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THE IMPACT of FISH PARASITES on HUMAN HEALTH (REVIEW ARTICLE) by OMAR S.A

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THE IMPACT of FISH PARASITES on HUMAN HEALTH (REVIEW ARTICLE) by OMAR S.A Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology, Vol.44, No.1, April 2014 J. Egypt. Soc. Parasitol. (JESP), 44(1), 2014: 249 – 274 THE IMPACT OF FISH PARASITES ON HUMAN HEALTH (REVIEW ARTICLE) By OMAR S.A. AMER Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University (Assiut Branch), Egypt (email:[email protected]) Abstract One of the most important problems faced by world at the present time is food deficiency. Today the third world is facing protein deficiency as one of the major global challenges. In Egypt, the continuous population explosion requires more food production to meet the con- sequent increasing demands. However, there are many zoonotic fish parasites not onlu in Egypt but worldwide. Key words: Egypt, Fish, zoonotic heminthes, Review Introduction be ignored keeping in mind the use of cod Fishes are considered to compensate the and sharks among patients suffering with continuous lack of such element due to its vitamin A and D deficiency (Uradzinski et comparatively low price (El-Tantawy and al, 2007) El-Sherbiny, 2010). Fishes were used even Among the animals, fishes are the most im- in prehistoric ages and were supposed to be portant hosts for maintenance of parasites beneficial to long life and intelligence mainly helminthes. Most of fishes have par- (Hamilton, 1971). Fish as food products asites and they not only serve as hosts of dif- have a very high nutritive value approximat- ferent parasites but also serve as carrier of ing that of red meat.Its protein is readily many larval parasitic forms that mature and available (at a level of 96%) which stems may cause serious diseases in many verte- from a low content of collagen and elastin. It brates including man.With the increasing is worth mentioning that as little as 100 g interests in aquaculture, parasitic infestations ration of fish provides a human with 1/3 to are becoming threats for fish health man- 1/2 of the daily requirement for animal pro- agement. It is therefore an essential area for tein. Fish constitutes an important and indis- proper attention to be given by the scientists pensable component of the human diet due for sustainable aquaculture production to the content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (Chandra, 2006). (PUFA), the so-called "Omega-3 acids". Humans suffer from numerous parasitic They are necessary for the comprehensive food-borne zoonoses, many of which are development and functioning of the brain as caused by helminths. The helminth zoonoses well as senses of sight and hearing.A study of concern in this review are those transmit- conducted in Netherlands reported that eat- ted from fish, freshwater, brackish and ma- ing a pound of fish a week could reduce the rine. In the past, these diseases were limited coronary heart diseases in man. Some fish, for the most part to populations living in specially cold water species such as cod, low- and middle-income countries, but the salmon, mackerel and sardines, contain geographical limits and populations at risk some oils that are not found in other food are expanding and changing because of the and have major effects on body chemistry, growing international markets, improved which reduces the tendency of blood to clot transportation systems, and demographic and helps in lowering cholesterol level in the changes (Chai et al, 2005). blood. The medical value of fish oil cannot 249 WHO (1995) estimated that the number of sakis spp. Petter et al. (1985) studied teleost people currently infected with fish-borne fishes from the Bay of Kotor (Yugoslavia) trematodes exceeds 18 million, but world- for parasitic nematodes and they found sev- wide the number of people at risk, including eral species of adult or larval nematodes of those in developed countries, is more than the genus Anisakis.Smith and Wootten half a billion. The recognition of the public (1987) reviewed many and varied aspects of health significance of these zoonoses, their the extensive world literature on Anisakis. links to poverty and cultural traditions, to Wootten (1978) studied the occurrence of intensification of agriculture, to environmen- larval Anisakids in small gadoids from Scot- tal degradation, and the lack of tools for con- tish waters and noted increased infection trol is increasing. rate with increasing age and length of fish. Fish and parasites: Although fish are a Hristovski and Jardas (1991) discussed valuable source of food, their consumption endohelminths of fishes from the mid- may contribute to food poisoning and infec- Dalmation region of the Adriatic Sea. Naid- tions as they contain pathogenic bacteria and enova and Morvinova (1997) studied the /or their toxins, parasite and chemical resi- helminth fauna of Mediterranean Sea fishes. dues (Uradzinski et al, 2007). Several stud- Diamant et al. (1999) reported several spe- ies andcomprehensive textbooks in fish par- cies of digeneans from the rabbit fish, Siga- asitology have been achieved in the last nus rivulatus, and Dzikowski