DOCSLIB.ORG

Grain Sorghum

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Grain Sorghum !'&!#43 !'&!#43 !'&!#43 'RAINSORGHUM WWWDPINSWGOVAU !GFACT0 FIRSTEDITION 35--!29/&34!4%7)$%"%34-!.!'%-%.4 7HEREVERPOSSIBLE USENO TILLANDCONTROLLED 02!#4)#%3&/2'2!).3/2'(5- TRAFlCFORDRYLANDCROPS ASTHESEMETHODS INCREASESOILMOISTURESTORAGEMOREQUICKLYAND 0ADDOCKSELECTION DEEPLYTHANRANDOM TRAFlCKEDCONVENTIONALLY 'RAINSORGHUM BOTHDRYLANDANDIRRIGATEDIS CULTIVATEDFALLOWS4HISINCREASEINMOISTURE USUALLYGROWNONHEAVYCLAYSOILS(EAVYCLAY STORAGECOMBINEDWITHREDUCEDSOILCOMPACTION SOILSHAVEAHIGHWATERHOLDINGCAPACITY CAPABLE LEADSTOINCREASEDYIELDSANDWATERUSE OFSUPPLYINGTHEPLANTWITHMOISTURETHROUGHOUT EFlCIENCY5SERESPONSECROPPINGINFAVOURABLE THEWARMGROWINGSEASON EVENINTHEABSENCE DRYLANDAREASTOREDUCETHERISKOFDEEP OFRAINFALL MOISTUREDRAINAGE &IGURE!GRAINSORGHUMCROPNEAR"REEZA NORTHERN.37 0HOTO*+NEIPP /2$%2./0 !'$%8 3OWINGTIME !UTHORS !LLHYBRIDSCANBESOWNUPUNTIL#HRISTMASBUT *ENNIE3PENCELEY FORMER$ISTRICT!GRONOMIST NOLATERTHANEARLY*ANUARY!FTER#HRISTMAS -OREE7EST'ILES"UTLER 2ESEARCH USEAQUICKERVARIETYWITHMIDGERESISTANCE4O !GRONOMIST!DRIAN.ICHOLAS %NTOMOLOGIST REDUCETHERISKOFERGOTINNORTHERN.37 PLANT 3TEVEN3IMPFENDORFER 0LANT0ATHOLOGIST SOTHATCROPSmOWERBYMID -ARCH7IDESOWING *OHN(OLLAND 2ESEARCH!GRONOMIST WINDOWSOCCURFROM3EPTEMBERTO*ANUARY *OHN+NEIPP ,EADER #ROPPING3YSTEMS HOWEVERDONTSOWTOOEARLYCOLD ORTOOLATE 4AMWORTH!GRICULTURAL)NSTITUTE*AN%DWARDS ERGOTANDFROSTRISK ANDAIMTOAVOIDmOWERING $ISTRICT!GRONOMIST #OWRAAND4ONY$ALE THECROPINTHEEXTREMEHEATOF*ANUARY3OIL FORMER$ISTRICT!GRONOMIST 'UNNEDAH TEMPERATURESHOULDBEnO#ANDRISING 0LANTPOPULATION !DJUSTPLANTPOPULATIONANDROWSPACING TOTARGETYIELD5NIFORMITYOFPOPULATION #ONTENTS ISIMPORTANTTHEREFOREPRECISIONPLANTERS 3UMMARYOFSTATEWIDE"EST-ANAGEMENT WITHPRESSWHEELSAREPREFERRED5SELOWER 0RACTICESFORGRAINSORGHUM POPULATIONSINMOREMARGINALSITUATIONS AND INCREASEPOPULATIONSWHERECONDITIONSAREMORE )NTRODUCTION FAVOURABLE3UGGESTEDPLANTPOPULATIONSARE (ISTORICALBACKGROUND $RYLANDSOLIDPLANTnPLANTSHA %NDUSES $RYLANDSKIPROWnPLANTSHA ,IMITEDIRRIGATIONnPLANTSHA &EEDVALUEOFSORGHUM &ULLIRRIGATIONnPLANTSHA !REASOFPRODUCTION )NSECTCONTROL )RRIGATEDSORGHUMPRODUCTION )TISPARTICULARLYIMPORTANTTOMONITORAND -OISTURECONSERVATIONANDFALLOW CONTROLSOILDWELLINGINSECTSEGWIREWORMS AT MANAGEMENT SOWING(ELIOTHISCANBEAPROBLEM ESPECIALLY 4HESORGHUMPLANTANDHOWITGROWS AFTERmOWERING4HEBIOLOGICALINSECTICIDE.06 ISEFFECTIVEFORTHECONTROLOFHELIOTHIS-IDGE 3OWING CONTROLMAYALSOBENECESSARYINLATECROPS .UTRITION 4IMELINESSOFHARVEST $ISEASES (ARVESTMAYBEASSISTEDBYCROPDESICCATION )NSECTPESTS 4HEAIMISTOMAXIMISEYIELDTHROUGHTHE ASSIMILATIONOFCARBOHYDRATEINTHESEED BUT "ENEFICIALINSECTSINSORGHUM BALANCETHISMOISTUREUSEWITHSTORINGWATERFOR ,ODGING THENEXTCROP7HENBETWEENANDPER 7EEDCONTROL CENTOFTHEGRAINSHAVEFORMEDA@BLACKLAYER IEAREPHYSIOLOGICALLYMATURE THECROPIS #ROPDESICCATION READYTOBEDESICCATED (ARVEST 'RAINHANDLING 3TORAGEOFGRAIN 'RAINMOISTURESHOULDBELESSTHANFOR -ARKETING LONGTERMSTORAGE"EPREPAREDTODRYGRAINWITH 'RAZINGANDHAY LATESOWNCROPS0LANYOURGRAINMARKETING &URTHERINFORMATION 'RAZING !CKNOWLEDGEMENTS 0RIORTOFEEDINGANYSORGHUMCROP SEEK VETERINARYADVICEABOUTTHERISKOFHYDROCYANIC ACID ALKALINEERGOT ANDNITRATEPOISONING ).42/$5#4)/. ()34/2)#!,"!