Progressive Research – An International Journal Society for Scientific Development Volume 12 (4) : 434-438, (2017) in Agriculture and Technology Print ISSN : 0973-6417, Online ISSN : 2454-6003 Meerut (U.P.) INDIA

STUDY OF FOOD PAT TERN (PRE VI OUS AND CUR RENT PRACTICES) DURING PREGNANCY AND LACT A TION IN KUMAON RE GION OF UTTARAKHAND Savita Kumari1 and Kalpana Kulshrestha2 1Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Saraiya, Muzaffarpur-843126, Bihar 2Col lege of Home Sci ence, Depart ment of Foods and Nutri tion, GBPUA&T Pantnagar E-mail : [email protected]. ABSTRACT In order to know the trends of preferences and avoidances of foods during lactation and pregnancy a survey was conducted on 420 females of Uttarakhand ranging from 15-55 years and above age groups. There is a trend to include some foods as milk, dalia, fruits, panjiri, harela, masala etc as well as exclude some foods In urban area milk was previously used by 26% of lactating women whereas 32% were currently using milk. In case of rurals 28% were using it. A 21-23% lactating population was consuming halwa in both urban and rural area. In case of Panjiri (sweet dish prepared by from dry fruit, ghee and sugar) the consumption was previously among 29% in urban and 24% in rural population which decreased to 27% among current users of urban and increased in rural (33%). Currently 40% of urban lactating women were taking only plain chapatti with moong dal or plain vegetable (especially radish,potato) in addition to milk/ panjiri/ halwa. Currently 23.41% pregnant women of urban area and 20% of rural were using iron supplement whereas previously this was only among 10.24% in case of urban and 7% in rural. Pregnant and lactating women were not allowed to eat some food items like bhatt, urad, chilly, spices, rice, hot foods, cold foods, ghee, jaggery, salt, potato, fish/meat/chicken, etc. Rice was avoided mainly by lactating women, previously by 28% of urban and 24% of rural and currently by 30% of urban and 28% of rural. Spices including chilly were also avoided previously by 22.84% of urban and 28% of rural and currently by 22% of urban and 30% of rural lactating women. The diet of pregnant women was not much different from theusual diet of non pregnant women and nearly 52% to 55% did not avoid any food item. Key words : Food pattern, pregenancy, lacta tion.

The expectant and lactating mothers are considered as forbidden food for the mothers as eating those might give nutritionally vulnerable group especially in the developing the infant stomach distention anddiarrhea (1). countries of the world. The success of lactation as well as MATERIALS AND METHODS the health status of infant depends entirely on type of diet consumed by women during pregnancy and lactation. For present study The purposive stratified sampling was Diets consumed by many lactating mothers in our country done for area selection. Out of six districts ofKumaon are poor and lack in many nutrients. Thus special attention region three districts were selected namely Udham Singh should be given to the diet of mother during lactation. The Nagar, Nainital and Champawat for studyon the basis of diets of the lactating mothers vary from place to place. The food insecurity status. From each district two blocks and study was planned to have an idea of nutrient intake of from each block two rural and two urbanareas were lactating mothers living in rural as well as urban areas so selected for study. Nearly twelve familieswere taken from that necessary modification can be suggested in their diet each area. Total 142 families representing different and nutrient intake for improving nutritional status of the socio-economic status were selected for study. Haldwani mothers and infants too. The lactating labourer of Haryana and Bhimtal blocks were purposively selected from were consuming only two meals daily. Breakfast Nainital districts. The two rural and two urban areas constituted of only tea and lunch included simply randomly selected under Bhimtal block were Bhujiaghat, chapaties with either chutney/onion or pickle. Some Bhalutia, Mallital Wardno.7 and Mallital Ward no.2 special foods which were nutritious but these were respectively. Under Haldawani block two rural and two consumed only for one to two week. The special food urban areas were Tallibamori, Quality colony, Haldwani included ajwain mixture, saunth, gaund, jaggery, ghee Ward no.19 and Haldwani Ward no.7 respectively. Under along with wheat flour in form of laddu or halwa.These Champawat district two blocks were selected, namely foods if consumed for a longer time might have Lohaghat and Champawat. Under Lohaghat block two contribution to calorie reserve to be used for lactation (3). rural and two urban areas were Kaligaon, Chaurigaon, The lactating mother of Meghwal community in part of arid Hatrangia and Bajarangbali Ward respectively. Under region of Rajsthan mayhave to drink luke warm water, Champawat block two rural and two urban areas were homemade medicated sweet dishecontaining ghee but Kharak Karki,Mali Madli, Mallihatt Ward no.2 and eating of meat was strictly prohibited. Vegetables were a Sellakulla respectively. The two blocks were selected from Udhamsingh Nagar namely Rudrapur and Kashipur. Kumari and Kulshrestha 435

