963 ...... 1*2

16 Heading date of spring oats as influenced by fertilizer treatments in the greenhouse experiment, 1961*...... 1*3

17 Average yield in bushels per acre as influenced by fertilizer treatments in three varieties of spring oats, 1963 1*1*

18 Average yield of spring oats in bushels per acre as influenced by fertilizer treatments in the field, 1963 I46

19 Test weight in pounds per bushel as influenced by fertilizer treatments in three varieties of spring oats in the field, 1963...... 1*7

20 Test weight of spring oats in pounds per bushel as Influenced by fertilizer treatments in the field, 1963 ...... 1*8

21 Weight per hundred seeds a3 influenced by fertilizer treat ments in three varieties of spring oats in the field, 1963 . 50

22 Weight per hundred seeds in grains of spring oats as influenced by fertilizer treatments in the field, 1963 52

23 Total shoot weight in grams per pot as influenced by fertilizer treatments and induced angle of lodging in the greenhouse, 1961* 53

2h Total shoot weight in grams per pot as influenced by fertilizer treatments in the greenhouse, 1961*...... 51*

25 Total root weight in grams per pot as influenced by fertilizer treatments and induced angle of lodging in the greenhouse, 1961*55

viii LEST OF TABLES (Continued)

Table Page

26 Total root weight in grains per pot as influenced by fertilizer 56 treatment in the greenhouse, 1961* ......

27 Top-root ratio as influenced by fertilizer treatment and induced angle of lodging in the greenhouse, 1961*...... 58

28 Phosphorus distribution in the oat culm as influenced by fertilizer treatment and induced angle of lodging in the greenhouse, 1961i...... 60

29 Potassium distribution in the oat culm as influenced by fertilizer treatment and induced angle of lodging in the greenhouse, 1961*...... 61

30 Calcium distribution in the oat culm as influenced by fertilizer treatment and induced angle of lodging in the greenhouse, 1961*...... 63

31 Zinc distribution in the oat culm as influenced by fertilizer treatment and induced angle of lodging in the greenhouse, 1961*...... 61*

32 Copper distribution in the oat culm as influenced by fertilizer treatment and induced angle of lodging in the greenhouse, 1961*...... 66

33 Iron distribution in the oat culm as influenced by fertilizer treatment and induced angle of lodging in the greenhouse, 1961*...... 6?

31* Aluminum distribution in the oat culm as influenced by fertilizer treatment and induced angle of lodging in the greenhouse, 1961*...... 68

35 Silicon distribution in the oat culm as influenced by fertilizer treatment and induced angle of lodging in the greenhouse, 1961*...... 70

36 Boron distribution in the oat culm as influenced by fertilizer treatment and induced angle of lodging in the greenhouse, 1961*...... 71

ix LIST OF TABLES (Continued)

Table Page

37 Strontium distribution in the oat culm as influenced by fertilizer treatment and induced angle of lodging in the greenhouse, 1961+...... 73

38 Molybdenum distribution in the oat oulm as influenced by fertilizer treatment and induced angle of lodging in the greenhouse, 1961+...... 71+

39 Cobalt distribution in the oat culm as influenced by fertilizer treatment and induced angle of lodging in the greenhouse, 1961+...... 76

1+0 Sodium distribution in the oat culm as influenced by fertilizer treatment and induced angle of lodging in the greenhouse, 1961+ 77

1+1 Summary of data analyses for significance in the chemical composition of oat culms in the greenhouse, 1961+...... 82

1+2 Analysis of variance for resistance to lodging in the field, 1963 . 8$

1+3 Analysis of variance for angle of lodging in the field experiment, 1963 ...... * ...... 86

1+1+ Analysis of variance for angle of recovery from lodging in the field, 1963 86

1+5 Analysis of variance for height of plants in the field, 1963 • 87

1+6 Analysis of variance for the height of plants in the green house, 1961+...... 87

1+7 Analysis of variance for the number of tillers per foot in the field, 1963 88

1+8 Analysis of variance for number of tillers with three plants per pot in the greenhouse, 1961+...... 88

1+9 Analysis of variance for number of nodes per plant in the field, .1963 ...... 89

x LIST OF TABLES (Continued)

Table Page

50 Analysis of variance for the first (uppermost) internode length in the field experiment, 1963 ...... 90

51 Analysis of variance for the second internode length in the field experiment, 1963 ...... 90

52 Analysis of variance for the fourth internode length in the field experiment, 1963 ...... 91

53 Analysis of variance for the fifth (lowermost) internode length in the field experiment, 1963 ...... 91

5U Analysis of variance for width in millimeters of oat culm at the bending node, 1961*...... 92

55 Analysis of variance for heading date in the field experiment, 1963 ...... 93

56 Analysis of variance for heading date in the greehhouee experiment, 19 6 U ...... 93

57 Analysis of variance for yield in the field experiment, 1963 9k

58 Analysis of variance for the weight per hundred seeds in the field experiment, 1963 9k

59 Analysis of variance for the shoot weight of the plants in the greenhouse, 1961*...... 95

60 Analysis of variance for the root weight of the plants in the greenhouse, 19614...... 95

61 Analysis of variance for the top-root ratio of the plants in the greenhouse, 1961t...... 96

62 Analysis of variance for phosphorus distrubution in oat culms, 1961*...... 97

63 Analysis of variance for potash distribution in oat culms, I96I4 ...... 98

xi LIST OF TABLES (Continued)

Table Page

61* Analysis of variance for calcium distribution in oat culms, 1961*...... 99

65 Analysis of variance for zinc distribution in oat culms, 1961* 100

66 Analysis of variance for copper distribution in oat culms, 1961*...... 101

67 Analysis of variance for iron distribution in oat culms, 1961*...... 102

68 Analysis of variance for aluminum distribution in oat culms, 1961*...... 103

69 Analysis of variance for silicon distribution in oat culms, 1961*...... 101*

70 Analysis of variance for boron distribution in oat culms, 1961*...... 105

71 Analysis of variance for strontium distribution in oat culms, 1961*...... 106

72 Analysis of variance for molybdenum distribution in oat culms, 1961*...... 107

73 Analysis of variance for cobalt distribution in oat culms, 1961*...... 108

71* Analysis of variance for sodium distribution in oat culms, 1961*...... 109

xii LEST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Figure Page

1 Lodging induced with angle of 0°, and 90 ° ...... 20

xiii INTRODUCTION

The cultivated oat, Avena sativa, is an annual grass which

constitutes one of the most important grain crops of the world.

The crop ranks fourth among all cereals, being exceeded only by

wheat, rice and corn. In recent years the United States alone has

produced approximately 30 per cent of the world crop, while the

United States and Canada together have produced nearly I1I4. per cent.

The diversity of the varietal types makes possible the successful

culture of oats over a wider range of climatic conditions than is

possible for any other cereal (8 ). Oats are used mainly as feed

for dairy cattle, young livestock, sheep and hogs in the United

States and also as human food in certain parts of the world.

Lodging has been one of the most perplexing problems confronting

the cereal plant breeder and agronomist for a long time. Research workers have been trying to develop a non-lodging small grain variety having high yielding capacity. Lodging has been reported to affect not only the yield but also the quality of grain and straw. Under

adverse conditions as much as 60 per cent of the grain yield may be

lost because of severe lodging.

Lodging of grain crops does not usually occur on soils of low fertility. With advances from plant breeding, very high yielding

cereal varieties have been produced which require high levels of soil

1 fertility. It is under such conditions of high soil fertility that lodg

ing of cereals becomes a serious problem.

The strength of straw and resistance to lodging caused by wind

and rain once was believed to depend upon silica and lignification of

the culm. Recent studies, however, have shown that genetic make up,

mineral nutrition and atmospheric and soil conditions under which the

crop is grown seem to be primary influences on the degree of lodging.

The affect of sudden changes in environment on the time of lodg

ing is also an important-factor. Lodging at an early stage of grain

formation causes more damage particularly in kernel quality than at

a later stage. Shrunken kernels influence a reduction in test weight

per bushel, a factor of significance in the market value of grain.

Much of the basic information on lodging obtained from any one

pf the small grain crops, oats, barley, wheat or fye, also may be

applicable to the others. This is due to the similar patterns of

growth and development in these crop plants.

The objectives of the present study are to investigate (a) the j affect of mineral nutrition on certain plant characters in spring oat varieties currently produced in Ohio, and (b) the influence of various

degrees of lodging on certain morphological characteristics and the

chemical composition of the oat culm. The results of these investi gations should assist oat breeders by supplying information on the

associations of straw strength and measurements of different plant

characters in selecting for lodging resistance. LITERATURE REVIEW

Chemical composition and lodging of plants

The problem of lodging in small grains has been the subject of considerable investigation. The literature on this subject is quite extensive and dates to 1798when Sir Humphry Davy (1 0 ) proposed that the lodging of cereals was associated with low silica content. In

18U2Leibig (27) also attributed lodging to a deficiency of silica in plants. Ashton (l) noted the association of strength of straw with a relatively high content of certain ash constituents, parti cularly silicon dioxide, and low fiber content, however, Welton

(li7) was able to grow plants to maturity in nutrient solutions without silica. Investigations showed that most of the silica content was concentrated in the leaves rather than in the stems.

Welton (U7) found the association of low dry matter per unit length of culm with weak straw.

Brady (U) suggested that a high concentration of lignified tissue existed in strong straws, but other investigators (19,35) later contradicted this theory and inferred from their results that high and not low lignin content was the cause of lodging. Hamilton

(19) also found no relationship between lodging and silica, sand or pentosans. Soil fertilization and plant lodging

Excessive amounts of available nitrogen in combination with

favorable growing conditions often have led to the development

of heavy vegetative growth with a high tendency to lodging

(6,16,31*33}h1,h3,k6)• Opinions have varied in explaining the

effect of nitrogen on plant growth. In addition to large increases

in the weight of the aerial parts of plants, excessive nitrogen

has produced a reduction in the thickness of cell walls and in

the lignification of the mechanical tissue of the culm. Tubbs

(U6) studied the effect of manurial deficiency on the mechanical

strength of succeeding nodes of fully manured plants. Nitrogen

deficiency was associated with an increase in the strength of the

lower internodes. Tubbs concluded that the observed reduction in

strength of succeeding tissues was due both to a decrease in the actual amount and efficiency of the mechanical tissue. High rates of nitrogen affected lodging and consequently the yield of grain (Ul).

Time of nitrogen application was also reported to have affected

lodging. Early application has appeared to cause more lodging than produced by late application (6,31). Glynne (16) stated that the extent to which grain crops lodged increased with nitrogen fer tilization and was most severe in a wet summer.

Nelson (33) found when nitrogen was applied at U0, 80 and

120 pounds per acre that the intermediate rate of application resulted in the greatest production of tillers and that the lowest rate was sufficient for maximum grain yield. Lodging increased with added increments of nitrogen fertilization. The greater 5

internodal length in the lower parts of the plant culm in association

with an excessive supply of nitrogen and a tendency to lodging was

noted by Mulder (31). The top two internodes were considerably

shorter where lodging had taken place before the plants had reached

full height. The number of measureable internodes also tended to

increase. Mulder further detected a reduction in the diameters

of the lower culms of plants with an increased rate of nitrogen

supply and a tendency for lodging.

Phosphorus deficiency in the soil has been found to be associated

with an increase in the strength of the lower internodes (U6 )

and with a reduction in the thickness of culm walls (31) in cereal

crops. In combination with nitrogen, application of P2O5 has in

duced lodging (6 ). Mulder (31) found that although culm strength

in phosphorus-deficient plants was decreased, the tendency for

lodging was found to increase in some experimental fields due to

dense stand.

Purvis (36) investigated the affect of potassium deficiency on

the standing ability of Dactylis glomerata. The grass on plots

without potassium application was lodged completely, whereas the

grass in neighboring plots where potassium had been applied was

still standing. Potassium deficient plants have been reported

(U6,3l) with shorter and thinner internodes than plants supplied

with adequate potassium. The conclusion drawn was that potassium

was essential to the production of mechanical tissue (U6). Although

the straw of potassium-deficient cereal plants was relatively brittle, more severe lodging was observed with an adequate supply of potassium

in the soil, in which case a denser stand was obtained. No effect of excessive amounts of potassium on strength of culm was found (31)-

Similarly, Widowson (1|8) reported that muriate of potash with dif ferent rates of nitrogen in barley seedings had little effect on straw strength and standing ability in a wet season. Krantz and

Chandler (2U) working on corn reported decreased lodging with potassium fertilization.

Measuring resistance to lodging

The tendency for lodging in plants has been related to (a) the resistance of the culm to lodging, (b) the development of the root system, and (c) the weight of the aerial parts of the shoot in re lation to the length of the culms. The heavier the aerial parts of the shoot the greater the distance from the center of gravity to the base of the culm and the greater the moment of force acting upon the lower internodes and the roots (31).

A number of workers have studied the breaking strength of straw in relation to lodging. Willis (U9) and Helmick (21) de scribed an apparatus for studying the breaking strength of straw in relation to lodging. Salmon (i+O) found that soft winter wheat varieties which are noted for lodging resistance generally showed the highest breaking strength, while the hard winter wheats which lodged easily showed the lowest breaking strength. While he ob tained high correlations between the breaking strength of straw of various winter wheat varieties in different seasons, he was unable to show correlations between breaking strength and lodging for the years studied. Welton and Morris (U7) found the breaking strength of eight winter wheat varieties correlated closely with lodging performance over a number of years. Davis and Stanton (9) in oat studies reported, "in general, the reputed stiff-strawed varieties as determined by field observations, when subjected to a mechanical straw- strength test, showed the highest resistance to breakage." Clark and Wilson (7) did not find any correlation between breaking strength and lodging behavior.

The determination of straw stiffness was found not to be an adequate guide to evaluation for resistance to lodging and would serve little use if the root system was weak (£0). Zade regarded the length of straw and the leaf area as important factors to best measure standing ability. Dragheti (13) found the flexibility of the first internode to be correlated directly with degree of re sistance to lodging. Zavada (£l), working with barley, found re sistance to lodging depended upon the culm strength, culm elasticity and the number and arrangement of leaves. Lange (26) found standing ability of wheat associated with short, stiff straw and low tillering capacity. Welton and Morris (li7) concluded from lodging experiments with oats and wheat that lodging was due to the interaction of many factors, both environmental and heriditary, and that lodging occurred whenever the interaction of these factors resulted in the develop ment of a relatively low dry matter content per unit length of culm.

Most of the measurement factors have not been consistant in es timating lodging resistance when taken singly. In fact, some of the factors which might be assumed to be directly associated with lodging, such as breaking strength and weight per unit length of culm, were reported not to be correlated with lodging (1,30,U0).

The CLr value, a lodging-resistance measurement, was used by Norden et al. (3U) and Grafius and Brown (17) for testing the lodging resistance in oat varieties. The CLr method utilized a chain with a known weight per link hung at the base of the panicle by a fine wire hook which caused the oat culm to bend. The unsupported chain links accumulated on the ground. The CLj, was calculated by dividing the number of links of culm supported by its height to the base of the panicles.

Murphy (32) developed the snap method, used by the author and described in detail later, which is simpler and less time consuming than the CLj, method. Frey et al. (lU) presented data to show that the snap method was preferred in testing lodging resistance. Cor relations between snap scores and lodging percentages and snap scores for different years were found to be greater in all instances than similar correlations involving the CLj. method.

Morphological characters and lodging of plants

Brady (U) in his studies on wheat found external plant characters such as height of plant and length and diameter of lower internodes to be as reliable estimates related to straw strength as were in ternal culm characters. Garber and Olson (If?) did not find a correlation of plant height with lodging. Hamilton (19) found ^ that the combined effect of plant height and diameter of the culm at the second above-ground internode had a definite relationship with lodging. The tendency for lodging-resistant varieties to be short and susceptible varieties to be tall was not evident. Un doubtedly plant height does affect the mechanical standing ability of oats, since short straw does aid varieties in remaining upright.

Shortness of straw alone, however, has not been linked with lodging resistance, nor has tall straw always been associated with lodging susceptibility.

The number of nodes per plant has been found to vary greatly within any one variety and between varieties, but no relationship has been established between the number of nodes per plant of a variety and percent lodging (19). Mulder (31) stated that although it was not khown whether plants with a greater number of internodes were more liable to lodging than those with relatively small num bers of internodes, the latter probably had more sturdy basal parts so that they had a greater resistance to lodging than those with higher internode number; He observed that nitrogen supply may pro mote an increased number of internodes measurable with the naked eye.

Brady (U), studying some factors influencing lodging, observed that for a certain degree of fertility a relatively unresponsive variety will make slower growth, especially during early stages, and as a consequence the lower internodes will be shorter than in the case of a more responsive variety. He observed that if the internal structure is not considered, short lower internodes by virtue of closeness of nodes should have a considerable advantage over long intemodes for lodging resistance. Short nodes also have been found to be accompanied by stronger internal mechanical tissue than found in longer internodes. Thus varietal unresponsiveness to soil fertility would have a cumulative effect on strength of straw. Brady could not conclude that the difference in the mean length of internodes between nitrogen-fertilized and non-fertilized plots was due to nitrogen alone but reported that length of internode 10

appeared to be subject to considerable variation as a result of soil heterogeniety. Brady concluded that internode length was not of any upe as an absolute criteria of resistance td lodging. Hamilton (19) did not find any correlation between straw strength and length of culm internode. Mulder (31) noted that plants with an excessive supply of. nitrogen and with a tendency to lodge had longer internodes, while potassium-deficient plants had shorter and thinner internodes than plants provided with an adequate supply of potassium.

The,content of dry matter per unit length of culm and the etiolation associated with lodging have been attributed to heavy seeding rate and to the use of varieties which tiller heavily.

Stiff-strawed varieties have been observed to produce fewer tillers than weak-strawed types when the plants were spaced eight inches apart between and within rows, and therefore lodging could have been influenced by heavy vegetative growth and by having more tillers per head (U7). Clark and Wilson did not find any correlation between the tillering rates and lodging behavior of wheat varieties.

