Chapter 16: Interchanges
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Roundabouts Applying the 'System'
Roundabouts Applying the 'System' to Roundabouts Let us suppose that you are on a dual carriageway approaching a roundabout (400m away). You are currently in the left lane and you intend to turn right at the roundabout. Information: - Take - You see the roundabout and its triangular warning signs in the distance. There are no vehicles between you and the roundabout but you see vehicles on the roundabout. Mirror check. There are two vehicles behind, both in the left lane. - Use - You know that you have to change to the right lane and that you will need to signal to change lane and then to signal continuously on the approach and through the roundabout (the standard Highway Code procedure for turning right at a roundabout)- Give - After checking your mirrors you signal right to the vehicles behind. Position: The right signal remains on for a few seconds and then gradually you move to the right hand lane (Information-Use/Give). When the manoeuver is complete you cancel the signal. After a few more seconds the right signal is re-applied to confirm to the drivers behind that you intend to turn right at the roundabout. Information: The speed and position of the vehicles behind are monitored as you approach the roundabout. An assessment is made of the movement of vehicles on the roundabout and those approaching it from the right and left. You look over the roundabout to see, if possible, vehicles approaching it from the opposite direction (Information-Take). Speed: As you approach the roundabout you begin to brake and lose speed smoothly and progressively (Information-Give). -
MDOT Access Management Guidebook
ReducingTrafficCongestion andImprovingTrafficSafety inMichiganCommunities: THE ACCESSMANAGEMENT GUIDEBOOK COMMUNITYA COMMUNITYB Cover graphics and ROW graphic by John Warbach, Planning & Zoning Center, Inc. Photos by Tom Doyle, Michigan Department of Transportation. Speed Differential graphic by Michigan Department of Transportation. Road Hierarchy graphic by Rossman Martin & Associates, Inc. Reducing Traffic Congestion and Improving Traffic Safety in Michigan Communities: THE ACCESS MANAGEMENT GUIDEBOOK October, 2001 Prepared by the Planning & Zoning Center, Inc. 715 N. Cedar Street Lansing, MI 48906-5206 517/886-0555 (tele), www.pzcenter.com Under contract to the Michigan Department of Transportation With the assistance of three Advisory Committees listed on the next page The opinions, findings and conclusions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the Michigan State Transportation Commission or the Michigan Department of Transportation or the Federal Highway Administration. Dedication This Guidebook is dedicated to the countless local elected officials, planning and zoning commissioners, zoning administrators, building inspectors, professional planners, and local, county and state road authority personnel who: • work tirelessly every day to make taxpayers investment in Michigan roads stretch as far as it can with the best possible result; and • who try to make land use decisions that build better communities without undermining the integrity of Michigan's road system. D:\word\access\title -
TA 79/99 Amendment No 1 3
Chapter 3 Volume 5 Section 1 Determination of Urban Road Capacity Part 3 TA 79/99 Amendment No 1 3. DETERMINATION OF URBAN ROAD CAPACITY 3.1 Table 1 sets out the types of Urban Roads and the features that distinguish between them and affect their traffic capacity. Tables 2 & 3 give the flow capacity for each road type described in Table 1. 3.2 Table 4 gives the adjustments when the proportion of heavy vehicles in a one way flow exceeds 15%. A heavy vehicle is defined in this context as OGV1, OGV2 or Buses and Coaches as given in the COBA Manual (DMRB 13.1 Part 4, Chapter 8). 3.3 The flows for road type UM in Table 2 apply to urban motorways where junctions are closely spaced giving weaving lengths of less than 1 kilometre. Urban motorways with layout and junction spacing similar to rural motorways can carry higher flows and TA46/97 “Traffic Flow Ranges for Use in the Assessment of New Rural Roads” will be more applicable. 3.4 Flows for single carriageways are based upon a 60/40 directional split in the flow. The one-way flows shown in Table 2 represent the busiest flow 60% figure. 3.5 The capacities shown apply to gradients of up to 5-6%. Special consideration should be made for steeper gradients, which would reduce capacity. 3.6 On-road parking reduces the effective road width and disrupts flow, e.g. where parking restrictions are not applied on road type UAP2 the flows are likely to be similar to UAP3 where unrestricted parking applies, see Table 1, Similarly effective parking restrictions can lead to higher flows. -
Dual Carriageways Dual Carriageways – Know the Dangers
