A Comparative Analysis of Woman Physical Abuse in the Novels the Color Purple by Alice Walker and Women at Point Zero by Nawal El-Saadawi

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF WOMAN PHYSICAL ABUSE IN THE NOVELS THE COLOR PURPLE BY ALICE WALKER AND WOMEN AT POINT ZERO BY NAWAL EL-SAADAWI

A THESIS

BY NUR ALFI SYAHRI 090705050

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2013

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF WOMAN PHYSICAL ABUSE IN THE NOVELS THE COLOR PURPLE BY ALICE WALKER AND WOMEN AT POINT ZERO BY NAWAL EL-SAADAWI

A Thesis

By: Nur Alfi Syahri Reg.No. 090705050

Supervisor, Co-Supervisor,

Dr.Hj.T.Thyrhaya Zein, MA Mahmud Arief Albar,S.s, MA NIP.19630109 198803 2 001 NIP.

Submitted to the Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Literature

UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA

FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH

MEDAN

2013

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Approved by the English Department of Faculty of Cultural

Studies University of Sumatera Utara Medan as thesis for The

Sarjana Ilmu Budaya Examination

Chairperson, Secretary,

Dr.H.Muhizar Muchtar, MS Dr.Hj.Nurlela,M.Hum NIP.19541117 198003 1 002 NIP.19590419 198102 2 001

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Accepted by the Board of Examiners in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from the English Department, Faculty of

Cultural Studies, University of Sumatera Utara, Medan.

The examination is held on the Faculty of Cultural Studies, University of

Sumatera Utara, on Saturday 26 October 2013.

The Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies

University of Sumatera Utara

Dr.H.Syahron Lubis, MA

Board of Examiners

Dr.H.Muhizar Muchtar, MS ......

Dr.Hj.Nurlela,M.Hum ......

Dr.Hj.T.Thyrhaya Zein, MA ......

Dra.Redita Lubis ......

Mahmud Arief Albar,S.s, MA ......

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, I would like to give big thanks to My Almighty God who always blesses me with the deepest Love. I thanks to God of supporting me with the spirit. Because of God, my thesis is finally finished, entitled A Comparative Analysis of Woman Physical Abuse in The Novels The Color Purple by Alice Walker and Woman at Point Zero by Nawal el Saadawi. I believe in God with His Guidance I can manage to complete my study.

I would like to express my gratitude and appreciation to my thesis Supervisor Dr.Thyrhaya Zein,M.A and Mahmud Arief Albar,S.s,M.A as my co- supervisor who have guided me, given me suggestiona, and encourage me in completing and finishing this thesis.

In this opportunity, I would like to express my gratitude to the Head of English Department in Faculty of Cultural Studies, University of Sumatera Utara, Dr.Muhizar Muchtar,M.S, and the secretary of English Department, Dr.Hj.Nurlela,M.Hum, for supporting my academic study. I would also like to give thanks to all my lecturers who shared and taught the knowledges for me during my study.

I would like to give my deepest gratitudes to my big family, and special for my mini-family, to my blessed-father, Engku Eriyadi (My Amazing Engku), who has given me cheers and power ‘through God’, to my lovely mother, Dra.Nuraida (My Greatest Mom), who always supports me in everything, in academic and non-academic activities, since I was young until now. I would like to give thank to my brother, Mhd.Adjie Ridwan Mas (My Naughty Brother), who often jokes me and makes me laughing. I would like to give thanks to my ‘my wolf-cub’ Erwin Hermawan (My ‘Crazy’ Boyfriend) who always supports and accompanies me everyday and shares me cheers.

I would like to give my thanks to my best friends in English Department, Rini, Ijal, Dinda, Arief, Yuda, Ade, Bayu, who are together in facing the study and all of our activities, being the crazy-friends. I also would like to give thanks to my friends in Teater ‘O’, who always make me cheerful and fulfills my time. And

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA the last, I also would like to thank to all my friens in 2009. We are together in 4 years. I hope we are successful in the future.

May Almighty God blesses us all, Amin.

Medan, Oktober 2013

Nur Alfi Syahri

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA ABSTRAK

Skripsi ini diberi judul “A Comparative Analysis of Woman Physical Abuse in the Novels The Color Purple by Alice Walker and Women at Point Zero by Nawal el-Saadawi” yang menganalisa tentang pelecehan fisik terhadap wanita, yang terkandung dalam 4 unsur, yaitu pelecehan fisik yang dilakukan dalam hubungan keluarga, pelecehan yang dilakukan dalam hubungan pernikahan, pelecehan yang dilakukan dalam hubungan berpacaran, dan pelecehan yang dilakukan dalam hubungan sosial dan politik. Keempat unsur-unsur tersebut dipresentasikan melalui novel The Color Purple karya Alice Walker dan novel Women at Point Zero karya Nawal el Saadawi.

Skripsi ini terdiri dari 5 bab, yakni Bab Pendahuluan, Bab Landasan Teori, Bab Metode Penelitian, Bab Analisis, dan Bab Kesimpulan dan Saran. Pada Bab I akan dijelaskan mengenai latar belakang penelitian, rumusan masalah dan pembatasan, tujuan dan manfaat penelitian. Pada Bab II akan difokuskan mengenai landasan teori sastra bandingan, teori analisis tematik, pelecehan fisik, pelecehan terhadap wanita. Pada Bab III akan dirumuskan mengenai metode penelitian deskriptif kualitatif. Pada Bab IV, akan dibahas mengenai analisis pelecehan fisik terhadap wanita dan temuannya mengenai persamaannya dan perbedaannya antara novel The Color Purple karya Alice Walker dan novel Woman at Point Zero karya Nawal el Saadawi. Pada Bab V, akan dirumuskan mengenai kesimpulan dan saran.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA TABLES OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT ...... i TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... ii CHAPTER I. Introduction ...... 1 1.1 Background of the Study ...... 1 1.2 Problems of the Study ...... 7 1.3 Objective of the Study ...... 7 1.4 Scope of the Study ...... 8 1.5 Significance of the Study ...... 8 CHAPTER II. Review of Literature ...... 9 2.1 A Brief Description of Comparative Literature ...... 9 2.2 A Brief Description of Thematic Study ...... 12 2.3 A Brief Description of Woman Abuse ...... 15 CHAPTER III. Method of the Study ...... 19 3.1 Source Data and Data ...... 20 3.2 Data Collecting Prosedure...... 21 3.3 Data Analysis Procedure ...... 21

CHAPTER IV. Analysis and Finding ...... 24 4.1 Analysis ...... 24 4.1.1 The Colour Purple by Alice Walker ...... 24 4.1.1.a Woman Physical Abuse in Family Members ...... 25 4.1.1.b Woman Physical Abuse in a Marital Relationship ...... 27 4.1.1.c Woman Physical Abuse in Datting Relationship ...... 36 4.1.1.d Woman Physical Abuse in Social, Politic, and Economic Life ...... 39 4.1.2 Woman at Point Zero by Nawal El Saadawi ...... 44 4.1.2.a Woman Physical Abuse in Family Members ...... 44 4.1.2.b Woman Physical Abuse in Marital Relationship ...... 45 4.1.2.c Woman Physical Abuse in Dating Relationship ...... 52

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 4.1.2.d Woman Physical Abuse in Social, Politics, and Economic Life ...... 55 4.2 Finding ...... 59 4.2.1 The Similarities of The Novels The Colour Purple by Alice Walker and Woman at Point Zero by Nawal el-Saadawi ...... 59 4.2.2 The Differences of The Novels The Colour Purple by Alice Walker and Woman at Point Zero by Nawal el-Saadawi ...... 64 CHAPTER V. Conclution and Suggestion ...... 68 5.1 Conclution ...... 68 5.2 Suggestion ...... 71

BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... 73 APPENDECIES ...... i

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Literature is imaginative process as stated by Welleck and Warren via

Wiyatmi (2006: 14). Literature must be able to produce an aesthetic creation

and try to transmit the needs of human life and be a spot to aspire the ideas,

thoughts, and feelings of the author about human life.

Biography, social life, psychological aspect, and also culture of the author

are the elements which can influence how his literary work is. The authors

have these elements. It is not very surprising if we look at and find out the

similarities between literary works; however, the object of the works is

human. In general, humans in the world have some similar characteristics.

The diverse views on life, made each author has varied opinion about

something. In this case, this variation can present many ideas in creating the

literary works. However, human life as a focus on literary works, may produce

not only similar perception, but also influence of each other. The study which

learns about how to see, analyze, and know the similarities or the influences

among the national literary works is Comparative Literary Study. The study of

Comparative Literature can construct them through comprehensive and

comparative process.

Comparative Literature is one of literary academic disciplines that

combine the similar literary works written in different languages which

connected with more than one culture. According to Texte, Comparative

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Literature is limited to the study of a factual/ historical relationship between two national literatures, as caused by various social norms.

Comparative study of Literature is a cross-cultural study. The study concerns the literary relation based on period or area. In period aspect,

Comparative study of literature can compare the literary works from two or more different period. In area aspect, it compares the literary works based on literary geography (Endraswara, 2011: 128).

Comparative Literature is the study which is used to look for the similarities between literary works; however, the purpose of comparative study is to hold the aesthetic concepts in literary works and to estimate the quality of literary works and aesthetic in literature (Endraswara, 2011: 129).

Comparative Literature can be grouped into four categories: (1)Themes and Motives, (2)Genre, (3)Movement and Trends, (4)Interdisciplinary

Aspects. Theme and motifs categories are concerned with product of mind, characters, plot, settings, episode, and also paraphrase. Genre category is about form and style. Movement and trends also includes the generation of literature. Interdisciplinary aspects refer to relations among literary works to science, religion, and art.

In this analysis, the writer compares two literary works applies thematic analysis which is focused on the theme as object of the study. Theme is an aspect of human experience which the author wishes to express in literary works. Theme indicates the object as the focus of literary work, and as the main meaning of the work itself. Theme also includes the definition of motif inside. Both of them are often combined. As theme, according to Goethe,

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA motif is a human spirit phenomenon repeatedly appeared(Weisstein, 1973:

138). In this case, the study which concerned with theme is thematic study.

Thematic study, named Thematology consists of: ideas of mind, personality theme, plot, episode and setting, and phrases (Kasim, 1966: 65).

Ideas of mind is called abstract ideas, according to A. Owen Aldridge (1969:

5). Personality theme is focused on the characters, especially for the protagonist character. Plot, episode, and setting of the story influence the literary comparison. Phrases often appear in literary works. All of the elements above can be analyzed.

Thematic analysis is one of the most commonly used methods of qualitative analysis. Thematic analysis moves beyond counting explicit words or phrases and focus on identifying and describing both implicit and explicit ideas within the data, that is, themes. The method does not preclude theoritical development. However, its primary goal is to describe and understand how people feel, think, and behave within a particular context relative to a specific research question.

According to Oxford Dictionary, a novel is a long written story. Novel provides the complete story, starting from development of theme, plot, settings, characters, style, and point of view. Novel tells about human life. So, novel is one of literary works which can be compared.