Ramiah (37) showed an association of standing ability of plants with low tillering ability, while Hamilton (20) reported that differences in tillering did not separate varieties into resistant and susceptible types. Tillering therefore was not considered to be of value as a part of a lodging index.

Rodger (30) after reviewing the literature regarding the effect of plant nutrients on root development and lodging in cereals concluded that nitrogen increases leafy growth which shades the base of the plants and decreases development and vigor of the root system. The lodging of phosphorus-deficient plants is explained by the obser vation that the culm is weaker and root development is less than with plants receiving adequate phosphorus. Potash, he concluded, had no clearly defined influence on lodging since its effect on strengthen ing cell wall structure was offset by the increased growth pro moted. No relationship between lodging resistance and stem diameter of plants was found by Garber and Olsen (15). In wheat, however,

Atkins (2) reported that the diameter of the culm can be used in early generation selection and that continued selections could lead to a plant type with lodging resistance. Clark and Wilson

(7) determined the breaking strength of wheat culms by breaking ten culms from each of three plots of each variety and found that differences in breaking strength to vary with varieties. Hamilton

(20) and Jellum (23) found that varieties which possessed a high degree of lodging resistance also had culms of greater diameter, however the association was not evident with heavy seeding rates.

Mulder (31) found that the diameter of the upper culm internodes increased with an Increased rate of nitrogen supply, while the lower internodes had equal or smaller diameters. Potassium- deficient plants were found to have thinner internodes than plants supplied with adequate potassium.

As early as 1912, lodging resistance in wheat was considered to consist of stiffness of straw combined with a strong root system. A successful hybrid was produced with these two heritable characters (22). Brady (U) stated that if a number of varieties had equally effective roots systems, lodging resistance then would be closely associated with the relative unresponsiveness of 12

varieties to soil fertility. Hamilton (19) in his paper on c u Iit^

crown and root development pointed out the importance of root devel

opment and devised a lodging index based on the combined effect of

basal culm diameter, root type and height. Derick et al«. (i2) and

Caffrey and Carrol (5) studied varietal difference in root develop ment in oats and concluded that root development with substantial

anchorage was an important varietal characteristic for lodging re

sistance. The coronal roots of resistant varieties were not only greater in number but were coarse and spread more extensively than

the roots of susceptible varieties. The varieties with lodging resistance also had a smaller ratio of tops to roots•(12,U2).

The influence of lodging on yield and quality of small grains > under normal conditions has been reported by a number of workers.

Sisler and Olsen (hh) found that complete lodging reduced barley yields about hQ per cent, with a greater loss in yield having occurred when the plants lodged at heading time than at 10 to 20 days after heading.

Pendelton (35) found that both yield and test weight of spring oats was lowered by lodging. Laude and Pauli (25) found yields reduced by one-third due to lodging in winter wheat if the lodging occurred one to two weeks before heading and one to two weeks after heading. Early lodging reduced the number of kernels per head, whereas late lodging reduced the kernel size. Yield losses con tinued to decrease as lodging occurred to late binder-ripe stage, after which lodging caused no decrease in yield of grain. Mulder

(31) reported losses in yield from 0 to 60 per cent due to lodging. 13

Test weight has been recognized as an important measure of qual

ity. Low test weight grain has been shown to be related to a high

hull percentage and a low feed value. Laude and Pauli (25) found

lodging, under normal rainfall conditions in winter wheat, de

creased the test weight. Shrinkage of partly developed kernels

apparently accounted for the low test weight of grain from wheat

lodged during and for two weeks after heading.

Weight per 1000 seeds, has been used as an indication of the

size of individual kernels and the amount carbohydrates stored in

the seed. Day (11) found that severe lodging resulted in a decrease

in seed-weight in barley.

4 EXPERIMENTAL METHODS AND MATERIALS

The investigations on lodging were conducted in 196 3 and

I96I4.. One experiment was conducted in the 1963 growing season at

the Ohio State University Agronomy farm, Columbus, Ohio, and a

second study was made during the winter and spring of 1963 and

196U in the greenhouse of the Agronomy Department on The Ohio

State University campus, Columbus, Ohio.

Experiment I

The field experiment of 1963 was laid out in a split plot

design with the main plots comprising the following three spring

oat varieties in four replications:

(a) Goodfield, which is a medium-early maturing variety selected

from a cross of Clintland x (Garry x Hawkeye-Victoria) and released

in 1959 by the Wisconsin Agricultural Experiment Station (38) -

This variety has short, stiff straw and excellent bushel weight

of small kernels. The variety is resistant to the oat smuts and

to most of the common races of crown and stem rust. Goodfield, how

ever, is susceptible to yellow dwarf.

(b) Clintland 60, a medium-early maturing variety released

by the Purdue Agricultural Experiment Station in 1999 from the

cross of (Clintland type)** x Clinton-Boone-Cartier x R.L. 2105)

with medium height, medium stiff straw and resistance to most of

the common races of crown rust and oat smuts and to races 7 and 8 ' of stem rust.

1U 15

(c) Rodney a high yielding variety released by Canadian workers in 195U from a cross of ((Victoria x Hajira-Banner x Victory x

Hajira)) x Roxton. Rodney plants are tall, susceptible to lodging, late in maturity, resistant to the oat smuts and to the common races of stem rust except 7A, but susceptible to crown rust and Septoria blight.

Sixteen combinations of application rates with nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were randomized within each of the varietal main plots. The combination of fertilizers selected for this ex periment were:

(a) Check - no fertilizer added

(b) 25 pounds of nitrogen per acre

Cd) 200 pounds Per acre

(e) 25 pounds nitrogen + 200 pounds Per acre

(f) 2f> pounds nitrogen + 100 pounds P2®E> + Poun(ls KgO per acre

(g) 25 pounds of nitrogen + 100 pounds of + 200 pounds of K^O

(h) 25 pounds of nitrogen + 200 pounds of + 100 of KgO per acre

(i) 25 pounds of nitrogen + 200 pounds of ^2®$ + 200 pounds of KgO per acre

(j) 25 pounds of nitrogen + 200 pounds of KgO per acre

(k) 5>0 pounds of nitrogen + 200 pounds of K2O per acre

(1) £0 pounds of nitrogen + 100 pounds of^ 2®$ + pounds of KgO per acre

(m) 50 pounds of nitrogen + 100 pounds of P20^ + 200 pounds of K20 per acre (n) 50 pounds of nitrogen + 200 pounds of

(o) 50 pounds of nitrogen + 200 pounds of phosphorus + 100 pounds of K2O per acre

(p) 50 pounds of nitrogen + 200 pounds of phosphorus + 200 pounds of K^O per acre.

The nitrogen was supplied by ammonium nitrate, the wa3 provided by triple superphosphate, and muriate of potash was used to supply K2O. All possible combinations of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium could not be considered in each varietal block due to the limitation of space and, therefore, only sixteen combinations were selected which would afford the maximum comparison among the treatments.

The field experiment on lodging in spring oats was planted on

April 3, 1963. Each subplot consisted of four rows one foot apart and thirteen feet long. All observations and measurements were obtained from the two center rows of each plot trimmed to 10 feet in length. The fertilizer treatments were added by hand in surface application on May 2k, 1963, when the oat plants were 6 to 9 inches in height and well established.

Heading date. The oat crop started heading on June 11 and con tinued to June 23- The heading date was recorded for each plot on the basis of emergence of heads from more than 50 percent of the plants in a plot.

The strength of straw. Considered an important factor contributing to lodging resistance, straw strength was estimated by "the snap test" as prescribed by Murphy (32), in which 20 to 30 culms of the standing crop were pulled down by hand to an angle of U5° and released. The straw strength was scored according to the relative speed of return of the 17

oat culms to the upright position. The method is simple but requires

experience for competence. Three readings were made on different

dates to provide an average measurement of straw strength. The

scorings for straw strength utilized the range of 0 to 10, with 0

to represent least resistance and 10 for most resistance to lodging.

Degree of lodging. Several adverse climatic conditions pre

vailed during the 1963 growing season. Following establishment of

the oat plots, droughty conditions persisted up to the end of June

and to 20 days after heading, but later a severe windstorm accompanied

with rain caused lodging in all plots. Degree of lodging was measured by the angle of the plant cubm with the ground level. The smaller

angle readings indicated the greater degree of lodging.

Number of tillers. The number of tillers was recorded from three random locations of one foot length in each of the two center

rows of each plot. The six observations made in each plot provided

an average number of tillers per foot for use in further analysis

of plot data.

Height of plants. Plant height was recorded in inches and was measured at three random locations in each plot. Height was determined

from the base of the culm to the top of the panicle.

Number of nodes and length of intemodes. The node number was counted and the internode length was measured in centimeters for six culms selected at random in each plot.

Yield. The weight of grain produced from the two center rows of each plot was used in computation of yield.

Test weight. The grain harvested from all replications of each fertility treatment was bulked for determination of weight per 18 bushel with a standard test weight apparatus.

Experiment II.

The second experiment was conducted in the winter of 1963 and

196U in the greenhouse to study the effect of induced lodging at various degrees on different oat plant characters. Using a split- pot design, the different degrees of lodging formed the main plots in three replications and the different combinations of fertilizer treatments comprised the sub-plots. Seed of Rodney, a high yielding oat variety characterized by tall plant growth and high susceptibility to lodging, was used.

A homogeneous soil mixture was prepared from IS percent sand and 2S percent finely sieved peat. Each pot was filled with 3*5 pounds of the soil mixture for reference in calculation of the proper amounts of fertilizer application expressed on a per acre basis.

The oats were planted on January lii, 19614.. From six seedlings obtained per plot, three were retained for further observations.

After the oat seedlings were est.a blished, the fertilizers were added on January 3i* The nine combinations of different applications of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were as follows;

(a) Check - no fertilizer added

(b) $0 pounds of nitrogen + 100 pounds of P20^ + 100 pounds of K 0 per acre

(d) SO pounds of nitrogen + 200 pounds of ?2QS + 100 of KgO per acre 19 (e) 50 pounds of nitrogen + 200 pounds of + 200 pounds of K2O per acre

(f) 100 pounds of nitrogen + 100 pounds of P20^ + 100 pounds of KgO per acre

(g) 100 pounds of nitrogen + 100 pounds of P«0^ + 200 pounds of KgO per acre 2

(h) 100 pounds of nitrogen + 200 pounds of + 100 pounds of KgO per acre

(i) 100 pounds of nitrogen + 200 pounds of Po0C' +r-200 • pounds of K2O per acre 2 ' The supply of micrometabblie elements and of iron stock solution was prepared according to the formula given by Meyer et al ( 29) •

Observations on date of heading and number of tillers were re corded as in Experiment I.

Lodging of the plants was ihduced when all of the oat panicles had emerged fully to simulate the usual condition of plant development when rains and winds are received and lodging occurs in the field.

The apparatus used in the induction of lodging is shown in Figure 1.

The oats were lodged to three angles to represent three degrees of lodging as follows:

0° - The plants were pressed parallel to the pot soil surface and retained at that position by means of strings.

k$° - The plants were pressed to an angle of U5° and kept at that position by tying them loosely with strings to cane stakes.

90° - The plants were kept erect by tying them loosely with string to cane stakes.

The plants were harvested 15 days after the inducement of lodging.

Width of culm. Measurement of the width of culm, often considered one of the important factors* in determing resistance to lodging', was (c)

Figure 1. Lodging induced with angles of 0°(a), U£°(b) and 90°(c) in the greenhouse. ro 21 made for the 2nd Internode from the soil surface. The measurement was made with a vernier caliper Calibrated in millimeters. The average width of the three culms per plot was calculated from the measurements.

Weight of shoot and root. The above ground parts of all the oat plants in each pot were weighed in grams. The roots also were weighed in grams after washing and air drying.

Chemical composition of top and basal portions of oat culms.

The above-ground portions of the oat plants from each pot were separated into two samples from the culm length above and below the plant inter node where lodging had been induced. Both samples from each pot were dried in an oven at 70°C. ground with a Wiley mill, and analyzed for potassium, phosphorus, calcium, iron, boron, copper, zinc, aluminum, strontium, molybdenum, cobalt, sodium, and silicon by a Becording

Emission Spectrograph located in the Agronomy Department at the Ohio

Agricultural Experiment Station, Wooster, Ohio.

The analysis of data was performed according to Steel and

Torrie (1*5)- EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Resistance to lodging

The "snap test" score for lodging resistance (Table l) was least for Rodney when compared with either Clintland 60 or Goodfield varieties. The differences among varieties and among fertilizer treatments were not significant according to the analysis of variance (Table lj.2). With increased amounts of nitrogen, the re sistance to lodging tended to decrease, with the variety Rodney appearing to have been most affected in increased lodging by the additional nitrogen application. The addition of potassium and phosphorus showed no tendency to influence the strength of straw.

The highest scores for resistance to lodging were obtained for the plants which had received no fertilizers and had a low density of straw.

Degree of lodging

From measuremehts obtained in the field experiment, reported in Table 2, the degree of lodging was greatest in the Rodney oat variety, having formed the least average angle of 10.7° with the soil surface. Clintland 60 had an average lodging angle of 2h*3° and the highest angle of recovery (Table 3), 51*5° and tended to be most resistant to lodging. The analyses of variance

(Tables U3 and UU) showed that the oat varieties did not differ significantly in degree of lodging or in degree of recovery from lodging.

22 23

TABLE 1

RESISTANCE TO LODGING AS INFLUENCED BY FERTILIZER TREATMENT IN THREE VARIETIES OF SPRING OATS IN THE FIELD, 1963

Fertilizer treatment per acre Average snap-test score Spring oat variety — ■ ------— — --- . — Treatment Goodfield Clintland 60 Rodney mean

No fertilizer added 7.U 6.7 U.9 6.36

25 lbs. nitrogen 6.8 6.3 5.2 6.10 25 lbs. nitrogen + 100 Ibs.Pj^Oc; + 100 lbs.K20 7.1 7.1 I4..6 6.27 25 lbs.nitrogen + 100 Ibs.P^^ 6.5 6.5 6.6 6.20

25 lbs.nitrogen + 200 lbs.P20^ 7.1 6.5 6.2 6 .3 0 25 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. P2O5 + 100 lbs. K2O 7.1 6.8 U.8 6.23 25 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. P2O5 + 200 lbs. K2O 6.9 6.9 u.u 6 .0 7 25 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. K20 7.0 6.6 U.9 6.17

50 lbs. nitrogen 6.5 6.1 6.1 6.90 50 lbs. nitrogen + 100 lbs. P ^ ^ + 100 lbs. K20 6 .9 6.6 U.9 6 .1 3 50 lbs. nitrogen + 100 lbs. P2O5 + 200 lbs. K20 6.U 6 .U U.9 6.90

50 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. P2P 5 7.1 6.9 U.l 6.70 50 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. P2O5 + 100 lbs. K2O 6.5 6.6 U.7 6.93 50 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. P2O5 + 200 lbs. K20 6.0 6.1 U.5 6.63 50 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. K2O 6.6 6.U U.8 U.U5

200 lbs. P2O5 7.2 6.6 6 .2 6.33

Variety mean 6.82 6.51 U.86 6.97 TABLE 2

ANGLE IN DEGREES OF LODGING IN SPRING OAT VARIETIES IN THE FIELD, 1963

Angle of lodging in degrees (°) from soil surface for oat variety Treatment Fertilizer treatment applied per acre Goodfield Clintland 60 Rodney means

No fertilizer applied 50 62 65 59

25 lbs. nitrogen 6U 59 81 68 25 lbs. nitrogen + 100 lbs. P ^ * 100 lbs. K20 53 62 73 66 25 lbs. nitrogen + 100 lbs. P205+ 200 lbs. k 2o 71 58 80 69

25 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. P2C£ 6k 6k 76 68 25 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. ^2^5"*" 100 lbs. k 2o 73 63 89 74 25 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. P2O5+ 200. lbs. k 2o 65 68 83 72 25 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. K20 65 62 77 68

50 lbs. nitrogen 61 68 75 68 50 lbs. nitrogen + 100 lbs. P2O5+ 100 lbs. k 20 63 60 76 70 50 lbs. nitrogen + 100 lbs. P205+ 200 lbs. K20 79 66 85 77

50 lbs-, nitrogen + 200 lbs. P2O5 7U 75 89 78 50 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. P2O5+ 100 lbs. K20 82 66 81 76 50 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. P2O5+ 200 lbs. k 20 61 68 8k 71 50 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. K20 67 72 79 73

200 lbs. P2O5 56 57 75 63

Variety mean 66 65 79 70

L.S.D. for fertilizer treatment means (.05) 9 degrees (.01) 12 degrees 25

TABIE 3

DEGREE OF LODGING AS INFLUENCED BY FERTILIZER TREATMENT IN THREE SPRING OAT VARIETIES IN THE FIELD, 1963

Average angle in degrees between culm and soil Fertilizer treatment Spring oat varieties Treatment per acre______When observed_____ Goodfield Clintland Rodney average

After lodging 37.1 30.5 19.8 29.1 No nitrogen added Following recovery 66.2 58.7 56.2 60.3

After lodging 2 1*.5 26.6 9.2 20.1 25 lbs. nitrogen Following recovery 50.6 53-9 50.1 52.8

After lodging 20.3 20.5 9.1* 16.7 50 lbs. nitrogen Following recovery 1*3-5 1*6.9 1*3.8 1*5.7

After lodging 28.3 25.2 11*.6 22.7 No phosphorous Following recovery 51.9 51.7 51*.6 52.1*

After lodging 23-5 23.6 8.9 18.6 100 lbs. P2O5 Following recovery 1*9.0 53-7 1*1.7 1*8.0

After lodging 22.0 25.5 8.8 18.7 200 lbs. P2O5 Following recovery 1*8.0 1*9.6 1*5.5 1*7.7

After lodging 28.3 25.7 13.8 22.6 No potassium Following recovery 51.6 50.6 51.6 51.2

After lodging 22.3 22.1 8.9 17-7 100 lbs. K20 Following recovery 50.3 53*0 1*0.6 1*7-9

After lodging 22.0 21*. 1* 8.6 18.3 200 lbs. K2O Following recovery 1*6.6 52.0 1*9.6 1*9. k

Variety average after lodging 21*.1* 21*.3 10.7 19.8 Variety average following recovery period 1*9.5 51.5 1*8.1 1*9-7 26

The addition of nitrogen was responsible for reducing the degree

of erectness in all three oat varieties. Compared to plots that

received no phosphorus, the plants in fertilized plots showed more

lodging intensity as measured by the angle of lodging. The dif

ference in the degree of lodging between the plots receiving

100 and 200 pounds of P2°£ was no^ significant.