et al. (2003) years, from these, the following can be reported that multi-annual changes in the drawn: parasite communities of the same spe- A- Global studies: Many protozoan para- cies.Scholz (1999) studied some parasites in sites infect fishes (opalinids, coccidea, dac- cultured and feral fish. He only selected a tylosomes, trypanosomes, Hixamida, Myxo- few parasites of each major group of fish sporea, Microspora) (Azevedo et al, 1993; parasites, i.e. protozoans, myxosporeans, Bassey, 2011; Abowei and Ezekiel, 2011, helminths and parasitic crustaceans. Stewart Eli et al, 2012) and monogenean trematodes and Bernier (1999) studied the common par- (Reed et al, 1996) but all of them were never asites, diseases and injuries of fresh water recorded from humans.Yamaguti (1937; fishes in the Northwest Territories and Nu- 1938; 1939; 1940; 1941) reported the hel- navut. Hoffman (1999) gave brief descrip- minth fauna of Japan. Tsai and Cross (1966) tions of North American freshwater fish and reported Anisakis-like larvae from the ma- their parasites. Salgado-Maldonado et al. rine fishes of Taiwan. A survey on anisaki- (2005) reviewed the helminth parasites in dae larvae found in fishes and cephalopods freshwater fish from the Papaloapan river caught in the Seto Inland Sea and the Japan basin, Mexico. They presented a checklist Seawas published by Hatada (1970) while for these helminthes based on the previously the dynamics of the nematode larvae, Ani- published records and original data. sakis simplex invasion in the South Western Chandra (2006) reviewed a parasitological Baltic herring was studied (Grabda, 1974). investigation and research in Bangladesh. Davey (1971) had given a revision of the Considerable works mainly on systematic, genus Anisakis. In 1977, Hauck discussed nature of infestation and pathology of differ- the occurrence and survival of the larval ent groups of fish parasites had been done. A nematode Anisakis spp. in the flesh of fresh total of 290 species of parasites had been frozen, brined and smoked pacific herring. recorded from freshwater and marine fishes Bhaibulaya and Siwaraksa (1979) reported in Bangladesh. Two helminth parasites of Anisakis larvae from the marine fishes of the zoonotic importance Dibothriocephalus la- Gulf of Thailand. In 1983, Bagrov described tus and Gnathostoma spinigerum were also morphological variability of larvae of Ani- reported. 250 Moles (2007) summarized the published Alkawari et al. (1996) worked on the biodi- records of parasites of freshwater and ma- versity of helminth parasites of fishes in rine fishes of Alaska and the surrounding Arabian Gulf Parasitic fish diseases in Egypt seas through 2006. Of 601 species of fish were reported by Eissa (2002). E1-Said- believed to inhabit the waters of Alaska, Hassanine (2000) reported two digenetic parasites were listed for 89 species. Ghaffar trematodes from some fishes in the Gulf of (2014) studied the seasonal variation and Aqaba. El-Labadi et al. (2006) recorded the histopathology of helminth parasites in the intestinal digenetic trematodes of some fish- fish, Lutjanus argentimaculatus (Forsk, es from the Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea. 1775) red snapper, and reviewed some of the Mhaisen and Al-Nasiri (2012) reviewed previous works that dealt with fish parasites the parasites of fishes at Salah Al-Deen around the world especially in Pakistan. Province, Iraq. They reported 84 parasite Muzzall and Whelan (2011) presented a species; 6 ciliophorans, 21 myxozoans, 17 synopsis and literature review for fishes par- monogeneans, 6 trematodes, 9 cestodes, 10 asites of Great Lakes from 1871-2010.The nematodes, 5 acanthocephalans, 2 annelids synopsis was based on information from the and 8 arthropods. These were recorded from literature (articles, theses, dissertations, re- 21 fish species, among which 18 fish species ports) on the major parasite groups (proto- belonged to the family Cyprinidae. Mhaisen zoans, digenetic trematodes, monogeneans, et al. (2012) reviewed the fish parasites of aspidobothreans, cestodes, nematodes, acan- Al-Furat fish farm, Babylon province, Iraq. thocephalans, leeches, copepods, molluscs). These fishes included the common carp B- Local and Arabian studies: Digenetic (Cyprinus carpio), the grass carp (Cteno- trematodes of marine fishes from the Red pharyngodonidella) and the silver carp (Hy- Sea received great attention from several pophthalmichthys molitrix) as well as the workers. Nagaty and his group reported on mullet (Liza abu). The parasitic fauna in- these digeneans from 1930 until 1972 (Na- cluded 60 valid parasite species: 10 protozo- gaty, 1930; 1937; 1941;1942; 1948; 1954; ans, 3 myxozoans, 29 monogeneans, 1 trem- 1956; 1957; Nagaty and abdel-Aal, 1961; atode, 5 cestodes, 3 nematodes, 2 acantho- 1962a,b,c; 1964; 1972). Ramadan continued cephalans, 6 crustaceans and 1 mollusc. The working on digeneans of Red Sea fishes, common carp was found to harbour 56 spe- where he described several new species and cies of parasites, the grass carp 25 species, revised the taxonomy (Ramadan, 1982; the silver carp 25 species and the mullet six 1983; 1984; 1985; 1986; 1988; Saoud and species.
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