#+'2/5.$ 'RAIN3ORGHUM3ORGHUMBICOLOR, -OENCH IS )NTERNATIONAL THEMAINSUMMERCEREALCROPGROWNINNORTHERN !USTRALIA)TISMAINLYUSEDIN!USTRALIAASSTOCK 'RAINSORGHUMISREGARDEDASBEINGORIGINALLY FEEDINTHECATTLE PIGANDPOULTRYINDUSTRIES DOMESTICATEDAROUNDCENTRAL!FRICAINTHE 3ORGHUMSTUBBLECANALSOBEUTILISEDAFTER %THIOPIANAND3UDANREGIONS BEFOREITSSPREAD HARVESTASSTOCKFODDER7ORLDWIDE SORGHUMIS TOOTHERAREASIN!FRICAAND!SIA ANDMORE ANIMPORTANTFOODSOURCEFORHUMANS ESPECIALLY RECENTLYTO!MERICAAND!USTRALIA"ECAUSE INWARM ARIDENVIRONMENTS OFITSINHERENTABILITYTOWITHSTANDDROUGHT SOILTOXICITIESANDTEMPERATUREEXTREMESMORE 'RAINSORGHUMISMOREDROUGHTTOLERANTTHAN EFFECTIVELYTHANOTHERCEREALCROPS SORGHUM MAIZE THEOTHERMAINSUMMERGROWINGCEREAL HASBECOMETHEMOSTIMPORTANTFOODAND )TISTHEREFOREANIMPORTANTRAIN GROWNCROP FEEDSOURCEINMANYOFTHEWORLDSHARSHER INNORTHERN.37FROMTHENORTHERNSLOPES ENVIRONMENTS AND(UNTER THROUGHTOWESTERNAREASSUCHAS 7ALGETT'RAINSORGHUMALSOPLAYSACRITICALROLE .ATIONAL ASAROTATIONCROPFORDISEASEANDWEEDCONTROL 'RAINSORGHUMWASlRSTGROWNIN1UEENSLAND INTHEWINTERCEREALBASEDFARMINGSYSTEMOF INANDIN.EW3OUTH7ALESINUSING NORTHERN.37 DWARFVARIETIESINTRODUCEDFROMTHE53! 4HEUSEOFPRACTICESSUCHASCONTROLLEDTRAFlC &OLLOWINGTHEDEVELOPMENTOFCYTOPLASMICMALE ANDNO TILL WHICHMAXIMISESOILWATERINlLTRATION STERILITYINTHESINTHE53! HYBRIDVARIETIES ANDENABLETHEPLANTTOEXTRACTMOISTURE WERElRSTGROWNCOMMERCIALLYIN!USTRALIAIN EFFECTIVELY ARECRITICALINACHIEVINGGOODYIELDS ANDWITHINYEARS FARMERSHADNEARLY )NADDITION SORGHUMROWCONlGURATIONCANBE COMPLETELYSWITCHEDTOGROWINGHYBRIDVARIETIES SUCCESSFULLYMANIPULATEDINWESTERNAREASTO ENSUREACROPWILLBEHARVESTED WHENSOWNINTO %.$53%3 AFULLPROlLEOFMOISTURE 7ORLDWIDE SORGHUMISPRIMARILYUSEDASA !SIRRIGATEDGRAINSORGHUMISUSUALLYGROWNON FOODSOURCEFORHUMANCONSUMPTION HOWEVER HEAVYCLAYSOILS HILLSORBEDSAREUSUALLYUSEDIN IN!USTRALIATHEPRIMARYUSEOFGRAINSORGHUM AFURROW IRRIGATEDSYSTEM ISASFEEDFORLIVESTOCK3ORGHUMGRAINISALSO INCREASINGLYBEINGUSEDFORETHANOLPRODUCTION !RANGEOFHYBRIDVARIETIESAREAVAILABLEAND ASITISOFTENTHECHEAPESTFEEDGRAIN BEINGCONTINUALLYIMPROVED#ONSULTYOURLOCAL SEEDAGENTFORDETAILSANDREFERTOTHEANNUAL )N!FRICAANDPARTSOF)NDIA SORGHUMISCOOKED PUBLICATION!GNOTE'RAIN3ORGHUM0LANTING ASPORRIDGE)N"OTSWANATHEPORRIDGEMAY 'UIDE'RAINSORGHUMISPLANTEDFROMLATE BEEITHERFERMENTEDORUNFERMENTED)TISALSO 3EPTEMBERTHROUGHTOMID*ANUARYANDHARVESTED USEDTOMAKEBOTHUNFERMENTEDBREADIN)NDIA FROMLATE*ANUARYTHROUGHTO-AY AND#ENTRAL!MERICA ANDFERMENTEDBREAD &IGURE5NIFORMANDWELLESTABLISHEDGRAINSORGHUMCROP &IGURE)N!USTRALIAGRAINSORGHUMISMAINLYUSEDTOFEED EASTOF-OREE LIVESTOCK 0HOTO*+NEIPP 0HOTO3"ELFIELD 3UDAN %THIOPIAAND)NDIA )N3AHELIAN!FRICA SORGHUMISALSOTHEMOSTCOMMONCEREALUSEDIN COUSCOUS &%%$6!,5%/&3/2'(5- 'RAINSORGHUMISCOMMONLYUSEDASAFEED GRAININTHENORTH EASTERNSTATESOF!USTRALIA)TIS FREQUENTLYUSEDTOFEEDCATTLE BROILERCHICKENS ANDPIGS4HEFEEDVALUEOFSORGHUMISVERY SIMILARTOBARLEY MAIZEANDWHEATINTERMSOF METABOLISABLEENERGY-% CONTENT4ABLE 0HOTO*+NEIPP (OWEVER SORGHUMISLESSDIGESTIBLETHANWHEAT &IGURE3TEAMmAKEDSORGHUM ANDBARLEYFORSOMEANIMALS4HEAVAILABLE ENERGYFROMANYGRAINGENERALLYDEPENDSON 7ESTERN!USTRALIA WHEREMOSTOFTHEHYBRID THECAPACITYTODIGESTTHESTARCHINTHEGRAIN SEEDISPRODUCED 3ORGHUMISDIGESTEDWELLBYPIGSANDPOULTRY 3ORGHUMPRODUCTION BOTHINAREAPLANTEDAND BUTGENERALLYPOORLYDIGESTEDBYCATTLE YIELDSEE&IGURESAND DIFFERSIN!USTRALIA FROMYEARTOYEARDUETOTHEHIGHLYVARIABLE 4ABLE-OSTLIKELYMETABOLISABLEENERGY RAINFALLPATTERNANDPRICEOUTLOOK$URINGTHE -% DRYMATTER$- ANDPROTEINCONTENTOF PASTTENYEARSTHEPRICEOFSORGHUMHASVARIED SOMEMAJORCEREALFEEDGRAINS FROMTOT -ETABOLISABLE%NERGY #RUDEPROTEIN -% ON$-BASIS $-BASIS )22)'!4%$3/2'(5-02/$5#4)/. 'RAIN -*KG ,ANDPREPARATIONFORIRRIGATEDGRAINSORGHUMIS "ARLEY SIMILARTOTHATFOROTHERIRRIGATEDCROPS)NITIAL CULTIVATIONSAREUSUALLYCOMPLETEDINDRYSOIL 7HEAT WITHDISCSORCHISELSTOMULCHPREVIOUSCROP 3ORGHUM RESIDUE4HEAIMISTOWORKUPTOCM OFLOOSESOILTOALLOWTHEFORMATIONOFHILLSOR -AIZE BEDS$EEPERCULTIVATIONISSOMETIMESNEEDEDTO /ATS BREAKUPCOMPACTEDLAYERSANDIMPROVEWATER ANDROOTPENETRATIONnFOLLOWING FOREXAMPLE 3OURCE"LACKWOODETAL AWETHARVEST#AREMUSTBETAKENTHATTHESOIL ISDRYENOUGHTHROUGHOUTTHEPROlLEWHEN DEEPRIPPINGTOPREVENTFURTHERDAMAGEFROM "REAKINGUPTHESEEDGREATLYINCREASESTHE COMPACTIONOCCURRING DIGESTIBILITYOFTHEGRAINFORMANYANIMALS)T SHOULDBEEITHERCOARSELYCRACKEDORROLLED OR %ARLYLANDPREPARATIONISESSENTIALTOAVOID STEAMmAKEDBUTCARESHOULDBETAKENNOTTO DELAYSANDDAMAGECAUSEDBYTRAFlCKINGWET POWDERTHEGRAIN3ORGHUMISVERYPALATABLEAND SOILDURINGWINTER"EGINPREPARATIONEARLYAND ISTHEREFOREUSEFULFORMIXINGWITHWHEATAND AIMTOHAVEHILLINGORBEDFORMATIONCOMPLETED BARLEYTOIMPROVETHEIRPALATABILITY!SPROTEIN PRIORTOTHEENDOF*ULY4HISALLOWSPLENTY OFTIMEFORCLODSTOBREAKDOWNANDHILLSTO ANDTHEREFORENITROGENINGRAINSORGHUMISOFTEN CONSOLIDATE INCREASINGTHELIKELIHOODOFGOOD DElCIENT ITISADVISABLETOALWAYSADDUREA EVENESTABLISHMENT INTHEMIXWITHSORGHUMWHENFEEDINGTOCATTLE 0RE IRRIGATIONISANIMPORTANTPARTOFSEEDBED !2%!3/&02/$5#4)/. PREPARATIONASITIMPROVESTILTHANDBED CONSOLIDATION.ITROGENFERTILISERISUSUALLY !LMOSTALLGRAINSORGHUMIN!USTRALIAIS APPLIEDWHENHILLINGUP!DDITIONAL PRODUCEDINNORTHERN.37AND1UEENSLAND NITROGENANDPHOSPHORUSFERTILISERMAYBE &IGURE 4HEOTHERSMALLBUTIMPORTANTAREA APPLIEDATSOWING:INCISBESTINCORPORATED OFPRODUCTIONISAT+UNUNURRAINTHENORTHOF DURINGEARLYPREPARATION &IGURE.37AND1LDSORGHUMYIELDDATAFORTHEYEARS &IGURE.37AND1LDSORGHUMPRODUCTIONDATAFORTHE n3OURCE!"