The average recovery to erectness of the oat plants in plots

where 200 pounds of potassium had been added was slightly more

than where 100 pounds of potassium was applied. The potassium-

fertilized plots, however, did not exceed the control plots in

erectness of plants, indicating that factors other than potassium

fertilization also were responsible for resistance to lodging. (Table U)

The highest recovery angle was obtained in the control plots,

which may be due to reduced above-ground growth. (Table £)

Height of plants

Analysis of the data from the lodging experiments conducted

in the field and in the greenhouse did not reveal any real dif

ferences in plant height measurements due to the different rates

of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium applied (Tables 6,U5>U6).

Compared to unfertilized plots, the plants in the fertilized plots

showed a tendency to be taller.

In the 1963 spring oat lodging test conducted in the field,

Rodney, considered most susceptible to lodging, was found to have

taller plants than either Goodfield or Clintland 60. Several

studies conducted earlier in the comparison of spring oat varieties

on The Ohio State University Farm have shown Rodney to be the tallest variety. 27 TABLE h

ANGLE IN DEGREES OF RECOVERY FROM LODGING OF SPRING OAT VARIETIES IN THE FIELDj 1963

Recovery angle in degrees (°j Fertilizer treatment for oat variety______Treatment applied per acre Goodfield Clintland 60 Rodney mean

No fertilizer 26 30 26 27

lbs. nitrogen 23 26 U2 31 25 lbs. nitrogen + 100 lbs. P205 + 100 lbs. K2O 22 30 3U 29 25 lbs. nitrogen + 100 lbs. p205 + 200 lbs. K2O 23 2k H8 32

25 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. p2°5 30 20 Uo 30 25 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. p2°5 + 100 lbs. K20 37 27 36 33 25 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. p2°5 + 200 lbs. K20 22 29 37 29 25 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. k 2o 30 27 50 36

50 lbs. nitrogen 20 21 Ui 27 50 lbs. nitrogen + 100 lbs. P205 + 100 lbs. 26 29 28 28 50 lbs. nitrogen + 100 lbs. P205 + 200 lbs. K20 30 26 32 29 50 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. P205 15 21 28 22 50 lbs. nitrogeh + 200 lbs. P205 + 100 lbs. K20 30 28 33 30 50 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. p2°5 + 200 lbs. K20 26 28 39 31 50 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. K20 20 32 Ul 31

200 lbs. P2O5 30 32 k6 36

Variety mean 26 27 38 30

L.S.D. for fertilizer treatment means ( .05) 7 degrees 28 TAB IE 5

ANGIE IN DEGREES OF RECOVERY FROM LODGING OF SPRING OATS AS INFLUENCED BY FERTILIZER TREATMENTS IN THE FIELD, 1963

P20^ applied per acre None 100 lbs. 200 lbs, ■ tt?0 applied per acre Nitrogen applied 200 100' 200 4 r— r-l o to- rao 200 Average for

per acre None lbs. lbs lbs. None • lbs. nitrogen level

None 27 36 32 2$ lbs. 31 36 29 32 30 33 29 31 50 lbs. 27 31 28 29 31 30 31 30

Average for P20^ level 30 30 31

Average for K;?0 level 30 32 31 29

TABLE 6

PLANT HEIGHT AS INFLUENCED BY FERTILIZER TREATMENT IN THREE VARIETIES OF SPRING OATS IN THE FIELD, 1963

Average height of plants in inches Fertilizer treatment Spring oat variety Treatment per acre Goodfield fclintland 60 Hodney mean

No fertilizer applied 30.5 32.8 36.3 33.2

25 lbs. nitrogen 32.0 32.3 37 *5 33-9 25 lbs. nitrogen + 100 lbs. P2O5 + 100 lbs. K20 32.0 33.3 38.0 3 h ‘k 25 lbs. nitrogen + 100 lbs. 200 lbs. K20 3U.0 32.0 36.0 3k.O

25 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. P20£ 32.5 32.5 36.8 3 3 -9 25 lbs. nitrogen +200 lbs. P20 £+ 100 lbs. K20 33.0 32.3 35.5 33.6 25 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. P2O5+ 200 lbs. K2O 33.0 33-5 38.0 3U.8 25 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. K20 33.3 31.5 37.0 33-9

50 lbs. nitrogen 32.3 32.8 35-8 33.6 50 lbs. nitrogen + 100 lbs. P205+ 100 lbs. K20 32.3 32.3 36.5 33.7 50 lbs. nitrogen + 100 lbs. P2O5+ 200 lbs. K2O 33.8 31.5 39.0 3U.8

50 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. P20£ 32.8 33.5 37-5 3k-6 50 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. P2O5+ 100 lbs. K2O 33.0 31.5 36.3 33.6 50 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. P20£+ 200 lbs. K20 32.0 33-0 37.5 3U-2 50 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. K 2O 32.3 32.5 36.5 33-8

200 lbs. P2O5 32.3 32.8 36.0 33.7

Variety mean 32.6 32.5 36.9 3U.0 Number of tillers

The average number of tillers per three plants in a pot varied

significantly with the fertilizer treatments in the greenhouse

experiment (Table 1*8). The number of tillers increased with the

increased rates of application of nitrogen, phosphorus and

potassium, phosphorus influencing tillering more than nitrogen

and potassium (Table 7).

In the field experiment of spring oat varieties in 1963, the

different rates of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium did not produce any differential affect on tillering (Table 1*7). The

difference in tillering behaviour for the two experiments with respect to the different rates of fertilization can be explained

by the solid seeding in the field compared with uniformity of

spacing given each plant in the greenhouse.

Rodney and Goodfield varieties were found to have a tendency

to produce more tillers than Clintland 60 (Table 8) although the differences were not statistically significant. This information agrees with the previous findings of Welton and Morris (1*7) who stated that stiff-strawed varieties produced fewer tillers than weak-strawed types.

The relationship of tillering rates with lodging behaviour was previously reported by Clark and Wilson (7) for wheat variety trials.

Number of nodes

The number of nodes per plant was not significantly different among the oat varieties and was not affected by the fertilizer treatment (Tables 9,U9). Clintland 60 was found to have an average 31 TABLE 7

NUMBER OF TILLERS AS INFLUENCED BY FERTILIZER TREATMENTS IN THE GREENHOUSE, 196U

Average' number of tillers with three plants ______per pot Nitrogen added, per acre Average for Average for Fertilizer treatment per acre i>U Lbs. LUU Lbs. P20^level K2O level

100 lbs. P205and 100 lbs. K2O U.22 5-67

100 lbs. P20^and 200 lbs. K2O B.Uh 5-22 5-11

200 lbs. K2O and 100 lbs. K2O 6.22 7.22 5.83

200 lbs. K20 and 200 lbs. K20 6.00 8.66 7.00 6 .3O

Average’for nitrogen level 5.U7 6.66

No fertilizer added 3-56 32

TABLE 8

NUMBER OF TILBSRS AS INFLUENCED BY FERTILIZER TREATMENTS ON THREE VARIETIES OF SPRING OATS IN THE FIELD, 1963

Average number of tillers per foot Fertilizer treatment 'Spring oat variety Treatment applied per acre Goodfield Clintland 60 Rodney mean

No fertilizer applied 38.00 32.25 35.00 35.08

25 lbs. nitrogen 39.50 33.25 38.50 37.08 25 lbs. nitrogen + 100 lbs. P2O5+ 100 lbs. K2O 38.50 31*. 00 38.00 36.83 25 lbs. nitrogen + 100 lbs. P2O5 + 200 lbs. K2O 1*2.75 31.75 39.50 38.00

2$ lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. P2O5 1*0.75 35.00 35-75 37.16 25 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. P2O5 + 100 lbs. K20 39.50 33.75 38.00 37.08 2$ lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. P20£ + 200 lbs. K20 1*0.25 31*. 50 1*0.00 38.25 2$ lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. K20 1*2.50 36.25 35.50 38.08

50 lbs. nitrogen 1*0.75 33.50 30.50 3U-91 50 lbs. nitrogen + 100 lbs. P20£ + 100 lbs. K2O 37.50 31*. 75 37.25 36.50 50 lbs. nitrogen + 100 lbs. P20£ + 200 lbs. K20 39.75 31*. 5o 1*1.50 38.58

50 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. P20£ 39.25 31*. 50 36.50 36.75 50 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. P20£ + 100 lbs. K2O 1*0.25 35-00 38.00 37-75 59 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. P2O5 + 200 lbs. K2O 1*1.25 37.25 38.00 38.83 50 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. K20 1*0.50 37.00 37.00 38.16

200 lbs. P2O5 37.50 33.25 35.25 35-33

Variety mean 39.91 31*. 1*1 3 7 .11* 37.15 33 TABLE 9

NUMBER OF NODES AS INFLUENCED BY FERTILIZER TREATMENTS ON THREE VARIETIES OF SPRING OATS, 1963

Average number of nodes per plant Fertilizer treatment Spring ? oat variety Treatment applied per acre OooSxerd CllxntTand UT Rodney mean

No fertilizer applied 6.30 6.05 6.25 6.20

25 lbs. nitrogen. 6.3U 6.05 6 .U0 6.26 25 lbs. nitrogen + 100 lbs. P2°5 + 100 lbs. K20 6.1*9 6.08 6.38 6.32 25 lbs. nitrogen + 100 lbs. P2O5 + 200 lbs. K2O 6.1*7 6.08 6.33 6.29

2 5 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. P2O5 6.1*3 6 .O0 6.38 6.27 25 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. P20£ + 100 lbs. K2O 6.33 3.78 6.29 6.13 25 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. p2 ° 5 + 200 lbs. K20 6.38 5.98 6.1*3 6.26 25 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. k 2o 6.50 6.05 6 .1*2 6.32

50 lbs. nitrogen 6.09 6.17 6.39 6.22 50 lbs. nitrogen + 100 lbs. P20£ + 100 lbs. K2O 6.55 6.05 6.35 6.32 50 lbs. nitrogen + 100 lbs. P2O5 + 200 lbs. K20 6.32 5.98 6.38 6.23

50 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. P2O5 6.29 6.15 6.78 6 .1*1 50 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. p2°5 + 100 lbs. K20 6.65 6.25 6.29 6.39 50 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. P205 + 200 lbs. K20 6.61* 6.00 6.33 6.32 50 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. K20 6.19 6.15 6.25 6.20

200 lbs. K 2O 6.22 5-78 6.1*3 6.11*

Variety mean 6.38 6.00 6.38 6.26 3k of 6.00 internodes as compared to 6.38 iqternodes in Rodney and Good

field varieties. On comparing the internode number with degree of

lodging, this character does not appear to be related to lodging,

although the variety Clintland 60, with the least number of inter-

nodes, was highest in lodging resistance. This inference is in

agreement with the statement made by Mulder (31) that a variety

with a small number -of internodes should have sturdy basal parts with greater resistance to lodging.

Length of internode

The number of internodes was counted from the top of the oat plant to provide a reference for uniform comparisons between internodal lengths. The first and second internodes from the top of the plant were found to be longest in Clintland 60 and comparatively

shorter in Rodney and Goodfield (Table 10). The differences among the varieties only for the length of the first internode were sig nificant at the five percent probability level (Tables 50,5l). The fertilizer treatments, however, did not seem to have affected the length of the internodep.

The lower internodes, which have been considered to be more important than the upper intemodes with respect to lodging re sistance, showed quite a different trend. The average length of internode was shortest in Clintland 60, which is considered to be a lodging resistant variety (Table 11). The differences among varieties and for the fertilizer treatments were not statistically significant (Tables52,53)• The closeness of nodes at the bottom- of the plant does 3how a trend toward giving strength to the culm for withstanding lodging. Brady (U) had stated that short internodes '4

TABUS 10 AVERAGE LENGTH OF FIRST AND SECOND INTERNODES FROM THE TOP OF PLANTS IN THREE SPRING OAT VARIETIES AS INFLUENCED BY FERTILIZER TREATMENTS IN THE FIELD, 1963 1 '11" l. jjyerage internodal length in centimelers^*3^^ for spring oat variety Treatment Goodfield Clintland 60 Rodney mean Internode Internode Internode Intemode Fertiliser treatment per acre First Second First Second First Second First Second No fertilizer applied 26.1 lit.7 31.8 l6 .it 27.lt 15.1 28.it I5.it 25 lbs. nitrogen 26.2 15.3 28.7 15.5 27.3 15.2 27.lt 15.3 25 lbs. nitrogen + 100 lbs. p 2°5+ 100 lbs. k 2o 25.6 lit.7 29.8 15.5 27.3 16.0 27.5 l5.lt 25 lbs. nitrogen + 100 lbs. 200 lbs. k2q 26.2 28.lt P205+ I5.it 30.5 l5.lt 15.7 28.3 15.5 31.0 lit.O 26.2 25 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. p2°5 25.9 lit.5 15-3 27.7 lit. 6 200 lbs. 100 lbs. k 2o 26.6 15.8 26.it 15.2 25 lbs. nitrogen + P2°5+ I5.it 30.3 27-7 l5.lt 25 lbs. nitrogen ♦ 200 lbs. W 200 lbs. k |o 25.9 I5.it 31.1 16.3 28.2 15.8 28.it 15.7 25 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. K2O 26.it 15.6 30.7 15.5 27.7 15.1 28.2 I5.it 50 lbs. nitrogen 25.3 lit.9 30.3 16.2 27.6 15.5 27.7 15.5 100 lbs. k 2o 15.6 50 lbs. nitrogen + 100 lbs. p 2°5+ 25.1 lit.6 30.1 28.7 15.3 27.9 15.1 50 lbs. nitrogen + 100 lbs. 200 lbs. k 20 26.9 15.7 30.5 16.2 2lt.9 lit.9 27.lt 15.6 p2°5+ 50 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. p2°5 26.it 15.5 29.6 16.3 28.6 15.5 28.2 15.7 50 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. p2°5+ 100 lbs. KoO 26.5 15.6 26.3 16.2 28.2 16.0 27.0 15.9 k o k 31.8 16.6 15.6 50 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. p2°5* 200 lbs. 2 30. lit.5 29.5 15.7 30.5 50 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. k 2o 26.7 15.6 30.9 15.8 26.6 15.5 28.0 15.6

200 lbs. P20g 26.lt 15.3 31.5 16.2 27.7 15-5 28.5 15.6 Variety mean 26.it 15.2 30.3 15.8 27.5 15-5 28.1 15.5

L.S.D. for first internode variety means (.05) 3*8 centimeters

UJ \J1

V TABLE 11

AVERAGE IENGTH OF FOURTH AND FIFTH INTERNODES FROM TOP OF PLANTS IN THREE SPRING OAT VARIETIES AS INFLUENCED BY FERTILIZER TREATMENTS IN THE FIELD, 1963

Average Internode length In centimeiers for spring oat variety Goodfield Clintland &0 Rodney Treatment Internode Internode Internode Mean Fertilizer treatment per acre Fourth Fifth Fourth Fifth Fourth Fifth Fourth Fifth

No fertilizer applied 8.8 5.8 8.1* !*.l 10.0 6.8 9.0 5.5

25 lbs. nitrogen 9.5 6.1 8.0 3.3 11.1 8.0 9.7 5.8 + + 6.0 2^ lbs. nitrogen 100 lbs. P2°5 100 lbs. k 2o 9.1 7.9 3.9 11.3 7.5 9.1* 5.8 + 100 + 200 k o 9.8 9.0 5.6 25 lbs. nitrogen lbs'. P2°5 lbs. 2 9.5 6.8 7-7 3.7 . 653 ' + 25 lbs. nitrogen 200 lbs. P2°5 8.7 5.2 7.1* ' 3.U 10.5 6.9 8.8 5-2 + + 25 lbs. nitrogen 200 lbs. p2°5 100 lbs. k 2o 9.1 5.5 7.9 1*.2 10.1 6.5 9.0 5.1* 25 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. p205 + 200 lbs. k 2o 9.3 5.8 7.8 3.8 12.3 8.2 9.8 5.9 25 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. k 2o 8.9 6.1 8.0 3.9 9.7 6.5 8.8 5.5

50 lbs. nitrogen 8.6 5.1 8.5 1*.6 10.1* 6.3 9.1 5.3 50 lbs. nitrogen + 100 lbs. p2°5 + 100 lbs. KoO 8.6 5.1* 7.8 l*.l 10.6 6.5 9.0 5.3 50 lbs. nitrogen + 100 lbs. p2°5 + 200 lbs. K20 9.6 6.5 7.5 3.U 11.7 8.1 9.6 6.0

+ 200 8.0 50 lbs. nitrogen lbs. P2°5 9.2 5.7 3.9 10.8 7.5 9.3 5.7 + + 50 lbs. nitrogen 200 lbs. P2°5 100 lbs. k 2o 9.1* 6.0 8.2 h.2 10.6 6.1 9.1* 5.1* 50 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. p2°5 + 200 lbs. K2° 9-3 6.9 7.7 3.7 11.6 7.5 9.5 6.2 50 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. k2o5 9.3 8.0 10.6 7.6 5*1* 1*.2 I ' 1 200 lbs. P2O5 8,7 5.5 7.0 3.3 10.7 7-0 8.8 5.3

Variety mean 9.1 5.9 7.9 3-8 10.7 7.1 9.2 5.6 37 were also found to have stronger internal mechanical tissue than the

longer ones.

The average length of the lowest internode appeared to increase

with the application of nitrogen, being 5«U6 centimeters in length

where no nitrogen was applied and £.63 centimeters when 25 pounds

of nitrogen per acre was applied. These results compare favorably

with the findings of Milder (31) who noted that plants with an

excessive supply of nitrogen and with a tendency to lodge had longer

internodes.

