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Genes, Gastronomy and Gratitude Acta Universitatis Tamperensis 2312 ULLA OVASKA Genes, Gastronomy and Gratitude OVASKA ULLA Acta Universitatis Tamperensis 2312 ULLA OVASKA Genes, Gastronomy and Gratitude The development and future of the conservation of native breeds AUT 2312 AUT ULLA OVASKA Genes, Gastronomy and Gratitude The development and future of the conservation of native breeds ACADEMIC DISSERTATION To be presented, with the permission of the Faculty Council of the Faculty of Management of the University of Tampere, for public discussion in the Paavo Koli auditorium, Kanslerinrinne 1, Tampere, on 20 October 2017, at 12 o’clock. UNIVERSITY OF TAMPERE ULLA OVASKA Genes, Gastronomy and Gratitude The development and future of the conservation of native breeds Acta Universitatis Tamperensis 2312 Tampere University Press Tampere 2017 ACADEMIC DISSERTATION University of Tampere Faculty of Management Finland The originality of this thesis has been checked using the Turnitin OriginalityCheck service in accordance with the quality management system of the University of Tampere. Copyright ©2017 Tampere University Press and the author Cover design by Mikko Reinikka Acta Universitatis Tamperensis 2312 Acta Electronica Universitatis Tamperensis 1816 ISBN 978-952-03-0533-8 (print) ISBN 978-952-03-0534-5 (pdf) ISSN-L 1455-1616 ISSN 1456-954X ISSN 1455-1616 http://tampub.uta.fi Suomen Yliopistopaino Oy – Juvenes Print 441 729 Tampere 2017 Painotuote ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This thesis deals with many of my personal fields of interest: how the past can be seen in the present; the environment and animals; as well as rural areas and livelihoods. It is also a combination of multidisciplinary research. The research process started as a study on political history at the University of Helsinki where I finalised my Licentiate Thesis. After returning from parental leave, I re-defined the scope of my PhD towards environmental policy. Throughout the time, I cooperated with experts on genetics and social sciences. I would like to thank Professor Pekka Jokinen for supervising me at the University of Tampere, School of Management. He gave me new perspectives on the research and negotiated time-tables that enabled this study to be completed. Dr. Katriina Soini was my second supervisor and a co-writer in the articles. Her role in the process has been of crucial importance in supervising, commenting and providing ideas. I am most grateful to her. I would like to thank Professor Juha Kantanen, who has supported me during the process with his scientific knowledge and excellent contacts, and his contribution to the articles. The articles of this thesis were written in projects funded by the Academy of Finland, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry and MTT Agrifood Research Finland. I would dearly like to thank all those colleagues who worked and cooperated with me in these projects, especially Professor Leo Granberg, Mrs. Maarit Heinonen and Mrs. Taina Lilja. In addition to the research projects, this thesis was funded by the Finnish Cultural Foundation with a 3-year scholarship. Furthermore, Natural Resources Institute, Luke provided me with the opportunity to finalise my thesis with a 2-month grant. I am extremely grateful for the financing. I started the process at MTT Agrifood Research Finland and I would like to thank Professor Sirpa Kurppa for both employing me and for encouraging me to begin my PhD studies. My work at MTT continued in the Economic Research Unit and the current Natural Resources Institute, Luke. I would like to thank all previous and current managers of the unit. Regarding the finalisation process, I would like to thank Vice President Dr. Sari Forsman-Hugg, Research Manager Dr. Jyrki Aakkula and Team Manager Päivi Eskelinen for their support. I would like to further thank Professor Hilkka Vihinen and Dr. Olli Wuori for encouraging me in this process. During the research process, I participated in an exchange at the Institute of Farm Animal Genetics and Breeding in Pushkin for 2 weeks. The exchange was financed by MTT. Moreover, I worked for 3 months in the Animal Production Systems Group in Wageningen (WUR), as part of the Genomic Resources Exchange Programme (ESF Research Networking Programme). I would truly like to express my gratitude to all who financed, arranged or in other ways made the exchanges possible. This thesis was reviewed by Dr. Taru Peltola and Dr. Outi Ratamäki. I am eternally grateful for their comments and remarks that helped me to improve the work. I would further like to thank everyone who commented on the manuscript at any stage in various summer schools, workshops, conferences and seminars. Finally, I would dearly like to thank my family and all my friends. My deepest thanks go especially to my mother Sisko and