Table-1a : Foods included during pregnancy and lactation in urban area (represented as % of population) Food Included Pregnancy Lactation Previous practice Current practice Previous practice Current practice MILK 14.14 20.48 26.34 32.19 Dalia 0.97 0.48 1.95 6.82 Fruits 5.36 18.53 1.46 6.34 Pulses 2.43 1.46 4.39 3.41 GLVs 1.46 2.92 0.48 1.46 Dry Fruits 2.92 6.82 11.21 12.19 Juice 3.41 5.365 0 0.97 Jaggery 0 0 0.97 0.48 Bhatt ka joula 0 0 0 0 Halwa 0.975 0 23.41 22.92 Ghee 0.48 0.97 5.36 2.92 Khichdi 0 0 0 0.48 Panjiri 3.41 0.97 29.26 27.31 Harera 2.92 0.97 9.26 5.36 Masala Laddu 0.97 0 3.41 3.90 No change 38.53 22.92 7.31 9.26 Iron supplement 10.24 23.41 4.87 14.14 Meat 0.97 0 0.97 1.46 Roti/ dal/ dalia/radish, lauki veg, 7.31 40.48 baked potato,with milk, panjiri/ halwa/ laddu/harela/ dry fruits Roti/ dal/ dalia/radish, lauki veg, 0.97 1.46 baked potato, no milk, panjiri/ halwa/ harela/ dry fruits Table-1b : Foods included during pregnancy and lactation in rural area (represented as % of population) Food Included Pregnancy Lactation Previous practice Current practice Previous practice Current practice MILK 9.60 16.38 28.24 28.81 Dalia 1.12 1.12 5.64 8.47 Fruits 6.77 11.29 1.12 5.08 Pulses 1.69 1.69 9.60 7.34 GLVs 2.25 2.25 0 1.12 Dry Fruits 1.69 3.38 7.34 11.86 Juice 0.56 1.69 0 0.56 Jaggery 0.56 0.56 1.69 2.25 Bhatt ka joula 0.56 0 0.56 0 Halwa 0 0 20.90 23.16 Ghee 3.95 4.51 9.03 10.73 Khichdi 0 0 0.56 1.69 Panjiri 0.56 1.12 23.72 33.33 Harera 0.56 0 10.16 11.29 Masala Laddu 0 0 5.649718 3.38 No change 53.67 42.37 15.81 11.29 iron supplement 6.77 19.77 0.56 3.95 defaultMEAT 0 0 2.259887 0.564972 Roti and dal/ dalia/radish, lauki veg, 6.77 5.64 baked potato, with milk,/panjiri/ halwa/ laddu/harela/ dry fruits Roti/ dal/ dalia/radish, lauki 2.25 0.56 veg,baked potato, no milk, no panjiri/ halwa/ harela/ dry fruits 436 Study of food pattern during pregnancy and lactation