!2%AND!"3 YEARSn3OURCE!"!2%AND!"3 0RECISIONSEEDERSAREUSEDTOSOWTHEMAJORITY 3ORGHUMRESIDUECANBEDIFlCULTTOHANDLE OFIRRIGATEDSORGHUMCROPS)NFULLYIRRIGATED AFTERHARVEST-OSTGROWERSUSEOFFSETDISCSAT CONDITIONS TARGETPLANTPOPULATIONSSHOULDBE LEASTTWICEBEFOREHILLINGUPFORTHEFOLLOWING BETWEENnPLANTSHA WHILEUNDER IRRIGATEDCROP LIMITEDIRRIGATION PLANTPOPULATIONSSHOULDCOME BACKTOAPPROXIMATELYPLANTSHA#HOOSE -/)3452%#/.3%26!4)/.!.$&!,,/7 ATLEASTTWOHYBRIDSTHATAREHIGHYIELDING -!.!'%-%.4 MEDIUMMATURITYLINES3ELECTHYBRIDSTHATHAVE LITTLEREACTIONTOORGANOPHOSPHATEINSECTICIDES 3ORGHUMSHOULDNOTBEPLANTEDINADRYLAND IFGRAINSORGHUMISTOBESOWNNEAROTHER SITUATIONUNLESSTHESOILHASSTOREDMOISTURETOA SUMMERCROPSTHATMAYBESPRAYEDWITHTHESE MINIMUMDEPTHOFONEMETRE4HISRULEMAYBE INSECTICIDES VARIEDINEASTERNAREAS WHEREROWCONlGURATION 1UANTITIESOFWATERREQUIREDFORAFULLIRRIGATION MAYBEALTEREDIFSEASONALOUTLOOKSARE OFASORGHUMCROPWILLVARYDEPENDINGON REASONABLE2ESEARCHANDEXPERIENCEHASSHOWN SEASONALANDSOILCONDITIONS
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Harvest-Aid Efficiency in Guar (Cyamopsis Tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.) in the Texas Plains
    Harvest-aid Efficiency in Guar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.) in the Texas Plains by Jonathan Shockey BS A Thesis In Plant and Soil Sciences Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Texas Tech University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTERS OF SCIENCE Approved Dr. Peter Dotray Chair of Committee Dr. Calvin Trostle Dr. Noureddine Abidi Mark Sheridan Dean of the Graduate School December, 2016 Copyright 2016, Jonathan Shockey Texas Tech University, Jonathan Shockey, December 2016 Acknowledgements I would like to thank Dr. Calvin Trostle and Texas A&M AgriLife Extension for not only his guidance during this research and for allowing me the time away from my assigned duties to complete these experiments; but also for providing the funding to get it accomplished. Under his direction I learned many things about agricultural research that I will carry with me throughout my career. I would also like to thank Dr. Peter Dotray for his advice and direction both as committee co-chairman and as an instructor for modes and mechanisms of herbicides. Rounding out my committee I would like to thank Dr. Noureddine Abidi for his expert advice in all potential biopolymer aspects of this study, and patient instruction during his biopolymers and bioproducts course. Additionally, I would like to thank Ray White for his assistance in conducting spray applications, harvesting, and other data collection, his time and dedication to this research was without question a major contribution to its completion. I would also like to thank Dr. Katie Lewis for her expert assistance with SAS and other software questions.