ROAD SAFETY EDUCATION Dual Carriageways Dual carriageways – know the dangers Never confuse a dual carriageway with a motorway. Both may have 2 or 3 lanes, a central reservation and a national speed limit of 70 mph, but that’s as far as the similarity goes. When driving on a dual carriageway there are many dangers you need to be aware of. Know the difference between dual carriageways and motorways Unlike motorways… • Dual carriageways may have variable speed limits; • Dual carriageways usually permit right turns; • Dual carriageways allow traffic to join from the left and cross from left to right; • Cyclists, mopeds, farm vehicles and pedestrians are allowed to use dual carriageways; • Dual carriageways may have Pelican Crossings, traffic lights, roundabouts and Zebra Crossings. 2 Know the speed limits Dual carriageways often have lower or variable speed limits shown by red circular signs. Rule 124 of The Highway Code NI says you MUST NOT exceed the maximum speed limits for the road and for your vehicle. The presence of street lights generally means that there is a 30 mph (48 km/h) speed limit unless otherwise specified. 3 Know your stopping distances (Rule 126) Always drive at a speed that will allow you to stop well within the distance you can see to be clear. Leave enough space between you and the vehicle in front so that you can pull up safely if it suddenly slows down or stops. Remember - • Never get closer than the overall stopping distance (see typical stopping distances table); • Always allow at least a two-second gap between you and the vehicle Know how to join a in front on roads carrying dual carriageway fast-moving traffic and in tunnels where visibility is reduced; When joining a dual carriageway • The two-second gap rule should obey signs and road markings. -
Chapter 3: Design an Interconnected Street System
Chapter 3: Design an Interconnected Street System [Figure 3.1 in margin near here] Street systems either maximize connectivity or frustrate it. North American neighborhoods built prior 1950 were rich in connectivity, as evidenced by the relatively high number of street intersections per square mile typically found there.1 Interconnected street systems provide more than one path to reach surrounding major streets. In most interconnected street networks two types of streets predominate: narrow residential streets and arterial streets. In this book, for reasons explained in chapter two, we call these arterial streets in interconnected networks “streetcar” arterials. On the other end of the spectrum are the post WWII suburban cul-de-sac systems where dead end streets predominate and offer only one path from home to surrounding suburban arterials. This cul-de-sac-dominated system can be characterized as dendritic or “treelike”, the opposite of the web of connections found in interconnected systems. Streets in this system all branch out from the main “trunk”, which in Canadian and U.S. cities is usually the freeway. Attached to the main trunk of the freeway are the major “branches”, which are the feeder suburban arterial streets or minor highways. These large branches then give access to the next category down the tree, the collector streets or the minor branches in the system. Collector streets then connect to the “twigs and branch tips” of the system, the residential streets, and dead end cul-de-sacs. The major advantages of the interconnected system is that it makes all trips as short as possible, allows pedestrians and bikes to flow through the system without inconvenience, and relieves congestion by providing many alternate routes to the same place. -
Simulation and Experimental Analyses of Microscopic Traffic
applied sciences Article Simulation and Experimental Analyses of Microscopic Traffic Characteristics under a Contraflow Strategy Leyu Wei 1, Jinliang Xu 1,*, Tian Lei 1,2, Menghui Li 1,3 , Xingliang Liu 1 and Haoru Li 1 1 School of Highway, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710064, China 2 Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin 78712, USA 3 China Harbour Engineering Company Limited, No. 9 Chunxiu Road, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100027, China * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-029-13709208917 Received: 28 April 2019; Accepted: 25 June 2019; Published: 29 June 2019 Featured Application: This work contributes to improving the effectiveness of the contraflow road traffic strategy for mass evacuation in the aftermath of a natural or anthropogenic disaster. Abstract: Contraflow is a common traffic strategy used to improve the capacity of outbound roads during mass evacuation. Previous studies have focused on the contraflow network configuration, travel time, and number of evacuated vehicles on a macroscopic level. Only a few researchers have considered microscopic factors, such as the contraflow characteristics and moving bottlenecks caused by coaches and trucks. In this study, the effects of the contraflow strategy were investigated through field experiments and traffic simulations. Traffic data were collected from highway segments where trucks were forbidden under regular and contraflow conditions for analysis of the traffic characteristics and the effects of coach moving bottlenecks. The results demonstrate that the capacity and flow speed of contraflow lanes are lower than normal lanes, owing to the narrow cross sections and unfamiliar driving environment. The moving bottlenecks also reduced the speed of passenger car platoons by approximately 5–20 km/h. -
Transportation Master Plan
