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Measurement Techniques for Low Heat Flux Exposures to Fire Fighters Protective Clothing

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Measurement Techniques for Low Heat Flux Exposures to Fire Fighters Protective Clothing NISTIR 6750 Measurement Techniques for Low Heat Flux Exposures to Fire Fighters Protective Clothing Robert L. Vettori William H. Twilley David W. Stroup NISTIR 6750 Measurement Techniques for Low Heat Flux Exposures to Fire Fighters Protective Clothing Robert L. Vettori William H. Twilley David W. Stroup Building and Fire Research Laboratory National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8641 June 2001 U.S. Department of Commerce Donald L. Evans, Secretary National Institute of Standards and Technology Karen H. Brown, Acting Director Table of Contents List of Figures................................................................................................................................ iv List of Tables ................................................................................................................................. ix Abstract........................................................................................................................................... 1 1.0 Introduction............................................................................................................................. 2 2.0 Sensor Selection...................................................................................................................... 4 3.0 Experimental Set Up............................................................................................................... 5 4.0 Experimental Procedure and Data Acquisition....................................................................... 6 5.0 Data Presentation .................................................................................................................... 7 6.0 Results..................................................................................................................................... 8 6.1 Temperature Measurement ................................................................................................. 8 6.2 Heat Flux Measurement.................................................................................................... 10 7.0 Uncertainty Analysis............................................................................................................. 11 8.0 Discussion............................................................................................................................. 12 9.0 Conclusions........................................................................................................................... 16 10.0 Acknowledgements............................................................................................................... 16 11.0 References............................................................................................................................. 80 iii List of Figures Figure 1. Copper disk in the exposed position, no substrate. ...................................................... 27 Figure 2. Copper disk in substrate. .............................................................................................. 27 Figure 3. 12 thermocouples exposed. .......................................................................................... 28 Figure 4. 12 thermocouples mounted on substrate. ..................................................................... 28 Figure 5. Encapsulated type T (Copper versus Copper Nickel) thermocouple exposed. ............ 29 Figure 6. Encapsulated type T (Copper versus Copper Nickel) thermocouple mounted in substrate. .................................................................................................................... 29 Figure 7. Thin film sensor in the exposed position...................................................................... 30 Figure 8. Test apparatus. This figure show the protective clothing set between the radiant panel and the sensor................................................................................................... 30 Figure 9. Experimental set up for “Exposed” configuration. Drawing not to scale. .................. 31 Figure 10. Experimental set up for “Substrate” configuration. Sensor is mounted in the substrate such that its surface is flush with the substrate surface. Drawing not to scale. .......................................................................................................................... 31 Figure 11. Experimental set up for " Fabric-Exposed-No Space" configuration. Sensor is touching the back of the protective clothing. Drawing not to scale. ........................ 