The study analyzes two novels in order to see the similarities or the differences of certain elements in theme of the novels with the different

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA language and culture. The two novels are: The Color Purple by Alice Walker and Woman at Point Zero by Nawal el-Saadawi.

Novel The Color Purple is an American literary work, written by Alice

Walker. She is the youngest child in her black family in the south. She graduates as a valedictorian from high school, securing a space at Spelman, the all black women’s college in Atlanta. She transfers to Sarah Lawrence

College and participates in an exchange program to Africa. She began writing about black women living in America, seeing first hand the difficulties faced by the people. Because her youth was so filled with the persecution and separation, Walker finds herself involved heavily in the Civil Rights

Movement of the 1960s. Walker is one of the earliest and most celebrated contemporary African-American writer (Walker, 1983).

The Color Purple is published in 1982 to instant critical acclaim and popular success. It wins, among the numerous awards, the Pulitzer Prize for fiction in 1983, and was quickly made into an Oscar-winning film in 1985 by

Steven Spielberg. Walker is also the recipient of numerous other prestigious awards and honors. One critic claims that “Alice Walker’s best writing is like balm: soothing, restorative, and earthy....Walker’s lovely prose rarely falters”

(Walker, 1983).

Novel Woman at Point Zero is an Arabic literary work, written by Nawal

El Saadawi. Nawal El Saadawi is a Egypt doctor. She has been known in the world as a novelist and woman writer who writes more about the Rights of woman, named as feminist writer, with international reputation. She likes to write about status, phychology, and woman sexuality. She has open-minded related to the equality of woman (El-Saadawi, 1983).

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Novel Woman at Point Zero is based on the true story. The story tells about a woman who got death sentence because of injuring and killing man.

Firdaus, as a main characters in this novel, is shown as a powerful woman who can face the problems in her life. Firdaus is a prostitude woman who has worked in prostitution since she is young. Her family and the social environment make her forced become a commercial sex worker. During her life, she is always abused by men, either physically or mentally. Firdaus wants to get the freedom as a woman. Finally, after she can not stand the men’s abuse to her, she decides to kill him and as a prisoner, she is proud of getting punishment and for her, it is a way to gain the freedom.

Both of novels are talking about women abuse. In The Color Purple, women abuse emphasizes on segregation also abuse for women from black community. In Women at Point Zero, women are really the victims of men’s abuse.

Abuse is a pattern of coercive and/ or violent behaviors used by a partner to gain power and control over the other person, and it goes far beyond physical injury. Abusive actions one person makes towards another are generally intended to control the victim, or to make the victim submit to the power of that abuser; however, it is against the notion of equality of human worth to say that one person should be able to control another against the victim's will. There are many types of abuse, including: verbal abuse, mental abuse, physical abuse, neglect, and hate crimes (Patricelli, 2005).

In this case, the writer focuses on physical abuse. Physical Abuse occurs when one person uses physical pain or threat of physical force to intimidate another person. Actual physical abuse may involve simple slaps or pushes, or

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA it may involve a full on physical beating complete with punching, kicking, hair pulling, scratching, and real physical damage sufficient in some cases to require hospitalization. In particularly violent instances, people can die from the injuries they sustain while being physically abused. It is abusive whether bruises or physical damage occur or not. It may involve the mere threat of physical violence if the victim does not comply with the wishes of the abuser, and still be considered physical abuse. (Patricelli, 2005)

In these two novels, The Color Purple by Alice Walker and Woman at

Point Zero by Nawal el-Saadawi, there are many abuses inside the story. But, the analysis points at the physical abuse inside these novels. Mainly, people who are abused are women. The term ‘woman abuse’ refers to various forms of violence, abuse, mistreatment, and neglect that women experience in their intimate, kin or dependent relationships. These include current, dissolving or past relationships with husbands, common-law partners, lovers, dating partners, family members and caregivers.

Women is abused by more than one type of aggression. Typically, abusive partners attempt to dominate and control by engaging in actions that threaten or harm a woman’s physical and emotional well-being, sexuality, social life, parenting ability, financial situation, possessions or spiritual life. A woman may experience a single episode of abuse, or she may endure a pattern of abuse over many years.

Realized or not, actually in this time, many cases of women are appeared.

Eventhough we can see that there are laws in Indonesia protect women from abuse, the fact is it still happened. The writer is interested in studying women abuse, how the abuse happened, and why the abuse occured, in the novels The

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Color Purple by Alice Walker and Woman at Point Zero by Nawal el-

Saadawi. In this case, the two novels are the object of the study to find the

phenomenon of women abuse that happened in human life and reflected in the

novel. Novel The Color Purple by Alice Walker and Woman at Point Zero by

Nawal el-Saadawi are from different nation, language and culture. The Color

Purple is from West—American literature and uses American English, while

Woman at Point Zero is from East—Egypt literature and uses Arabic language

(then be translated to English). Through the diverse nation, language and

culture, the writer focuses on reflecting the women abuse in both novels and

the similarities and the differences among them; however, being critically

about what happened in this life is very necessary, either through observing

the society directly, or through reading the literary works, as reflection of

human daily life, comprehensively.

1.2 Problem of The Study

The problems of the study are:

1. How is woman physical abuse reflected in novel The Color Purple by

Alice Walker and Woman at Point Zero by Nawal El Saadawi?

2. How are the similarities and the differences of woman physical abuse

reflected in novel The Color Purple by Alice Walker and Woman at

Point Zero?

1.3 Objective of The Study

The objectives of the study are:

1. To find out how woman physical abuse is reflected in novel The Color

Purple by Alice Walker and Woman at Point Zero by Nawal El

Saadawi

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 2. To find out how the similarities and the differences of woman physical

abuse reflected in novel The Color Purple by Alice Walker and

Woman at Point Zero by Nawal El Saadawi

1.4 Scope of The Study

The study is focused on woman abuse as the theme of each novel The

Color Purple by Alice Walker and Woman at Point Zero by Nawal El

Saadawi, which emphasizes on physical abuse.

1.5 Significance of The Study

The significance of the study is divided into two functions:

1. Theoretical Function

The study aims to make people know more about Comparative

Literary Study, and show that among literary works, which includes

novels, that are from the different language and culture, can be

compared or contrasted.

2. Practical Function

The study is expected to provide the analysis of women abuse. Human must consider and take care about women life. Human should be aware of happening in real life. Women themselves, must realize that they can become the victim of men’s abuse, especially for physical abuse. By reading this study, the writer wishes women will understand what actually happened in their life and in this world.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1 A Brief Description of Comparative Literature

Talking about the similar characteristics of literary works, it can be related to Comparative Study of Literature. Comparative literary study is the study which concerns with comparing between one national literary work and another national literary work, based on certain aspects. Comparative literary study has been started in the 18th and the 19th century, with comparing among the literary works.

In the 20th century, comparative literary study is evolved. Comparative literature has wide significance. In this century, France School and American

School has appeared. France School, which delegated by Jean-marie Carre, emphasizes the comparative literary study is as the study which deals with the literary work itself and its author, and also related to the fact. As Weisstein (1973:

3) said that:

“A branch of literary history; is the study of the relation between international spirituality, the study of the factual relation between Byron and Pushkin, Goethe and Carlyle, Walter Scott and Alfred de Vigny, and among the works, inspiration, and even life of the authors from various literature.”

Mainly, the perspective of France School is comparative literary study as a branch of literary history, that states among the literary works are influenced each other. In this school, the study of affinity is not included in comparative literary study.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA American School has wider-scope. It is not only comparing between the literary work and the author, but also between the literary work and the other aspects. American School points the comparative literature up as the comparative study of literary works and their authors; as the study of the relation between the literary works and sciences, religion, and art; as the study of theory, history, and literary critics, which are applied in more than one national literary work.

The first scope notifies about the comparison of the literary works. In general, the literary works which can be combined are the literary works that come from different national literature. It is not indicated to politic, but it is related to culture. It means that the literary works which come from the similar culture, should not be combined; however, if it is found the affinity, it is assumed as the normal situation, for example, between Indonesia and Malaysia, America and England, etc.

The second scope indicates the relation between the literary works and the other sciences, religion, and art. The point of view in this scope is not pointed up the comparison, but it concerns with the influence of the sciences, religion, and art; however, they can be reflected to the literary work itself.

The third scope denotes the progress of theory, history, and literary critics, which can be developed into more than one national literature. As Rene Welleck said in Concepts of Criticism (1974: 345):

“Firstly, someone is impressed with the fact, that certain internal movements in critics passed the national boundary; although these movements from the beginning, possibly come from a nation.”

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA The theory of literary critics realizes many kinds of progress out of their basic nation, for example, formalism, structuralim, semiotic, and etc, all of them are related. Those literary movements develop into the other countries, use to study the literary works.

The aspects of the comparative literary study are comparative study, historical study, theoritical study, and interdiscipline study. First, comparative study is concerned with comparison between one or two national literary works and the other national literary works. This study can be known as the start of comparative literary study. It is also assumed as the major aspect in comparative literary study. This study can form influence study, affinity study, thematic study, and generic atudy. Second, historical study emphasizes in his historical point which be background of relation between the literary work and another literary work, or between the literary work and sociology and philosophy. Third, theoritical study elaborates the concepts, criteria, boundaries, or the rules related some kinds of literary discipline, for example, studying what the genre, what the movement, what the theme, what the literary critics, and what in general, is.

Fourth, interdiscipline study deals with relation between the content of literary work, and the other discipline such as science, religion, even art creation. In this study, the focus is exactly the literary works. The non-literary discipline is used to assist in understanding the meaning of the literary work itself, or the basic mind of the author.

Comparative Study emphasizes in studying the exist of relation and connection between the literary work and the other literary work, between the literary work and the other discipline, between the literary work and the art

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA creation. In general, Comparative Study has two study: affinity study and influence study. Affinity study refers to study the similarities between a literary work and two or more literary work, or and the other discipline, or art creation which do not have the influence (in this case, historical-factual relation) each other. If any influence, it happens to coincide. This study just focus on the affinity, not on the question, “Why the affinity appeared?”. In this case, the study is easier and more simple, but it is criticised as a study that depends on the subjectivism of the critic (Aldridge, 1969: 5). Influence study is concerned with the influence that appeared implicitly in literary works. The influence study is more complicated and wider than the affinity study. The influence study is also assumed as the major aspect, as Ulrich Weisstein said (1973:23):

“The influence point must be viewed as the major concept in comparative literature, because this case indicates any diversities and be compared: which one the literary work influence, and to which one be influenced.” Beside that, there are 3 factors of appearing the influence, these factors of the influence are the progress of author’s career, the process of creating the literary works, literary tradition and cultural value of the author.

2.2 A Brief Description of Thematic Study

In this analysis, the writer compares two literary works applies thematic analysis which is focused on the theme as object of the study. Theme is an aspect of human experience which the author wishes to express in literary works. It indicates the object as the focus of literary work, and as the main meaning of the work itself. Theme also includes the definition of motif inside. Both of them are often combined. As theme, according to Goethe, motif is a human spirit

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA phenomenon repeatedly appeared(Weisstein, 1973: 138). In fiction, the theme is not presented directly at all. As Leininger said in quotation of The Qualitative

Report, Volume 2, Number 1, Spring, 1994 that:

“Themes are identified by bringing together components or fragments of ideas or experiences, which often are meaningless when viewed alone.”

