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Grain Yield and Agronomic Traits in Soybean According to Crop Rotation Systems

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Grain Yield and Agronomic Traits in Soybean According to Crop Rotation Systems http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-4499.0136 Grain yield and agronomic traits in soybean according to crop rotation systems Henrique Pereira dos Santos (1*); Renato Serena Fontaneli (1); João Pires (1); Evandro Ademir Lampert (1); Ana Maria Vargas (1); Amauri Colet Verdi (2) (1) Embrapa Trigo, BR 285, km 294, 99001-970 Passo Fundo (RS), Brasil. (2) Universidade de Passo Fundo (UPF/FAMV), BR 285, 99052-900 Passo Fundo (RS), Brasil. (*) Corresponding author: [email protected] Article Received: May 5, 2014; Accepted: June 2, 2014 Abstract The effects of crop rotation systems (CRS) on soybean yield and agronomic characteristics were evaluated from 1996/1997 to 2010/2011 at Embrapa Trigo, Passo Fundo (RS), Brazil. Four soil management systems (SMS) were compared, namely: 1) no tillage, 2) minimum tillage, 3) conventional tillage using a disk plow and a disk harrow, and 4) conventional using a moldboard and a disk harrow - and three CRS: system I (wheat/soybean), system II (wheat/soybean and common vetch/corn or sorghum) and system III (wheat/soybean, white oats/soybean and common vetch/corn or sorghum). This is a split-plot, randomized, complete block design with three replications. SMS were assigned in the main plot and CRS systems in the split-plots. This work addressed only data on crop rotation systems. There were no significant differences between the CRS for number of grains per plant, 1,000 grain weight and first pod height in soybean. The crop rotation for a summer, with corn or sorghum, propitiates a higher soybean yield compared with the other systems and monoculture soybean. The combination of conservation systems (no tillage and minimum tillage) and CR resulted in a higher soybean yield. The lowest grain yield and grain weight per plant were obtained in monoculture soybean. Key words: number legumes, number grain, grain mass per plant. Crop Production and Management | Rendimento de grãos e características agronômicas de soja em função de sistemas de rotação de culturas Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito dos sistemas de rotação de culturas (SRC) sobre o rendimento de grãos e as características agronômicas de soja no período de 1996/1997 a 2010/2011 em Latossolo Vermelho distrófico típico, na Embrapa Trigo, em Passo Fundo, RS. Foram comparados quatro tipos de manejo de solo (TMS): 1) sistema plantio direto (SPD); 2) cultivo mínimo (CM); 3) preparo convencional de solo com arado de discos (PCD); e 4) preparo convencional de solo com arado de aivecas (PCA) e três SRC: sistema I (monocultura de trigo/monocultura de soja); sistema II (trigo/soja e ervilhaca/ milho ou sorgo); e III (trigo/soja, aveia branca/soja e ervilhaca/milho ou sorgo). O delineamento experimental foi em blocos completos ao acaso, com parcelas subdivididas e três repetições. A parcela foi constituída pelos TMS, e as subparcelas, pelos SRC. No presente trabalho serão abordados somente os dados sobre sistemas de rotação de culturas. A análise conjunta dos dados obtidos não indicou diferença entre os SRC em relação ao número de grãos por planta, à massa de mil grãos e à altura de inserção das primeiras vagens de soja. A rotação de culturas por um verão utilizando milho ou sorgo propicia maior rendimento de grãos de soja em comparação com os demais sistemas estudados e com a soja em monocultura. A combinação de sistemas conservacionistas (SPD e CM) e SRC favoreceu o maior rendimento de grãos de soja. Os menores rendimentos de grãos e massa de grãos ocorreram em monocultura de soja. Palavras-chave: número de vagens, número de grãos, massa de grãos por planta. 1. INTRODUCTION Crops of corn, soybeans, wheat and winter and summer Crop rotation, as current practice in agricultural annual pastures dominate the northern Rio Grande do production, has been recognized, from a technical point of Sul State, Atlantic Forest biome. On average, 4 million view, as essential to the stable development of agriculture hectares of soybeans have been grown in this region, (Thomas and Costa, 2010). Therefore it becomes important producing around 2,100 kg ha–1. the use of different cultures with abundant and vigorous Bragantia, Campinas, v. 73, n. 3, p.263-273, 2014 263 H.P. Santos et al. root systems, providing advantages to the farmer, highlighting 2. MATERIAL AND METHODS the increase in grain yield of soybean. However, yet little is known about the combination of The trial was conducted in Passo Fundo, Rio Grande soil management systems and crop rotation in southern do Sul State (28º15’S, 52°24’W, 678 m altitude), in April Brazil. Ruedell (1995) and Ciotta et al. (2002) analyzed 