Culm width

Although the analysis of variance (Table Sh) indicates that

the differences in culm width associated with the angle of lodging

are not significant in the greenhouse experiment, the tendency of f Q the culms to be reduced in width with lodging induced to 0 , as

compared to semi-erect or erect plants, is evident (Table 12). Not

only a thin stem thus produced lodging as found by Hamilton (20)

and Jellum (23), but lodging also may have produced thin stems.

Culm diameter measurements thus would differ before and after the

date of lodging.

Low levels of potassium produced culms of reduced diameters

(Table 13), the highest average width, 2.79 millimeters, produced

with 200 pounds of KgO per acre, 2.65 millimeters with 100 pounds

per acre, and 2.2 millimeters for plants where no fertilizer was

added. These results agree with the findings of Mulder (31)•

Higher rates of nitrogen and phosphorus, however, tended to reduce the culm diameter, although the lowest diameter was found with plants in the pots which received no fertilizer. The latter 38 TABLE 12

CULM DIAMETER AS INFLUENCED BY FERTILIZER TREATMENT AND INDUCED ANGLE OF LODGING IN THE GREENHOUSE, 1961;

Culm, diameter in millimeters Induced angle of lodging Treatment Fertilizer treatment .— -ge--- jgn- — --- Average

No fertilizer added 2.00 2.U3 2.17 2.20 i>0 lbs. nitrogen + 100 lbs. P2O5 + 100 lbs. K20 2.67 2.60 2.87 2.71 50 lbs. nitrogen + 100 lbs. P2O5 + 200 lbs. K20 2.70 2.67 2.90 2.76 ^0 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. P2O5 + 100 lbs. K20 2.63 2.77 2.73 2.71 50 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. P20 e + 200 lbs. K20 3.00 2.83 2.93 2.92

100 lbs. nitrogen + 100 lbs. ^2®$ + 100 lbs. K20 2.37 2.73 2.73 2.61 100 lbs. nitrogen + 100 lbs. P20e + 200 lbs. K20 2.83 2.83 3.03 2.90 100 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. P20< + 100 lbs. K20 2.50 2.30 2.63 2.^8 100 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. £*2®$ + 200 lbs. K20 2.U3 2.77 2.53 2.58

Average for degree of lodging 2.57 2.68 2.72

L.S.D. for fertilizer treatment means (*05) 0.21 m.m. (.01) 0.27 m.m. 39 TABI£ 13

CULM DIAMETER AS INFLUENCED BY FERTILIZER TREATMENT OF THE PLANTS GROWN IN THE GREENHOUSE, 1$>6U

Average culm diameter in millimeters

Nitrogen per acre Average Average for P20£ for K20 Fertilizer treatment per acre 50 lbs. 100 lbs. level level

100 lbs. P2O5 and 100 lbs. K20 2.71 2.61 100 lbs. P2O5 and 200 lbs. k 2o 2.76 2.90 2.7U

200 lbs. P2O5 and 100 lbs. k 2o 2.71 2.58 2.65 200 lbs. anc* lbs. k 2o 2.92 2.38 2.69 2.79

Average for nitrogen level 2.76 2.66

No fertilizer added 2.20 Uo may be explained by differences in the short growth of the plants with the lower nutrient supply.

Heading date

Heading date in spring oats was found to be delayed by the addition of fertilizers (Tables 1U,55,56). The effect on heading was most pronounced in cases of nitrogen fertilization (Table l£).

The addition of 100 pounds of nitrogen per acre in the 196U greenhouse experiment produced a delay in heading of nearly three days, as shown in Table 16. Increased rates of phosphorus also extended the heading date. While the unfertilized plots headed earliest in both the field and greenhouse studies, the difference was more marked in the greenhouse study. Potash fertilization at 200 pounds per acre caused slightly earlier heading than produced by the 100 pounds per acre rate.

The order of heading among oat varieties from earliest to latest was Clintland 60, Goodfield and Rodney. The effect of time of heading on degree of lodging could not be considered since no windblown rain prevailed in the month of June. Early season wind and rain could have produced a difference in lodging accord ing to the order of heading among the varieties.

Yields c-

Rodney and Goodfield in the 1963 field experiment yielded higher than Clintland 60 (Table 17), although lodging was most severe in Rodney. Evidently the rainstorm which was received la

TABLE lU

HEADING DATE AS INFLUENCED BY FERTILIZER TREATMENTS IN THREE VARIETIES OF SPRING OATS IN THE FIELD, 1963

Heading 'date in number oil days after June 1 Fertilizer treatment Spring oat variety Treatment per acre Goodfield Clintland 6C> Rodney . means

No fertilizer applied 17.7 15.7 26.0 19.8

25 lbs. nitrogen 18.7 16.0 26.0 20.2 25 lbs. nitrogen + 100 lbs. p 2°5 100 lb. k 2o 17.0 16.3 26.3 19.9 25 lbs. nitrogen + 100 lbs. p2°5 200 lbs. K20 18.0 16.7 26.0 20.2

25 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. p205 18.0 16.7 25.7 20.1 25 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. p2°5 100 lbs . K20 18.0 16.7 25.0 20.1 25 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. P205 200 lbs. KoO 18.0 17.7 26.3 20.7 25 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. k 2o 17.7 16.0 25.7 19-8

50 lbs. nitrogen 18.3 17.3 26.3 20.8 50 lbs. nitrogen + 100 lbs. p205 100 lbs . K20 19.0 17.7 26.0 20.9 50 lbs. nitrogen + 100 lbs. p2°5 200 lbs,. k 2o 18.3 17.7 26.3 20.8

50 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. p2°5 18.7 17.3 26.7 20.9 50 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. p2°5 100 lbs,• k 2o 19.7 18.0 27.0 21.6 50 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. p2°5 200 lbs,. K20 18.3 . 17.7 27.0 21.0 50 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. k 2o 19.0 17.7 25.7 20.8

200 lbs.. p 2o 5 17.3 16.0 25.7 19.7

Variety mean 18.2 16.95 26.1 20. k

L.S.D. for variety means (.05) 2.6 days (.01) 3.9 days L.S.D. for fertilizer treatment means (.05) 0.6 days (.01) 0.7 days U2 TAB IE 1$

HEADING DATE OF SPRING OATS AS INFLUENCED BY FERTILIZER TREATMENTS IN THE FIELD, 1963

F2O£ applied per acre None ,100 lbs. 200 lbs. K?0 appliedper acre Nitrogen applied Soo 100 260 ISO 20(5 Average for per acre None lbs. lbs. lbs. None lbs. lbs. nitrogen level

None 19.8 19.7 19.75

2S lbs. 20.2 19.8 19.9 20.2 20.1 20.0 20.7 20.13

SO lbs. 20.8 20.8 20.9 20.8 20.9 21.6 21.0 20.97

Average for P2O5 level 20.3 20.5 20.6

Average for K2O level 20.3 20.6 20.6 TABLE 16

HEADING DATE OF SPRING OATS AS INFLUENCED BY FERTILIZER TREATMENTS IN THE GREENHOUSE EXPERIMENT, 1961*

Heading date in number of days after June 1 Nitrogen added Average Average Fertilizer treatment per acre for for per acre 23 lbs.. 30 lbs. P2O5 level K2O level

100 lbs. PoOh and 100 lbs. k 2o 2 5 35-33 1*0.66

100 lbs. Po0r- and 200 lbs. k 20 2 5 37.88 35-22 37.27

200 lbs. P-O* and 100 lbs. k20 2 5 1*0.33 U2.ll 39.60

200 lbs. P2Oe and 200 lbs. k 2o l*o.l+o 1*3 *66 1*1.63 39.30 .

Average for nitrogen level 37.99 1*0 .1*1

No fertilizer added 33. 91

L.S.D. for fertilizer treatments (.05) 2.22 (.01) 2.95 TA.BIE 17

AVERAGE HELD IN BUSHELS PER ACRE AS INFLUENCED BY- FERTILIZER TREATMENTS IN THREE VARIETIES OF SPRING OATS 1963

Average yield in bushels per acre Fertilizer treatment Spring oat variety Treatment applied per acre Gboc£fIeld “ Clintland 60 Rodney mean No fertilizer applied 65-7 52,0 72.9 63.5 25 lbs. nitrogen 70.7 60.8 65-3 65.6 25 lbs. nitrogen + 100 lbs. 65.2 57.3 61.3 61.3 P2°5 + :LOO lbs. K2C) 25 lbs. nitrogen + 100 lbs. 62.8 59.6 70.6 61;. 3 P2O5 + :200 lbs. 62.1; 25 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. p2°5 70.2 50.7 6 6 .k 25 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. p 2°5 73.0 1*9.0 61.7 61.2 + 100 lbs. K20 25 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. 67.0 58.6 61.2 62.3 PoOd+ 200 lbs. K20 25 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. k 2o 56.5 5U.3 72.5 61.1 50 lbs. nitrogen 62.k 53.3 61;. 0 60.0 50 lbs. nitrogen + 100 lbs. p2°5 67.5 1*7.5 63.3 59.3 + 100 lbs. KoO 50 lbs. nitrogen + 100 lbs. p 2°5 61. U 1*2.8 56.9 59.1; + 200 lbs. k 2o

50 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. p2°5 65.7 1*8.5 5U.0 56.1 50 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. 5o.8 p 2°5 71.U 61.8 61.3 + 100 lbs. KoO 50 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. 56.1; 60.1; 59.0 p2°5*• V 58.9 + 200 lbs. KoO 50 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. k 2o 58.5 51.1* 65.5 58.5

200 lbs . p 2o 5 66.2 57.9 66.3 63-5 Variety mean 65.0 53.1* 63.9 61.2

L.S.D. for fertilizer treatment means (.05) 3.3 (.01) U.3 L.S.D. for varieties x fertilizer treatment means (.05) 5-7 (.01) 7-1* almost 20 days after heading date did not do much differential

lodging damage among varieties in respect to yield,

The analysis of the yield data shown in Table 57 reveals

that the differences in yield between oat varieties are not

significant at the 5 per cent probability level. The general fertility level at the site of the experiment was initially high and differential response in yield by varieties and from fertilizer additions was small. The reductions in yield associated with nitrogen fertilization (Table 18) corresponded with increased degrees of lodging previously shown in Table 2 and was greatest for the tall variety, Rodney. Phosphorus and potassium additions had no consistent affect on grain yield.

Test weight

Heavy fertilizer applications at 50 pounds of nitrogen,

200 pounds of P20ând 200 pounds of KÔ apparently reduced the test weight in all three oat varieties as compared with 25 pounds of nitrogen, 100 pounds of P^ând 100 pounds of K2O.

The reduction in pounds per bushel may be due to the higher degree of lodging obtained with heavy fertilization (Table 19), higher stand density and the already high level of soil fertility of the field plots. The relatively small differences, however, due to fertilization (Table 20) are possibly explained by the fact that 1»6

TABLE 18

AVERAGE H E L D OF SPRING OATS IN BUSHEIS PER ACRE AS INFLUENCED BY FERTILIZER TREATMENTS IN THE FIELD, 1?63

applied per acre None 100 lbs. 200 lbs. KoO applied per acre Nitrogen applied m r---- icb— 200 Average for per acre None lbs. lbs. lbs. None lbs. lbs. nitrogen level

None 63.5 63.5 63.5 25 lbs. 65*6 6l.l 61.3 6U-3 62.1+ 61.2 62.3 62.6 50 lbs. 60.0 38.5 59.3 59.1* 56.1 61.3 59.0 59.0 Average for P2°5 level 61.7 61.1 60.8

Average for K 2 O level 60.1 60.8 60.7 TABLE 19

TEST WEIGHT IN POUNDS PER BUSHEL AS INFLUENCED BY FERTILIZER TREATMENTS IN THREE VARIETIES OF'SPRING OATS IN THE FIELD, 1963

Test weight in grams bulked from four replications Spring oat variety Treatment Fertilizer treatment applied per acre Goodfield ' clintland 66 Rodney means

No fertilizer applied 38.3 3U.8 3U.0 35-7

25 lbs. nitrogen 37.3 3U-U 32.1 3k* 7 100 100 k o 25 lbs. nitrogen + lbs. P2°5 + lbs. 2 38.7 35.0 30.5 3h*7; 25 lbs. nitrogen + 100 lbs. P20§ + 200 lbs. K20 37.8 3U.U 32.0 31*. 7

25 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. p2°5 37.9 3U.2 32.9 35.0 25 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. p2°5 + 100 lbs. k 2o 38.2 31*. 1 31.8 31*.7 25 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. p2°5 + 200 lbs. k 2o 37-2 31*. 1* 31.U 31*. 3 25 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. k 2o > 37.5 35.1 32.3 35.0

50 lbs. nitrogen 37.6 33- k 33. h 31*. 5 50 lbs. nitrogen + 100 lbs. p2°5 + 100 lbs. k 2o 37.5 31*. 7 31.2 31*. 5 50 lbs. nitrogen + 100 lbs. 200 lbs. k 2o 37.2 31.0 p2°5 + 33.3 33.8

50 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. p2°5 36.8 33.0 31.8 33.9 50 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. p2°5 + 100 lbs. K2° 36.6 33.7 30.6 33.6 50 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. p2°5 + 200 lbs. K2O 37.7 33.7 32.2 31*. 5 50 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. k 2o 37.1 33.8 33.1 31*. 7

200 lbs. P20£ 38.6 35.5 31*.5 36.2

Variety mean 37.6 3U.2 32.2 31*.6 U8 o

TABLE 20

TEST WEIGHT OF SPRING OAT GRAINS IN POUNDS PER BUSHEL AS INFLUENCED BY FERTILIZER TREATMENTS IN THE FIELD, 1963

1*2^5 applied per acre None 100 lbs. 200 lbs. K20^applied^per acre Nitrogen applied w r ~ "550 Average for per acre______None lbs. lbs. lbs. None lbs. lbs. nitrogen level

None 35-70 36.20 35-95 25 lbs. 3U.60 3U.96 3U-73 3U-73 35-00 3U-70 3U-33 30.hh 50 lbs. 3U .60 3U .66 3k-k6 33-83 33-86 33.63 3U-53 3U -22

Average for P20^ level 3U-90 3h*kk 3U.61

Average for K2 O level 35.00 33.13 3U-51 the damaging rain was received a considerable period after the heading

date.

The reduction in test weight of Rodney was more apparent than

in the other two varieties, particularly with the first increment

increase in the rate of fertilization with nitrogen, phosphorus or

potassiu m. The reductions in bushel weight corresponded with

increased degree of lodging.

Weight of 100 seeds

The variety Rodney in the spring oat lodging trial in the

field in 1963 gave significantly higher weight per hundred

grains (Table £8) than Clintland 60. The average 100-kernel weights for the three varieties were 2 .36, 2J>2, and 263 in the case

of Clintland 60, Goodfield and Rodney, respectively (Table 21).

Although the highest degree of lodging was obtained in

the plots of Rodney, a corresponding affect on the weight per hundred grains in this variety was not produced due to late occurrence of seasonal rainfall. These results were,therefor^ different than obtained by Pendelton (35)> who found that both yield and test weight of spring oats were lowered by lodging. 5o TABLE 21

WEIGHT PER HUNDRED SEEDS AS INFLUENCED BY FERTILIZER TREATMENTS IN THREE VARIETIES OF SPRING OATS IN THE FIELD, 1?63

Weight in grams per hundred seeds Fertilizer treatment Spring oat variety Treatment applied per acre Goodfield Clintland Rodney mean

No fertilizer applied 2.58 2.1*7 2.75 2.60

25 lbs. nitrogen 2.56 2.50 2.58 2.55 25 lbs. nitrogen + 100 lbs. P20£ + 100 lbs. K20 2.55 2.1*6 2.53 2.51 25 lb3. nitrogen + 100 lbs. P20£ + 200 lbs. K20 2.1*6 2 .ho 2.67 2.51

25 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. p2°5 2.58 2.32 2.56 2.1*9 25 lb3. nitrogen + 200 lbs. p2°5 + 100 K20 2.61 2.1*0 2.56 2.52 25 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. P20£ + 200 lbs. K2O 2.1*1 2.33 2.67 2.1*7 25 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. k 2o 2.38 2.1*1 2.52 2.1*1*

50 lbs. nitrogen 2.1*1 2.23 2.75 2.1*6 50 lbs. nitrogen + 100 lbs. P20d + 100 lbs. K 20 2.53 2.28 2.50 2.1*1* 50 lbs. nitrogen + 100 lbs. P20£ + 200 lbs. K20 2.1*8 2.28 2.61 2.1*5

50 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. P2O5 2.51* 2.27 2.67 2.1*9 50 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. P2°$ + 100 lbs* K2° 2.50 2.1*9 2.52 2.50 50 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. PpO^ + 200 lbs. K20 ^ 2.65 2.16 2.70 2.50 50 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. k 2o 2.37 2.36 2.72 2.1*8

200 lbs. K20 2.67 2.1*3 2.82 2.61*

Variety mean 2.52 2.36 2.63 2.50

L.S.D. for varieties (.05) .02 (.01) • .01* L.S.D. for fertilizer treatments (.05) .07 (.01) .09 L.S.D. for varietiesx fertilizer (.05) .12 treatments (.01) .16 51

Nitrogen applications appear to have reduced the weight per hun dred seeds in oats (Table 22), the average weight per hundred being

2 .62, 2.50 and 2 .1*7 grams for no nitrogen, 25 pounds, and 50 pounds of nitrogen per acre, respectively. The effect of nitrogen on kernel weight was noticeable particularly in the case of the variety Rodney.,

Phosphorous and potassium fertilization do not appear to have induced any noticeable differences in kernel weight.

Weight of plant tops and roots and the top-root ratio______

The data as shown in Tables 23 and 2k reveal.' that the weight of tops increased significantly (Table 59) with increased rates of fertilizer application. Although 100 pounds of nitrogen did not give added yield of tops as compared to 50 pounds of nitrogen per acre, the average yields with reference tote control plots were approximately doubled with both nitrogen rates. Increases in shoot weight with additions of P2O5 are 12.1*5, 23.06, and 26.91 gratn3 with no P2O5 , 100 pounds of P2Q5 and 200 pound3 per acre, respectively.

