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Distribution, Abundance and Habitat Associations of Beavers, Muskrats, Mink and River Otters in the Aoserp Study Area, Northeastern Alberta

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Distribution, Abundance and Habitat Associations of Beavers, Muskrats, Mink and River Otters in the Aoserp Study Area, Northeastern Alberta DISTRIBUTION, ABUNDANCE AND HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS OF BEAVERS, MUSKRATS, MINK AND RIVER OTTERS IN THE AOSERP STUDY AREA, NORTHEASTERN ALBERTA by Gary F. Searing LGL LIMITED for ALBERTA OIL SANDS ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH PROGRAM Project LS 23.2 August 1979 ix TABLE OF CONTENTS Page DECLARATION •••••••••...•.........•..•....•...••..•..•..... i i LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL~· .........••.....•.......•.......•.. iii DESCRIPTIVE SUMMARY ••••................................... iv LIST OF TABLES ..................••........................ Xi i LIST OF FIGURES •....•.........•.....................•..... xi i i LIST OF AP~[NDICES ....................................... xiv ABSTRACT .•............•........•............ ~ ............. XV ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................................•.. xvi INTRODUCTION •............•................................ PART 1. HABITAT USE AND PREFERENCES OF BEAVERS, MUSKRATS, /MTNK AND RIVER OTTERS: A LITERATURE REVIEW . • . 4 l. INTRODUCTION •••..............••................ 4 2. BEAVER •.•....•••.............••...•.•....•..•.• 5 2.1 Introduction ....••.•.•.•...........•.........•. 5 2.2 Vegetative Requirements ....•..........•.•...... 8 2. 2.1 Food Quality •.•..................•..•....... 8 2.2.2 Food Quantity ...•...••....•...••••.•.••...•. 9 2.2.3 Distance Travelled for Food ............... .. 10 2.3 Lodge Site Requirements .•....•......•...•.•...• 11 2.4 Dam Site Requirements •••.•................••.•• 12 2.5 Canals ••••...•...••......••..••..•...•.•....... 12 2.6 Soil Requirements •..•.•....•....•..•••.••.•.••• 13 2.7 Water Requirements .....•..••..•••......••...... 14 2.8 Spatial Requirements .•.••..•......•......•••... 16 3. MUSKRAT 17 3.1 Introduction •..••.••..•.•.......••••.....•....• 17 3.2 Food Requirements ..•..•...•..•..•••••..•....••. 19 3-3 Cover/Shelter Requirements ......•.•.•..•.••.... 19 3. 3. 1 Cover Type Requirements .••.•...•....•..•.... 20 3.3.2 House Site Requirements •....•.........••..•. 21 3.3.3 Burrow Site Requirements •.....•.........•... 22 X TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONTINUED Page 3.4 Soil Requirements ... .. ... ... .. .. .. ... ... .. 22 3.5 Water Requirements . • . • . 24 3.6 Spatial Requirements ... ... .. ... .• ... ... .. .. 27 4. MINK . • . • . 30 4.1 lntr·oduction ................................... 30 4.2 Food Requirements . • . 30 4.3 Cover/Shelter Requirements .. .. .• . .. .. .. .. 32 4.4 Water Requir·ements . .... ... .. ... .. .. ... .. .. 33 4.5 Spatial Requirements .. .. ... .. ... .. .. .. ... 34 5. RIVER OTTER . • . 35 5.1 Introduction................................... 35 5.2 Food Requirements . 35 5.3 Cover/Shelter Requirements .. .. .. • .. .. .. 37 5.4 Water Requirements ..... .. .. ... ... .. ..• . .. ... 37 5.5 Spatial Requirements .. .... .. .. .... .. ... .. .. 38 PART 2. A FIELD STUDY OF THE DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS OF SEMI-AQUATIC FURBEARERS IN THE AOSERP STUDY AREA ..•.............. , . • . • . 40 1. INTRODUCTION . • . • . 40 2. METHODS AND STUDY AREA . • . • . 41 2. 1 Aerial Surveys for Beaver Lodges . • .. .. .• . .. • 41 2.1. 1 Timing of Surveys ......·..............•...... 41 2. I. 2 Aerial Survey Procedures .. .. .. • .. .. .. .. .. 41 2. 1. 3 Survey Locations . • . 42 2. 1 .4 Data Recording.............................. 42 2.2 Track-count Surveys . ••. .. .. .• . .. .. .. •. 43 3. RESULTS . • . • . • . 5: 3. 1 Preliminary Aerial Surveys .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 51 3.2 Aerial Transect Surveys . • . 51 3-3 Waterbody Surveys .•..........•.••....•.....•... 55 3.4 Track-count Surveys • • • . • . 59 4. DISCUSSION • . • . • . • . • . • 64 4. I Beavers . • . • . • . 64 4.1. 1 Distribution and Abundance . .. .• . .. 64 4. 1. 2 Ha b i t a t U s e . • . • 67 4.2 Muskrats • . • . • . 67 4.3 Mink . • . • . 68 xi TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONCLUDED) Page 4.4 River Otter II fO II" II 11 a II t 11 e i1 fO II 11 11 e., 0 o It 0 e <> e e. e •• e" • •• • e 69 5. RECOMMENDATIONS . 70 PART 3. SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY ON THE HABITAT RELATIONSHIPS OF BEAVERS, MUSKRATS, MINK AND RIVER OTTERS ... .... 73 APPENDICES . • . 98 LIST OF AOSERP RESEARCH REPORTS ........................... 117 X j j LIST OF TABLES Page 1. Number of beaver lodges seen during preliminary aerial survey by forest and waterbody types ................. 54 2. Number of beaver lodges seen during aerial survey conducted from 17 to 20 October by waterbody and vegetation types ..................................... 56 3. Beaver habitat use analysis using the bonferroni Z statistic ............................................ 