Pericardium, Myocardium and Endocardium

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Pericardium, Myocardium and Endocardium The heart is protected by the ribcage in the chest cavity. It is enclosed in a sack that provides increased protection. This sack, or pericardium, is a fluid-filled, (although the space is very small, so the volume of fluid is very low) membranous structure that separates the heart from the lungs within the chest. It is made up of the visceral pericardium, which is actually the outer epicardial layer of the heart, and the parietal pericardium. At times, the pericardium can become inflamed, which is a condition called pericarditis. The heart is made of three layers, the endocardium, the myocardium, and the epicardium. Theendocardium is the innermost layer of the heart that forms a barrier between the muscle layers of the heart and blood. The myocardium is the thickest of the three layers of heart tissue. It is the cardiac muscle layer that contracts and generates force to pump the blood. The outermost layer of the heart is theepicardium. It is a thin layer of cells that covers the outside of the heart and forms the visceral layer of the pericardium. The epicardium protects the heart within the thorax. Diseases of the Heart: Cardiac Tamponade Inflammation of the pericardium can result in cardiac tamponade. When the pericardium gets infected fluids or blood can accumulate between the layers of the pericardium. This increases the pressure that is exerted on the outside of the heart and prevents the heart from filling appropriately during diastole. If the heart does not fill normally, the stroke volume decreases. The body can try to compensate with an increased heart rate and force of contraction (both effects of the sympathetic nervous system), but if this is not enough, the person will go into heart failure. .

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Chapter Xi the Circulatory System and Blood
CHAPTER XI THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM AND BLOOD Page General characterlstlcs______ __ __ _ __ __ __ __ __ __ _ 239 of these organs are independent of the beating of The pericardium ___ __ __ __ 239 the principal heart, and their primary function is The heart. _____ __ __ 240 Physiology of the heart.______________________________________________ 242 to oscillate the blood within the pallial sinuses. Automatism of heart beat. _ 242 The pacemaker system_ 245 THE PERICARDIUM Methods of study of heart beat_____________________________________ 247 Frequency of beat___ __ __ _ 248 Extracardlac regulatlon____ __ __ _ 250 The heart is located in the pericardium, a thin Effects of mineral salts and drugs___________________________________ 251 Blood vessels_ __ ___ _ 253 walled chamber between the visceral mass and the The arterial system______ __ __ ___ __ __ __ __ __ 253 adductor muscle (fig. 71). In a live oyster the The venous system_________________________________________________ 254 location of the heart is indicated by the throbbing The accessory heart._____________ 258 The blood______ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ 259 of the wall of the pericardium on the left side. Color of blood_ __ __ 261 Here the pericardium wall lies directly under the The hyaline cells___________________________________________________ 261 The granular cells .______________________________________ 262 shell. On the right side the promyal chamber Specific gravity of blood____________________________________________ 265 extends down over the heart region and the mantle Serology ___ __________ __________________ ____ __ ______________________ 265 Bibliography __ __ __ __ __ __ __ 266 separates the pericardium wall from the shell. The cavity in which the heart is lodged is slightly A heart, arteries, veins, and open sinuses form asymmetrical; on the right side it extends farther the circulatory system of oysters and other bi along the anterior part of the adductor muscle valves.
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