The weight of shoots produced in the pots receiving 100 pounds of

& 2(0 per acre was approximately twice the yield produced in the control pots, while there was no increase in yield between the applications of 100 pounds and 200 pounds K2O per acre. The artificial inducement of lodging did not seem to have affected the weight of plant shoots produced, however the differences for shoot weight with fertilizer additions varied according to the angle lodging induced.

Root weight also increased significantly (Table 60) with the addition of fertilizers (Tables 25,26). The most significant difference 52

TABLE 22

WEIGHT PER HUNDRED SEEDS IN GRAMS OF SPRING OATS AS INFLUENCED BY FERTILIZER TREATMENTS IN THE FIELD, 1963

P2O5 applied per acre None 100 lbs. 200 lbs. K20 applied per acre Nitrogen applied 200 100 200 100 200 Average for per acre None lbs. lbs. lbs. None lb 3. lbs. nitrogen level

None 2.60 2.61* 2.62 25 lbs. 2.55 2 .1+U 2.51 2.51 2.1*9 2.52 2.1*7 2.51 50 lbs. 2.1*6 2 .1*8 2 .1*1* 2.1*5 2.1*9 2.50 2.50 2.1*7

Average for PgO^ level 2.506 2.1*8 2.52

Average for K^O* level 2.5U 2.1*9 2.1*8 53 TABLE 23

TOTAL SHOOT WEIGHT IN GRANS PER POT AS INFLUENCED BY FERTILIZER TREATMENTS AND INDUCED ANGIE OF LODGING IN THE GREENHOUSE, 1961+

Average shoot weight in grams for 3 plants per pot Fertilizer treatment Induced angle of lodging •treatment per acre 0° 1+5° 90° mean

No fertilizer added 13.67 11.33 12.33 12. kh

^0 lbs. nitrogen + 100 lbs. P20^ + 100 lbs. K20 22.67 20.67 26.00 23.11 50 lbs. nitrogen + 100 lbs. P20£ + 200 lbs. K20 26.33 23.33 25.00 21+.89 50 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. P20e + 100 lbs. K 20 29.33 32.67 29.67 30.56 50 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. P£0g + 200 lbs. K20 27.67 26.67 26.33 26.89

100 lbs. nitrogen + 100 lbs. P20^ + 100 lbs. K 20 19.67 21.00 25.67 22.15 100 lbs. nitrogen + 100 lbs. P20£ + 200 lbs. K20 19.67 20.33 26.33 22.11 100 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. P2O5 + 100 lbs. K20 31.33 29.33 30.67 30.UA 100 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. P20[j + 200 lbs. K20 30.67 29.00 32.00 30.56

Average for degree of lodging 21+.56 23.59 26.00 2U.72

L.S.D. for fertilizer treatments (.05) 2.30 grains (.01) 3.06 grams L.S.D. for lodging angles x fertilizer treatments (.05) U.20 grams (.01) 5.78 grains $k

TABIE 2h

TOTAL SHOOT WEIGHT IN GRAKB PER POT AS INFLUENCED BY FERTILIZER TREATMENTS IN THE GREENHOUSE, 1961*

Average shoot weight in grains ior 5 plants per pot' Fertilizer treatment Nitrogen added per acre Average for Average for per acre 50 lbs. LOO lbs. p2°5 level K2O Level

LOO Lbs. PpO- + 100 lbs. k2o * 23.11 22.15

100 lbs. PpO^ + 200 lbs. K20 5 2^.89 22.11 23.06

200 lbs. P0O 5 + 100 lbs* K20 p 30.56 30.26.56

200 lbs. P20h + 200 lbs. K 2O 5 26.89 30.56.^ 29.61 26.11

Average for nitrogen level 26.36 26.31

No fertilizer added 12.iUj. TABLE 2£>

TOTAL ROOT WEIGHT IN GRAMS PER POT AS INFLUENCED BY FERTILIZER TREATMENT AND INDUCED ANGLE OF LODGING IN THE GREENHOUSE, 196k

Average root weight in grains for 3 plants ______per p o t ______Fertilizer treatment Induced angle of lodging Treatment per acre 0° k5° 9000 ' mean

No fertilizer added 2.33 2.93 2.67 2 .6U

£0 lbs. nitrogen + 100 lbs. P2Or + 100 lbs. K20 5.17 S.70 k-90 $.2$ 50 lbs. nitrogen + 100 lbs. P2Ocj.+ 200 lbs. X20 U.13 b-ko k-70 U.Ul 50 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. .P20£ + 100 lbs. K20 7.37 3.63 6.13 $.7U 50 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. P20^ + 200 lbs. K20 8.17 U.33 $.03 100 lbs. nitrogen + 100 lbs. P2O5 + 100 lbs. KoO 5.03 U.67 • 3.17 U.29 100 lbs. nitrogen + 100 lbs. P2°d + 200 lbs. K2O U.80 k-ko U .63 U*6l 100 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. P20£ + 100 lbs. K20 6.37 6.20 5.73 6.10 100 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. P2O5 + 200 lbs. K20 6.53 6.23 5.60 6.12 « Average for degree of lodging S.# U.85 k.73 $.0U

L.S.D. fpr fertilizer treatments («05) 0.96 (.01) 1.28 56 TABLE 26

TOTAL ROOT WEIGHT IN GRA3E PER POT AS INFLUENCED BY FERTILIZER TREATMENT IN THE GREENHOUSE, 1961*

Average root weight in grams for 3 plants per plot Fertilizer treatment Nitrogen added per acre Average for Average for per acre______50 lbs. 100 lbs. .p£°£ level K?0 level 100 lbs. FnOt + 100 lbs. KoO 5.25 1*.29 100 lbs. P20£ + 200 lbs. K20 l*.i*l I*. 61 1*.61*

200 lbs. PpOn; + ioo lbs. 5.71 6.10 5.33 200 lb3. P20£ + 200 lbs. K20 5.81* 6.12 5.9U 5.21*

Average for nitrogen level 5.30 5-28

No fertilizer added 2.61* noticeable was in case of P2Oc;. Nitrogen and potassium increased the

root weight only with applications of $0 pounds and 100 pounds per

acre.

The weight of roots showed a tendency to increase with the

inducement of lodging. While the average weight of roots from

erect plants was U-73 grams for three plants per pot, roots of plants

induced to 0° lodging averaged $.£5 grams. This increase in root

weight can be explained with the stimulation of root system develop

ment after mechanical disturbances. Increased root growth probably

was associated with the reaction of plant growth recovery after

lodging.

The top-root ratio also showed a tendency to increase with ad

ditional fertilization (Tables 27,61). With the increased pro

portion of top growth, the plants were more susceptible to lodging,

as reported previously by Sechler (U2) that more resistant strains

have lower top-root ratios.

Chemical composition of the culm

Chemical analysis of the upper portion of the culm and the

lower portion where bending takes place was performed separately

to find the effects of application of different rates of fertilizer

treatments and induced lodging angles on the concentration and dis

tribution of mineral elements in the plant culm. The mineral

elements which could be determined with the Recording Emission Spectro

graph at the Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station at Wooster, Ohio were considered. \ The quantities of phosphorus, an element considered important 58

TABLE 27

TOP-ROOT RATIO AS INFLUENCED BY FERTILIZER TREATMENT AND INDUCED ANGLE OF LODGING IN THE GREENHOUSE, 1961*

Average top-root ratio in grans for 3 plants per pot Fertilizer treatment Induced angle of lodging Treatment per acre Oo 1*5° 90° mean

No fertilizer added 6 .1*8 3.22 1*.06 l*-59

50 lbs. nitrogen + 100 lbs. P20, + 100 lbs. K20 2 3 U.65 l*. 1*0 1*.1*9 l*.5i 50 lbs. nitrogen + 100 lbs. P2O5 + 200 lbs. K2O 6.1*5 5.51 5-37 5-78 50 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. P20£ + 100 lbs. K20 5.36 7.29 5.01 5.89 50 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. P20£ + 200 lbs. K 20 U-73 6.20 5.71 5.55

100 lbs. nitrogen + 100 lbs. P20£ + 100 lbs. K 2O 5.27 1* .61 8.18 6.02 100 lbs. nitrogen + 100 lbs. P2O5 + 200 lbs. K 2O 1*.73 1*.?5 5.88 5-19 100 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. P2O5 + 100 lbs. K2O 5-1*3 1+.68 5-58 5.23 100 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. P20£ + 200 lbs. K 20 5.1*8 5.02 5.86 5-1*5

Average for angle of lodging 5-1*0 5.10 ~ 5-57 5-36 in the synthesis of nucleoproteins and other- metabolic processes in

plants, appeared to decrease (Table 28) with the increase in the

degree of lodging in both upper and lower plant parts, although the

differences were not statistically significant (Table 62). The

bending of the oat culm reduced the average percentage composition

from .07U in the erect plants to .068 in completely lodged plants,

showing evidence of an interruption in the transportation of this

element in the lodged plant culm. Highly significant differences

in the composition of oat culms with phosphorus were noted with

increasing rates of fertilization, especially with the application

of P2gS' -^e average percentage figures for no phosphorus, 100

pounds. P2O5 anc^ pounds P2O5 were .060, .061 and .086, re

spectively. The application of nitrogen and potash also showed a

trend of producing an increased content of phosphorus in the culm.

No significant differences were found in the plant culm por

tions with respect to potassium distribution (Table 29). The

average difference in potassium content between the upper and lower

culm portions was more pronounced in the erect and semi-erect plants

than for the plants in which complete lodging had been induced

(Table 63). The smaller differences in the completely lodged plants may be due to the restriction of the supply of potassium from the

soil and removal from the upper portion to the panicles. These

differences appear to be pronounced only in the lower portions and not in the upper parts of the plant, which possibly can be ex plained in that very little change in potassium content takes place

after the formation of the heads. In control pots the lower por

tions contained more potassium than the upper parts, perhaps as

sociated with the lowered tendency to lodging. As the rates of TAB3JS 28 FHQSPHORUS DISIBIBUTION IN THE OAT PLANT CUIM PORTIONS AS INFLUENCED BY FERTILIZER ___ TREATMENT AND INDUCED ANGLE OF LODGING IN THE GREENHOUSE, 1961; ______Percentage phosphorus distribution Fertilizer treatment Portion of Induced angle oif lodging treatment mean for Treatment per acre______the culm____ 0° k5°______90° plant culm portion_____ mean No fertilizer added upper .067* .063 .050 .060 lower .070 .063 .0U7 .060 .060

50 lbs. nitrogen + 100 lbs. upper .063 .063 .050 .059 P20£ + 100 lbs. K20 lower .070 .057 .067 .065 .062 50 lbs. nitrogen + 100 lbs. upper .067 .077 .060 .068 P20£ + 200 lbs. K20 lower .067 .070 .057 .065 .066 50 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. upper .077 .090 .070 .079 P205 + 100 lbs. K20 lower .080 .067 .083 .077 .078 50 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. Upper .073 .083 .120 .092 P&S + 200 lbs. K?Q lower .073 .070 .083 .075 .083 100 lbs. nitrogen + 100 lbs. upper '.050 .073 .073 .065 P20$ + 100 lbs. K2O lower .067 .077 .077 .07U .069 100 lbs. nitrogen + 100 lbs. upper .0U7 .01*3 .067 .052 P20$ + 200 lbs. K20 lower .0U3 .063 .060 .055 .053 100 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. upper .083 .090 .087 .087 P ^ + 100 lbs. K20 lower .080 .087 .097 .088 .087 100 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. upper .087 .090 .090 .089 P ^ + 200 lbs. K2O lower .100 .077 .113 .097 .093 Average for angle of upper .068 .07U .07U .072 lodging lower .072 .070 .076 .073

L.S.D. for fertilizer treatments (.05) .013 (.01) .017

ON o TABLE 29

POTASSIUM DISTRIBUTION IN THE OAT CULM AS INFLUENCED BY FERTILIZER TREATMENT AND INDUCED ANGLE OF LODGING IN THE GREENHOUSE, 1964

Percentage potassium distribution Treatment mean Fertilizer treatment Portion Induced angle of lodging for plant Treatment per acre of the culm 0° 45° 90° culm portion mean No fertilizer added upper 2.78 3.83 3.51 3.22 lower 4.27 4.23 3.28 3.93 3-58 50 lbs. nitrogen + 100 lbs. upper 3.09 3121 3.04 3.11 P20£ + 100 lbs. K20 lower 2.62 2.79 2.74 2,12 2.97 $0 lbs. nitrogen + 100 lbs. upper 3.17 3.19 3.86 . 3.41 P2O5 + 200 lbs. K2O lower 2.91 3.3k 3.59 3.28 3.30 50 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. upper 2.53 3.07 2.74 2.75 P ^ + 100 lbs. lower 2.39 2.81 2.12 2.44 2.60 50 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. upper 3.07 3.25 3.22 3.18 P20£ + 200 lbs. K2O lower 3.57 3.23 3.28 3.36 3.27 100 lbs. nitrogen + 100 lbs. upper 2.76 2.93 3.11 2.93 P20cj + 100 lbs. K20 lower 2.99 2.54 2.78 2.77 2.85 100 lbs. nitrogen + 100 lbs. upper 3.28 3.79 3.25 3-44 PgO^ + 200 lbs. K20 lower 1.05 1.63 2.86 1.85 2.65 100 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. upper 2.98 2.99 3.09 3.02 P20£ + 100 lbs. K20 lower 2.56 2.88 3.54 2.99 3.01 100 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lb3. upper 3.38 3.12 3.34 3.28 P20£ + 200 lbs. K20 lower 3.27 3.12 3.32 3.27 3.28 Average for the angle of lodging upper 3.00 3.26 3.35 lower 2.85 2.95 3.06 Average for the plant culm upper 3.15 portions lower 2.96 L.S.D. for fertilizer treatments (.05) .41 (.01) .55 62 fertilization were increased, these conditions were reversed, for the lower portions were lower in potassium than the top portions.

Highly significant differences between the upper and the lower portions of the culm for calcium content were found (Table 6I4.) •

The upper portions of the oat culms always contained calcium in higher concentration than found in the lower portions (Table 30) 3 a result which may be explained in that the calcium is considered to be connected with the growth of apical meristems and leaves.

The upper portions of erect and semi-erect plants with higher fertilization rates apparently contained more calcium than com pletely lodged plants with lower rates of fertilization. The low calcium content of the upper culm in completely lodged plants may be due to translocation of this mineral to the leaves and growing parts and restricted supply from the lodged portion of the plant.

Zinc appeared to be more equitably distributed in erect plants than in the completely lodged plants (Table 31). The average dif ferences. between the upper and lower portions of the culm were more pronounced in the completely lodged plants than for the semi-erect or erect plants (Table 65). The increases in the rates of nitrogen application also increased the quantity of zinc in the top and bottom culm portions. Phosphorus and potassium application, however, did not show any effect on zinc distribution. The relatively high con tent of zinc in the control pots can be explained by the low shoot weight and thus a higher concentration of this mineral in the culm.

Copper distribution in the upper and lower portions of an oat culm associated with the angle of lodging showed the same trend as for zinc, although the differences were not statistically significant

(Table 66). The differences in copper content between the upper and TABLE 3P

CALCIUM DISTRIBUTION IN THE OAT CULM AS INFLUENCED BT FERTILIZER TREATMENT AND INDUCED ANGLE OF LODGING IN THE GREENHOUSE, 1961*

Percentage calcium distribution Fertilizer treatment Portion of induced angle of idaging Treatment" per acre the culm 6° kS° 90° mean

No fertilizer added upper .29 .37 .35 .33 lower .23 .30 .23 .25

50 lbs. nitrogen + 100 lbs. upper .lilt .39 .1*7 .1*3 P20£ + 100 lbs. K20 lower .29 .29 .29 .29

SO lbs. nitrogen + 100 lbs. upper .61 .1*0 .63 .51* P20£ + 200 lbs. K20 lower .1*2 .57 .1*9 .1*9

50 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. upper .56 .59 .56 .57 P20£ + 100 lbs. K 20 lower .39 .1*1* .1*9 .1*1*

50 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. upper .1*7 .51 ..1*2 .1*6 P20^ + 200 lbs. K 20 lower .1*1* .28 .27 .33

100 lbs. nitrogen + 100 lbs. upper .1*5 .39 .50 .1*1* P2°5 + 100 1138 * K2° lower .31 .33 •31 .31 lOO lbs. nitrogen + 100 lbs. upper .35 .61; .1*1* .1*7 P20^ + 200 lbs. K20 lower .29 .51 .32 .37

100 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. upper .58 .63 .75 .65 P20£ + 100 lbs. K20 lower .1*7 .1*2 .66 .51

100 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. upper .61* .78 .78 .73 P20^ + 200 lbs. K20 lower .1*5 .70 .53 .56

Average for angle of lodging upper .1*8 •52 •51* lower .36 .1*2 .39

Average for plant culm portion upper .51 lower .39 L.S.D. for plant culm portions means (01) .01* tabie 3 1

ZINC DISTRIBUTION IN OAT CULffi AS INFLUENCED BY FERTILIZER TREATMENT AND INDUCED ANGLE OF LODGING IN THE GREENHOUSE, 1961*

Zinc distribution in parts per million Treatment mean Fertilizer treatment Portion Induced angle of lodging for plant Treatment per acre______of the culm 0______1*5°______90°_____ culm portion______mean No fertilizer added upper 1*8.7 1*6.7 66.0 53.8 lower 61*.0 56.3 79.0 66.1* 60.1 50 lbs. nitrogen + 100 lbs. upper 1*9.7 38.3 30.3 39.1* P2O5 + 100 lbs. K2O lower 66.3 51.0 37.0 50.1* l*i*.9 50 lbs. nitrogen + 100 lbs. upper 58.7 38.3 1*0.3 1*5.8 P2O5 + 200 lbs. K2O lower 77.7 56.0 1*7.3 60.3 53.1" 50 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. upper 71*3 37.0 1*6.7 51.7 PgO^ + 100 lbs. K20 lower 61*.7 1*6.7 53.3 51*. 9 53.3 50 lbs. nitrogen + 200t Lbs. upper 66.0 1*1.3 33.3 1*6.9 • PgO^ + 200 lbs. K20 lower 102.0 1*8.7 1*2.7 61*. 5 . 55.7' 100 lbs. nitrogen + 100 lbs. upper 61*. 7 1*6.3 96.0 69.0 P20$ + 100 lbs. K2O lower 96.3 58.3 125.0 93.3 81.2 100 lbs. nitrogen + 100 lbs. upper 35.0 1*6.3 1*9.3 1*3.5 P2O5 + 200 lbs. K2O lower 50.7 51.7 1*3.7 1*8.7 1*6.1 100 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. upper 39-7 1*0.3 52.7 1*1*. 2 P20^ + 100 lbs. K20 lower 78*0 50.3 59.0 62.1* 53.3 100 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. upper 69.0 50.0 ■ 62.3 60.1* P20£ + 200 lbs. K2O lower 71*.3 73-0 67.7 71.6 66.0 Average for angle of lodging upper 55.9 1*2.7 59.5 lower 71*.6 51*.7 61.6 Average for plant culm portions upper 65.3 1*8.7 60.6 52.7 lower 63.6 L.S.D. for fertilizer treatments (.05) 18.17 (.01) 2l*.23 L.S.D. for plant culm portion means (.05) 13*59

O' 65

lower portions of the culms were more pronounced in lodged than in

erect plants (Table 32). An interruption in the movement of copper

to the upper plant parts and a concentration in the lower portions

apparently occurred. The interaction of plant culm portions and

lodging angles is highly significant and is shown by the accumul

ation of copper in the lower portions of the lodged plants. Highly

significant differences between plant culm portions means for copper

content also occurred only in lodged plants.

