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Na Internet Redes Sociais REDES SOCIAIS NA INTERNET SOCIABILIDADES EMERGENTES INÊS AMARAL LABCOM.IFP Comunicação, Filosofia e Humanidades Unidade de Investigação Universidade da Beira Interior REDES SOCIAIS NA INTERNET SOCIABILIDADES EMERGENTES INÊS AMARAL LABCOM.IFP Comunicação, Filosofia e Humanidades Unidade de Investigação Universidade da Beira Interior Ficha Técnica Título Redes Sociais na Internet: Sociabilidades Emergentes Autora Inês Amaral Editora LabCom.IFP www.labcom-ifp.ubi.pt Colecção LabCom Série Pesquisas em Comiunicação Direcção José Ricardo Carvalheiro Design Gráfico Cristina Lopes Paulo Batista (capa) ISBN 978-989-654-350-1 (papel) 978-989-654-352-5 (pdf) 978-989-654-351-8 (epub) Depósito Legal 419567/16 Tiragem Print-on-demand Universidade da Beira Interior Rua Marquês D’Ávila e Bolama. 6201-001 Covilhã. Portugal www.ubi.pt Covilhã, 2016 © 2016, Inês Amaral. © 2016, Universidade da Beira Interior. O conteúdo desta obra está protegido por Lei. Qualquer forma de reprodução, distribuição, comunicação pública ou transformação da totalidade ou de parte desta obra carece de expressa autorização do editor e dos seus autores. Os artigos, bem como a autorização de publicação das imagens, são da exclusiva responsabilidade dos autores. Índice Introdução 13 Capítulo 1 - Para um contexto da mudança de paradigma social e comunicativo 17 1. A emergência da Internet como uma plataforma participativa: registos de uma mudança 20 2. Reformulação estrutural do processo de comunicação: da massificação à individualização 29 3. O receptor transformado em utilizador e emissor 37 4. Novo conceito de esfera pública 40 5. Novas formas de sociabilidade 47 Capítulo 2 - Desterritorialização da sociedade 53 1. Metamorfose da noção de território 55 2. Redefinição de conceitos: espaço, lugar, rede e comunidade 60 3. Metáfora de presença: lugares e não-lugares no ciberespaço 68 4. A técnica e as novas formas de sociabilidade 72 Capítulo 3 - Sociedade 2.0 79 1. Interacção social 80 2. Inteligência colectiva como produto da interacção gerada pela mediação digital 88 3. Identidade, pertença e presença em ambiente digital 94 4. Redes sociais e comunidades virtuais 97 Capítulo 4 - Redes Sociais 105 1. Análise de redes sociais 106 2. Modelos e teorias de redes 114 3. Propriedades, elementos e dinâmicas 122 4. Topologia e tipologia de redes sociais 129 5. Plataformas de interacção: ambientes sociais na e em rede 135 Capítulo 5 - Plataformas e Redes Sociais na Internet 147 1. Software social: social media como extensão dos self media 148 2. Redes dentro de redes: dinâmicas sociais baseadas na técnica 156 3. Redes sociais na Internet e capital social 162 Capítulo 6 - Conteúdo como laço relacional 169 1. Redes, comunidades e conteúdos 170 2. Social media e participação em rede: consumidores 2.0, “prosumers” e “user-generated media” 176 3. Web semântica e novas práticas sociais 183 Capítulo 7 - A apropriação da rede pelas redes: estudo do caso #cablegate 189 1. Mapeando redes sociais através do conteúdo 191 2. Metodologia 194 3. Estudo de caso #cablegate 199 4. Discussão dos resultados 259 Reflexões Finais 271 Bibliografia 275 Este livro é dedicado à memória do meu Tio Nuno, com saudade. Agradecimentos À minha orientadora de sempre, Professora Doutora Helena Sousa. Pelo constante encorajamento e paciência no acompanhamento deste trabalho. E por me ter dado o privilégio de ter estado sempre presente nos momentos importantes da minha vida académica. À Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia pelo apoio financeiro que tornou este projeto possível. Ao meu Pai. Meu mentor e amigo. À minha Tia Nocas, a minha eterna gratidão. Ao Jaime. Por toda a sua paciência, dedicação, apoio e amor incondicionais. À Filipa. Pela preciosa ajuda na paciente revisão que fez das páginas deste texto. Mas, sobretudo, pela amizade de uma vida. À minha Tia Mimi. Por continuar a ser a minha inspiração. À minha amiga de sempre, Maria da Luz. Pela paciência e amizade. Aos amigos e colegas investigadores com quem tenho trabalhado que continuam a fazer-me acreditar na Ciência. Em Portugal, na Europa e na Lusofonia. Ao meu centro de investigação (CECS), ao qual tenho um enorme orgulho em pertencer, pela partilha constante e inovação permanente na procura de elevar as Ciências da Comunicação à excelência. Aos meus alunos. Por me recordarem, em cada aula, que ser professor não é apenas uma profissão. Introdução Na actual era da cultura digital é imperativo identificar e compreender os tipos de sociabilidade que emergem das novas práticas e relações que ocorrem no ciberespaço, para que seja possível teorizar sobre realidades sociais que são desenhadas em torno da apropriação do conteú- do e materializadas em plataformas que se assumem como o termómetro de uma sociedade sem determinis- mo