32 Figure 12. Experimental set up for "Fabric-Exposed-Space" configuration. There is an air gap of 6mm (0.25 in) between the sensor and the protective clothing. Drawing not to scale. ................................................................................................................ 32 Figure 13. Experimental set up for "Fabric-Substrate-No Space" configuration. Sensor is mounted in substrate and surface of sensor and substrate are touching protective clothing. Drawing not to scale. ................................................................................. 33 Figure 14. Experimental set up for "Fabric-Substrate-Space" configuration. Sensor is mounted in substrate and there is a 6 mm (0.25 in) air gap between the protective clothing and the sensor. Drawing not to scale. ........................................ 33 Figure 15. Three layers that make up typical fire fighter protective clothing. ............................ 34 Figure 16. Response of all type J thermocouples, exposed, 1.2 kW/m2...................................... 34 Figure 17. Response of all type J thermocouples, exposed, 5.0 kW/m2...................................... 35 Figure 18. Response of all type K thermocouples, exposed, 1.2 kW/m2..................................... 35 Figure 19. Response of all type K thermocouples, exposed, 5.0 kW/m2..................................... 36 Figure 20. Response of all type T thermocouples, exposed, 1.2 kW/m2. .................................... 36 Figure 21. Response of all type T thermocouples, exposed, 5.0 kW/m2. .................................... 37 Figure 22. Response of all type J thermocouples, substrate, 1.2 kW/m2..................................... 37 Figure 23. Response of all type J thermocouples, substrate, 5.0 kW/m2..................................... 38 Figure 24. Response of all type K thermocouples, substrate, 1.2 kW/m2.................................... 38 Figure 25. Response of all type K thermocouples, substrate, 5.0 kW/m2.................................... 39 Figure 26. Response of all type T thermocouples, substrate, 1.2 kW/m2.................................... 39 iv Figure 27. Response of all type T thermocouples, substrate, 5.0 kW/m2.................................... 40 Figure 28. Response of all type J thermocouples, fabric-exposed-no space, 1.2 kW/m2. ........... 40 Figure 29. Response of all type J thermocouples, fabric-exposed-no space 5.0 kW/m2. ............ 41 Figure 30. Response of all type K thermocouples, fabric-exposed-no space, 1.2 kW/m2........... 41 Figure 31. Response of all type K thermocouples, fabric-exposed-no space, 5.0 kW/m2........... 42 Figure 32. Response of all type T thermocouples, fabric-exposed-no space, 1.2 kW/m2. .......... 42 Figure 33. Response of all type T thermocouples, fabric-exposed-no space, 5.0 kW/m2. .......... 43 Figure 34. Response of all type J thermocouples, fabric-exposed-space, 1.2 kW/m2. ................ 43 Figure 35. Response of all type J thermocouples, fabric-exposed-space, 5.0 kW/m2. ................ 44 Figure 36. Response of all type K thermocouples, fabric-exposed-space, 1.2 kW/m2................ 44 Figure 37. Response of all type K thermocouples, fabric-exposed-space, 5.0 kW/m2................ 45 Figure 38. Response of all type T thermocouples, fabric-exposed-space, 1.2 kW/m2. ............... 45 Figure 39. Response of all type T thermocouples, fabric-exposed-space, 5.0 kW/m2. ............... 46 Figure 40. Response of all type J thermocouples, fabric-substrate-no space, 1.2 kW/m2........... 46 Figure 41. Response of 0.13 mm, 0.26 mm, and 0.51 mm type J thermocouples, fabric- substrate-no space, 5.0 kW/m2. No data for 0.81 mm type J thermocouple............. 47 Figure 42. Response of all type K thermocouples, fabric-substrate-no space, 1.2 kW/m2.......... 47 Figure 43. Response of all type K thermocouples, fabric-substrate-no space, 5.0 kW/m2.......... 48 Figure 44. Response of all type T thermocouples, fabric-substrate-no space, 1.2 kW/m2. ......... 48 Figure 45. Response of all type T thermocouples, fabric-substrate-no space, 5.0 kW/m2. ......... 49 Figure 46. Response of all type J thermocouples, fabric-substrate-space, 1.2 kW/m2................ 49 Figure 47. Response of 0.13 mm, 0.26 mm, and 0.51 mm type J thermocouples, fabric- substrate-space, 5.0 kW/m2. No data for 0.81 mm type J thermocouple.................. 50 Figure 48. Response of all type K thermocouples, fabric-substrate-space, 1.2 kW/m2............... 50 Figure 49. Response of all type K thermocouples, fabric-substrate-space, 5.0 kW/m2............... 51 Figure 50. Response of all type T thermocouples, fabric-substrate-space, 1.2 kW/m2. .............. 51 Figure 51. Response of all type T thermocouples, fabric-substrate-space, 5.0 kW/m2. .............. 52 Figure 52. Response of type J, K, and T thermocouples, 0.13 mm wire diameter, exposed, 1.2 kW/m2.................................................................................................................
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