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What Is Emotion Theory About? Emotion Modelling with Human Belief Revision in Computer Games BY Yan Ma A Thesis Submitted to Saint Mary’s University, Halifax, Nova Scotia in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Applied Science March, 2007, Halifax, Nova Scotia Copyright: Yan Ma, 2007 Approved: Dr. Joseph Maclnnes (Supervisor) Approved: Dr. Sageev Oore (Examiner) Dr.Camilla Holmvall (Examiner) Dr.Thomas Trappenberg (Examiner) Date: Dec 19, 2006 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 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The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. this thesis. Neither the thesis Ni la these ni des extraits substantiels de nor substantial extracts from it celle-ci ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement may be printed or otherwise reproduits sans son autorisation. reproduced without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformement a la loi canadienne Privacy Act some supporting sur la protection de la vie privee, forms may have been removed quelques formulaires secondaires from this thesis. ont ete enleves de cette these. While these forms may be includedBien que ces formulaires in the document page count, aient inclus dans la pagination, their removal does not represent il n'y aura aucun contenu manquant. any loss of content from the thesis. i * i Canada Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Emotion Modelling with Human Belief Revision in Computer Games BY Yan Ma Abstract Emotion modelling is receiving more and more attention from various fields, e.g. cognitive science, psychology, computer science and neuroscience. Most of these fields share the common research consensus that emotion can be beneficial to human’s mental activities. This thesis is also grounded on the same consensus and makes further validations based on the following two hypotheses: One is emotional agents in games should to behave more like human beings than emotionless agents; the other is that agents having full emotional architecture should obtain better playing performance than agents with only partial architecture. Based on theoretical support, the author further hypothesizes that peoples’ long term belief can be one of the sources to release complex emotions. The experiment result suggests the emotional agents did perform significantly better than emotionless ones, but it was unable to significantly reflect the advantages from fully structured emotional agents over the ones of the partial architecture. March 3, 2007 2 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS Emotion Modelling with Human Belief Revision in Computer Games..........................1 Emotion Modelling with Human Belief Revision in Computer Games......................... 2 Abstract ..................................................................................................................................2 List of Figures.......................................................................................................................7 Acknowledgements ...............................................................................................................8 Introduction........................................................................................................................... 9 Why do we need to do research on emotion?............................................................ 9 What is Emotion Theory about?................................................................................13 A Rough Definition of Emotion and Related Discussion................................ 14 Review on Damasio’s Emotion Theory.............................................................16 Summary of the Introduction.....................................................................................23 Literature Review ................................................................................................................25 Past Works on Emotion Research ............................................................................. 25 Issue on the Usefulness of Emotions to Intelligence....................................... 25 Past Works on Emotion Modelling ....................................................................27 A Theoretical Review on Emotion Modelling ......................................................... 31 Discussion on the Categorization of Emotions.................................................32 Emotions and Elicitations...................................................................................35 Review of the Emotional Process in Our Mind ................................................38 Sloman’s Three Layers Mind Structure.....................................................38 Frijda’s Emotion Theory............................................................................. 44 3 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Loewenstein and Lerner’s Emotion Theory.............................................. 46 Models Implementing the Reactive Component Principal......................48 Review on Decision Making or Action Selection Process ............................. 49 Summary of Literature Review..................................................................................56 Methodology.......................................................................................................................57 Expected Results......................................................................................................... 58 Starting with Rule Based System...............................................................................59 Implementation under Sloman’s Three Layers Mind Architecture........................ 63 Modifications to Game Quake2 ......................................................................... 63 Reactive Layer.....................................................................................................66 Deliberative Layer.............................................................................................. 71 Regular Working Mechanism in the Deliberative Layer......................... 72 Emotion Elicitation System........................................................................ 76 Two Types of Elicitations....................................................................76 Create Emotion Elicitation System as Connectionist Network 77 Create Event Intensity for Emotion Elicitation System....................79 Action Readiness System............................................................................ 85 Connect Primary Emotions to Symbols in Rule Based System 86 Demonstration on the Adaptability of Action Readiness by Somatic Markers Hypothesis..............................................................................89 Meta-Management Layer....................................................................................97 Problem Identified without Meta-Management Layer............................ 97 4 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Adding Beliefs into the Meta-Management Layer...................................98 Designing the Meta-Management Layer................................................. 100 A Complete Working Flow in the Agent’s Mind Architecture...................... 106 Experiment Design.................................................................................................... 108 Experiment Purposes........................................................................................ 108 Experiment Process Introduction..................................................................... 109 Experiment Measures.........................................................................................112 Summary of Methodology........................................................................................115 Results and Analysis.........................................................................................................117 Correlation Analysis.................................................................................................. 117 Statistics Results for Believability...........................................................................119
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