1986, on soil classified as dystrophic red oxisol (Streck et crop rotation systems, but without the joint analysis of al., 2008). The results presented in this work are for the years in soybean yield. In the work of Ruedell (1995), in period between 1996/1997 and 2010/2011. the comparison within each soil management: no tillage This was a split plot randomized block design with –1 (3,196 and 2,821 kg ha ) or conventional tillage with disk three replications. Treatments consisted of plots with four –1 harrow, twice (2,911 and 2,795 kg ha ), soybean grown types of soil management, and subplots with three crop after crop rotation was higher for grain yield in relation to rotation systems. The plot was 360 m2 (4 m width and monoculture soybean, respectively. Ghaffarzadeh (1997) 90 m length), and subplot was 40 m2 (4 m width and 10 m and Yusuf et al. (1999) compared crop rotation systems length). The four soil management systems were: 1) no in the set of years, and found no significant difference for tillage, 2) minimum tillage in the winter, and no tillage in soybean yield. the summer; 3) conventional tillage using a disk plow and Pedersen and Lauer (2003) worked with types of a disk harrow in the winter and no tillage in the summer, management and crop rotation in soybean, and observed and 4) conventional using a moldboard and a disk harrow in that, when this legume was grown in crop rotation (3,900 the winter and no tillage in the summer. The crop rotation to 4,300 kg ha–1), yielded more than monoculture (3,800 kg systems were made up of: system I (wheat/soybean), system ha–1) over a period of four years. The same authors showed II (wheat/soybean and common vetch/corn or sorghum) a higher 1,000 grain weight and plant height in soybean and system III (wheat/soybean, white oats/soybean and using crop rotation relative to monoculture. common vetch/corn or sorghum) (Table 1). The present Considering only crop rotation with winter or summer study addressed only data on crop rotation systems. species, Santos and Reis (1991) in Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul State, observed higher grain yields for soybean grown Soybean cultivars used were BR-16 in 1996 and 1997, for two or three consecutive years when in rotation with BRS 137 in 1998 and 1999, BRS 154 from 2000 to 2003, corn (2,604 to 2,650 kg ha–1). The lower yield of this crop BRS 153 in 2004, BRS 244 RR in 2005, BRS Charrua was found in monoculture (2,107 kg ha–1). In other works RR in 2006, BRS 255 RR from 2007 to 2009, and BRS (Santos et al., 1998), when soybean was cultivated under no Tertúlia RR in 2010, sown preferably in November (in tillage, grain yields were higher with a (wheat/soybean and single seeding). common vetch/corn – 2,868 kg ha–1) or two consecutive The maintenance fertilization was performed as summers of crop rotation (wheat/soybean, flax/soybean and recommended for winter and summer crops and based on common vetch/corn – 2,840 kg ha–1). the results of soil analysis (Wiethölter, 2011). Soil samples On the other hand, Santos et al. (2013) analyzed crop- were collected after the harvest of winter crops with the livestock integration systems for five years and detected no exception of 2004 and 2007, when no analyses were performed difference for grain yield, 1,000 grain weight, plant height (Table 2). The sowing date and weed control followed the and first pod height in soybeans. indication for winter and summer crops. Grain yield and other agronomic traits of soybean may The following traits were evaluated: plant height, first pod be more affected by monoculture, compared with crop height, grain yield (corrected to 13% moisture), 1,000-grain rotation systems. This study aimed to investigate the effect weight and soybean yield components (number of pods, of crop rotation on yield and agronomic traits of soybean. number of grains and weight of grains per plant). Table 1. Soil management systems and crop rotation systems for wheat Rotation Soil management system System SPD PCD PCA CM System I Wheat/soybean Wheat/soybean Wheat/soybean Wheat/soybean System II Wheat/soybean Wheat/soybean Wheat/soybean Wheat/soybean Common vetch/sorghum Common vetch/sorghum Common vetch/sorghum Common vetch/sorghum System III Wheat/soybean Wheat/soybean Wheat/soybean Wheat/soybean Common vetch/sorghum Common vetch/sorghum Common vetch/sorghum Common vetch/sorghum White oats/soybean White oats/soybean White oats/soybean White oats/soybean SPD: no-tillage; PCD: conventional tillage with disk plow and a disk harrow in the winter and no tillage in the summer; PCA: conventional tillage with moldboard plow in the winter, and no tillage in the summer; CM: minimum tillage in the winter and no tillage in the summer. 264 Bragantia, Campinas, v. 73, n. 3, p.263-273, 2014 Yield and agronomic characteristics on soybean Table 2.
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