The theme is also extracted from the characters, action, and setting that make up the story. In this case, the study which concerned with theme is named as thematic study.

Thematic study, named Thematology, is the study of literary analysis which consists of: ideas of mind, personality theme, plot, episode and setting, and phrases (Kasim, 1966: 65). Thematic study concerns with study of theme as the subject matter of literary works, a revelation about the behavior of human beings or the conduct of society; an also insight into the human condition.

Thematic study also can be called as thematic analysis. Thematic analysis is one of the most commonly used methods of qualitative analysis. Thematic analysis moves beyond counting explicit words or phrases and focus on identifying and describing both implicit and explicit ideas within the data, that is, themes. Taylor and Bogdan said in quotation of The Qualitative Report, Volume

2, Number 1, Spring, 1994 that:

“The next step to a thematic analysis is to combine and catalogue related patterns into sub-themes. Themes are defined as units derived from patterns such as conversation topics, vocabulary, recurring activities, meanings, feelings, or folk sayings and proverbs.”

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Thematology seizes ideas of mind, characters, plot, episode, setting, and expression. According to A Owen Aldridge (1969: 5), Thematic study which related to ideas of mind is named abstract ideas, that can be connected with social problems. The literary works, science, religion, art creation, sociology, and the other discipline, can be compared each other to find out the thematic affinities inside. Thematic study which is concerned about characters is named personality theme. It usually focuses on the protagonist character. It is also seen from the character who has special or unique character, in order to make interesting sense of comparing the literary work. Thematic study can be related to plot, episode, and setting. In this case, not all of these aspects can be appeared, for example, if any affinities in episode, not all episode are similar, possibly only one episode.

Thematic study also can be connected with expression. The expression, in this case, means the special words or phrases in the literary words which if compared, will appear the similar meaning of the sentence or the content.

Thematic study or thematic analysis does not preclude theoritical development; however, its primary goal is to describe and understand how people feel, think, and behave within a particular context relative to a specific research question.

In this way, applied thematic analysis is similar to phenomenology, which seeks to understand the meanings that people give to their lived experiences and social reality (Schutz, 1962: 59). So, thematic study or thematic analysis purposes to “rake through” the literary works from the essence themselves, which always related to social life. It can be, so to speak, the literary work is “a fruit” and the theme is “the core of the fruit”.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 2.3 A Brief Description of Woman Abuse

In human life, many abuses are often happened. Human can find the abuses in their daily activities, consciously or unconsciously. Many kinds of human characteristics are also being one of the factors in appearing the abuses.

Even, sometimes people do not guess that they have done the abuses to somebody else; however, many ways are used to make someone hurt or pain.

Verbal Abuse occurs when one person uses words and body language to inappropriately criticize another person. It often involves 'putdowns' and name- calling intended to make the victim feel they are not worthy of love or respect, and that they do not have ability or talent. Mental abuse occurs when one person controls information available to another person so as to manipulate that person's sense of reality; what is acceptable and what is not acceptable. Physical Abuse occurs when one person uses physical pain or threat of physical force to intimidate another person. Actual physical abuse may involve simple slaps or pushes, or it may involve a full on physical beating complete with punching, kicking, hair pulling, scratching, and real physical damage sufficient in some

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA cases to require hospitalization. In particularly violent instances, people can die from the injuries they sustain while being physically abused. It is abusive whether bruises or physical damage occur or not. It may involve the mere threat of physical violence if the victim does not comply with the wishes of the abuser, and still be considered physical abuse. Sexual Abuse of children or adults includes any sort of unwanted sexual contact perpetrated on a victim by an abuser.

Molestation, incest, inappropriate touching (with or without intercourse), and partner or date rape are all instances of sexual abuse. Neglect occurs when a person fails to provide for the basic needs of one or more dependent victims he or she is responsible for. Basic needs include adequate and appropriate food, shelter, clothing, hygiene, and love or care. Hate Crimes are a type of abuse that involve verbal, physical, emotional, or sexual abuse toward an individual or a group of individuals based solely on some characteristic they may share in common with others such as their religious or sexual affiliations or the color of their skin

(Patricelli, 2005).

Abuses are intentional acts of violence, mistreatment, or neglect to somebody. Unfortunately, abuses in the world, often appear in ‘women world’.

The word “woman” comes from Sankskerta lexicon, that mean “who be wanted by men”. Women become the victim in getting abuses. In human mind, women are ‘weak character’, so, men—called as ‘strong character’, seem like having power to abuse them; however, in men mind, women are not able to fight them back. It is not surprising anymore if human can find many cases related to violence against women.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Woman abuse is an intentional act of violence, mistreatment, and neglect in woman life. Woman abuse is usually happened more often in experience between women and their intimate, kin, or dependent relationships. In this case, women are assumed not having power to face men behaviour in their marriage life, or daily life. The statement above is subscribed to the quotation below in book Women, Politics, and American Society by Nancy Mc.Glen and Karen

O’Connor (1994: 258) about women:

“Women also are often at a disadvantage when force becomes an issue in marital relationships. Studies of family violence make it clear that men are much more likely than women to use facts of violence in a dating or marital relationships. Indeed, in 1991 an istimated four million women were physically assaulted by spouses or partners.”

Beside the quotation above, a work by Murray A Straus and Richard J

Gellas (1990: 96), using their measure of domestic violence based on surveys of men and women, find that one-in-eight men engage in domestic abuse. While most of the violence most of the violence measured in their study is not life threatening (pushing, slapping, throwing something), they also report that severe physical violence by men may occur in 3 out of a hundred marriages in a single year. In addition, some studies report as many as one-in-four women will be seriously abused in their lifetime, and as many as two-thirds of all women will be hit by a spouse while married (Glatzer, p.171, 180).

The physical abuse, which can be explained as human physical action to injure the body or to destroy human things, also appears in the society. Patriarchy system is being one of the factors the abuse happened. As Humm (2002: 233) said:

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA “Patriarchy system is men authority to oppress through social, politic, and economic institution, which appear kinds of style in doing women subordination.”

Patriarchy system seems like to appear the agreement that women have been supposed as “the subordinate-human”. In the other words, women are assumed as

“inferior”, and men as “superior”.

To differentiate men from women, as media representation of Asian and

Asian American, it pays attention away from the interrelated phenomena of gender, sexuality, and race; however, these can be included as the factors of abusing women. These are all part of an interlinked system of representation the helps describe and define who has power in relationship to others (Kent and

Vincent, 2009, p.65). The statement from Abeyasekere (1983: 15) more emphasizes the different view towards men and women:

“The assosiation which relates women to nature, and men to culture, has a tendency to fade away the important parts as cultural cultivating and distributing. The association is also assumed as cultural basic mind which appears women universal subordination.”

In this case, the different view between men and women appears not only because of patriarchy system, but also because of gender, sexuality, and race phenomena.

CHAPTER III

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA METHOD OF THE STUDY

In doing the research, it needs a method of the study. What the method is, how to apply the method, are important for people to analyze a study. The method can be symbolized as the “knife”, and the study can be signed as the “fruit”. To consume the fruit—cutting the fruit, it will make it easy if using a knife. So, in finding out the result of the study, it would be better if using the method, in order that it will be able to show up the content of the study.

In this study, the writer would apply the method of descriptive-qualitative research. As Bogdan and Taylor (1975: 5) said:

“Qualitative methodology is an analysis procedure which produces the descriptive data, applied as the words, written-text, or utterence, from people who can be investigated.”

The qualitative analysis, in general, can be named as the method of understanding the phenomena about what happened with the analysis subject, for example, attitude, behaviour, perception, motivation, habit, etc, holistically, and by the descriptive method that applied as the words and language, in specific context naturally, and using the scientific method.

The method of descriptive-qualitative also provides an answer to the questions of ‘how’ something happened, ‘who’ was involved, ‘why’ something happened or ‘why’ someone was involved (explanatory research). As Babbie

(1979: 84) said in quotation of book Metode Penelitian Kualitatif by Hamidi

(2010: 11):

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA “---jadi deskriptif-kualitatif, --jika data yang disajikan berupa cerita dari para responden atau informan tentang pertimbangan, pengalaman, pengetahuan, tradisi, filsafat, atau pandangan hidup mereka. Penelitian deskriptif kualitatif biasanya dilakukan untuk menjawab pertanyaan ‘bagaimana’, ‘mengapa’ yang pada prinsipnya adalah mencari jawaban detail melalui wawancara mendalam.” “---however, descriptive-qualitative, --if the data is provided from the words of responder or informant about their consideration, experience, knowledge, tradition, philosophy, or point of view of life. Qualitative descriptive research is usually done for answering the question ‘how’, ‘why’ which basically search the detail answer through intensive interview.”

The method of descriptive-qualitative has a procedure of analyzing the data, as the other methods. The data analysis is process of organizing and classifying the data into the scheme, category, and basic element, so that it can find out the theme and work hypotesis, as the order of the data.

In this case, the study purposes to inquire traditionally many different academic disciplines in the social sciences. It also aims to understand human behavior, and what the process or the reasons of appearing that behaviour. So that, the method of descriptive-qualitative method is the sinchronic way of analyzing in this study; however, it is related to science and process, which focuses on human.

2.1 Source Data and Data

In the study, the writer will divide the data into 2 (two) parts, they are primary data and secondary data. Primary data can be derived from 2 (two) novels which will be compared in this study. The first novel is The Color Purple by Alice

Walker and the second novel is Women at Point Zero by Nawal El-Saadawi.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Secondary data can be derived from the books and articles of journal which related to Comparative Literary Study, woman abuse, physical abuse.

2.2 Data Collecting Procedure

In the process of collecting the data, the first step is reading the primary data. The primary data is the two novels. The writer reads the first novel: The

Color Purple by Alice Walker and the second novel: Women at Point Zero by

Nawal El-Saadawi.

The second step, is searching and reading the secondary data. The writer also searches and reads the books and articles of journal related to Comparative

Literature, woman abuse, and physical abuse.

The third step, is classifying the data. The writer classifies the data which obtained from the secondary data. Classifying the data is purposed to make arranging of the data, based on the subject matter: Comparative Literature, woman abuse, and physical abuse.

2.3 Data Analysis Procedure

In the process of analyzing the data, for the first step, is re-reading the data. In this step, the writer re-read these two novels: The Color Purple by Alice

Walker and Woman at Point Zero by Nawal el-Saadawi, to interprete what the content of the novels; however, it is hard enough if people who want to analyze the novels, they just read once. Even, they should read the novels more than twice.

The second step, is interpreting the data. In this step, the writer interpretes the novels The Color Purple by Alice Walker and Women at Point Zero by Nawal

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA El-Saadawi based on their theme. Both novels have the similar themes, that is woman physical abuse. The writer takes the quotation from these two novels. The quotations can be stated from the text—from words, sentences, or clauses.

The third step, is classifying the data. In this step, the quotations which have been taken from the novel The Color Purple by Alice Walker and Woman at

Point Zero by Nawal el-Saadawi are classified into 3 (three) points related to woman physical abuse.