    [Show full text]
  • Integration of Cereal Cover Crops and Synthetic Auxin Herbicides Into Row Crop Production and Weed Management” by Ryan J
    MISSISSIPPI SOYBEAN PROMOTION BOARD PROJECT NO. 51-2014–BUFKIN FELLOWSHIP (YEAR 3) FINAL REPORT TITLE: Effect of fall-seeded cereal cover crops for use in soybeans for the control of Palmer amaranth in Mississippi. PI: Dan Reynolds/Ryan Edwards (Bufkin Fellow) EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The occurrence of herbicide-resistant weeds across the southern United States is increasing. Research is needed to develop alternative control measures, while supporting sound agronomic practices. Greenhouse and field studies were conducted to evaluate cereal cover cropping techniques along with novel herbicides to determine their value for Mississippi growers. Field studies were performed to determine which combination of cereal cover crops (cereal rye, wheat, and oats) and residual herbicides (S-metolachlor + metribuzin, S-metolachlor + fomesafen, pendimethalin, flumioxazin, sulfentrazone + metribuzin, and pyroxasulfone + flumioxazin) would maximize soybean yield in the presence of weeds. Cereal cover crop termination methods were evaluated and a partial budget was generated to examine the total costs of growing soybeans utilizing cereal cover crops and residual herbicides. Residual herbicide applications averaged across all cereal cover crops controlled Amaranthus spp. greater than 89% by 28 DAT. Control by the cover crops alone was 67% for Amaranthus spp. and 61% for barnyardgrass. All herbicide combinations provided significantly better control than cover crops alone. Cover crops did not improve weed control above that of herbicides alone. Overall, the presence of cover crops had no effect on soybean yield. Cereal rye cover provided the most effective impediment to weed emergence. In all cereal species tested, cutting cover crops 10 cm above the soil and leaving the residue reduced weed numbers compared to other termination methods.
    [Show full text]
  • Glyphosate Use in the European Agricultural Sector and a Framework for Its Further Monitoring
    sustainability Article Glyphosate Use in the European Agricultural Sector and a Framework for Its Further Monitoring Clémentine Antier 1 , Per Kudsk 2 , Xavier Reboud 3 , Lena Ulber 4, Philippe V. Baret 1,* and Antoine Messéan 5 1 Sytra, Earth and Life Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, 1348 Ottignies-Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgique; [email protected] 2 Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, DK-4200 Slagelse, Denmark; [email protected] 3 Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRAE, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France; [email protected] 4 Institute for Plant Protection in Field Crops and Grassland, Julius Kühn-Institut (JKI), Messeweg 11-12, 38104 Braunschweig, Germany; [email protected] 5 Eco-Innov, INRAE, 78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 18 June 2020; Accepted: 8 July 2020; Published: 15 July 2020 Abstract: Monitoring pesticide use is essential for assessing farming practices and the risks associated with the use of pesticides. Currently, there are neither consolidated, public data available on glyphosate use in Europe, nor a standardized categorization of its major uses. In this study, data on glyphosate sales and use in Europe were collected from multiple sources and compiled into a dataset of the agricultural use of glyphosate from 2013 to 2017. The survey shows that glyphosate represented 33% of the herbicide volume sold in Europe in 2017. One third of the acreage of annual cropping systems and half of the acreage of perennial tree crops received glyphosate annually. Glyphosate is widely used for at least eight agronomic purposes, including weed control, crop desiccation, terminating cover crops, terminating temporary grassland and renewing permanent grassland.