57 4. Densities of active beaver lodges determined from aerial surveys of waterbod i es ............................... 58 v 2 tP~t fnr nnnoness 61 5- Results of I\ - -- - ~ J - ­ of fit ............... 6. Mink habitat use analysis using the bonferoni Z statistic 63 7. Densities of active beaver lodges in the Muskeg River area . 65 xi i i LIST OF FIGURES Page PART l l. Map of the AOSERP Study area, Nort hea stern Alberta ..... 2 2. North American dis t r i but ion of the beaver . .............. 6 3. North American distribution of the muskrat . ............... 18 4. North American distribution of the mink . .. .. ~ . .. 31 s. North American distribution of the river otter .......... 36 PART 2 l. Map of portion of AOSERP Study Area showing route of preliminary aerial survey and locations of beaver lodges seen during survey . 44 2. Map of portion of AOSERP Study Area ~hawing route of aerial survey flown 17-20 October 1978 and locations of beaver lodges seen during survey . 46 3. Map of portion of AOSERP Study Area showing waterbodies surveyed by fixed-wing or rotary-wing aircraft .. .. 48 4. Map of portion of AOSERP Study Area showing locations of track-count surveys . 52 5. Frequency of active beaver lodges relative to stream velocity . 60 6. Frequency of active beaver lodges relative to stream i'V i d th . 60 7. Frequency of active beaver lodges relative to an index of stream flow rate . 60 8. Relative jmounts of ~treams sampled . .. .. .. ... .. 60 xiv LIST OF APPENDICES Page 1. Other mammals seen during aerial surveys, October 1978 .................................................. ·: 100 2. Specific location of track-count Surveys 102 3. Animal tracks and beaver lodges recorded along 0.5 km intervals of Streams and lakes in the AOSERP Study Area ................................................... 113 XV ABSTRACT A synthesis of the published 1iterature on the habitat preferences of beavers, muskrats, mink and river otters is pre­ sented. Field studies conducted during the late autumn of 1978 included aerial surveys and track counts in snow. A total of 249 active beaver lodges were seen on 2550 km of transects. Densities of active beaver lodges were calculated from surveys of streams and lakes to be lodge per 3.1 km of stream and 1 lodge per 7.2 km of lakeshore. A total of 26 muskrat houses were seen on three lakes within the AOSERP study area. The Peace-Athabasca Delta was not surveyed. Beavers used deciduous, white spruce and willow-fen habitats proportionately more than these habitats were available. Beavers avoided locating their lodges in jack pine and black spruce­ tamarack habitats. Tracks of mink were found to occur in greater numbers in willow and aspen vegetation types than would be expected by the availability of these habitats. Habitat preferences of musk­ rats and river otters could not be determined because too few data were collected on these species. Recommendations for habitat man­ agement that would benefit semi-aquatic furbearers are made. xvl ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Research was funded by the Alberta Oil Sands Environ­ mental Research Program (AOSERP), a joint federal-provincial program established to fund, direct and co-ordinate environmental research in the Athabasca Oil Sands area of northeastern Alberta. am especially grateful to the following LGL employees. Jens Roland was involved in many aspects of the study. Rick Salter and Jim Steele assisted with the I iterature review on semi-aquatic mammals. Maggie Ballantyne helped conduct the track counts and Phil Lulman and Brian Harvie assisted in the habitat analysis. Jeff Green and John Richardson provided many useful editorial comments on the report. Rick Dressler drafted the f!guresu The LGL secretaries took much time and care to produce the various drafts of this report. I am appreciative of all the co-operation and logistic support given me by AOSERP personnel, especially Karl Closs. This study could not have been completed without the untiring efforts of the pilots; I thank Norbert Greczmiel of Alert Avia­ tion, and Fred Wiskar and Dave White of Lift Air. Jack Burgheim of the Department of Highways granted us special permission to use the Hangingstone River campground out of season. Lucille Plank and Arlen Todd of Alberta Fish and Wild! ife Division and Gordon Miller of the Canadian Wildlife Service provided many useful references and unpublished information. Fred Gilbert, University of Guelph, reviewed the manuscript. In any study there are numerous people whose contribution, though small, is certainly not insignificant. extend my thanks to all who have helped in any way. Finally, I am especially grateful to Alan Birdsall and Nancy Morgan of LGL, whose able administration helped this study run smoothly. INTRODUCTION The trapping of furbearing mammals has probably been car­ ried out in North America ever since man first arrived on this can­ t i nent. Trappers, espec i a 11 y the men who came to trap and trade for the pelts of beavers, were largely responsible for the early development of western
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