Table-1c : Foods excluded during pregnancy and lactation in urban areas (represented as % of population) Food excluded Pregnancy Lactation Previous practice Current practice Previous practice Current practice Onion 0 0 0 0 Garlic 0 0 0 0.48 Bhatt urad 0.97 1.45 1.45 2.91 Pickle 0 0 0 0.97 Gohut 0 0 0 0 Fish/meat/chiken 0.97 0.48 1.45 5.82 Chilly/spices 1.94 4.36 21.84 22.33 Black gram 0.97 0 0.97 0.48 Rice 1.45 0.48 27.66 29.61 Papita 0 0.48 0 0 Lentil 0 0 0.97 0.48 Fruits 0 0 0.97 0.97 Glv/ palak 0 0 9.22 8.73 Hot foods 3.39 0.97 0.97 0 Cold foods 3.88 3.39 18.44 13.10 Ghee 0 1.45 0.48 5.33 No change 44.17 41.74 9.70 9.22 Jaggery 0 0 1.45 1.941 Sour 0 0.97 0 0.97 Salt 0.97 0 3.39 7.28 Potato 3.39 7.28 0.48 4.36 Table-1d : Foods excluded during pregnancy and lactation in rural areas (represented as % of population) Food Excluded Pregnancy Lactation Previous practice Current practice Previous practice Current practice Onion 2.29 0.57 1.72 2.29 Garlic 2.29 0.57 2.87 2.87 Bhatt urad 1.14 2.87 6.89 4.02 lmult1Pickle 0.57 0 2.87 2.87 Gohut 1.14 0.57 1.14 0.57 Fish/meat/chiken 1.72 2.29 10.91 9.77 Chilly/spices 1.72 0.57 27.58 30.45 Black gram 2.87 2.29 1.72 2.29 Rice 2.29 2.29 23.56 28.16 Papita 1.14 0.57 0.57 0 Lentil 1.72 0.57 8.62 2.29 Fruits 0.57 0.57 3.44 1.72 Glvs palak 2.29 1.14 9.19 4.59 Hot foods 4.59 1.14 6.89 6.32 Cold foods 1.72 2.29 14.36 16.66 Ghee 0 0 4.02 1.14 No change 52.29 55.17 17.81 14.94 Jaggery 0 0 2.87 0.57 Sour 0.57 0 3.44 2.29 Salt 0 0 2.87 1.14 Potato 0 0 0 2.29

Under Kashipur block two rural and two urban areas were Awas Vikas. The structured interview schedule was Himmatpur, Hempur Ismail, New Awas Vikas and Awas prepared for collection of data. The interview schedule Vikas. Under Rudrapur block two rural and two urban comprised of questions regarding Diet during pregnancy areas were Shantipur, Jawaharnagar, Adarshnagar and and lactation. Preferences and avoidance of foods during Kumari and Kulshrestha 437 lactation and pregnancy were noted The respondents 53.67% pregnant women were not taking any special or selected for the study were interviewed through a additional food item and currently 42.37% pregnant structured interview schedule. The interview of the women were doing so. Currently 19.77% pregnant respondents were conducted by researcher herself with women where using iron supplement whereas previously the help of final version of schedule and it took this was only 6.78%. Nearly 6% lactating women were approximately six months to collect relevant information only consuming chapatti with dal or plain vegetable mainly The researcher organized small group discussions to of radish or lauki or baked potato, in addition to milk/ gather information from participants about their beliefs, panjiri/ halwa. attitudes and opinions towards various social change factors which affect food consumption pattern decadewise Different types of decoctions/mixtures/food preparation served to ladies of Himachal Pradesh at pre RESULTS AND DISCUSSION and post-natal stage. With the initiation of ninth month Food pattern during pregnancy and lactation: decoctions prepared from items like dill seeds, fennel previous and current practices : Table 1a shows that seeds, dates, deshi ghee are suggested to consume for during pregnancy and lactation some special food were improving digestive system and for comfortable delivery included such as milk, dalia, fruits, pulses ,green leafy as well as improving milk secretion The view of special vegetables, dry fruits, halwa, juice, jaggery, ghee, khichdi, diet is health benefits both for mother and child. Other panjiri, bhatt ka joula, meat, iron supplements, harera, preparation given are ajwain laddoo, gond ladoo, and gur masala laddu, etc. Among these some were previously rabari from fourth day onwards to next fifteen days to used while some were currently used. Change in food item regain lost strength. Moong dal halwa prepared with ghee, was comparatively more during lactation. Among these ground gum, cherry, coconut powder dry fruits and sugar food items milk was previously used by 26.34% of are served for twenty two days. These food are nutritious, lactating women whereas 32.19% were currently using provide energy, lactative and overcome the stress of milk. In case of pregnant women milk consumption was delivery (2) previously 14.14% which increased to 20.48% among current users. Halwa and Panjiri were mostly used by According to (1) a survey conducted on food habits lactating women. In case of halwa the consumption was of villagers of arid-region of Rajasthan showed that during almost same during previous (23.41) and current (22.92) pregnancy women would generally receive special food practice. In case of Panjiri (sweet dish prepared by from containing fatty matter. The special food included ajwain dry fruit, ghee and sugar) the consumption was previously mixture, saunth, gaund, jaggery, and ghee along with by 29.27% which decreased to 27.32% among current wheat flour in the form of laddu or halwa. users. Previously 38.54% pregnant women were not taking any special or additional food item and currently As given in the Table 1c, information regarding food 22.93% pregnant women were doing so. One interesting avoided during pregnancy and lactation in urban area was food belief was found that during lactation only plain also collected. Pregnant and lactating women did not chapatti with moong dal or plain vegetable (especially allowed to eat some food items like Bhatt, urad, chilly, radish or potato) was given to lactating women in addition spices, rice, hot foods, cold foods, ghee, jaggery, salt, to milk/ panjiri/ halwa. This was practiced previously by potato, fish/ meat/ chicken, etc. Rice was avoided mainly 7.31% lactating women while during current period it was by lactating women, previously by 27.67% and currently practiced by 40.49%. Currently 23.41% pregnant women by 29.61%. Spices including chilly were also avoided where using iron supplement whereas previously this was previously by 22.84% and currently by 22.33% lactating only 10.24%. Less than 6% lactating women were having women. Green leafy vegetables (GLVs) were also not fresh fruit whereas consumption of fresh fruit among taken by lactating women (previously 9.22% and currently pregnant women was 18%. 8.74%). Table-1b. shows that milk was used by 28% of The diet of pregnant women was not much different lactating women (previously and current). In case of from the usual diet of non pregnant women and nearly 42 pregnant women milk consumption was by 9.6% previous to 44% did not avoid any food item. Nearly 3% (previous users which increased to 16.38% among current users. and current) pregnant women were avoiding cold foods. Halwa and Panjiri were mostly used by lactating women. Hot food was also not taken previously by 3% of pregnant In case of halwa the consumption as previous and current women. practice was 20.9% and 23.16% respectively. In case of Panjiri (sweet dish prepared from dry fruit, ghee and As shown in the Table 1d, information regarding food sugar) the consumption was previously 23.73% which avoided during pregnancy and lactation in rural area was increased to 33.33% among current users. Previously also collected. Rice was avoided mainly by lactating women, previously by 23.56% and currently by 28.16%. 438 Study of food pattern during pregnancy and lactation