geográfico. A sociabilização em contexto digital reporta-se ao prin- cípio de que um mundo de informação (conteúdos, valores, objectivos) se apresenta num mesmo espaço, envolvendo os seus utilizadores para o explorarem, desenvolvendo-o através da partilha e mantendo re- lações com outros elementos das diversas redes em que participam. Com efeito, social networking resume a comunicação e interacção social direccionadas para o consumo de conteúdos, a partilha de informação e a expressão do Eu numa sociedade de interesses ou va- lores partilhados, sem determinismo geográfico. Nesta perspectiva, consideramos da maior importância com- preender o potencial das redes sociais na Internet para além das estruturas de ligações recíprocas, da mesma forma que nos parece impreterível equacionar formas de capital social mobilizadas e modalidades de so- ciabilidade que decorrem da apropriação da técnica, materializada em códigos, práticas e relações sociais que reinventam as tradicionais. O pressuposto deste livro é o de que as aplicações infor- máticas que suportam as redes sociais na Internet são tecnologias que ultrapassam os padrões de plataforma de jogos electrónicos, estabelecendo-se como espaços de interacção social desterritorializada. Na nossa pers- pectiva, o centro da cultura das redes sociais na Internet é a comunicação e a interacção. Neste sentido, o fenómeno dos social media, enquanto plata- formas que originam redes simétricas e assimétricas, está mais relacionado com a Comunicação e a Sociologia do que propriamente com a tecnologia/ técnica. O conteúdo é determinante para a formação de grupos online porque aproxima a estrutura das redes sociais na Internet a mapas de mediações e interacções através da apropriação da técnica. Os padrões de conectivi- dade gerados pelas práticas de indexação de conteúdo nos media sociais centram-se numa lógica de cultura de mobilidade e materializam uma rea- lidade social própria, habitada por redes assimétricas e participativas que representam um termómetro desterritorializado da sociedade. A proposta desta publicação consiste em equacionar o panorama sócio- -comunicacional à luz do actual paradigma, conceptualizando o papel das redes sociais neste cenário, construindo uma problemática e contribuindo para um quadro teórico, no contexto das Ciências da Comunicação. Daqui decorre que reflectimos sobre e se a apropriação de técnicas de indexa- ção e de ferramentas de interacção mediada por computador potenciam a emergência de uma sociabilidade desterritorializada, que encerra em si a capacidade de influenciar directamente o mundo offline. A nossa tese é a de que o conteúdo é o elemento determinante para a formação de redes so- ciais assimétricas e sustenta a ideia de cultura de participação maximizada, permitindo interpretar a informação publicada pelo utilizador numa lógica viral e identificar a emergência de modalidades de sociabilidade decorren- tes de novas práticas que se concretizam em relações sociais distintas das tradicionais. Este livro resulta de uma dissertação de doutoramento orientada pela Professora Doutora Helena Sousa e defendida, em Fevereiro de 2012, na Universidade do Minho. A pertinência da sua actualidade centra-se na pre- missa de que o conteúdo como laço relacional mobilizador de capital social múltiplo é uma realidade que se materializa em redes online assimétricas 14 Redes Sociais na Internet: Sociabilidades Emergentes mas não tem sido uma perspectiva explorada, do ponto de vista das Ciências da Comunicação. Neste sentido, com esta investigação procuramos con- tribuir para o desenvolvimento de um enquadramento teórico sobre esta temática, apresentando argumentos cientificamente fundamentados. Os resultados globais da investigação que desenvolvemos permitem afirmar que emergem novas modalidades de sociabilidade que decorrem de práti- cas potenciadas pelas ferramentas técnicas e são distintas das tradicionais, concretizando-se em interacções e relações sociais baseadas no conteúdo e mobilizando diversas formas de capital social. Existe um padrão de «indivi- dualismo em rede» (Wellman e Gulia, 1999; Castells, 2003; Recuero, 2009) que traduz potencial de acção colectiva e viralidade, velocidade de trans- missão da informação e integração de audiências de audiências com redes múltiplas. Este modelo de participação evidencia ainda fraca cooperação e reciprocidade, estruturas sociais fragmentadas em pequenos grupos coesos e sedimentadas com a prevalência de laços fracos, actores centrais e redes pouco democráticas. Os novos laços sociais que interligam redes a redes no ciberespaço centram-se no conteúdo e na conversação, transformando as tradicionais audiências e os consumidores em prosumers e abrindo possi- bilidades a novos gatekeepers, mas não materializam o fim da centralidade
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