my late father Lauri who always stressed the importance of education and supported me in my studies, and to my brother Sakari. Most of all, however, I would like to thank my wonderful husband Sami and our beautiful children, Hilma and Helvi, for their love and support. After all, you are the ones who truly matter to me. In Sulkava, on the shores of Lake Saimaa, 12th August 2017, Ulla Ovaska ABSTRACT The number of native breeds has diminished globally during the last decades. Many breeds have already become endangered or even extinct. The loss of native breeds is still continuing, which will ultimately lead to a global loss of their genetic resources (AnGR) and thereby a loss of agrobiodiversity. The modernisation of agriculture with new technologies and breeds has especially contributed to the situation in which native farm animals have been replaced by better-yielding breeds. Yet, there are multiple reasons to conserve breeds. Many are adapted to difficult climate conditions, and therefore play an important part in answering to future environmental challenges, such as climate change. In addition to their role in sustainable agriculture, there are other reasons to conserve native breeds including, e.g., their role in the landscape, cultural history and rural livelihoods. This research examines the development and future of the conservation of native breeds in two case studies: the conservation of the Yakutian Cattle in the Sakha Republic in the Russian Federation and the conservation of native breeds in Finland. The main research questions examine: how the need for conservation and its meanings have changed over time and what landmarks can be identified; how different actors have argued for the need for conservation, how discourses have developed and what kinds of coalitions have been formed; and how different arguments are translated into policies and policy-making and how the conservation is organised. The research setting comprises: 1) environmental governance dealing with institutions, actors and contents involved with agro-environmental policies, 2) ecosystem services about the benefits ecosystems produce for the well-being of humans and the values underlying these services, and 3) an institutional approach which contributes to understanding the realisation of policies in practice. These approaches provide three complementary perspectives on understanding the conservation of native breeds, its development and its future. The study revealed that despite different contexts in the conservation of native breeds, common milestones, arguments for conservation and challenges to it can all be identified. The conservation in both case studies has followed and contributed to international development, and has benefitted from the opportunities that have opened up to conservation at national and local levels. The arguments for the conservation of native breeds consist mainly of biological, economic, cultural and other social factors. Native breeds can be maintained if there are actors willing to aim for common goals. This requires cooperation between actors and institutions at different levels and sectors of conservation. The ES approach provides a feasible communication tool to achieve this. Key words: genetic resources, biodiversity, ecosystem services, environmental governance, agro-environmental policy TIIVISTELMÄ Alkuperäisrotuisten kotieläinten määrä on vähentynyt maailmanlaajuisesti viime vuosikymmenten aikana. Osa roduista on vaarassa hävitä tai jo hävinnyt kokonaan. Tämä johtaa niiden geenivarojen menetykseen ja samalla maatalouden biodiversiteetin vähenemiseen. Erityisesti maatalouden modernisaatio uusine teknologioineen ja rotuineen on johtanut siihen, että alkuperäisrotuja korvataan parempituotoksisilla eläimillä. Alkuperäisrotuja tulisi kuitenkin säilyttää lukuisista syistä. Ne ovat sopeutuneet vaikeisiin ilmasto-olosuhteisiin ja ovat siten tärkeitä varautumisessa tulevaisuuden ympäristöhaasteisiin kuten ilmastonmuutokseen. Alkuperäisrodut ovat tärkeä osa kestävää maataloutta ja niitä suojellaan mm. maisemallisten ja kulttuurihistoriallisten syiden vuoksi. Roduille on myös käyttöä maaseutuelinkeinoissa. Tässä opinnäytetyössä tutkitaan alkuperäisrotujen suojelun kehitystä ja tulevaisuutta kahden tapaustutkimuksen avulla. Ne ovat jakutiankarjan suojelu Sahan tasavallassa Venäjällä ja alkuperäisrotujen suojelu Suomessa. Tärkeimmät tutkimuskysymykset ovat: 1) kuinka suojelun tarve ja merkitys on muuttunut ajan myötä ja mitä virstanpylväitä voidaan tunnistaa; 2) kuinka eri toimijat ovat argumentoineet suojelun tarpeen puolesta, miten diskurssit ovat kehittyneet ja millaisia koalitioita on muodostettu ja 3) kuinka erilaiset argumentit ovat muotoutuneet suojelun politiikoiksi ja kuinka suojelu on järjestetty. Tutkimuksessa käytetään ympäristöhallinnan, ekosysteemipalveluiden
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