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Planta Daninha 2019; V37:E019215688 Antecipação Da Colheita CASTOLDI, C.T. et al. Physiological quality of carioca bean seeds submitted to the application of desiccant herbicides in two ... 1 151103-PD-2016 PLANTA (9 páginas) DANINHAPROVA GRÁFICA SOCIEDADE BRASILEIRA DA CIÊNCIA DAS PLANTAS DANINHAS ISSN 0100-8358 (print) <http://www.sbcpd.org> 1806-9681 (online) Article PHYSIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF CARIOCA BEAN SEEDS SUBMITTED TO THE APPLICATION OF DESICCANT HERBICIDES IN TWO PERIODS CASTOLDI, C.T.1 ID Qualidade Fisiológica de Sementes de Feijão Carioca Submetidas à Aplicação RADUNZ, L.L.2 ID de herbicidas GALON, L.1* ID ASPIAZÚ, I.3 ID ABSTRACT - The use of herbicides for bean crop desiccation aiming seed production, is an alternative management because it allows harvesting when the seeds present FORTE, C.T.1 ID high vigor, germination and dry mass, however this technique can cause damages to SCARIOT, M.A.1 ID the seeds. The objective of this study was to evaluate the physiological quality of SOUZA, D.O.1 ID bean seeds, of the Carioca type, with the application of desiccant herbicides doses at different periods, aiming at the anticipation of the harvest. The bean plants, Pérola cultivar, were desiccated when the seeds had 42 and 30% water content, with ammonium glufosinate, saflufenacil and diquat at doses of 0, 50, 75 and 100% in relation to the recommended average dose for desiccation, respectively for each of the herbicides. The control treatment without desiccant application was harvested on the same date as desiccation. The additional treatment, also without desiccant application, was harvested only when the seeds had a water content of 18%. The variables analyzed were germination, first germination count, germination speed index, cold test, accelerated aging, seedling and radicle length, and dry mass. The herbicides applied in the first period (42% water), at the highest doses, impair the physiological quality of the seeds, and the seeds with water contents of 30 and 42%, without the use of desiccants, promote high vigor and germination. Satisfactory results were obtained when the saflufenacil herbicide was applied in period 2 (30% water), using 50% of the recommended average dose of this herbicide. Keywords: Phaseolus vulgaris, bean desiccation, harvest anticipation. * Corresponding author: RESUMO - A dessecação da cultura do feijão destinado à produção de sementes, <[email protected]> com a utilização de herbicidas, é uma alternativa de manejo, pois permite a colheita quando as sementes apresentam elevado vigor, germinação e massa seca, porém Received: October 23, 2018 essa técnica pode ocasionar prejuízos às sementes. Objetivou-se com este trabalho Approved: February 7, 2019 avaliar a qualidade fisiológica de sementes de feijão, do tipo carioca, com a aplicação de doses de herbicidas dessecantes em diferentes épocas, visando a Planta Daninha 2019; v37:e019215688 antecipação da colheita. As plantas de feijão carioca, cultivar Pérola, foram dessecadas quando as sementes apresentavam 42% e 30% de teor de água, com Copyright: This is an open-access amonio-glufosinate, saflufenacil e diquat, nas doses de 0%, 50%, 75% e 100% em article distributed under the terms of the relação à dose média recomendada para dessecação, respectivamente para cada Creative Commons Attribution License, um dos herbicidas. O tratamento controle, sem aplicação do dessecante, foi colhido which permits unrestricted use, na mesma data das dessecações. Já o tratamento adicional, também sem aplicação distribution, and reproduction in any do dessecante, foi colhido apenas quando as sementes apresentavam o teor de medium, provided that the original água de 18%. As variáveis analisadas foram germinação, primeira contagem de author and source are credited. germinação, índice de velocidade de germinação, teste de frio, envelhecimento acelerado, comprimento de plântula e radícula e massa seca. Os herbicidas 1 Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul, Campus Erechim, Erechim-RS, Brasil. 2 Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre-RS, Brasil. 3 Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Campus Janaúba, Janaúba-MG, Brasil. Doi: 10.1590/S0100-83582019370100154 Planta Daninha 2019; v37:e019215688 CASTOLDI, C.T. et al. Physiological quality of carioca bean seeds submitted to the application of desiccant herbicides in two ... 