The fourth step, is analyzing and comparing the data. In this step, the writer analyzes the woman physical abuse in novel The Color Purple by Alice

Walker and Woman at Point Zero by Nawal el-Saadawi. After analyzing, the writer compares the woman physical abuse of the two novels, through either the similar meaning or the different meaning of text, of each words, sentences, and clauses.

The last step, is concluding and summarizing the data. The writer concludes and summarizes the similarities/affinities and the differences of woman physical abuse in novel The Color Purple by Alice Walker and Woman at Point

Zero by Nawal el-Saadawi.

The whole process, fromcollecting data until analyzing data, will be clearly described in the scheme below:

RESEARCHER

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

Primary Data: Secondary Data:

Novel The Color Purple by Alice Books and articles which concerned Walker and novel Woman at Point with Comparative Literature, woman Zero by Nawal el-Saadawi abuse, physical abuse

Reading the two Searching and novels reading the books and the articles

Classifying the data based on Comparative Literature, woman abuse, and physical abuse

Re-reading the novels The Color Purple by Alice Walker and Woman at Point Zero by Nawal el-Saadawi

Interpreting the data based on theme: woman physical abuse, by taking the quotations from the text—words, sentences, and clauses

Classifying the data into 4 (four) points related to woman physical abuse

Analyzing the data and comparing the data between novel The Color Purple by Alice Walker and Woman at Point Zero by Nawal el-Saadawi

Concluding and summarizing the data

CHAPTER IV

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA ANALYSIS AND FINDING

THE COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF WOMAN PHYSICAL ABUSE

BETWEEN THE COLOR PURPLE BY ALICE WALKER AND

WOMAN AT POINT ZERO BY NAWAL EL-SAADAWI

4.1 Analysis

In analyzing the novels The Color Purple by Alice Walker and Woman at

Point Zero by Nawal el-Saadawi, there are 4 (four) major points related to woman physical abuse. The first point is woman physical abuse in family member. The second point is woman physical abuse in a marital relationship. The third point is woman physical abuse in a dating relationship. The fourth point is woman physical abuse in social, politic, and economic institution.

4.1.1 The Color Purple by Alice Walker

Novel The Color Purple by Alice Walker tells about the woman physical abuse. Most of women character in this novel, are hurt by men. Physical abuse is one of abuses which men often do toward women. It can be seen by eye, can be felt by touch, and often happened. In this case, the writer wants to analyze how physical abuse against women reflected inside the novel. It can elaborate how women stay alive and live longer in the middle of men injustice and men power.

In the following table, the writer has listed from the words and sentences in the novel, related to woman physical abuse based on the major points:

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 4.1.1.a Woman Physical Abuse in Family Members

Women are physically assaulted by family members. In the following table, the writer has listed the quotations related to violence against women that happened in family relationship:

“First he put his thing up gainst my hip and sort of wiggle it around. Then he grab hold my titties. Then he push his thing inside my pussy. When that hurt, I cry. He Page 1 and 2 start to choke me, saying you better shut up and git used to it.”

The table above indicates: Celie was forced to do sexual relationship by her Pa

(father)—Alfonso; because of her mammy rejected to do it with him. The man looks like having power to control the woman around him to do what he wants; eventhough she is his daughter. He takes on forcing the woman to have sex, and then threatening her to keep silent about his doing.

“He beat me today cause he say I winked at a boy in church. I may have got something in my eye but I didn’t Page 6 wink.”

The table above indicates: Alfonso was angry to Celie; because he guessed that

Celie winked at boy, and couldn’t receive if Celie betrayed him.the man is able to beat woman—in this case, his daughter, because of his over-possessive feeling, without asking what actually happened.

“He beat me for dressing trampy but he do it to me Page 8 anyway.”

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA The table above indicates: Celie was beaten by Alfonso anymore because of dressing, but the fact he forced her to have sex with him, too.the man is very easy to beat his daughter, for simply—in the case of dressing, but the main purpose actually is having sex with her; so, the man looks like looking for and getting the mistake of the woman, and punishes her by doing what he wants.

“She say, All my life I had to fight. I had to fight my cousins and my uncles. A girl child ain’t safe in a family Page 42 of men. But I never thought I’d have to fight in my own house.”

The table indicates: Sofia often fight with her families, including her cousins and uncles. But she didn’t guess that in her house, she ought to fight, too, even, with her man. Any woman is able to stand in men life, although she must fight. She realizes that woman can’t be safe in middle of men. But, in the bottom of her heart, she doesn’t want to fight with her man; because, she has experience of fighting with her family.

“My wife beat up, my woman rape.” Page 100

The table above indicates: Harpo was very upset because Sofia was beaten and jailed, while Squeak was raped. Most of the victims of abuses—beating and raping, is woman. The man is upset because his wife is abused by polices, and his woman is raped by his unc

“He took my hat off, say Squeak. Told me to undo my dress. She drop her head, put her face in her hands. My Page 101 God, say Odessa, and he your uncle.”

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The table above indicates: Squeak told about the story the abuse of her. She felt down. Odessa was so symphatic, because the doer of the abuse was her uncle.physical abuse—in this case, sexual abuse also included inside—can be done by one of family members. In this case, her uncle abuses her.

“But one time when mama not at home, he come...... While I trim his hair he look at me funny. Page 116 He a little nervous too, bu I don’t know why, he grab hold of me and cram me up tween his legs.”

The table above indicates: Celie told about her experience when she had been forced by her Pa to do sex. It happened when her Mama was not at home. The father is able to force his daughter to have sex with him, while his wife is not with him.

4.1.1.b Woman Physical Abuse in a Marital Relationship

Women are physically assaulted by spouses. In the following table, the writer has listed the quotations related to violence against women that happened in marital relatio Women are physically assaulted by partners. In the following table, the writer has listed the quotations related to violence against women that happened in dating relationship:nship:

“Harpo ast his daddy why he beat me. Mr__ say, cause Page 23 she my wife. Plus, she stubborn.”

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA The table above indicates: Harpo knew that his father—Mr__, often beat Celie.

Celie was beaten by Mr__, the man whom she was forced to get married by her

Pa. Harpo was Mr.__’s son. The man feels that he is reasonable to beat his wife.

It looks like it must be done if his wife has weakness. He assumes if he has wife, it depends on him what he wants to do with her; because she belonged to him. He has a right on her.

“He beat me like he beat the children.” Page 23

The table above indicates: Mr__ liked to beat his children, too, beside Celie. He looked like not to assume that Celie as a wife, even, like his servant. The man who is as a husband, seems like to make her wife not as a wife, but as a servant.

Even, he beats either his children or his wife.

“...He say, Celie, git the belt...... I make myself wood. I Page 23 say to myself, Celie, you a tree....”

The table above indicates: Mr__ planned to beat Celie by using belt. Celie just tried to be strong. She took lying down. The man not only beating the woman with hands, but also using the things—in this case, belt. It can make her injured— hurt physically.

“....You ever hit her? Mr__ ast. Harpo look down at his hands. Now suh, he say low, embarrass. Well how you spect to make her mind? Wives is like children. You Page 37 have to let’em know who got the upper hand. Nothing can do that better than a good sound beating.”

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The table above indicates: Mr__ had underistimated Harpo because he never beat her (Sofia). Mr__ assumed that wives as children, and beating was the best way to make them understood.the man underistimates another man who is not brave of beating his woman. In this case, the man assumes that to make woman mind, the best way is beating her, and then she will hear him. He also likes to act as the boss, the controller, the upper hand of woman.

“But it Harpo and Sofia. They fighting like two mens...... They fight. He try to slap her. She reach down and grab a piece of stove wood and whack him cross the eyes. He punch her in the stomach. She double Page 39 over groaning but come up with both hands lock right under his privates. He roll on the floor. He grab her dress tail and pull. She stand there in her slip...... ”

The table above indicates: Harpo beat Sofia, but Sofia was brave to fight him. He really wanted to hurt her. She didn’t give up and let herself to be beat, but she beat him, too. The man decides to beat or abuse the woman finally, after there’s no solution to make her mind as his mind. But the woman character above is brave of fighting the man character.

“She say, All my life I had to fight. I had to fight my cousins and my uncles. A girl child ain’t safe in a family Page 42 of men. But I never thought I’d have to fight in my own house.”

The table above indicates: Sofia often fight with her families, including her cousins and uncles. But she didn’t guess that in her house, she ought to fight, too,

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA even, with her man. The woman is able to stand in men life, although she must fight. She realizes that woman can’t be safe in middle of men. But, in the bottom of her heart, she doesn’t want to fight with her man; however, she does not want to fight with her family members.

“You told Harpo to beat me, she said...... I say it cause I’m fool, I say. I say it cause I’m jealous of you. I say it Page 42 cause you do what I can’t.”

The table indicates: Sofia had known Celie ordered him to beat Sofia. Celie was jealous of Sofia because she was brave to beat Harpo. The woman physical abuse, like beating, can be happened because there’s influence from another woman.

Woman A feels lose with woman B. Woman A assumes woman B is better than her. Because she can’t do what she can do, for ex.be brave of beating the man.

She is very jealous of it. She actually wants to be able to do that. However, according to her, woman is usually beaten by man, especially for the couple.

Woman A thinks the wife must be beaten by her husband.

“Harpo sniffle. I want to do what I say, like you do for Pa. Oh Lord, I say. When Pa tell you to do something, you do it, he say. When he say not to, you don’t. You Page 66 don’t do what he say, he beat you.....Sometime beat me anyhow, I say, whether I do what he say or not.””

The table above indicates: Harpo wanted Sofia act to him like Celie act to Mr.__.

He hoped Sofia do what he wanted, and did not do what he didn’t want, also beat her if she did not do what he say. A man as a son, usually wants to get what his

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA father got, including a wife. He wants to have a wife, who always act like his will.

And beating looks like a must if woman disobeys the ‘rule’ of man. Woman sometimes is really beaten, although she has done what he says or what he does not say.

“But not Sofia. She do what she want, don’t pay me no Page 66 mind at all. I try to beat her, she black my eyes.”

The table above indicates: Harpo said that Sofia didn’t want to follow him, and just did her will. He wanted to beat her, but he was not able to do that. She had a strength. The man always complain if he can not dominate woman around him.

He really wants to make abuse—physical abuse—to woman, in order that woman will pander to him.

“Some womens can’t be beat, I say. Sofia one of them. Besides, Sofia love you. She probably be happy to do Page 66 most of what you say if you ast her right.”

The table above indicates: Celie talked to Harpo that not all women could be beaten, including Sofia. She suggested him to ask her will, possibly she would follow your mind.not all women can be abused. Not all women are weak.

Although they love men—even her husband, but it doesn’t mean they want to be abused, or beaten.

“I’m gitting tired of Harpo, she say. All he think about since us married is how to make me mind. He don’t Page 68 want a wife, he want a dog.”

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The table above indicates: Sofia said that she was tired of Harpo, who just thought how to make her mind. She looked like his dog, not his wife. The man tries to make his woman like his mind, whatever his ways. Even, woman sometimes feel that man doesn’t need a wife, but a dog—servant.