    [Show full text]
  • Sorghum Production Guide
    SORGHUM PRODUCTION GUIDE FOR CAMBODIAN CONDITIONS 2 SORGHUM PRODUCTION GUIDE FOR CAMBODIAN CONDITIONS 2015 The Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) was established in June 1982 by an Act of the Australian Parliament. ACIAR operates as part of Australia’s international development cooperation program, with a mission to achieve more productive and sustainable agricultural systems, for the benefit of developing countries and Australia. It commissions collaborative research between Australian and developing- country researchers in areas where Australia has special research competence. It also administers Australia’s contribution to the International Agricultural Research Centres. Where trade names are used, this constitutes neither endorsement of nor discrimination against any product by ACIAR. ACIAR MONOGRAPH SERIES This series contains the results of original research supported by ACIAR, or material deemed relevant to ACIAR’s research and development objectives. The series is distributed internationally, with an emphasis on developing countries. © Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) 2016. This work is copyright. Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part may be reproduced by any process without prior written permission from ACIAR, GPO Box 1571, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia, [email protected] Robert Martin, Stephanie Montgomery, Sophanara Phan, Sophoeun Im. Sorghum Production Guide for Cambodian Conditions Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research: Canberra. 44 pp. ACIAR Monograph No. 169 ACIAR Monographs – ISSN 1031-8194 (print), ISSN 1447-090X (online) ISBN 978 1 925133 92 9 (print) ISBN 978 1 925133 93 6 (PDF) Technical editing by Kate Langford Design by WhiteFox.com.au ii FOREWORD The National Poverty Reduction Strategy (2003–05) of the Royal Cambodian Government committed research centres and extension systems to focus on small-scale farmers and emphasise the use of improved tools and management practices for cropping systems.
    [Show full text]
  • ABSTRACT BANSAL, MANISH KUMAR. Wheat
    ABSTRACT BANSAL, MANISH KUMAR. Wheat (Triticum aestivum) Growth and Yield Response to Previous Summer Crop, Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) Allelochemicals and Pre-Plant Nitrogen Fertilization (Under the direction of Dr. Wesley J Everman and Dr. James Burton). Grain sorghum is the third largest grain crop grown in the United States after corn and wheat. It has recently gained renewed interest as an animal feedstock in the Southeastern region. North Carolina is one of the largest meat animals producing states in the United States. Growing demand for grain and increased shipping costs created a need to produce more feed grains in the state. In North Carolina, wheat is a grain crop that can be grown in a double crop system with soybean. An alternative to soybean, grain sorghum is a crop that can fit as a double crop with wheat to help increase overall feed grain production. But there were growers concern about including grain sorghum into double crop with wheat due to its large quantity of biomass production and allelopathic potential on wheat. In field experiments, desiccants (Glyphosate and sodium chlorate) were applied to grain sorghum at various grain fill stages: green or 0% browning, 50% browning, 75% browning, and 100% browning of sorghum seed head. In addition, effect of sorghum varieties (DKS5367 and P83P17) and desiccation (desiccated and nontreated) on subsequent wheat yield was also recorded. Desiccants applied on green seed head of sorghum affected the sorghum biomass and yield. No effect on yield and biomass was observed when desiccants were applied to 100 percent brown seed head. When wheat follows sorghum, no effect of any sorghum treatments (variety and desiccation) was observed on wheat yield in both years.
    [Show full text]
  • Planta Daninha 2019; V37:E019215688 Antecipação Da Colheita
    CASTOLDI, C.T. et al. Physiological quality of carioca bean seeds submitted to the application of desiccant herbicides in two ... 1 151103-PD-2016 PLANTA (9 páginas) DANINHAPROVA GRÁFICA SOCIEDADE BRASILEIRA DA CIÊNCIA DAS PLANTAS DANINHAS ISSN 0100-8358 (print) <http://www.sbcpd.org> 1806-9681 (online) Article PHYSIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF CARIOCA BEAN SEEDS SUBMITTED TO THE APPLICATION OF DESICCANT HERBICIDES IN TWO PERIODS CASTOLDI, C.T.1 ID Qualidade Fisiológica de Sementes de Feijão Carioca Submetidas à Aplicação RADUNZ, L.L.2 ID de herbicidas GALON, L.1* ID ASPIAZÚ, I.3 ID ABSTRACT - The use of herbicides for bean crop desiccation aiming seed production, is an alternative management because it allows harvesting when the seeds present FORTE, C.T.1 ID high vigor, germination and dry mass, however this technique can cause damages to SCARIOT, M.A.1 ID the seeds. The objective of this study was to evaluate the physiological quality of SOUZA, D.O.1 ID bean seeds, of the Carioca type, with the application of desiccant herbicides doses at different periods, aiming at the anticipation of the harvest. The bean plants, Pérola cultivar, were desiccated when the seeds had 42 and 30% water content, with ammonium glufosinate, saflufenacil and diquat at doses of 0, 50, 75 and 100% in relation to the recommended average dose for desiccation, respectively for each of the herbicides. The control treatment without desiccant application was harvested on the same date as desiccation. The additional treatment, also without desiccant application, was harvested only when the seeds had a water content of 18%.