2 aplicados na primeira época (42% de água), nas maiores doses, prejudicam a qualidade fisiológica das sementes, e a colheita das sementes com teores de água de 30% e 42%, sem a utilização de dessecantes, promove elevado vigor e germinação. Resultados satisfatórios foram constatados quando se aplicou o saflufenacil na 0 época 2 (30% de água), utilizando 50% da dose média recomendada deste herbicida. Palavras-chave: Phaseolus vulgaris, dessecação do feijoeiro, antecipação da colheita. INTRODUCTION Harvesting bean seeds (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) at the right time is one of the factors that most contribute to high yield (Franco et al., 2013). To obtain a crop with high productive potential, it is necessary to value quality seed with high vigor and germination and maximum dry mass accumulation (Santos et al., 2005). These characteristics are present, with greater evidence, in the physiological maturity of seeds, which is considered the ideal time for harvesting (Guimarães et al., 2012). According to Silva et al. (2009), the physiological maturity corresponds to the stage in which the plants present yellow leaves, with most of the pods dried and the seeds in their maximum development. However, at this stage, bean seeds have high water content and plants still have large numbers of leaves and green branches, making mechanized harvesting difficult (Coelho et al., 2007). On the other hand, late harvests can expose the seeds to temperature and humidity fluctuations, as well as rain and adverse weather conditions, which causes several damages to the seeds. Increasing percentages of tegument cracking and wrinkling, easier pathogen penetration, and greater exposure of the embryonic tissue to the environment are factors related to climatic conditions, increasing the deterioration process and compromising its quality (Marcandalli et al., 2011), and may even culminate in total loss. Because of this, it is necessary to use strategies that allow harvesting as soon as possible after the physiological maturity of the seeds. Veiga et al. (2007) report that the anticipation of harvest allows obtaining seeds of better physiological and sanitary quality. For Silva et al. (2009) and Daltro et al. (2010), one of the most widespread techniques is the application of desiccant herbicides, as it provides fast and uniform drying of plants, allowing earlier harvest. Positive results were observed regarding the effectiveness of desiccants in reducing water content and preserving seed quality in soybeans (Kappes et al., 2009; Daltro et al., 2010) and beans (Kamikoga et al., 2009; Coelho et al., 2012). However, before opting for the application of these products, one should be aware of the mode of action and the possibility of accumulation of residues in the seeds, which may compromise the physiological quality and even make them unviable for commercialization (Bulow and Silva, 2012). In this sense, several authors evaluated the use of herbicides for desiccation and found damage to seeds of soybean (Marcandalli et al., 2011; Botelho et al. 2016), beans (Kappes et al., 2012; Pinto et al., 2014) and wheat (Bellé et al., 2014). Thus, studies are needed to minimize the detrimental effect of herbicides used as seed desiccants. One of the alternatives to minimize the negative effect of herbicides on seed quality is to reduce the dose in order to maintain their effectiveness and also to avoid waste, with consequent reduction of environmental contamination and production costs. Another important factor, regarding the use of desiccants in pre-harvest of beans, is to define the best time for application of these herbicides, that is, applications after seed physiological maturity may compromise their quality or even their yield (Santos et al., 2005). Thus, the use of different doses of herbicides applied at different times, after the physiological maturity of carioca beans, may affect seed quality and yield. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate the physiological quality of carioca bean seeds, with the application of desiccant herbicide doses in two times, aiming to anticipate harvest. Planta Daninha 2019; v37:e019215688 CASTOLDI, C.T. et al. Physiological quality of carioca bean seeds submitted to the application of desiccant herbicides in two ... 3 MATERIAL AND METHODS The research was conducted at the Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul (UFFS), Campus Erechim. Sowing was carried out in the experimental area, and physiological analyzes were performed at the UFFS Laboratory of Sustainable Management of Agricultural Systems (MASSA). The area used for bean sowing was previously desiccated with the glyphosate herbicide at a dose of 1,440 g ha-1. The base fertilization, as well as the top-dressing, were made according to the physical and chemical analysis of the soil, following the technical recommendations for the bean crop (ROLAS, 2004). Sowing was done in a no-tillage system on 10/29/2015, using a six-row seeder/fertilizer, 0.50 m between rows. The sowing density of carioca bean, cultivar Pérola, was 14 viable seeds m-1, totaling an estimated population of 280,000 plants ha-1. Cultvation practices were carried out according to the technical information for bean cultivation for the southern Brazilian region (EPAGRI,
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