The differences in the means for chemical analysis of plant

culm portions for iron have not shown any statistical signifi

cance (Table 6 7 ), but the distribution of this element appears to

be associated with the supply of phosphorus and nitrogen (Table 33)-

The quantities of iron in the upper portion of the culm increased

significantly with the increase in the rates of nitrogen and P20^.

Erect plants have apparently shown more concentrations of iron

in the upper parts than in the lower portions with the tendency

of the lodged plants to have a restriction in the movement of

this element to the upper parts of the culm.

The higher application rates of the three major nutrients sup plied, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, increased significantly

(Table 68) the aluminum content in the upper parts of the oat culms.

In the lower culm portions the increases in aluminum content as

sociated with fertilization were well marked only with the first

increment in the rate of application (Table 3b)- Highly signi ficant differences between the means of the plant culm portions for aluminum content also were detected, in which the lower culm portions contained a greater supply than found in the upper plant TABLE 32

COPPER DISTRIBUTION IN THE OAT CUIM AS INFLUENCED BY FERTILIZER TREATMENT ______AND INDUCED ANGLE OF LODGING IN THE GREENHOUSE, 1961t______Copper distribution in parts per million Portion of Induced angle of lodging Treatment Fertilizer treatment the culm 0° ltS° 90° mean No fertilizer added upper 9.0 8.3 1U.3 10.s lower 18.3 21.3 20.0 19.9 SO lbs. nitrogen + 100 lbs. upper 11.3 7.0 11.3 9.9 PgO^ + 100 lbs. K20 lower 20.3 30.0 1S.3 21.9 SO lbs. nitrogen + 100 lbs. upper 8.7 7.3 10.3 8.8 P2O5 + 200 lbs. K2O lower 22.0 19.0 10.3 17.1 SO lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. upper 8.7 8.3 19.3 12.1 P2O5 + 100 lbs. K20 lower 2S-7 13.3 I7.3 18.8 SO lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. upper 8.0 10.0 17.7 11.9 P20$ + 200 lbs. K20 lower 20.0 12.7 lit. 3 1S.7 100 lbs. nitrogen + 100 lbs. upper 12.0 ll*.0 27.7 17.9 P20£ + 100 lbs. K20 lower 37.7 13.7 12.7 21.lt 100 lbs. nitrogen + 100 lbs. upper 9.7 18.3 lit.3 llt.l P20^ + 200 lbs. K20 lower 1S.0 20.3 9.7 1S .0 100 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. upper 8.7 11.0 lit. 3 11.3 P205 + 100 lbs. K20 lower 10.7 lit. 3 llt.O 13.0 100 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. upper 8.3 lit.3 11.0 11.2 P ^ + 200 lbs. K20 ibwer 17.7 12.7 16.3 IS.6 Average per angle of lodging upper 9.3 10.8 IS.6 12.7 lower 20.8 17.S lit.2 17.6 Average for plant culm portion upper 12.0 lower 17-6 L.S.D. for plant culm portion (.01) 2.98 TABLE 33 IRON DISTRIBUTION IN THE OAT C U M AS INFLUENCED BY FERTILIZER TREATMENT AND INDUCED ANGLE OF LODGING IN THE GREENHOUSE, 1961* Iron distribution in paria per million Fertilizer treatment Portion of Induced angle of lodging Treatment mean for Treatment per acre the culm 0°______Uir______90° plant culm portion____ mean No fertilizer added upper 32.3 23.0 38.3 31.2 lower 1*5.0 1*0.7 59.0 1*8.2 39.6

^0 lbs. nitrogen + 100 lbs. upper 25.3 21**3 1*1.0 30.2 P2($ + 100 lbs. K2O lower 52.7 1*1*.3 21*.7 1*0.6 35.1* 50 lbs. nitrogen + 100 upper 28.3 30.6 1*6.0 35-0 lbs. P2O5 + 200 lbs. K2O lower 1*5.7 51*.7 1*3.3 1*7.9 1*1.1* 50 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. upper 30.6 30.3 51.7 1*2.0 P20£ + 100 lbs. K20 lower 61.7 36.0 39.7 1*5.8 1*3.1* 50 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. upper 62.0 28.3 1*9.7 1*6.7 P2O5 + 200 lbs. K2O lower 68.7 27.6 35-0 1*3.8 1*5-2

100 lbs. nitrogen + 100 lbs. upper 77.3 57.0 13.7 1*9.3 .+ 100 lbs. K2O lower 55.0 1*2.0 1*7.7 1*8.2 1*8.3 100 lbs. nitrogen + 100 lbs. upper 28.0 1*6.3 53-0 1*2.1* P20£ + 200 lbs. K20 lower U1.0 1*1*.0 35.7 1*0.2 1*1.3 100 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. upper 29.3 1*6.7 59.7 1*5.2 P2O5 + 100 lbs. KgO lower 51.7 37.7 1*8.3 1*5.9 1*6.0

100 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. upper 1*3.3 1*3.7 58.3 1*8.1* P20£ + 200 lbs. KgO lower 71*. 0 1*1*. 7 1*9.3 55.9 52.1 Average for angle of lodging upper 39.6 36.7 1*5.7 1*0.7 lower 55.0 1*1.3 38.0 1*1*.8 1*2.6 Average for plant culm portion upper 39.6 36.7 1*5.7 1*0.7 lower 55.1 1*1.3 38.0 1*1*.8 1*2.6 L.S.D. for fertilizer treatment means (.05) 6.2 TABLE 3k

ALUMINUM DISTRIBUTION IN THE OAT CULM AS INFLUENCED BY FERTILIZER TREATMENT AND INDUCED ANGLE OF LODGING IN THE GREENHOUSE 1961*

Aluminum distribution in parts per million Fertilizer treatment Portion of Induced angle of lodging Treatment mean Treatnent the culm 90 for plant culm portions mean No fertilizer added upper 10.00 10.00 33-33 17.77 lower 22.33 23.33 ltf.66 31.10 2l*.l*l* SO lbs. nitrogen + 100 lbs. upper 10.00 10.00 30.66 16,88 P2O5 + 100 lbs. K20 lower 36.66 Si.00 10.00 32.55 2l*.72 SO lbs. nitrogen + 100 lbs. upper lU-33 21*. 33 31*.66 21*. 1*1* P20£ + 200 lbs. K20 lower 3S-00 71.33 61*. 00 56.77 1*0.61 SO lbs. nitrogen + 100 lbs. upper 10.00 lil.00 2!*. 00 16.00 P ^ + 100 lbs. K20 lower 53-33 37.66 1*3.66 1*5.55 30.78 SO lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. upper 18.66 20.66 27.33 .22.21 P20£ + 200 lbs. K20 lower 71.00 10.00 23.00 3l*.66 28.1*1* 100 lbs. nitrogen + 100 lbs. upper 81*. 00 20.33 10l*.00 69.1*1* P^cJ + 100 lbs. K20 lower 68.66 1*6.33 50.33 55-10 62.27 100 lbs. nitrogen + 100 lbs. upper IS*66 23.00 1*6.32 28.33 P20£ + 200 lbs. K20 lower SO.66 56.00 18.66 1*1.77 35.05 100 lbs. nitrogen + 100 lbs. upper 18.66 17.33 1*6.33 27.1*1* P20£ + 100 lbs. lower 61.00 28.00 1*0.33 1*3.11 35.28 100 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. upper 2l*.00 23.33 1*1*.00 30.1*1* P20£ + 200 lbs. K20 lower 79.33 ii9-66 21*.00 50.99 1*0.72 Average for the angle of lodging upper 22.81 18.10 1*3.61* lower S3.33 U1.U7 35*73 Average for the plant culm upper 28.11 portions lower 1*3.51

L.S.S. for plant culm portions x lodging angles (.os) U*.7S L.S.D. for fertilizer treatments (.05) 13-17 parts in semi-erect and completely lodged plants. With erect plants

a reversal in the location of aluminum concentration was found*

indicating again that the movement of aluminum to the upper parts of

the plant was restricted by lodging. Higher concentrations of

aluminum were found in the lower portions of the lodged plants.

Silicon, which has been considered to be associated with

lodging by many authors (1,10,27), was not distributed with any

significant difference between the plant culm portions (Table 69).

In the experimental pots where complete lodging was induced, the

highest concentrations with silicon were apparently detected in the

lower culm portions (Table 35). The applications of higher rates

of fertilizers appeared to have a diminishing effect on the average

silicon content of the culm. The decrease in silicon content with

heavy fertilization may have been associated with the degree of

lodging.

Analysis of data from the lodging experiments conducted in

the greenhouse revealed highly significant differences in boron

content between the means of top and bottom portions of the oat

culm (Table 70). This difference may be due to the mobility of

the boron ion connected with the portions of active plant growth.

The average difference between the top and the lower portions

of the culm (Table 36) is apparently highest in erect plants as

compared to the differences in boron content of culm portions of

plants lodged to hS° or 0° angles. Lodging apparently interfered with the translocation of boron to the top portions of plants.

Lower portions of completely lodged plants and semi-erect plants

showed higher concentrations of boron than found in the upright TABLE 35 SILICON DISTRIBUTION IN OAT CUD'S AS INFLUENCED BY FERTILIZER TREATMENT ... AND INDUCED ANGIE OF LODGING IN THE GREENHOUSE, 1961;

Treatment mean Fertilizer treatment Portion Induced angle of lodging for plant Treatment per acre of the culm 0° W 90° culm portion mean No fertilizer added upper .2k .22 .18 .21 CM lower .23 .27 .25 .25 • 50 lbs. nitrogen + 100 upper .18 .16 .10 .15 lbs. PgOjJ + 100 16s. K2° lower • 2k .29 .16 .23 .19 50 lbs. nitrogen + 100 upper .1k .16 .09 .13 lbs. P2®5 + 200 lbs. K20 lower .29 .17 .21 .22 .18 £0 lbs. nitrogen + 200 upper .15 .15 .18 .16 lbs. P20^ + 100 lbs. K20 lower .23 .15 .29 .22 .19 50 lbs. nitrogen + 200 upper .11 .13 • .16 .13 lbs. P20cj + 200 lbs. ^ 0 lower .18 .07 .16" . lU .lit 100 lbs. nitrogen + 100 upper .27 .17 .18 .21 lbs. P2O5 + 100 lbs. K2O lower .26 .17 .19 .21 .21 100 lbs. nitrogen + 100 upper • 2k .20 .32 .25 lbs. P2O5 + 200 lbs. K2O lower .19 .15 .2$ .20 .23 100 lbs. nitrogen + 200 upper .15 .18 .21 .18 CM lbs. P2O5 + 100 lbs. K2O lower .25 .37 .21 .28 • 100 lbs. nitrogen + 200 upper .19 -lit .27 .20 lbs. P20S* 200 lbs. KjjQ lower .25 • 2k .22 •2k .22

Average for angle of upper .17 .19 .18 .18 lodging lower .2U .21 .22 .22

Average for plant culm upper .18 portion lower .22 L.S.D. for fertilizer treatments (.05) .06 per cent (.01) .08 per cent TABLE 36 BORON DISTRIBUTION IN OAT CULMS AS INFLUENCED BI FERTILIZER TREAUffiNT AND INDUCED ANGLE OF LODGING IN THE GREENHOUSE, 1961*

Boron distribution in parts per million Fertilizer treatment Portion of Induced angle of lodging Treatment per acre the culm 0° 1*5° 90° mean: . No fertilizer added upper 66.67 50.67 53.67 57.00

\ lower 32.00 32.33 21*. 67 29.67 $0 lbs. nitrogen + 100 lbs. upper 51.00 51*.oo 1*9.00 51.33 P20^ + 100 lbs. K20 lower 27.33 38.67 11*. 67 26.89 50 lbs. nitrogen + 100 lbs. upper 61.67 63.33 51*. 33 59.77 P20£ + 200 lbs. K20 lower 29.00 30.00 36.33 31.77 50 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. upper 71.00 60.67 72.66 68.11 P20^ + 100 lbs. K20 lower 27.33 31*. 33 32.67 31.1*1*

50 lbs. nitrogen +200 lbs. upper 5U.67 59.00 67.00 60.22 P20£ + 200 lbs. K20 lower 36.00 25.33 25.00 28.77 100 lbs. nitrogen + 100 lbs. upper 66.67 63.67. 1*9.33 59.89 P20£ + 100 lbs. K2Q lower 1*0.00 39.00 15.01 31.33 100 lbs. nitrogen + 100 lbs. upper 61*. 00 50.00 60.67 58.22 P20£ + 200 lbs. K20 lower 1*2.33 29.67 16.33 28.77

100 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. upper 68.00 68.00 69.33 1*8. Ol* P205 + 100 lbs. K20 lower 29.67 1*1*.67 33.67 1*9.33 100 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. upper 61*. 33 77.00 76.33 72.55 P20£ + 200 lbs. K20 lower 33.67 55.00 27.67 38.78 Average for degree of upper 63.11 60.70 61.36 61.72 lodging lower 33.01* 36.55 21*. 89 31.1*9

L.S.D. for plant culm portions (.01) 1*.03 L.S.D. for plant culm portions x lodging angle (.05) 2.71 plants. Again, the bending of plants in lodging affected the upward movement of boron in the plants. The differences between the av erage compositions of the upper portions of the oat plants for boron were small and not significant.

Unlike zinc, copper and silicon, strontium was found in sig nificantly lower concentrations in the lower culm portions than in the upper portions of the plant (Table 37). Lodging reduced the strontium composition of the culm, especially in the upper portions where the differences were significant at the one percent probability level (Table 71). The addition of a single increment of nitrogen, phosphorus or potassium increased the strontium con tent in the culm. The increase in strontium content with potassium rates was essentially linear, with 18.31 ppm in plants of control pots, 27.70 ppm. with 100 pounds of K2O, and 36.^3 ppm. with 200 pouncfe of K2O, respectively. The differences were particularly evident in the upper portions of the culm and appeared to be related to lodging. The concentration of strontium was decreased in the upper portions of the culms with increased degree of lodging.

The analysis of the data for molybdenum concentration in the oat culms showed that the variation between plant culm portions and among fertility treatments were significant at the one per cent probability level (Table 72). The top portions of the oat plants contained consistently more molybdenum than found in the lower parts of the culm, with the concentration appearing to increase with lodging (Table 38). The addition of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers also increased the molybdenum concentration in the lower culm. The molybdenum content in the lower part of the culms v.