Spices including chilly was also avoided previously by CONCLUSION 27.59% and currently by 30.46% lactating women. Green leafy vegetables (GLVs) was also not taken by lactating During lactation and pregnancy a variety of foods is women (previously 9.19% and currently 4.60%). included traditionally which are dense in energy and other nutrients needed for better infant growth and maternal The diet of pregnant women was not much different health. In recent year the increased use of milk by from the usual diet of non pregnant women and nearly lactating women is a better food habit Likewise increased 52% to 55% did not avoid any food item. Nearly 2.30% use of dry fruit, halwa, ghee, panjiri and harera in lactation (previous and current) pregnant women were avoiding should be continue. Exclusion of spices, chilli is better rice. Hot food was also not taken previously by 4.60% of food habit whether exclusion of animal foods, spinach, pregnant women while only 1.15% were avoiding rice and use of only chapatti and salt during first few weeks of currently. lactation should be minimized. According to (4), pregnant women and lactating REFERENCES mother from Bhojpur region of Bihar were denied sour, 1. Dwivedi, B. and Lunia, V. (2007). Food habits of inhabitants bitter and non-vegeterian items. They were also of parts of arid-region in western Rajasthan, India. Asian prohibited from eating sattu, roti of bajra and jonari. In Journal of Home Science, 2(1&2) : 16-19. Mithila region of Bihar lactating mother did not take roti of 2. Kangwar, P. and Sharma, N. (2010). Traditional pre- and Marua (1). also stated that non- vegetarian food is 90% post nataldietary practices prevalent in Kangra district of prohibited during pregnancy by the villagers of arid-region Himachal Pradesh. Indian Journal of Traditional of Rajasthan. Vegetables were the forbidden food for Knowledge. 10(2) : 339-343. 3. Kawatra, A. and Sehgal S. (1998). Nutrient intake of the mothers as eating those might give the infant stomach lactating labourers of Hisar city. The Ind. J. Nutr. Dietet. distension and diarrhea. 35: 294-299. 4. Vidyarthi, L.P., Prasad R.K. and Upadhyay, V.S. (1978). Changing dietary pattern and habits: A socio cultural study of Bihar. Concept publishing company. New Delhi. pp 81-98.

Received : September-2017 Revised : September-2017 Accepted : October-2017