    [Show full text]
  • Glyphosate Dangers
    Glyphosate Dangers This document contains links to Monsanto and glyphosate safety literature. Of course we cannot believe everything posted on the web, but you will get 765,000 hits when you search for websites that contain the words “glyphosate” and “cancer.” ------------------- Non-native invasive plant spread in the national forests is one of the largest threats to the proper functioning forest ecosystem. I commend you for recognizing this and spending taxpayer’s money to deal with it. There are many methods to address this threat. They include different types of herbicides, hand pulling and biological control. Please allow me to point out something you and your staff should already know. You propose to apply a potentially lethal chemical to your national forest. I suggest you read the information authored by independent scientists below. Then ask your USFS invasive plant eradication expert who assisted you with this project why they suggested an herbicide containing the chemical glyphosate be applied to public land. In the next 50 pages I will present irrefutable research-based evidence that casual exposure to the chemical glyphosate is one of the causes of birth defects, miscarriages, premature births, cancer - non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and hairy cell leukemia, DNA damage, autism, irreparable kidney and liver damage, infertility, learning disabilities, ADHD and other neurological disorders (especially in children), mitochondrial damage, cell asphyxia, endocrine disruption, bipolar disorder, skin tumors, thyroid damage, decrease in the sperm count and chromosomal damage. Regardless of what your agency says, no human being would take action that independent research scientists (not affiliated with the USFS) show sometimes causes these horrific physical conditions.
    [Show full text]
  • CANOLA SECTION 11 CROP DESICCATION/ SPRAY out Table of Contents Section 11 Canola - Crop Desiccation/Spray out Feedback
    WESTERN SEPTEMBER 2018 CANOLA SECTION 11 CROP DESICCATION/ SPRAY OUT Table of Contents SECTION 11 CANOLA - Crop desiccation/spray out Feedback August 2015 SECTION 11 Crop desiccation/spray out More (For information on swathing, see Section 12. Harvest.) i information Chemical desiccation is an alternative to swathing and very effective where crops Check current have lodged or where weeds have emerged in maturing crops. The most commonly registered chemical used desiccant is diquat (Reglone®), which is registered for ground and aerial labels at: Australian application on canola crops (refer to product label for application rates). Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Desiccation can be a useful strategy on variable soil types; for example, where heavier Authority soil types or drainage lines keep the crop greener for longer, a desiccant can hasten harvest of these areas and reduce the risk of problems arising from high moisture. It Farm Weekly: New can also be used where swathing contractors are not available. canola weed control option Diquat (Reglone®) has no detrimental effects on the seed or its oil quality if applied at the correct time. It works through contact action and requires almost complete Direct harvesting canola coverage of the plant to work effectively. An experienced aerial operator can apply it with desiccation or to ensure uniform coverage with minimal spray drift. swathing to reduce ryegrass seed set The correct time for desiccation is when 70–80% of seeds have changed colour in middle pods, which is when the crop has passed its optimal swathing stage. The crop will be ready to harvest within 4–7 days (minimum 4 day Harvest Witholding Period) after the desiccant is applied, depending on the size and density of the crop.
    [Show full text]
  • The Evaluation of New Harvest Aid Herbicides for Dry Bean (Phaseolus Vulgaris L.) Production in Manitoba
    The Evaluation of New Harvest Aid Herbicides for Dry Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Production in Manitoba. BY KRISTINE APRIL WADDELL A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies of The University of Manitoba In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Department of Plant Science University of Manitoba Winnipeg, Manitoba Copyright © 2013 by Kristine A. Waddell THE UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES ******* COPYRIGHT PERMISSION The Evaluation of New Harvest Aid Herbicides for Dry Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) Production in Manitoba. By KRISTINE APRIL WADDELL A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE © Copyright by Kristine A. Waddell 2013 Permission has been granted to the Library of the University of Manitoba to lend/sell copies of this thesis, to the National Library of Canada to microfilm this thesis and to lend or sell copies of the film, and to the University Microfilms Inc. to publish an abstract of this thesis. This reproduction or copy of this thesis has been made available by authority of the copyright owner solely for the purpose of private study and research, and may only be reproduced and copied as permitted by copyright laws or with express written authorization from the copyright owner. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................. vii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Grain Yield and Agronomic Traits in Soybean According to Crop Rotation Systems
    http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4499.0136 Grain yield and agronomic traits in soybean according to crop rotation systems Henrique Pereira dos Santos (1*); Renato Serena Fontaneli (1); João Pires (1); Evandro Ademir Lampert (1); Ana Maria Vargas (1); Amauri Colet Verdi (2) (1) Embrapa Trigo, BR 285, km 294, 99001-970 Passo Fundo (RS), Brasil. (2) Universidade de Passo Fundo (UPF/FAMV), BR 285, 99052-900 Passo Fundo (RS), Brasil. (*) Corresponding author: [email protected] Article Received: May 5, 2014; Accepted: June 2, 2014 Abstract The effects of crop rotation systems (CRS) on soybean yield and agronomic characteristics were evaluated from 1996/1997 to 2010/2011 at Embrapa Trigo, Passo Fundo (RS), Brazil. Four soil management systems (SMS) were compared, namely: 1) no tillage, 2) minimum tillage, 3) conventional tillage using a disk plow and a disk harrow, and 4) conventional using a moldboard and a disk harrow - and three CRS: system I (wheat/soybean), system II (wheat/soybean and common vetch/corn or sorghum) and system III (wheat/soybean, white oats/soybean and common vetch/corn or sorghum). This is a split-plot, randomized, complete block design with three replications. SMS were assigned in the main plot and CRS systems in the split-plots. This work addressed only data on crop rotation systems. There were no significant differences between the CRS for number of grains per plant, 1,000 grain weight and first pod height in soybean. The crop rotation for a summer, with corn or sorghum, propitiates a higher soybean yield compared with the other systems and monoculture soybean.