TABLE 37

STRONTIUM DISTRIBUTION IN OAT CUD6 AS INFLUENCED BY FERTILIZER TREATMENT AND INDUCED ANGIE OF LODGING IN THE GREENHOUSE, 1961*

Strontium distribution in parts per million Fertilizer Treatment mean treatment Portion Induced angle of lodging for plant Treatment per acre of the culm 05 05° 90° culm portion mean No fertilizer added upper lO.O 20.6 20.3 18.30 lower 17.3 20.0 18.0 18.03 18.37 50 lbs. nitrogen + 100 lbs. upper 27.0 25.0 26.3 26.10 P2O5 + 100 lbs. k2o lower 20.0 21.0 21.0 20.66 23.38 50 lbs. nitrogen + 100 lbs. upper 31.7 58.0 00.7 03.06 P20^ + 200 lbs. K20 lower 27.0 51.0 37-7 38.56 O1.01 50 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. upper 26.7 3U.0 29.0 29.90 P2O5 + 100 lbs. K2O lower 23.0 28.0 23.3 20.76 27.33 50 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. upper 27.3 20.6 25.0 25.63 P20^ + 200 lbs. K20 lower 29.3 19.6 19.7 22.86 20.25 100 lbs. nitrogen + 100 lbs. upper 23.3 21.6 31.6 25.50 P20tj + 100 lbs. ggO lower 22.6 20.6 22.3 21.83 23.67 100 lbs. nitrogen -*■ 100 lbs. upper 20.3 29.0 28.6 27.30 P205 + 200 lbs. K2Q lower 23.0 27.3 20.3 20.86 26.08 100 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. upper 33.3 33.3 02.3 26.30 P20£ + 100 lbs. KgO lower 28.0 28.0 39.7 30.56 28.03

100 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. upper U7.0 09.0 53.3 09.76 » P20g * 200 lbs. K2O lower 39.6 03-3 39.0 00.63 05.19 Average for angle of lodging upper 28.3 32.8 33.0 31.70 lower 25.5 28.8 26.8 27.03 29.37 Average for plant culm portion upper 30.25 lower 27.02 28.60 £•8 .1)* for fertilizer treatments (.05) 12.31 L.S.D, fpr plant culm portions (.01) .59 L.S.D. for plant culm portions x lodging angles i:H -si L.S.D. for plant culm portions x fertilizer treatments ill 1.37 Vj J (.01) 1.79 TABIE 38 MOLXBDENUM DISTRIBUTION IN OAT C O U 6 AS INFLUENCED BT FERTILIZER TREATMENT AND ANGLE OF LODGING IN THE GREENHOUSE, 1961* Molybdenum distribution in parts per million Treat- Fertilizer treatment Fortion of Induced angle of lodging Treatment mean for ment per acre______the culm 0°______1*5^_____ 90° plant culm portion mean No fertilizer added upper 3-1*7 1.67 1.60 2.25 lower 1.30 1.37 1.10 1.26 1.76 50 lbs. nitrogen + 100 lbs. upper 2.33 2.00 1.53 1.95 P205 + 100 lbs. K20 lower 1.60 1.60 • 97 1.39 1.67 50 lbs. nitrogen + 100 lbs. upper 1.60 2.03 1.1*7 1.70 P20$ + 200 lbs. KgO lower 1.83 1.90 1.10 1.61 1.66 50 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. upper 1.97 2.30 2.10 2.12 P20cj + 100 lbs. lower 1.70 1.50 1.1*7 1.56 1.81* 50 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. upper 1.63 2.33 1.73 1.89 P20£ + 200 lbs. K20 lower 1.70 0.97 1.1*7 1.38 1.61*

100 lbs. nitrogen + 100 lbs. upper 2.1*7 2.17 2.27 2.30 P20£ + 100 lbs. K20 lower 1.90 1.70 1.1*7 1.69 1.9 9

100 lbs. nitrogen +100 upper 1.60 1.60 1.80 1.67 lbs. P20$ + 200 lbs. K2P lower 1.27 1.07 1.37 1.27 1.1*7 100 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. upper 2.53 2.00 1.80 2.11 P ^ + 100 lbs. K20 lower 1.70 1.70 2.13 1.81* 1.98 100 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. . upper 2.1*3 2.60 2.03 2.35 P20$ + 200 lbs. K20 lower 1.77 2.23 1.83 1.91* 2.15 Average for the angle of upper 2.22 2.08 1.80 2.01* lodging lower 1.61* 1.56 1.1*3 1.55 1.79

L.S.D. for fertilizer treatments (.0$) 1.27 (.01) 1.69 L.S.D. for plant culm portions (.01) .16 •was higher following the 100 pounds K20 fertilization than in pots re ceiving no potassium. Evidently fertilization assisted materially in the uptake of molybdenum.

The composition of plant culm portions varied significantly

(Table 73) for cobalt content with the upper portions consistently containing the higher quantities. The difference in the cobalt content between the two portions (Table 39) appeared to be greater in completely lodged plants than in erect culms, although the differences between the means for the lodging angle treatments were not statistically significant. The application of £0 pounds of nitrogen and 100 pounds of PgO^ per acre appeared to produce in creased concentrations of cobalt in the upper as well as in the lower culm portions, while 200 pounds of K2O per acre produced this same type of increase of cobalt only in the upper parts of the culm.

The upper portions of erect plants were found to contain less sodium as measured in parts per million than contained in the lower culm portions, but these differences were reduced when the plants were lodged. The reduction in the differences between the two culm portions occurred with an increase in the sodium content of the upper portion and a decrease in the concentration of the lower portion (Table U0). The increase in the application of nitrogen from 100 pounds to 200 pounds per acre also increased the sodium content in the upper portions of the culm, while the ad dition of the same rates of P2O5 showed a decrease in the concen tration of sodium in the upper culm portions. The 200 pounds per acre rate of potassium appeared to promote the highest concentration TABLE 39 COBALT DISTRIBUTION IN OAT CUUS AS INFLUENCED BI FERTILIZER TREATMENT AND ANGLE OF LODGING IN THE GREENHOUSE, 1961*

Cobalt distribution In py I s per million Fertilizer treatment Portion of Induced angle of lodging 'treatment mean for treatment per acre______the culm 0°______l*5£_____ 90° plant culm portion mean No fertilizer added upper 1.61* 1.67 1.37 1.56 lower 1.37 1.31 .97 1.21 1.39 ^0 lbs. nitrogen + 100 lbs. upper 1.67 1.81 1 .1*1 1.63 P2O5 + 100 lbs. K2O lower 1.3U 1.1*7 .91 1 .21* 1 .1*1* $0 lbs. nitrogen + 100 lbs. upper 1.67 2.31 1.31 1.76 P2O5 + 200 lbs. K2O lower 1.81* 1.67 .91 1.1*7 1.62 50 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. upper 1.51 1.37 1.37 1.1*1 P20 £ + 100 lbs. K20 lower 1.07 l.ll* l.Ol* 1.08 1.25 50 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. upper 1.77 1.71 1.1*7 1.65 P20$ + 200 lbs. K20 lower 1.07 .77 1.27 1.03 1.31* 100 lbs. nitrogen + 100 lbs. upper 1.1*7 1.71* 1.67 1.62 ¥ & $ + 100 lbs. KjjO lower l.ll* 1.31* 1.31* 1.27 1.1*5 100 lbs. nitrogen + 100 lbs. upper 1.51* 1.51 1.27 1 .1*1* P ^ + 200 lbs. K2O lower 1.17 .91* 1.21 1.10 1.27 100 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. upper 1.81* 1.67 1.61* 1.71 P20^ + 100 lbs. KgO lower 1.11 1.31* 1.71 1.38 1.60 100 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. upper 1.61 1.87 1.37 1.61 P ^ + 200 lbs. K20 lower l.ll* 1.31* 1.1*1* 1.30 1.1*6 Average angle of lodging upper 1.63 1.71* 1.1*3 1.60 lower 1.25 1.25 1.20 1.23 1.1*2

L.S.D. for plant culm portions (-01) .182 TART.F. l*Q SODIUM DISTRIBUTION IN OAT CUI^S AS INFLUENCED BY FERTILIZER TREATMENT ______AND INDUCED AMPLE OF LODGING IN THE GREENHOUSE, 1961*______Sodium distribution in parts per million Fertilizer treatment Portion of Induced angle of lodging Treatment mean for Treatment per acre the culm 0° k$° 90° plant culm portion mean No fertilizer added upper l*2l*-3 328.7 1*06.0 386.3 lover 1*1*9.3 1*65.0 389.0 l*3i*.l* 1*10.1* 50 lbs. nitrogen + 100 lbs. upper 321*. 7 361*.3 331.7 31*0.2 P20$ + 100 lbs. K20 lower 1*21*. 0 398.7 373.7 398.8 369.5 50 lbs. nitrogen + 100 lbs. upper 1*15-6 376.0 392.7 391*. 8 P2O5 + 200 lbs. K20 lower 1*17.0 1*13-3 305.0 378.1* 386.6 50 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. upper 372.3 31*2.7 31*8.3 351*. 1* P2p$ + 100 lbs. K20 lower 285.0 262.7 31*6.3 289.0 321.7 50 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. upper 323.3 260.3 21*0.3 271**6 PgOg + 200 lbs. K2O lower 317.7 31*9.7 398.7 355.1* 315.0 100 lbs. nitrogen + 100 lbs. upper 262.0 391*. 7 323.3 326.7 P20£ + 100 lbs. K2O lower 238.7 259.7 386.7 295.0 310.9 100 lbs. nitrogen + 100 lbs. upper 361*. 3 383.3 305.6 350.9 P ^ + 200 lbs. K20 lower 319.0 31*1.0 31*8.7 336.2 31*3.6 100 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. upper 393.3 381*. 3 368.0 381.5 P2O5 + 100 lbs. K2O lower 322.0 31*7.7 1*56.3 373-3 377.1* 100 lbs. nitrogen + 200 lbs. upper 31*3.0 361.0 323.3 31*2.1* P20£ + 200 lbs. K20 lower 386.7 391.3 1*02.6 393.5 368.0 Average for angles of lodging upper 358.0 355.0 337.5 350.2 lower 351.0 358.7 377.8, 362.6 356.1* . - ■? . .

L»S.D. for fertilizer treatments (.05) 37*8 (.01) So.h 78 of sodium in the basal plant parts when compared with the 100 pounds per acre and the no potassium treatments (Table 7U).

7 SUMMARY AND C0NCLUSI01E

Investigations on spring oat lodging were conducted in the field at the Ohio State University Farm, Columbus, Ohio, in 1?63 and in the greenhouse of the Agronomy Department on the Ohio State University campus, Columbus, Ohio, in the winter of 1961*. The effects produced by mineral nutrition in three spring oat varieties were studied in the field for several plant characteristics considered to be associated with lodging. In the greenhouse studies were conducted to investigate the influence of fertilizer treatments and induced angles of lodging on morphological characters and the distribution of chemical elements in the oat culm. The following conclusions can be drawn in summary from the results of these investigations:

1. Resistance to lodging appeared to decrease with increased application rates of nitrogen, while phosphorus and potassium additions had little effect on lodging. Rodney was found to be least resistant to lodging when compared with Clintland 60 and Goodfield oat varieties.

2. The highest degree of lodging was measured in the variety

Rodney. The degree of erectness was reduced particularly with applica tions of 25 pounds and 50 pounds of nitrogen and 100 pounds of phosphorus per acre. Recovery from lodging was higher in the case of unfertilized plots than in the plots which were fertilized. Slightly improved re covery resulted from potash additions.

3. The tendency for the oat plants to be taller with increasing fertilization rates was indicated in the results from both greenhouse

79 8 0 and field experiments, although the differences in the height were not statistically significant.

U. Although no effect on tillering could be detected from the results of the field studies, phosphorus fertilization induced more tillering than nitrogen and potash applications in the greenhouse.

More tillers were produced in the varieties Rodney and Goodfield than in Clintland 60.

$. The number of culm nodes was not influenced by fertilizer treatments, although Clintland 60 apparently was characterized by a lesser number of nodes than produced in either Goodfield or Rodney.

6. The first and second internodes from the top of the oat culm were greatest in length in Clintland 60, considered a lodging resistant variety, while the fourth and fifth internodes were shortest in Clintland 60 in comparison with Goodfield and Rodney varieties.

7- The culm width of oat plants was reduced with the increased angle of lodging in the greenhouse studies. Low levels of potassium and high rates of nitrogen and phosphorus produced culms with re latively small diameters.

8. The date of heading in spring oats wa3 delayed with heavy fertilization in the field and in the greenhouse, with Clintland 60 being the earliest in heading followed by Goodfield and Rodney.

9. Although highest among the oat varieties for degree of lodging, Rodney exceeded Goodfield and Clintland 60 for yield.

Evidently the late season arrival of rain and windstorms which pro duced the lodging did not influence a serious reduction in the yield of Rodney. The reduction in yield associated with nitrogen fertiliza tion corresponded with increased degrees of lodging within varieties. 81

10. The weight of grain per bushel appeared to be reduced with high

rates of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. The reduction in bushel

weight apparently was due to the higher degree of lodging resulting

from increased fertilization rates, higher plant 3tand density and the

high fertility of the soil at the site of the experiment. Rodney,

with the highest degree of lodging, was most affected among the oat

varieties in reduction of teat weight with increased fertilization

rates.

11. Weight per hundred grains was higher in Rodney than in the more lodging-resistant varieties, Clintland 60. and Goodfield. High rates of nitrogen application, which may have been a primary cause

of increased lodging, reduced the weight of oat kernels.

12. Both shoot and root weights of oat plants were increased with heavy fertilization rates. Nitrogen and potassium fertilization

increased the weight of roots only at the $0 pound and 100 pound rates, respectively. The top-root ratio also showed a tendency to be in creased with additional fertilization, indicating that plants sus

ceptible to lodging probably have greater top-root ratios than inherent in plants with lodging resistance.

13. Significant differences between the upper and lower portions of the plant culm were detected in analysis for potassium, zinc, copper, aluminum, boron, strontium, molybdenum and cobalt (Table Ul)«

Oat plants were found to contain significantly higher concentrations of zinc, copper, boron, and aluminum in the lower poi*tions of the culm than in the upper areas. Potassium, strontium, molybdenum and cobalt were contained in higher quantities in the upper portion than in the lower portions of the culms. The differences between the lower 82

TABLE k l

Stastical significance for sources of Fertility element variation analyzed LA1 FT PCP LAxFT LAx POP PCPxFT LAxFTxPCP

Phosphorus ** Potassium *** Calcium -K-B-

Zinc ■K# ** * Cupper **** Iron *■*

Aluminum * ** *•* Silicon *#■ Boron **• *

Strontium •** Molybdenum ** ** Cobalt ** Sodium -H-K-

* Significant at the 5 per cent level. ** Significant at the 1 per cent level.

4 a -lodging angle; FT-fertilizer treatment; PCP-plant culm portions. 83 portions of oat plant culms for potassium and strontium concentration varied with fertilizer treatment.

lli. The distribution of copper, aluminum, boron and strontium between the upper and lower portions of the culm was influenced by the degree of lodging.

15* The application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fer tilizers produced a significant increase in the composition of oat culms for phosphorus, iron, aluminum, molybdenum and strontium contents. Calcium, copper, boron and cobalt contents of the oat culms were not influenced by fertilizer treatment.

16. Differences in the effects of fertilization on the iron and sodium content of oat culms varied with the degree of plant lodging. APPENDIX 85 TABLE 1*2

ANALTSIS OF VARIANCE FOR RESISTANCE TO LODGING IN THE FIELD, 1963

Source of variation df ss ms F

Total 191 271.83

Blocks 3 13.1*2 1*.!*7 .16 Varieties (V) 2 11*0.1*2 70.21 2.51 Eirror (a) 6 56.01 28.00

Fertilizer treatments (FT) 15 10.32 5-16 .25 VJcFT 30 11.13 5.57 .27 Error (b) 135 1*0.53 20.27 86

TABLE 1*3

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE FOR ANGIE OF LODGING IN THE FIELD EXPERIMENT, 1963

Source of variation df ss ms F

Total 191 61*097

Blocks 3 538 179 • 05 Varieties (V) 2 8392 1*196 .85 Error (a) 6 29650 1*91*2

Fertilizer treatments (FT) 15 1*51*2 303 2.33** V x FT 30 3l*0l* 113 .87 Error (b) 135 17571 130

^^Significant at the 1 per cent level.

TABLE 1*1*

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE FOR ANGLE OF RECOVERY FROM LODGING IN THE FIELD, 1963

Source of variation df ss ms F

Total 191 57338

Blocks ~ 3 6557 2186 .1*6 Varieties 2 5587 2791* .58 Error (a) 6 28767 U79U

Fertilizer treatments 15 2116 ll+l 1.7U* Varieties x fertilizer treatments 30 3 1*1*1 115 1.1*2 Error (b) 135 10870 81

■^Significant at the 5 per cent level. 87

TABLE US

ANA. LIS IS OF VARIANCE FOR THE HEIGHT OF HANTS IN THE FIELD, 1963

Source of variation df ss ms F

Total 191 3239.8125

Blocks 3 33.35U1 11.1180 .ol* Varieties (V) 2 810.9687 1*05.1*81*3 1.31 Error (a) 6 1856.I4.897 309.1*11*9

Fertilizer treatments (FT) 15 39.6U58 2.6101 .86 V x FT 30 82.6980 2.7566 .89 Error (b) 135 1*16.6562 3.0863

TABI£ U6

ANALISIS OF VARIANCE FOR THE HEIGHT OF HANTS IN THE GREENHOUSE, 196k

Source of variation df ss ms F

Total 80 885.95

Blocks 2 1.65 .83 .03 Lodging angles (IA) 2 37.06 18.53 .72 Error (a) U 103.01 25.75

Fertilizer treatments (FT) 8 299.95 37.1*9 6.03** LA x FT 16 11*5.60 9.10 1.1*6 Error (b) 1*8 298.67 6.22

*#Signifleant at the 1 per cent level. 88

TABI£ U7

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE FOR THE NUMBER OF TILLERS PER FOOT IN THE FIELD, 1963

Source of variation df ss ms F

Total 191 U352.62

Blocks 3 39-51 13-17 .08 Varieties (V) 2 968.01 L8i;.o5 2.98 Error (a) 6 97U.91 162.LU

Fertilizer treatments (FT) 15 268.03 17.87 1 .U1 V x FT 30 397.33 13.2k 1.05 Error (b) 135 170U.83 12.62

TABLE U8

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE FOR NUMBER OF TILLERS WITH THREE PLANTS PER POT IN THE GREENHOUSE, 196U

Source of variation df ss ms F

Total 80 11.91

Blocks 2 0.10 0.05 0.96 Lodging angles (LA) 2 0.59 0.30 5.69* Error (a) k 0.21 0.05

Fertilizer treatments (FT) 8 6.77 0.85 11.93** LA x FT 16 0.88 0.05 0.77 Error (b) U8 3.U1 0.07

*#Significant at the 1 per cent level. •^Significant at the 5 per cent level. 89

TABLE 1+9

ANALISIS OF VARIANCE FOR NUMBER OF NODES PER PLANT IN THE FIELD, 1963

Source of variation df ss ms F

Total 191 23.1+5

Blocks 3 1+.Q6 1.351+5 1.50 Varieties (V) 2 5-21+ 2.6226 2.91 Error (a) 6 5.1+0 .9006

Fertilizer treatments (FT) 15 .55 .0371 0.72 V x FT 30 1.17 .0392 0.76 Error (b) 135 6.98 .Of?l8

) I 90

TABLE 50

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE FOR THE FIRST (UPPERMOST) INTERNODE LENGTH IN THE FIELD EXPERIMENT, 1963

Source of variation df ss ms F

Total 191 1639.0992

Blocks 3 li*. 91*79 I4..9826 .08 Varieties (V) 2 719.1*679 359.7339 5.70* Error (a) 6 378.1*259 63.0710

Fertilizer treatments (FT) 15 29-521*2 1.9683 .68 V x FT 30 10U .8121 3.1*937 1.20 Error (b) 135 391-9212 2.9031

■^Significant at the 5 per cent level.