“He beat me when you not here, I say.” Page 78

The table above indicates: Celie told that Mr.___ would beat her if Shug left them, not living at their home anymore. The man is able to abuse or beat her wife, if he feels his wife is not as interesting as another woman that he likes.

“What he beat you for? She ast. For being me and not you...... I won’t leave, she say, until I know Albert Page 79 won’t even think about beating you.”

The table above indicates: Shug was confused why Mr.___ beat Celie. Because she knew he never beat her during Shug lived with them. She promised not to leave her until Mr.___ didn’t beat her anymore. As a matter of fact, a man can do physical abuse and also injustice to woman—even his wife, because of another woman.

“.....And from what you tell me he a bully.” Page 81

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA The table above indicates: Shug said that Mr.___ was a bully because she had heard the story about Mr.___ from Celie. The man is famous with the name- calling ‘bully’, because he is a person who hurts and frightens other, or weaker people.

“.....you feel just like family now. Anyhow, once you told me beat you, and won’t work, I felt different about Page 114 and 115 him. If you was my wife, she say, I’d cover you up with kisses stead of licks, and work hard for you too.”

The table above indicates: Shug explained that she did not guess Mr.__ could be able to beat and did not work. Shug thought that Celie had done the best in the family, as a wife. The woman, as the wife, has done the best for the family, but the husband sometimes does not consider about that.

“He ain’t beat me much since you made him quit, I say. Just a slap now and then when he ain’t got nothing else Page 115 to do.”

The table above indicates: Celie said that Mr.__ did not beat her since Shug forbidded him to do it—but slapping was also done. The woman in this case— because she often get physical abuse—she uses the word “just” to show that slapping is ordinary thing to do. She os abused by her husband.

“Mr.__ come git me to take care his rotten children. He never ast me nothing bout myself. He clam on the top of Page 117 me and fuck and fuck, even when my head bandaged. Nobody ever love me, I say.”

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA The table above indicates: Celie described about her feeling to Shug. She felt

Mr.___ just wanted to make her as a person who cares about his children, who be fuck and fuck, without asking about herself, and taking care about her. She thought nobody love her. In this case, the woman feels that her husband just make her like a “doll”, just as keeper for children, as a friend of fucking, without taking care about her, and what she wants, and what she feels.

“...... and then Harpo and all the children start to come. Finally she start to sleep with that man that shot her down. Albert beat her. The children dragged on her. Page 127 Sometimes I wonder what she thought about while she died.”

The table above indicates: Shug told about Annie Julia, Mr.__ ex wife. She said that Mr.__ started to beat her--after Harpo was born—because she slept with him.

Mr.Albert and his children hurt her. Finally she died without the exact reason why it was happened. The man has been accustomed himself to do physical abuse since he has the wife before. It is possibly happened the factor of the death of the woman who is abused.

“.....cause I don’t know the Albert that don’t dance, can’t hardly laugh, never talk bout nothing, beat you, and hid Page 128 your sister Nettie’s letters. Who he?”

The table above indicates: Shug shared about Albert (Mr.__), she did not believe that Mr.__ liked to do what she did not know before, and did not guess. The man is known by the woman not like what she receives his story from another woman.

The question “Who he?” shows that the woman thinks if he is not him, as she

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA knows before. Possibly, man’s attitude—like beating, hiding can be different between woman A and woman B.

“After while I had to rest, and that’s when he got down from his horse and started to kiss me, and drag me back Page 131 in the woods.”

The table above indicates: Nettie told to Celie about how Mr.__ tried to be close with her. He forced to kiss Nettie, and drag her. The man wants to try to do sexual and physical abuse—kissing and dragging the woman.

“The Olinka do not believe girls should be educated. When I asked a mother why she thought this she said: A Page 162 girl is nothing to herself; only to her husband can she become something.”

The table above indicates: Nettie informed that Olinka did not think she ought to study. Nettie asked a mother about that. That mother gave a statement that girl could be something if she had husband. The woman’s mind in American black- society, is believed that a woman can be “a woman” when she has a husband. In the other words, individually, woman is not useful, but be useful only for her husband. It will appear man’s perception which he thinks woman can nothing without man. In marriage life, man will assume physical abuse is deserving of woman whom become her be something.

“The boys now accept Olivia and Tashi in class and more mothers are sending their daughters to school. The 177th men do not like it; who wants a wife who knows

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA everything her husband knows? They fume. But the women have their ways, and they love their children, even their girls.”

The table above indicates: Nettie told Celie that time in Olinka, the mothers had sent their daughters to the school, including Olivia and Tashi; although, the most husbands actually did not want it. But, women surely sent their daughters to the school. Actually, men do not like to see women getting to school; they assume that women should not know what men know. But now, women—mothers and daughters—have started to decline it and get to go to school. By schooling, women also can not be tricked, and finally avoid men’s abuse to them, including physical abuse.

“Mr.__reach over to slap me. I jab my case knife in his hand. You bitch, he say. What will people say, you Page 207 running off to Memphis like you don’t have a house to look after”

The table above indicates: Celie told that Mr.__ wanted to abuse her again. He tried to slap her, but she could stand on herself. He said her as a bitch, whereas, he worried about her going to Memphis. The man uses his power to abuse the woman. He assumes her still on ‘his hand’. Not being satisfied with abusing her physically, he also flatters her. He does it to his wife.

“He laugh. Who you think you is? He say. You can’t curse nobody. Look at you. You black, you pore, you ugly, you Page 213 a woman. Goddam, he say, you nothing at all.”

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA The table above indicates: Celie told about Mr.__ when he protested about her laughing. Then, he flattered her because of that. The husband does not want his wife laughing at him. It is assumed as abuse of him. So, he does the offence to her. It appears that the man is selfish. Sometimes, flattering can cause the physical abuse, if the woman continues her doing.

4.1.1.c Woman Physical Abuse in Dating Relationship

Women are physically assaulted by partners. In the following table, the writer has listed the quotations related to violence against women that happened in dating relationship:

“Nobody fight for Shug, he say. And a little water come to Page 50 his eyes.”

The table above indicates: Mr.__ never fight with Shug. He could not beat her, because she was strong. He felt sad of this. He could do nothing. The man can be afraid of beating or doing violence against woman if woman herself is strong.

Man in this case will feel nothing because he is not able to make woman in his

‘hand’.

“There is a way that the men speak to women that reminds me too much of Pa. They listen just long enough to issue it instructions. They don’t even look at women when women are speaking. They look at the ground and bend their Page 168 heads toward the ground. The women also do not ‘look in a man’s face’ as they say. To ‘look in a man’s face’ is a brazen thing to do. They look instead at his feet or his knees.”

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA The table above indicates: Nettie’s words in her letter to Celie were about the women and men in Olinka, who never looked at each other when they were speaking. In certain place—in this case, Olinka, men and women habit have been formed in daily life that men never look at women face when they are speaking, and women never want to see the men face, even look down themselves. It automatically creates the situation that men underistimate and look down women, including physical abuse.

“Anyhow, I say, the God I been praying and writing to is a man. And act just like all the other mens I know. Trifling, Page 199 forgitful, and lowdown.”

The table above indicates: Celie said that her God was also a man, and had action or attitude like the other men. God in this case—and according to her, their God is a man. Woman in here, is worried about God, will act like man whom she knows—such abusing, or doing violence. Her perception about man create the guess that God shall make her disappointed; however, she is harmful of man.

“Man corrupt everything, say Shug. He on your box of grits, in your head, and all over the radio. He try to make you think Page 204 he everywhere. Soon as you think he everywhere, you think he God. But he ain’t.

The table above indicates: Celie said to Nettie what she shared about man. She spoke to Celie that man corrupted everything, in everywhere—like God in Celie’s view; whereas, it did not mean that everyone in everywhere, is a God. God—in woman’s view in this case—is in everywhere. Man, also dominates everything, in

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA everywhere. But man is not a God, who can do everything to His creatures, including woman; because, the steps of woman in this life, are set by man.

“Harpo look at Squeak. Shut up Squeak, he say. It bad luck Page 208 for women to laugh at men.”

The table above indicates: Harpo commanded Squeak to shut up. He did not want to look her laughing at him. The man does not like to see her woman laughing at him. She is not allowed to laugh at her man, because, it is such as flattery towards him. It is just laughing, whereas the man more often abusing the woman.

“Well, you know wherever there’s a man, there’s trouble.” Page 212

The table above indicates: Celie accomplished to Nettia about her statement which said that wherever there’s a man, there’s trouble. She spoke like that because of her experiences with men. The sentence states that a man can break out something bad for a woman, it is the reason of woman says wherever man is alive, surely any trouble.

4.1.1.d Woman Physical Abuse in Social, Politic, and Economic Institution

Women are physically assaulted by men authority through social, politic, and economic institution. In the following table, the writer has listed the quotations related to violence against women that happened in social, politic, and economic institution:

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA “Sofia say, I say, Hell no. He slap her.” Page 90

The table above indicates: Celie told about Sofia. Sofia said ‘Hell no’ to the mayor’s wife. And then, the mayor slap her. He could not receive Sofia being impolite to her. The man in the high-class in social life is able to make physical abuse towards woman in the low class. He doesn’t open to her because she has talked down to his wife and rejected her offering related to be their servant; whereas that’s all can be talked first.

“Sofia knock the man down....The polices come, start slinging the children off the mayor, bang they heads Page 90 together. Sofia really start to fight. They drag her to the ground.”

The table above indicates: Sofia abused the man. Then, the polices came, but

Sofia wanted to fight. After that, the polices dragged her, without asking how really the problem of them. The polices should ask about the real problem firstly.

But the fact, the polices—who have high-class in politic society, directly catch and do physical abuse to the woman who fight back to them; whereas, she just wants to protect herself. But the polices defend the mayor, who has high authority, and disregard the low-class person.

“They beat Sofia, Mr.___say.” Page 91

The table above indicates: Mr.___knew that Sofia was beaten by polices. The polices don’t care about the problem. They want to do justice by beating the defendant.

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“When I see Sofia I don’t know why she still alive. They crack her skull, they crack her ribs. They tear her nose loose on one side. They blind her in one eye. She swole from head Page 91 and 92 to foot. Her tongue the size of my arm, it stick out tween her teef like a piece of rubber. She can’t talk. And she just about the color of a eggplant.”

The table above indicates: Sofia was abused and beaten by the polices. They really wanted to see her down-fall. The woman is physically abused in the prison.

The prisoner is assumed as the thing that can be unfairly treated by the polices.

Physical abuses that she received are also as deserving of punishment.

“If you say anything, they strip you, make you sleep on a Page 93 cement floor without a light.”

The table above indicates: Sofia said to Celie if she complained about something, the polices were able to make her suffer. In the prison, it is hard for the prisoners for giving out the words. If any prisoner, eventhough it is a woman, she will be abused.

“My wife beat up, my woman rape.” Page 100

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“The trouble with our people is as soon as they got out of slavery they didn’t want to give the white man nothing else. Page 188 But the fact is, you got to give ‘em something. Either your money, your land, your woman or your ass.”