District of West Kelowna Transportation Master Plan February 20, 2014 District of West Kelowna Transportation Master Plan FORWARD This document represents the work of three independent consultants: Boulevard Transportation Group; Strategic Infrastructure Management Inc.; and Urban Systems Ltd. The experience of each of these consultants was drawn upon to develop and interpret available transportation system data to produce a long‐term strategy and plan intended to achieve a diverse, affordable and sustainable transportation system based upon the vision and goals described herein. District of West Kelowna Transportation Master Plan Revision Log Revision # Revised By Date Revision Description 1 Boulevard Transportation February 27, 2014 Table 7 amended District of West Kelowna Transportation Master Plan EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Transportation Master Plan (TMP) builds upon the goals and objectives of the District’s Official Community Plan (OCP) to support the social and economic health of the District. The TMP uses current and future travel patterns and public expectations to determine incremental system improvements, and integrates these with existing infrastructure maintenance and renewal needs, to present a practical and affordable long-term transportation strategy. The recommended goals for the West Kelowna TMP are separated into the short-term and long-term. Short-term goals reflect supporting the gaps in the existing road network system as priority. The long-term goals focus on the improvements that will refine the transportation network and the efficiency of the system. Goals and Objectives The TMP’s 3 short term goals are: Connect residential, business, and industrial communities effectively and efficiently; Promote the safety and security of the transportation system; and Reduce vehicular travel with higher degree of mixed land uses. -
Guide to Traffic Management Part 1: Introduction to Traffic Management
SUPERSEDED PUBLICATION This document has been superseded. It should only be used for reference purposes. For current guidance please visit the Austroads website: www.austroads.com.au Guide to Traffic Management Part 1: Introduction to Traffic Management Sydney 2015 Guide to Traffic Management Part 1: Introduction to Traffic Management Third edition project manager: Jill Hislop Publisher Austroads Ltd. Level 9, 287 Elizabeth Street Third edition prepared by: Clarissa Han and James Luk Sydney NSW 2000 Australia First and second edition prepared by: Peter Croft Phone: +61 2 8265 3300 [email protected] Third edition May 2015 www.austroads.com.au Second edition November 2009 First edition published November 2007 About Austroads This third edition includes updated descriptions of each Part in Section 2 and Table 2.1. It also includes additional information on the functional road Austroads’ purpose is to: hierarchy in Section 3.4 and a new Section 4.5 on road environment safety. • promote improved Australian and New Zealand This edition also includes updated referencing to relevant legislations, transport outcomes standards and guidelines. • provide expert technical input to national policy development on road and road transport issues Pages 13 ISBN 978-1-925294-38-5 • promote improved practice and capability by Austroads Project No. NT2004 road agencies. • promote consistency in road and road agency Austroads Publication No. AGTM01-15 operations. © Austroads Ltd 2015 Austroads membership comprises: This work is copyright. Apart from any use as permitted under the • Roads and Maritime Services New South Copyright Act 1968, no part may be reproduced by any process without Wales the prior written permission of Austroads. -
Line Structure Representation for Road Network Analysis
Line Structure Representation for Road Network Analysis Abstract: Road hierarchy and network structure are intimately linked; however, there is not a consistent basis for representing and analysing the particular hierarchical nature of road network structure. The paper introduces the line structure – identified mathematically as a kind of linearly ordered incidence structure – as a means of representing road network structure, and demonstrates its relation to existing representations of road networks: the ‘primal’ graph, the ‘dual’ graph and the route structure. In doing so, the paper shows how properties of continuity, junction type and hierarchy relating to differential continuity and termination are necessarily absent from primal and dual graph representations, but intrinsically present in line structure representations. The information requirements (in terms of matrix size) for specifying line structures relative to graphs are considered. A new property indicative of hierarchical status – ‘cardinality’ – is introduced and illustrated with application to example networks. The paper provides a more comprehensive understanding of the structure of road networks, relating different kinds of network representation, and suggesting potential application to network analysis. Keywords: Network science; Road hierarchy; Route structure; Graph theory; Line structure; Cardinality 1 1 Introduction Road network structure is routinely interpreted in terms of the configuration of roads in structures such as ‘trees’ or ‘grids’; but structure can also be interpreted in terms of the hierarchical relations between main and subsidiary, strategic and local, or through and side roads. In fact, these two kinds of structure – relating to configuration and constitution – are in some ways related. However, despite the proliferation of studies of road network structure, there is not a consistent basis for representing and analysing this dual nature of road network structure, either within traditions of network science or network design and management. -