    [Show full text]
  • Pre-Harvest Aid Herbicides  Avoid Applying a Desiccant Just Before a Rain
    Agronomic Spotlight Harvest Aid Products for Soybean Late or poor canopy closure can lead to weedy soybean fields late in the season. Harvest aid herbicides can be used to preserve soybean seed quality and protect yield potential by controlling weeds that may interfere with harvest operations and by also drying aboveground green tissue (pods, stems, and leaves). Harvest aid products should be applied after soybean plants have reached maturity. Harvest Aid Products Preharvest desiccant needed if weed densities are high Knowing some characteristics of the harvest aid product can help in enough to: the selection and application processes:1 Increase soybean seed moisture/damage seed. Advantages of using a harvest aid product include potentially better Increase amount of foreign material in harvested seed. harvested seed quality, reduced weed populations, earlier harvest, Reduce combine seed/harvest efficiency. and increased harvest efficiency. Preharvest desiccant NOT needed if: Desiccants are commonly used harvest aids to remedy problems Present weeds will not interfere with harvest. that may interfere with harvest, but will not speed up crop maturity or make seed dry down faster. A desiccant will only help to drop Weeds have not produced mature seeds yet. remaining leaves and dry out green tissue of both crops and A desiccant cannot be applied enough ahead of harvest to follow weeds. time interval restrictions and allow drying of green tissue. Desiccants, such as Gramoxone® SL, reduce green vegetation, but do not remove excessive moisture from the seed. The addition of Guide to Soybean Growth Management can be found at sodium chlorate to a desiccant can help remove moisture from http://msucares.com/pubs/publications/p2588.pdf green soybean tissue and/or seed, and provide additional control To determine the growth stage of a soybean field, randomly collect of weeds.
    [Show full text]
  • Research Review No. CP 182 / 1807258 Weed Control Options And
    April 2019 Research Review No. CP 182 / 1807258 Weed control options and future opportunities for UK crops Authors: Sarah K. Cook, Laura R. Davies, Frances Pickering, Lynn V. Tatnell, Angela Huckle, Sonia Newman, Chloe Whiteside, Charlotte White, David Talbot, Helen Holmes (ADAS), Patricia E. Turnbull (Independent agronomist), Denis C. Buckley (Independent agronomist), Jim Scrimshaw (PGRO) and Pamela Chambers (UPL) Editors: James H Clarke, Steve Ellis and Sarah Clarke (ADAS Boxworth, Boxworth, Cambs CB23 4NN) This review was produced as the final report of a four month project (CP 182 / 1807258) that started in September 2018. The work was funded under a contract of £26,000 from AHDB and £10,000 from BBRO, with additional funding from BASF, Bayer CropScience, Belchim, Corteva Agriscience, FMC Agro Ltd, Syngenta and UPL Europe Ltd. Additional in-kind funders and contributors: Frontier, Garford Farm Machinery, Hutchinsons, Maize Growers Association, PGRO, Procam and Rootwave. While the Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board seeks to ensure that the information contained within this document is accurate at the time of printing, no warranty is given in respect thereof and, to the maximum extent permitted by law, the Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board accepts no liability for loss, damage or injury howsoever caused (including that caused by negligence) or suffered directly or indirectly in relation to information and opinions contained in or omitted from this document. Reference herein to trade names and proprietary products without stating that they are protected does not imply that they may be regarded as unprotected and thus free for general use. No endorsement of named products is intended, nor is any criticism implied of other alternative, but unnamed, products.
    [Show full text]