The table above indicates: Nettie said about their people—as Black people. She told that their people did not want to give anything to the white man after they were free from slavery. But the fact, they ought to give the white man with money, land, woman, even ass. The black men should not be arogant, although they have been in freedom of slavery. The fact, the black men are still under- control of the white men, even, they are able to give everything—not only money and land, but also their woman—to be alive. The white men are assumed as higher-class than the black men.

“Polices lock her up for sassing the mayor’s wife and hitting the mayor back. First she was in prison working in the laundry and dying fast. Then us got her move to the mayor’s Page 205 house. She had to sleep in a little room up under the house, but it was better than prison. Flies, maybe, but no rats.”

The table above indicates: Celie told about Sophia, who had been working at mayor’s house. She forced to work there because it was better living in the prison—with the reason, rejecting mayor’s wife request to be her servant.

Whereas, the mayor beat her first, but she was jailed because of fighting him. In this case, the woman who rejects the request of the high-class person is abused and beaten; because she is assumed underistimating his family. But, the woman protests against him, and beats him too. It results her in jail. It is very unfair for

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA her. It showed that man—especially for the high-class, is allowed to beat, but woman is not even if she does it to protect herself. It shows the different social- class reflected in society.

“Here they building a dam so they can flood out a Indian tribe that been there since time. And look at this, they making a Page 217 picture bout that man kilt all them women.”

The table above indicates: Celie went to Memphis with Shug, and she told about a dam which be built for filling it out with Indian tribe in Memphis years ago to

Nettie, and there’s a picture showed about man kilt all them women. Years ago,

Indian tribe was been discriminated. Not only that, a picture which showing man kilt all them women, proves that man violence against women happened at that time, and in social life, for the certain culture, also happened the discrimination.

“But peoples use to men doing this sort of thing. Women weaker, he say. People think they weaker, say they weaker, Page 224 and 225 anyhow. Women spose to take it easy. Cry if you want to. Not to try to take over.”

The table above indicates: Celie said to Nettie that people used to men doing everything, thinking and saying women weaker, while women did not care for it, and just be able to cry without trying to take over. In the society, people are accustomed to assume that men as doer everything. People see women as the weaker. But, women do nothing. They do not want to get out from that situation, just be able to cry. It happened in social life, how the man views the woman.

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4.1.2 Woman at Point Zero by Nawal El Saadawi

Novel Woman at Point Zero by Nawal el-Saadawi tells about the woman physical abuse. Most of women character in this novel, are hurt by men. Physical abuse is one of abuses which men often do toward women, talking about woman that facing all the problems in her life; how to stand herself in the middle of man power, how to remain alive in her daily life, and how to live longer in the injustice environment against women, and how to survive in ‘their culture’. In this case, the writer wants to analyze how physical abuse against women reflected inside the novel. In the following table, the writer has listed from the words and sentences in the novel, related to woman physical abuse based on the major points:

4.1.2.a Woman Physical Abuse in Family Members

Women are physically assaulted by family members. In the following table, the writer has listed the quotations related to violence against women that happened in family relationship:

“One evening I dared to stretch out my hand to his plate, but Page 18 he struck me a sharp blow over the back of my fingers.”

The table above indicates: Firdaus said when she felt very starved, and tried to take her father’s food, he attacked her suddenly. In this case, the father does not want to share the food with his daughter. He does not care if his daughter is starved, he just thinks about himself.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA “An old but reliable man is surely better than a young man Page 38 who treats her in a humiliating way, or beats her.”

The table above indicates: These sentences were said by her uncle’s wife. She suggested her husband—Firdaus’s uncle, to marry her with the old man; because, according to her, the young man was just be able to treat beat her.the woman views the man who dominantly beats and treats is the young man. It is a view of her uncle about the plan for marrying the woman.

“So I went in search of my father and asked him for a piastre. Page 69 He hit me on my hand and shouted, ‘I have no piastres.”

The table above indicates: Firdaus remembered her father. He hit her when she asked him for piastre. The father is able to hit her daughter because of a piastre.

The woman is accustomed to be beaten by her father himself; although it is simple request.

4.1.2.b Woman Physical Abuse in Marital Relationship

Women are physically assaulted by spouses. In the following table, the writer has listed the quotations related to violence against women that happened in marriage life:

“.....how to bend over the headman’s hand and pretend to kiss it, Page 10 how to beat his wife and make her bite the dust each night.”

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA The table above indicates: Firdaus told about the man in their society; beating his wife, making her biting the dust, are the examples of abusing the woman. The man has been accustomed to beat the woman—even if she is his wife. The man is like to be allowed to abuse the woman—especially for a wife. Beating is assumed as normal attitude or action for men. The woman is being the object of that action.

How poor the woman is!)

“When the child that died was a boy, he would beat my mother, Page 17 then have his supper and lie down to sleep.”

The table above indicates: Firdaus told about her childhood. Her father cared about his sons, not his daughters. If the boy was died, he would be very angry and beat her mother, and after beating, he acted like nothing happened.the man in this case—even as husband, starts to do unfairness to his family. He chooses to stand his boy more than his daughter. He blames and gives punishment to his wife for the death of the son. He beats her as a punishment. Then, there’s nothing his regret of what happened. He feels that it is normally done.

“One day he discovered some left over scraps of food, and started yelling at me so loudly that all the neighbours could Page 46 hear. After this incident, he got into the habit of beating me whether he had a reason for it or not.”

The table above indicates: Firdaus told that his husband started to abuse her, including beat her, since she had run to her uncle because she could not stand with

Syeikh Mahmoud—her husband anymore. The man is able to abuse his wife after

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA she has tried to run from him. The husband feels be underistimated. The man likes to beat the woman without considering whether she has fault or not. It looks like the man is very selfish.

“On one occasion he hit me all over with his shoe.” Page 46

The table above indicates: Firdaus said that her husband hit her with his shoe. The husband is not only able to abuse his wife by his hand, but also by his things/tools.

“But my uncle told me that all husbands beat their wives, and Page 46 my uncle’s wife added that her husband often beat her.”

The table above indicates: Firdaus reported what her uncle said. He said that all husbands usually beat their wives. Her wife pointed out it. In their society, all husbands have been pointed to beating their wives. It looks like beating is something normally happened. The wives also seem like ceasing about that.

“I said my uncle was a respected Sheikh, well versed in the teachings of religion, and he, therefore, could not possibly be in Page 46 the habit of beating his wife.”

The table above indicates: Firdaus described her uncle as well-respected Syeikh, who did not have habit of beating his wife. A man who well-respected Syeikh— teaching of religion—is assumed as man who does not have desire of beating the wife. But, in the phrase “could not possibly be” shows that the woman thinks the man like that actually having the habit of beating the wife.

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“She replied that it was precisely men well versed in their Page 46 religion who beat their wives.”

The table above indicates: Firdaus pointed men who very well in their religion, were liked to beat their wives. The woman judges men well versed in their religion who beat their wives. She says like that based on her experiences with men. In this case, it looks like any rules from the religion which set it, without any exact reasons.

“The precepts of religion permitted such punishment. A virtuous woman was not supposed to complain about her Page 46 and 47 husband. Her duty was perfect obedience.”

The table above indicates: Firdaus told about the religion which permitted the punishment, including what her husband did. She might not complain, just obey at all. The man feels be assisted by the religion. As the man said, the religion permits such punishment, including punishes the wife by beating. The wife may not complain about the punishment; although, sometimes the husband beats or abuses his wife without precise reasons. Poorly, the woman must obey whatever her husband’s actions. Even the woman is assumed as virtuous person if she obeys her duty to give perfect obedience. It is normal if we think which one is wrong, is it the religion?! Or the person himself?!

“One day he hit me with his heavy stick until the blood ran from Page 47 my nose and ears.”

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA The table above indicates: Firdaus retold when her husband hit her again with his heavy stick. The man likes to abuse his wife by the tools, not only by hands, but also by heavy sticks.

“I walked through the streets with swollen eyes, and a bruised Page 47 face, but no one paid any attention to me.”

The table above indicates: Firdaus said what she did after she ran away from

Mahmoud—her husband. The woman can not stand for a long time—as a wife to tolerate what her husband does. The woman finally chooses for running off from the suffering.

“My father ceased his prayers and exhortations to Allah throughout the Eed, and whenever my mother said something to Page 69 him he would jump at her and give her a beating.”

The table above indicates: Firdaus’s father was over-serious prayer. He would beat his wife if she disturbed him when he was praying. The man who is earnest- prayer, looks easier to beat the woman. That statement wants to show the man seems like hypocrate.

“All women are victims of deception. Men impose deception on women and punish them for being deceived, force them down to the lowest level and punish them for falling so low, bind them in Page 94 marriage and then chastise them with menial service for life, or insults, or blows.”

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA The table above indicates: Firdaus shared about her views against women. She said that women were victims of deception, and the man punished them because they could be deceptive. Men often do the deception, and the victims are women.

Men blamed them because of their faults, whereas it has been tricked by men in order to punish women. In this case, the woman assumes that the marriage is used to bind them as a person who gives service for long life.

“That marriage was the system built on the most cruel suffering Page 94 for women.”

The table above indicates: Firdaus said the marriage was used to give the most suffering for women. The woman views the marriage is the man system to create the most cruel suffering for women. She thinks about that because during her life, the married-woman—for average, is abused by the husband. He does everything right (of his mind) for women, whereas the woman is not false.

“None of them was there to rescue me when I was married to a Page 97 man who beat me up and kicked me every day.”

The table above indicates: Firdaus declared the situation when she was married.

She was beat and kicked without no man save her. It is the protest of the woman against man who says he can save woman’s life. The fact, the man is really hypocritical. He says like that just because he wants to get woman’s attention, and successful to trick her after he gets her.

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“A man cannot stand being rejected by a woman, because deep Page 97 down inside he feels a rejection of himself.”

The table above indicates: Firdaus stated that a man could not be rejected by a woman. According to woman’s experience, a man can not be rejected by a woman. If a man is rejected, it will make him feel less self-confidence. Because, he feels himself ignored.

“That men force women to sell their bodies at a price, and that Page 99 the lowest paid body is that wife.”

The table above indicates: Firdaus said men had forced women to sell their body, even the lowest price, was their wife. It’s women mind. Men in general, have bought women body at a price. It means when they touch or have sex, they must pay. The woman also says the lowest price is a wife. Why?! Because men feel a wife like their doll, can be ordered, can be instructed, must be able to service and

“service”, and also can be played—without any bravery for rejection from the woman, and anymoney for the woman.

“All women are prostitutes of one kind or another. Because I was intelligent I preferred to be a free prostitute, rather than enslaved 99th wife.”

The table above indicates: Firdaus said all women were prostitutes. She preferred to be a free prostitute, rather than enslaved wife. Because of men acts to women, the woman assumes that men see women like prostitutes. The woman says a wife

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA is enslaved; however, she must be able to service and obey all her husband rules whatever they are. He does not care whether his wife will be pain or not. Both of a wife and a prostitute has same duty, is doing service to a man. But in this case, a wife has many more—even without a price. It looks like saying a wife is woman who is suffered.