LOCAL AREA TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT POLICY and GUIDELINES
LOCAL AREA TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT POLICY and GUIDELINES DM#295899 June 2003 PNCC Local Area Traffic Management(LATM) Policy and Guidelines CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................ 3 2 OBJECTIVES ..................................................................................................................... 5 3 BENEFITS AND EFFECTS ................................................................................................ 6 4 TYPES OF CONTROLS ..................................................................................................... 9 4.1 Signs ........................................................................................................................... 9 4.1.1 Stop and Give Way .............................................................................................. 9 4.1.2 Prohibited turn signs .......................................................................................... 10 4.1.3 One way streets ................................................................................................. 10 4.2 Vertical Displacement Controls (Speed Humps) ....................................................... 11 4.3 Horizontal Deflection Controls ( Chicanes ) .............................................................. 14 5 SCHEME IMPLEMENTATION PROCESS....................................................................... 18 5.1 Step 1 - Initial Inquiry ................................................................................................ -
DS.601 Structural Design of Pavement Upper Layers
DS.601 Structural design of pavement upper layers Rev. Status Created by Date Approved by Date A Final D.Farnham/J.Howe 23.03.12 D.Waters 27.03.12 B Final D.Farnham 04.04.12 D.Waters 10.04.12 C Final D.Farnham 01.11.12 M.Hill 07.11.12 D Final D.Farnham 07.02.13 D.Waters 08.02.13 E Final D.Farnham 03.05.13 D.Waters 08.05.13 F Final D.Farnham 06.11.13 D.Waters 14.11.13 G Final D.Farnham 08.01.14 M.Hill 31.01.14 H Final G Lake 11.02.21 D Foden 01.07.19 Southwark Streetscape Design Manual SSDM/DSR Standard DS.601 1 Table of Contents 5.1.1 Conventional pavements............................ 17 5.1.2 Pervious pavements.................................. 18 1 Introduction....................................... 3 5.2 Design requirements............................ 19 1.1 Notes.................................................... 3 5.2.1 Conventional pavements........................... 19 5.2.2 Pervious pavements.................................. 21 2 General requirements for pavements of all types..................... 3 6 Precast concrete block, clay paver 2.1 Pavement Design Statements............. 3 or natural stone sett surfaced 2.2 Surface landscaping of modular unit pavements (bound surface).............. 23 pavements............................................ 3 6.1 Use requirements................................. 22 2.3 Commuted sums.................................. 4 6.2 Design requirements ............................ 24 2.3.1 Method of design ……............................... 4 2.3.2 Responsibility for maintaining pavements 7 Natural stone sett surfaced within serviceability limits………………… 4 pavements (unbound surface).......... 26 2.3.3 Increased maintenance liabilities………..... 4 7.1 Use requirements................................. 26 2.3.4 Sustainable urban drainage …………………. -
Road Markings Sadc - Rtsm - Vol 1 May 2012 Guidance 7.4.5
7.4.4 GUIDANCE BICYCLE GUIDE LINES For dimensions COLOUR: ref. Vo/4 White page 12.1.2 to 12.1.7 GM5 7.4.5 Bicycle Guide Lines 1 BICYCLE GUIDE LINES guidance marking GM5 is a ation, OR where a bicycle lane running parallel to one transverse marking which may be used to indicate to roadway crosses an intersecting side road (see Sub• road users the section of roadway to be used by section 7.2.13). cyclists to cross the roadway. 4 Bicycle crossings will frequently be adjacent to pedestrian 2 BICYCLE GUIDE LINES shall comprise a pair of broken crossings. In such situations, if space is limited, one white lines with a minimum width of 300 mm and a line- BICYCLE GUIDE LINE of the marking may be omitted to-gap ratio of 1 to 3 using dimensions of 300 mm and and that side of the bicycle crossing may be defined by 900 mm. For the normal application of this marking the the PEDESTRIAN CROSSING LINES marking RTM3, or pairs of lines shall be spaced at least 1,5 m apart. BLOCK PEDESTRIAN CROSSING marking RTM4. If there is insufficient space for two separate crossings a 3 Bicycle crossings may require to be marked when an pedestrian crossing should be marked and both exclusive bicycle path, or shared bicycle/pedestrian pedestrians and cyclists directed to use it. path, crosses a roadway, normally in a mid-block situ- ROAD MARKINGS SADC - RTSM - VOL 1 MAY 2012 GUIDANCE 7.4.5 ROAD MARKING SYMBOLS COLOUR: For dimensions ref.