TABLE 51

ANALISIS OF VARIANCE FOR THE SECOND INTERNODE LENGTH IN THE FIELD EXPERIMENT, 1963

Source of variation df ss ms F

Total 191 52J*. 3580

Blocks 3 10.93U1* 3.61*1*8 .07 Varieties (V) 2 9.7138 U.8569 .10 Error (a) 6 289.0850 1*8.1808

Fertilizer treatments (FT) 15 19.2215 1 .2811* 1.02 V x FT 30 2^.6279 .851*3 .68 Error (b) 135 169.775U 1.2575 91 TABLE 52

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE FOR THE FOURTH INTERNODE LENGTH IN THE FIELD EXPERIMENT, 1963

Source of variation df ss ms F

Total 191 1010.8198

Blocks 3 21*.9623 8.3208 .10 Varieties (V) 2 267.0832 133.5416 1-55 Error (a) 6 517.0043 86.1674

Fertiliser treatments (FT) 15 15.1314 1.0088 .87 V x FT 30 29.61*02 .9880 .85 Error (b) 135 156.9984 1.1629

TABLE 53

ANALISIS OF VARIANCE FOR THE FIFTH INTERNODE (LOWER MOST) LENGTH IN THE FIELD EXPERIMENT, 1963

Source of variation df ss ms F

Total 191 1062.1533

Blocks 3 66.6368 22.2123 • 31 Varieties (V) 2 343.4065 114*4688 1.60 Error (a) 6 428.8856 71.4809

Fertilizer treatments (FT) 15 11.9708 .7980 .63 V x FT 30 41.0185 1.3673 1.08 Error (b) 135 170.2351 1.2610 92 TABLE 9k

ANALISIS OF VARIANCE FOR WIDTH IN MILLIMETERS OF OAT CULM AT THE BENDING NODE, 1961;

Source of variation df S3 ms F

Total 80 7.1556

Blocks 2 .09U1 .01*70 1.16 Lodging angles (LA) 2 .31*67 .1731* I*. 29 Error (a) k .1615 .01*01*

Fertilizer treatments (FT) 8 3.373U .1*217 8.1*3** LA x FT 16 .7822 .01*89 .98 Error (b) 1*8 2.3977 .0500

■^^Significant at the I per cent level. 93

TABLE 55

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE FOR HEADING DATE IN THE FIELD EXPERIMENT, 1963

Source df ss ms F

Total 191 2099-9792

Blocks 3 9.851*2 3-281*7 .09 Varieties (V) 2 1767.3229 883.6611* 25.32** Error (a) 6 209.1*271 31*. 901*5

Fertilizer treatments (FT) 15 31.3125 2.0875 1*.16** V x FT 30 li*. 3U38 .1+781 • 95 Error (b) 135 67.7187 .5016

*#Significant at the 1 per cent level.

TABLE 56

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE FOR HEADING DATE IN THE GREENHOUSE EXPERIMENT, 1961+

Source of variation df ss ms F

Total 80 1282.00

Blocks 2 9.85 U.93 .83 Lodging angles (LA) 2 2.82 1.1*1 .21* Error (a) 1* 23.78 5.91*

Fertilizer treatments (FT) 8 911.56 113.91+ 20.89** IA x FT 16 72.30 1+.52 .83 Error (b) 1*8 261.70 5.1+5

♦^Significant at the 1 per cent level. 9k TABLE 57

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE FOR YIELD IN THE FIELD EXPERIMENT, 1963

Source of variation df ss ms F

Total 191 11122. kk

Blocks ' 3 1221.73 1*07.21* • 78 Varieties (V) 2 231*6.18 1173.09 2.25 Error (a) 6 3133.61* 522.27

Fertilizer treatments (FT) 15 707.67 1*7.18 2.77** V x FT 30 11*17.21 1*7.21* 2 .78** Error (b) 135 2295.97 17.01

**Significant at the 1 per cent level.

TABLE 58

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE FOR THE WEIGHT PER HUNDRED SEEDS IN THE FIELD EXPERIMENT, 1963

Source of variation df ss ms F

Total 191 5.1053

Blocks 3 .01*26 .011*2 1*.30 Varieties (V) 2 2.3563 1.1781 357.00** Error (a) 6 .0197 .0033

Fertilizer treatment (FT) 15 .51*32 .0362 U.89** V x FT 30 1.1396 .0379 5.12** Error (b) 135 1.0039 .0071*

*#Significant at the 1 per cent level. 95

TABLE 59

ANALISIS OF VARIANCE FOR THE SHOOT WEIGHT OF THE PLANTS IN THE GREENHOUSE, 1961*

Source of variation df ss ms F

Total 80 331*2.6918

Blocks 2 ■ 173.0617 86.5309 3.81 Lodging angles (LA) 2 81.5062 1*0.7531 1.79 Error (a) u 90.7907 22.6977

Fertilizer treatments (FT) 8 251*2.021*7 317.7531 53.93** IA x FT 16 172.1*939 10.7809 1.83* Error (b) U8 282.811*6 5.8919

^Significant at the 5 per cent level. **Significant at the 1 per cent level.

TABUS 60

ANALISIS OF VARIANCE FOR THE ROOT WEIGHT OF THE PLANTS IN THE GREENHOUSE, 1961*

Source of variation df ss ms F

Total 80 253.1566

Blocks 2 1.3706 .6853 .0$ Lodging angles (LA) 2 3.3669 .1685 .01 Error (a) 1* 55.5013 13-8753

Fertilizer treatments (FT) 8 86.1600 10.7700 10.1*1*** LA x FT 16 17.21*97 1.0781 1.05 Error (b) 1*8 89.5081 1.0311*

** Significant at the 1 per cent level. 96

TABLE 61

ANALISIS OF VARIANCE FOR THE TOP-ROOT RATIO OF THE PLANTS IN THE GREENHOUSE, 196U

Source of variation df S3 ms F

Total 80 258.6552

Blocks 2 3.1772 1.5886 .11 Lodging angles (LA) 2 3.0883 .11 Error (a) k 56.25U2 lU.0635

Fertilizer treatments (FT) 8 20.5857 2.5732 1.03 LA x FT 16 55.0778 3.1*1*21* 1.37 Error (b) U8 120.1*720 2.5098 TABLE 62

ANALISIS OF VARIANCE FOR PHOSPHORUS DISTRIBUTION IN OAT CULJE, 1961*

Source of variation df ss m 3 F

Total 161 .0797 .0005

Blocks 2 .0021 .0011 11.00** Lodging angles (LA) 2 .0006 .0003 3.0U Error (a) 1* .0001* .0001

Fertilizer treatment (FT) 8 .0262 .0033 8.25** LA x FT 16 .0080 .0005 1.25 Error (b) 1*8 .0238 .0001*

Plant culm portions (FCP) 1 .0001 .0001 1.00 PCP x LA 2 .0005 .00025 1.80 POP x FT 8 .0020 .00025 1.80 PCP x LA x FT 16 .001*1 .00025 1.80 Error (c) 5k .0080 .00011*

-**Significant at the 1 per cent level. 98

TAB IE 63

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE FOR POTASH DISTRIBUTION IN OAT CUD'S, 1961*

Source of variation df ss ms F

Total 161 57.(8175 • 3591

Blocks 2 1.0629 • 5311* .58 Lodging angles (LA) 2 1.0632 .5316 .58 Error (a) 1* 3.6521* .9131

Fertilizer treatment (FT) 8 11*.0579 1.7572 4.64** LA x FT 16 6.0581 .3786 1.00 Error (b) 48 18.2000 • 3791

Plant culm portion (PCP) 1 0.3385 • 3385 0.75 PCP x LA 2 0.2290 .111*5 0.25 PCP x FT 8 3.2922 .4115 0.91 PCP x FT x LA 16 13.1052 .6190 1.80* Error (c) 54 24-5374 .4543

■^Significant at the 5 per cent level. **Significant at the 1 per cent level. 99

TABLE 6l+

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE FOR CALCIUM DISTRIBUTION IN OAT CULMS, 1961+

Source of variation df ss ms F

Total 161 7.6800 .01+77

Blocks 2 .3835 .1608 11.32#* Lodging angles (LA) 2 .1302 .0651 U.58 Error (a) k .0568 .011*2

Fertilizer treatments (FT) 8 2.1568 .2696 .1+6 LA x FT 16 .5685 .0355 .06 Error (b) 1+8 2.531U .5826

Plant culm portion (PCP) 1 .7910 .7910 56.50** PCP x LA 2 .0103 .0052 •37 PCP x FT 8 1.0333 .1291 9.20#* PCP x LA x FT 16 • 7069 .01*1+1 3.15** Error (c) .7609 .Olt+O

*#Significant at the I per cent level. 100

TABIE 65

ANALISIS OF VARIANCE FOR ZINC DISTRIBUTION IN OAT CULM3j 1961+

Source of variation df ss ms F

Total 161 112853.96 700.96

Blocks 2 327.86 163-93 0.83 Lodging angles (LA) 2 7322.97 3661.1+9 18.53** Error (a) 1+ 790.1+0 197.60

Fertilizer treatment (FT) 8 17865.1+6 2233.17 3.03** LA x FT 16 18221+.03 139.00 .18 Error (b) 1+8 353U1.7U 736.29

Plant culm portions (PCP) 1 7213.31+ 7213.31+ 6 .87* PCP x IA 2 617.1+2 308.71 0.29 PCP x FT 8 11+90.91+ 186.37 0.18 PCP x FT x LA 16 2307.1+7 11+1+.22 0.11+ Error (c) 5U 56693.07 101+9.87

■^Significant at the 5 per cent level. -M-wSignificant at the 1 per cent level. 101

TABLE 66

ANALISIS OF VARIANCE FOR COPPER DISTRIBUTION IN OAT CUU6, 1961*

Source of variation df S3 ms F

Total 161 1281*1*. 72 79.78

Blocks 2 681*. 7 9 31*2.1*0 1.61* Lodging angle (LA) 2 1*9.79 21*. 10 .12 Error (a) 1* 832.25 208.63

Fertilizer treatment (FT) 8 363.60 1*5.1*5 0.91 LA x FT 16 737.99 1*6.12 0.92 Error (b) U8 2398.30 1*9.96

Plant culm portions (PCP) 1 919.73 919.73 18.20** PCP x LA 2 963.57 1*81.79 9.53** PCP x FT 8 818.05 102.26 2.02 PCP x IA x FT 16 780.65 1*8.79 0.97 Error (c) 51* 2729.10 50.51*

^-^Significant at the I per cent level. 102

TABLE 67

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE FOR IRON DISTRIBUTION IN OAT CUIMS, 1961+

Source of variation df 3S ms F

Total 161 57632.33 357.96

Blocks 2 161.08 80.51+ .07 Lodging angle (LA) 2 2072.08 1036.01+ .98 Error (a) k 1+221.22 1055.31

Fertilizer treatment (FT) 8 1+073.27 509.16 6.02-## LA x FT 16 1+561+.1+8 285.28 3.37** Error (b) 1+8 88^9.70 81+. 58

Plant culm portions (PCP) 1 1392.71+ 1392.71+ 0.66 PCP x IA 2 7886.93 391+3-1+7 1.88 PCP x FT 8 1685.87 210.73 0.10 PCP x FT x LA 16 2681+.96 167.81 0.08 Error (c) 51+ 113U76.22 2101.1+1

•a-aSignifleant at the 1 per cent level. 103

TABLE 68

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE FOR ALUMINUM DISTRIBUTION IN OAT CULtE, 196U

Source of variation df 38 ms F

Total 161 137855.89 856.25

Blocks 2 7230.87 3615.U3 2.97 Lodging angle (LA) 2 1376.2L 688.12 .56 Error (a) k U876.05 1219.01

Fertilizer treatment (FT) 8 6678.83 83li.85 2.16* LA x FT 16 10327.98 6U5-50 1.67 Error (b) U8 18515-U2 385.7U

Plant culm portions (PCP) 1 15703.86 15703.86 22.20#* PCP x LA 2 1066I4..67 5332.3U 7.51f»* PCP x FT 8 ‘ 1980.75 2U7.59 .35 PCP x FT x LA 16 8927.56 557.97 • 79 Error (c) 5U 3819U-50 707.31

■^Significant at the 5 per cent level. **Significant at the 1 per cent level. 10k

TABUS 69

ANALISIS OF VARIANCE FOR SILICON DISTRIBUTION IN OAT CULMS, I96U

Source !of variation df ss ms F

Total 161 1.8715 .0116

Blocks 2 .0156 .0078 .U3 Lodging angles (LA) 2 .0119 .0059 .33 Error (a) b .0722 .0180

Fertilizer treatment (FT) 8 • li|07 .1758 22.25** LA x FT 16 .1555 .0097 1.23 Error (b) U8 .3821 .0079

Plant culm portion (PCP) 1 .0523 .0523 3.77 PCP x LA 2 .0590 .0295 2. ll; PCP x FT 8 .098U .0123 0.89 PCP x LA x FT 16 .0U58 .0028 0.20 Error (c) 5k .7502 .0138

^^Significant at the I per cent level. 105 TABLE 70

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE FOR BORON DISTRIBUTION IN OAT CULMS, 1961+

Source of variation df ss ms F

Total l6l 8566U.63

Blocks 2 107*+.72 537.36 .68 Lodging angle (LA) 2 1060.1+6 530.23 .67 Error (a) U 3125.72 781.1+3

Fertilizer treatment (FT) 8 3690.21+ 1+61.28 1.03 LA x FT 16 1+061.09 253.81 • 57 Error (b) 1+8 211+70.1+0 1+1+7.30

Plant culm portion (PCP) 1 375*68.1+5 37568.1+5 1+03.83** PCP x IA 2 1028.38 5H+.19 5-53* PCP x FT 8 1+89.27 61.16 0.66 PCP x LA x FT 16 1811.1+0 113*21 1.22 Error (c) 5U 5023.60 93.03

•^Significant at the 5 per cent level. ^^Significant at the 1 per cent level. 106

TABLE 71

ANALISIS OP VARIANCE FOR STRONTIUM DISTRIBUTION IN OAT CULIE, 1961*

Source of variation df ss ms F

Total 161 36961. &L 229.57

Blocks 2 1871.12 935-56 7 .61* Lodging angles (LA) 2 i*2l*.60 212.30 1.73 Error (a) 1* 1*91.98 123.00

Fertilizer treatment (FT) 8 11UU7.75 11*30.97 1*.21* LA x FT 16 232U.96 11*5.31 0.1*2 Error (b) 1*8 16287.90 339.33

Plant culm portions (PCP) 1 722.00 722.00 357.1*2** PCP x LA 2 102.78 51.39 25.1*i*** PCP x FT 8 222.00 27.75 13-73** PCP x LA x FT 16 11*9*22 9.33 l*.6l** Error (c) 5U 109.30 2.02

•^Significant at the 5 per cent level. ^-^Significant at the 1 per cent level. TABLE 72

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE FOR MOLYBDENUM DISTRIBUTION IN OAT CULJS, 1964

Source of variation df ss ms F

Total 161 60.18 .37

Blocks 2 2.14* 1.22 4.22 Lodging angles (LA) 2 1.39 .69 2.40 Error (a) k 1.16 .29

Fertilizer treatments (FT) 8 9.14 1.14 3.21-5B5- LA x FT 16 3-35 .21 0.59 Error (b) 1*8 17.04 • 36

Plant culm portions (PCP) 1 7.18 7.18 44.13** PCP X LA y 2 .20 .10 0.61 PCP x FT 8 1.04 .13 0.80 PCP x LA x FT 16 3-45 .22 1.35 Error (c) 54 8.79 .16

•M*Significant at the 1 per cent level. 1 0 8

TABLE 73

ANALYSIS OP VARIANCE FOR COBALT DISTRIBUTION IN OAT CULFS, 1961+

Source of variation df ss ms F

Total 161 33k.31 2.08

Blocks 2 2.38 1.19 1.20 Lodging angle (LA.) 2 1.22 .61 .62 Error (a) k 3-99 .99

Fertilizer treatment (FT) 8 2.20 .28 1.87 LA x FT 16 3 .Uk .22 1.1+3 Error (b) 1*8 7.kl .15

Plant culm portions (PCP) 1 5.52 5.52 28.31+** PCP x LA 2 .38 .19 0.98 PCP x FT 8 1.61+ .21 1.08 PCP x LA x FT 16 .91 .06 0.31 Error (c) 51+ 10.52 .19

^^Significant at the 1 per cent level. 109

TABLE 7k

ANALISIS OF VARIANCE FOR SODIUM DISTRIBUTION IN OAT CULMS, 1961*

Source of variation df ss ms F

Total 161 1252612.11 7780.20

Blocks 2 776.53 388.27 .01 Lodging angle (LA) 2 U036.U9 2018.25 .06 Error (a) h 145513.59 36378.ko

Fertilizer treatment (FT) 8 8663U .38 10829.29 3-44** LA x FT 16 15182U.27 9489.02 3.01*# Error (b) U8 51211.6k 3150.2k

Plant culm portions (PCP) 1 5989. Ok 5989. Oil .66 PCP x LA 2 6715.02 3357.51 .37 PCP x FT 8 122803.13 15350.39 1.69 PCP x FT x LA 16 37619.11 2351.19 .26 Error (c) 5k 489161.21 9058.5k

■M#Significant at the 1 per cent level. o

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I, Darshan Singh Bains, was born March 19, 1921 at Village

Sarhali, Amritsar, Punjab, India. I passed my Punjab University matriculation examination from Khalsa High School, Sarhali. I was admitted to the Punjab Agricultural College, Lyallpur, in

1938 and received my B. Sc. (Agr.) and M. Sc. (Agr.) degrees from

the Punjab University in 19U2 and 19lUi, respectively. I served the Punjab Government as Agricultural Assistant for two years and

as Manager, Experimental Fruit Farm, Palampur, for five year3 .

In 19^2 I joined the Government Agricultural College, Ludhiana, as Lecturer in Agronomy and was promoted to Assistant Professor of Agriculture in 1961. In 1962 I was selected under the Inter-

Institutional Training Program for higher studies at the Ohio

State University, Columbus, Ohio.