4.1.2.c Woman Physical Abuse in Dating Relationship

Women are physically assaulted by partnersrs. In the following table, the writer has listed the quotations related to violence against women that happened in dating relationship:

“I was only a successful prostitute. And no matter how successful a prostitute is, she cannot get to know all the men. However, every single man I did get to know filled with but one desire: to Page 9 and 10 lift my hand and bring it smashing down on his face. But because I am a woman I have never had the courage to lift my hand.”

The table above indicates: Firdaus said that she was a successful prostitute, who could not know surely all the men. She just wanted to slap them, if she met every single man. Yet, she was not brave of doing it, because she was ‘just a woman’.

The prostitute woman, actually hate the men. It proves through her sentence talking about her desire to smash the men. But the woman herself feels no courage to do it to them, because she herself ‘a woman’, who never be allowed to hit the man—in their culture.

“For was it not verily true that stealing was a sin, and killing was a sin, and defaming the honour of a woman was a sin, and Page 11 injustice was a sin, and beating another human being was a sin...?”

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA The table above indicates: Firdaus spoke kinds of sin, like stealing, injustice, etc.

But she asked about beating whether beating was a sin or not. The woman know about kinds of sin, like the other human know. Stealing, injustice, killing, and all actions related to something injured or distressed, are assumed as sin. Beating is striking or hitting repeatedly. It is automatically injured anyone else. The woman asks about why beating is not forbidden, whereas it is wounded. It is surely a sin.

The woman protests why men like to beat women. How unfair it is! It talks about man and woman in general.

“I was speaking in low tones, and my eyes were fixed on the ground, but he jumped up and slapped me on the face, saying, Page 52 ‘how dare you raise your voice when you’re speaking to me, you street walker, you low woman?”

The table above indicates: Firdaus said she had done what the usual woman did— do not want to resist, to Bayoumi. But the man, not only slapping, but also insulting her. The man who has thought the woman rebels against him—because he feels she raises her voice, punishes with beating, slapping or insulting etc. He hurt her by physical and psychological abuse.)

“The next moment he hit me with his fist in the belly so hard Page 53 that I lost consciousness immediately.”

The table above indicates: Firdaus was hit again by Bayoumi. The man is able to abuse the woman continually; whereas, Firdaus and Bayoumi have not known yet each other for long time.

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“He would come back in the middle of the night, pull the cover away from me, slap my face, and then bear down on me with Page 53 all his weight.”

The table above indicates: Firdaus told about Bayoumi who beat her again. After she was braved of raising her voice when she was talking to him. He had not been satisfied of slapping yet. The man can not forgive directly the woman fault. He beats the woman after he feels satisfied of abusing her physically.

“He sank his teeth into the flesh of my shoulder and bit me several times in the breast, and then over my belly. While he Page 53 was bitting me, he kept on repeating: slut, bitch.”

The table above indicates: Firdaus talked about what Bayoumi did after slapping.

He exactly beat her, and also insulted her with the bad name. The man who feels be wounded by the woman, is not only enough for bitting, but also insulting her.

He seems like to show up his power to punish the woman, by beating and/or insulting.

“You’re going to beat me up, is that it?’ ‘It’s a long time since I last hit you. It looks as though you’re yearning for a good Page 64 hiding.’ ‘If you hit me I will hit you back, Fawzy.’ ‘That’s fine. We’ll see who’s the stronger of the two.”

The table above indicates: These sentences were between Sharifa and Fawzy.

Fawzy wanted to beat her again, but at that time, she would fight back. Sharifa challenged him to see which one stronger. Actually, there’s woman who is braved of fighting or hitting the man. Because, as we look at, the man is also very

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA surprised and scared if any woman wants to dare to do something which makes the man looks like lose.

4.1.2.d Woman Physical Abuse in Social, Politic, and Economic Institution

“There isn’t a woman on earth who can protect herself.” Page 100

The table above indicates: Firdaus shared the statement of the man who was threatening her. Man underistimates woman. Man supposes woman is not able to protect herself.

“I tried to shut the door in his face, but he took out a knife, Page 101 threatened me with it, and forced his way in.”

The table above indicates: Firdaus told the man who was threatening her by a knife. Man uses the violent act when he feels the woman seems like trying to fight him. The man threatens the woman using the knife.

“He wound his arms around me. I felt the familiar weight pressing down on my breast, but my body withdrew, Page 102 turned in on itself away from me, like some passive, lifeless thing, refusing to surrender, undefeated.”

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA The table above indicates: Firdaus told about the man who tried to abuse her. He did physical abuse, but she surrendered—passive act. Woman prefers being undefeated, rather than rebelling. She knows it will be useless. She wants to try using the passive act to compete the man, who has abused her.

“I pushed him away, repeating: ‘It’s impossible. It’s no use Page 102 trying.’ Then he’d beat me up.”

The table above indicates: Firdaus told about how she rejected the man who wanted try to touch her, and he beat her up. Man can not be rejected. He can not stand on refusing himself which done by woman. Then, man will make woman understand by beating her up or anything physical abuse.

“There are only two categories of people, Firdaus, masters, Page 103 and slaves.”

The table above indicates: Firdaus shared the statement from the man: the categories of people were masters and slaves. The man wants to show that according to his mind, people can be divided into 2 categories, they are: masters and slaves. It is the reality of the society in human life. Be aware or not, the phenomenon is happened.

“A woman on her own cannot be a master, let alone a woman Page 104 who’s a prositute.”

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA The table above indicates: Firdaus said the man stated that a woman could not be a master, if she stood by herself. If she could, she would be prostitute, not master.

Man underistimates woman. He supposes that woman can not stand alone, so she can not be a master. Man assumes if she can, she just be able to be a prostitute.

How poor woman in his mind is! Man looks her down, so. Woman is assumed as lower-class than man.

“...... but he lifted his arm in the air and slapped me. I raised my hand even higher than he had done, and brought it down violently on his face. The whites of his eyes went red. His Page 104 hand started to reach for the knife he carried in his pocket, but my hand was quicker than his.”

The table above indicates: Firdaus told how angry she was, when the man insulted her, and even now he used to do physical abuse. Firdaus could not stand on whatever man actions to her. She rebelled. She talked about the man who was sent the government. When man always try to act violently, anytime woman will fight back. Woman will be brave of resisting the man if she can not stand anymore about man abuse. The man—who is sent the government, assumes the woman can be resigned; whereas, in that time, the woman is brave of doing violence for him—even it is a killing.

“My mother was not a criminal. No woman can be a Page 109 criminal. To be a criminal one must be a man.”

The table above indicates: Firdaus declared her mother was not a criminal.

According to her, a criminal might be a man, not woman. She talked to Prince of

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Egypt. The Prince of Egypt and the woman, share about the authority between man and woman. Woman can say that a criminal must be a man, and it can not be a woman; because she supposes that everyman does the abuse, and the abuse is criminal, actually—but in the fact, it’s not. It seems like allowed. Those statements also shows the disappointment of women against men.

“In prison they kept me in a room where the windows and the doors were always shut...... They condemned Page 110 me to death not because I had killed a man.”

The table above indicates: Firdaus told about her situation when she was in the prison, with the shut doors and the shut windows . She assumed that the police sentenced her not because of killing a man. The police—in this case, policemen, feel very fearful of the woman who is very brave of fighting them (even, be dared of killing a man). They presume that the woman is dangerous for man and for life; however, in their society, it is against to the ideology of them.

“When I killed I did it with truth not with a knife. That is why they are afraid and in a hurry to execute me. They do not fear my knife. It is my truth frightens them. This fearful Page 112 truth gives me great strength...... It is this fearful truth which prevents me from fearing the brutality of rulers and policemen.”

The table above indicates: Firdaus shared about her opinion why policemen executed her, not only because of killing a man by a knife, but also by a truth. The truth is about the brutality of rulers and policemen. It was fearful truth. That’s why they were afraid of her. Man is afraid of woman who knows the lacks of

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA man. The woman is not only brave of expressing the man brutality, but also taking action—in this case, killing. Men know that they are actually wrong. But, their mind like that has been formed (woman may not resist man). They frighten facing the reality, especially for their brutality. Woman must be strong with this fearful truth. Woman can give the great strength by sharing the truth.

4.2 Finding

4.2.1 The Similarities of The Novels The Color Purple by Alice Walker and

Woman at Point Zero by Nawal el-Saadawi

The similaritties of the two novels The Color Purple by Alice Walker and

Woman at Point Zero by Nawal el-Saadawi, can be seen in the chart below:

The similarities of the two novels

1.Physical abuse is often happened in The Color Purple by Woman at Point Zero by marriage life. Marriage Alice Walker Nawal el Saadawi is the cruel system of suffering for women. The husband seems like having right for Page 6; 30; 38; Page 23; 37 abusing the wife. 42; 90; 91 Beating is assumed as something normal.

2.Physical abuse is often done by the

Page 100; family members, for Page 46; 47; 97 101; 116; 117 example, by a father, a husband, or an uncle.

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3.The husbands who are doing the physical abuse, act assuming their wives as their Page 23; 37; children. Both of them Page 17 68; 117 must be let know who is the upper-hand. It is also as ‘the servants’.

4.The woman is assumed as ‘under- thumb’ of the man. The Page 43;66; dominance of man is Page 46; 47; 81; 168; 204 obvious. The wives 100 must do what the husband’s commands, what their orders, what their rules. The wives must give the perfect obedience.

5.The man is not only Page 52; 53; Page 207; doing physical abuse, 94; 101 213 but also doing psychological abuse to the woman.

6.Men can not be rejected by women, because it looks that Page 90; Page 52; their self are rejected, 205 64; 97;102; also. Men can not 110 receive if women are brave of them. Women are abused because of their bravery of rejecting and fighting back men.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA The similarities of the chart above will be explained below:

1. The novel The Color Purple by Alice Walker, is concerned with the

mariage life between Celie and Mr.___, and between Sophia and Harpo. In

their marriage, the husbands assume “beating” is something normal

happened. The husbands feel have right for abusing their wife.

The novel Woman at Point Zero by Nawal el-Saadawi, is concerned with

the marriage life between Firdaus and Mahmoud. In their marriage, the

husband also assumes “beating” is normal happened, and the husband has

a full right of his wife, including physical abuse. In contrast, the wife

assumes the marriage as a cruel system of suffering the woman.

In these cases, the major point is the man dominance of the marriage life

causes the suffering the woman.

2. The novel The Color Purple by Alice Walker, deals with the physical

abuse which is done by Alfonso against Celie—his daughter. He does not

only physical abuse, but also sexual and psychological abuse.

The novel Woman at Point Zero by Nawal el-Saadawi, deals with the

physical abuse which is done by Firdaus’ father against Firdaus. Firdaus

also faces the physical and sexual abuse which is done by her uncle.

In these cases, the major point is the family members can do the physical

abuse to another family member—especially for the woman.

3. The novel The Color Purple by Alice Walker, is about the abuse done by

the husband. Mr.___ acts assuming his wife, Celie, as a child, seems like

want to show who is the upper-hand, and also as a servant, who just takes

care about his children, not more.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA The novel Woman at Point Zero by Alice Walker, is also about the abuse

by the husband. Mahmoud, as Firdaus’ husband, acts like Firdaus is a

servant, just taking care of his house, and preparing all of his daily needs.

In these cases, the major point is the husbands act their wives more as a

“servant” than a wife.

4. The novel The Color Purple by Alice Walker, tells about women who are

directly and indirectly forced to obey men orders. Celie, Celie’s mother,

Nettie, Sophia, obey their men rules and orders, even if they do not want

to, they are forced to do, whatever the rules or the orders.

The novel Woman at Point Zero by Nawal el-Saadawi, also tells about

women must to obey men rules and orders. Firdaus, Firdaus’ mother, are

forced to do what Firdaus’ father.

In these cases, the major point is women are in “under-thumb” of men.

Women are direct and indirectly forced to obey and do whatever men rules

and orders without considering whether those rules and orders good or bad

for women. In the other words, women must give the perfect obedience of

men.

5. The novel The Color Purple by Alice Walker, is concerned with Celie and

Sophia who are abused not only physically, but also psychologically.

Alfonso beats and insults Celie—his daughter, and also Mr.__ to Celie—

his wife, Harpo also beats and insults Sophia—his wife.

The novel Woman at Point Zero by Nawal el-Saadawi, is concerned with

Firdaus who is beaten and insulted by her father, her uncle, Mahmoud—

her husband, Bayoumi, Ibrahim, etc—her men.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA In these cases, the major point is women faces not only physical abuse but

also psychological abuse.

6. The novel The Color Purple by Alice Walker, tells about Sophia who is

brave of fighting back to Harpo—her husband. She has a bravery of

speaking up her opinion, and her mind; although she is beaten because of

her bravery to do that. Sophia is also beaten because she fight the high-

class people, and also jailed because she fight the police, too. Celie is

beaten and insulted because finally she is being brave to fight Mr.Albert—

her husband.

The novel Woman at Point Zero by Nawal el-Saadawi, tells about Firdaus

who is brave of rejecting and fighting men. Men force Firdaus to do what

they want. She is beaten and insulted because she dared of rejecting and

speaking up. Firdaus also is beaten by police and jailed because she fight

the Prince Egypt—high class person.

In these cases, the major point is women will be beaten, insulted, even

jailed, if they are brave of speaking up and fighting back to men. They are

abused because of their dare/ bravery. Men can not receive if women reject

and fight him back.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 4.2.2 The Differences of The Novels The Color Purple by Alice Walker and

Woman at Point Zero by Nawal el-Saadawi

The differences of the two novels The Color Purple by Alice Walker and

Woman at Point Zero by Nawal el-Saadawi can be seen in the chart below:

The differences of the two novels

The Color Purple by Alice Woman at Point Zero by Walker Nawal el Saadawi

1.The man is not brave The man is fearful of of fighting with the the woman who has certain woman. The an amazing courage to certain woman is the fight him back, and to woman whom he deconstruct how the really loves. To this man actually are. woman, he is not able to beat her. (Page 112) (Point 14)

2.People symbolize God The percepts of as ‘he’. ‘he’ refers to the religion permits such man. ‘Man’ in women punishment. The mind is someone who religion allows the acts trifling, forgitful, husbands to beat their and lowdown. The wives. The wives are woman assumes that not supposed to God is like a man. She is complain to their afraid about that; husbands. because, she always shares to God. (Page 46; 47; 69)

(Page 199)

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 3.Most of women Most of women overcome their behave to receive the problems with crying . ‘men power’

They do not try to take desperately. In this over. In this case, after case, women would they follow the bad rather choosing to be situation in the middle a prostitute, than be of ‘men power’, they an enslaved-wife. One finally decide to leave of the women even is that life. They leave the being approving of man who has abused being jailed, for killing them, and look for a and abusing the man, brighter life. It is a form which she does of their defence. because she protects herself. All women (Page 224; 225) are assumed as

victims of deception.

(Page 99; 104)

Woman do not 4.Women get their final strength with believe in love. Love love. It means that can not solve their they love each other to problems in their survive themselves, so mind. So that women that finally they are get their final happy at the end. strength without love. The woman get the happiness with her “own-way”.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA The differences of the chart above will be explained below:

1. The novel The Color Purple by Alice Walker, is concerned with Mr.___

who loves Shug Avery—his woman, and he is not brave of beating or

abusing her as he does to Celie—his wife. Harpo, actually does dare to

beat Sophia, because he loves her, but finally he abuses her because of

support from his father—Mr.___ to beat Sophia.

The novel Woman at Point Zero by Nawal el-Saadawi, is concerned with

Men—in this case, Ibrahim, Marzouk, Prince Egypt, and police, is finally

afraid of Firdaus because she fight them back and does not let her to be

abused anymore. Those men are fearful with the amazing courage of

woman.

The major point is the different view of the fear of men against women

2. In the novel The Color Purple by Alice Walker, Celie views her God as a

man, who is trifling, forgitful, and lowdown—in her mind. It makes her

worried about God.

In the novel Woman at Point Zero by Nawal el-Saadawi, Firdaus views the

religion permits such punishment, one of the punishment is beating the

wives.

The major point is the different view of God and the religion.

3. In the novel The Color Purple by Alice Walker, Celie and Sophia do not

give up against their men—Mr.__, Harpo. They have spirit to fight back to

men. They more choose leaving their men than staying with them in

“dark-life”—full abusing.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA In the novel Woman at Point Zero by Nawal el-Saadawi, Firdaus more

choose getting the death sentence than staying alive with men dominance.

The major point is the different view of solving the problems.

4. In the novel The Color Purple by Alice Walker, Celie, Nettie, Sophia,

Shug believe in the spirit of love. They believe love be able to create the

happiness.

In the novel Woman at Point Zero by Nawal el-Saadawi, Firdaus does not

believe in love. She thinks no love. Love, for her, just create the suffering.

The major point is the different view of love.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1 Conclusion

Based on the result of Analysis and Finding in chapter IV, the writer can conclude the subject matter which reflected in two novels, The Color Purple by

Alice Walker and Woman at Point Zero by Nawal el-Saadawi is woman physical abuse. Woman physical abuse, or can be named as violence against women, often happened in women daily life, either people is aware or not. The interesting case in this study is any affinities of both, American women and Egyptian women. The reality of the two novels shows the women life, from the different nation and culture. The woman physical abuse is happened in America and Egypt; although it is in the “varied-cups”, but with the “same-cream”. The following statements below are the affinities or similarities of the two novels:

1. In the two novels, physical abuse is often done by the family members, a

father, an uncle. It can be called as domestic abuse. It is also usually be the

start of physical abusing happened in women life. In the novel The Color

Purple by Alice Walker, Celie is abused physically by her father—

Alfonso. In the novel Woman at Point Zero by Nawal el-Saadawi, Firdaus

is abused physically by her father, and her uncle.

2. In the two novels, physical abuse is often appeared in marriage life. A

husband often beat or hit or somethingelse to make his wife obey whatever

his rules. In the novel The Color Purple by Alice Walker, Celie is abused

physically by her husband—Mr.___. Sophia, is also abused by her

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA husband—Harpo. In the novel Woman at Point Zero by Nawal el-Saadawi,

Firdaus is abused physically by her husband—Mahmoud.

3. In the two novels, the dominance of man is obviously applied. The man

prosecutes the woman to have perfect obedience. In the novel The Color

Purple by Alice Walker, Celie must obey all rules of her father, and her

husband. In the novel Woman at Point Zero by Nawal el-Saadawi, Firdaus

must obey all rules of her father, and her husband, too.

4. In the two novels, physical abuse is sometimes followed by psychological

abuse. In the novel The Color Purple by Alice Walker, Celie is abused

physically and psychologically by her father, and her husband. Sophia, is

also abused by her husband, even the mayor and his wife. In the novel

Woman at Point Zero by Nawal el-Saadawi, Firdaus is abused physically

and psychologically by her father, her uncle, her husband, her men, the

high-class man, police.

5. In the two novels, men are not able to receive the rejection, especially for

women rejection. In the novel The Color Purple by Alice Walker, Celie

finally rejects for staying home with Mr.__, and plans to create her job

byherself. Sophia rejects to be abused by Harpo—her husband. In the

novel Woman at Point Zero by Nawal el-Saadawi, Firdaus rejects the

request of the high-class person—in this case, the Prince Egypt, and then

decides to be jailed.

The reality of these two novels, actually, not only has similarities, but also differences. However, “the same-cream” can be filled with “varied-toping”, also.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA America and Arab are different nation, certainly have different view, also. The following statement below are the diversities or differences of the two novels:

1. In the two novels, there is the different view of the fear of men against

women. The novel The Color Purple by Alice Walker, is concerned with

Mr.___ who loves Shug Avery—his woman, and he is not brave of beating

or abusing her as he does to Celie—his wife. Harpo, actually does dare to

beat Sophia, because he loves her, but finally he abuses her because of

support from his father—Mr.___ to beat Sophia.

The novel Woman at Point Zero by Nawal el-Saadawi, is concerned with

Men—in this case, Ibrahim, Marzouk, Prince Egypt, and police, is finally

afraid of Firdaus because she fight them back and does not let her to be

abused anymore. Those men are fearful with the amazing courage of

woman.

2. In the two novels, there is the different view of God and religion. In the

novel The Color Purple by Alice Walker, Celie views her God as a man,

who is trifling, forgitful, and lowdown—in her mind. It makes her worried

about God.

In the novel Woman at Point Zero by Nawal el-Saadawi, Firdaus views the

religion permits such punishment, one of the punishment is beating the

wives.

3. In the two novels, there is the different view of women solving problems.

In the novel The Color Purple by Alice Walker, Celie and Sophia do not

give up against their men—Mr.__, Harpo. They have spirit to fight back to

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA men. They more choose leaving their men than staying with them in

“dark-life”—full abusing.

In the novel Woman at Point Zero by Nawal el-Saadawi, Firdaus more

choose getting the death sentence than staying alive with men dominance.

4. In the two novels, there is women different view of love. In the novel The

Color Purple by Alice Walker, Celie, Nettie, Sophia, Shug believe in the

spirit of love. They believe love be able to create the happiness.

Loveliness, and togetherness are the factors of happiness.

In the novel Woman at Point Zero by Nawal el-Saadawi, Firdaus does not

believe in love. She thinks no love. Love, for her, just create the suffering.

Loneliness, and togetherness is nothing. Alone is happiness.

5.2 Suggestion

Based on the conclusions above, the writer wants to give the suggestions for the readers and who is interested in learning the comparative study of literature. For the readers, the writer suggests that people must be aware of the happenings in this life. However, the problem about women abuse is actually happened, but sometimes people “close-their-eyes”. For men, hoped realizing that women should be cared. For women, should be aware that women are also strong, same with men. Women also have ability to survive and stand on themselves, to be alive, not under-pressure. Women must be self-confidence. For the person who is interested in learning the comparative study of literature, should “open-your- eyes” with what happened around the society. The society must be elaborated about what the fact in human life, should be informed, what the reality of human

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA life, either locally, or globally. People in the world must be aware of human problem in life. However, literature can not be separated from human, and human is related to society. Mainly, be aware of humanity!

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

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