DOCSLIB.ORG

Diaprepes Root Weevil

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Diaprepes Root Weevil Diaprepes Root W eevil (Diaprepes abbreviatus) Introduced: 1964 (Orange County); Seasonality: There are overlapping Native to the Caribbean. generations so all stages of this pest can be found throughout the year. There are Current Infestation: Twenty-two two peak adult emergence periods which counties in south and central Florida are usually coincide with the rainy season infested with Diaprepes root weevil. (May-June and August-September). Description/Biology: This weevil is Hosts: More than 270 different host also sometimes called Apopka weevil and plants including citrus, sugarcane, sugarcane rootstalk borer. The life cycle vegetables, woody ornamentals, of Diaprepes root weevil is approximately subtropical and tropical fruits, and one year. Eggs are non-cultivated wild plants. In south laid on foliage in Florida, buttonwood (Conocarpus clusters between two erectus) seems to be a particular favorite leaves which are adult food source. cemented together. Im portance: Diaprepes root weevil is a Larvae hatch from the eggs and fall to the serious pest of citrus and of numerous ground where they burrow into the soil to ornamentals grown in south Florida feed on plant roots. The larvae are white, nurseries. It is a quarantine pest and legless, and nurseries in infested counties are ultimately required to follow particular insecticide become about treatments prior to shipping outside of the ½ inch (1.9 cm) quarantine area. This pest is less of a long. The larvae problem in the landscape. pupate and then become adults in Dam age: The the soil. adults feed along the margins of Adults vary from ² to ½ inch (1-2 cm) young leaves long and are mostly black except for causing leaf red-orange and/or yellow wing coverings notching typical (elytra) with black of weevil longitudinal feeding. On stripes. Adults are ornamental easily seen and plants, this frequently found damage can be as mating pairs. moderate to severe and cause losses in sales. The Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS) is an Equal Opportunity Institution authorized to provide research, educational information and other services only to individuals and institutions that function with non-discrimination with respect to race, creed, color, religion, age, disability, sex, sexual orientation, marital status, national origin, political opinions or affiliations. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, COOPERATIVE EXTENSION SERVICE, UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA, IFAS, FLORIDA A. & M. UNIVERSITY COOPERATIVE EXTENSION PROGRAM, AND BOARDS OF COUNTY COMMISSIONERS COOPERATING. Diaprepes Root W eevil (Diaprepes abbreviatus) incorporated in the media) and/or entomopathogenic nematodes (Grubstake HI which contains Heterorhabditis indica or BioVector 355 which contains Steinernema riobrave). Older, larger larvae are very difficult to kill. Some research suggests that the The larvae feed on combination of bifenthrin and the roots and can entomopathogenic nematodes kills more cause severe damage larvae than either product alone in or root girdling. Root damage can lead to container production. reduced plant vigor or plant death. Since the roots are weakened, infested plants W ebsites: are more likely to be toppled in storms http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ and are more prone to root diseases. TOPIC_Diaprepes_Root_W eevil Managem ent: Despite many years of http://creatures.ifas.ufl.edu/citrus/ research, this pest continues to be a very sugarcane_ rootstock_ borer_ difficult problem for citrus and ornamental weevil.htm growers. Monitoring for adults can be done by visual inspection or by shaking plant branches over a tarp or open, inverted umbrella. Homeowner and Professional – Not typically a problem. Grower - Growers in infested areas should monitor and manage this pest in their nurseries. Insecticides for adult control include acephate (i.e. Orthene, Address), bifenthrin (Talstar), chlorpyrifos (i.e. DuraGuard) and others (see Commercial Foliage and W oody Ornamental Arthropod Pest Management http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/BODY_IG012). Nurseries shipping plants outside infested Authors: areas are required to be under a Catharine Mannion, UF/IFAS, TREC Homestead compliance agreement which may require Adrian Hunsberger, UF/IFAS, Miami-Dade Extension Kim Gabel, UF/IFAS, Monroe Extension bare-rooting the plants and the Eileen Buss, UF/IFAS, Entomology Dept., Gainesville application of foliar and soil insecticides. Lyle Buss, UF/IFAS, Entomology Dept., Gainesville Photo Credits: UF/IFAS, Holly Glenn and Alex Diaz Young larvae can be controlled with a soil application of bifenthrin (drench or August 2006 Disclaimer: The use of trade names in this publication is solely for the purpose of providing specific information. UF/IFAS does not guarantee or warranty the products named, and references to them in this publication does not signify our approval to the exclusion of other products of suitable composition. .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Da Flyer General
    The Citrus Root Weevil The citrus root weevil, Diaprepes abbreviatus, is a large colorful weevil that is native to the Caribbean Islands. This weevil was accidentally introduced into Florida in the 1960’s where it has caused extensive damage. It has been intercepted in shipments of plants to California. This weevil will feed on about 270 different plants including citrus, guava, loquat, holly, and other ornamentals. An adult citrus root weevil (approximate size a to w inch in length). 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234 12345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234567890121234567890123456789012345678901212345678901234567890123456789012123456789012345678901234
    [Show full text]
  • Integration of Entomopathogenic Fungi Into IPM Programs: Studies Involving Weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea) Affecting Horticultural Crops
    insects Review Integration of Entomopathogenic Fungi into IPM Programs: Studies Involving Weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea) Affecting Horticultural Crops Kim Khuy Khun 1,2,* , Bree A. L. Wilson 2, Mark M. Stevens 3,4, Ruth K. Huwer 5 and Gavin J. Ash 2 1 Faculty of Agronomy, Royal University of Agriculture, P.O. Box 2696, Dangkor District, Phnom Penh, Cambodia 2 Centre for Crop Health, Institute for Life Sciences and the Environment, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Queensland 4350, Australia; [email protected] (B.A.L.W.); [email protected] (G.J.A.) 3 NSW Department of Primary Industries, Yanco Agricultural Institute, Yanco, New South Wales 2703, Australia; [email protected] 4 Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation (NSW Department of Primary Industries and Charles Sturt University), Wagga Wagga, New South Wales 2650, Australia 5 NSW Department of Primary Industries, Wollongbar Primary Industries Institute, Wollongbar, New South Wales 2477, Australia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] or [email protected]; Tel.: +61-46-9731208 Received: 7 September 2020; Accepted: 21 September 2020; Published: 25 September 2020 Simple Summary: Horticultural crops are vulnerable to attack by many different weevil species. Fungal entomopathogens provide an attractive alternative to synthetic insecticides for weevil control because they pose a lesser risk to human health and the environment. This review summarises the available data on the performance of these entomopathogens when used against weevils in horticultural crops. We integrate these data with information on weevil biology, grouping species based on how their developmental stages utilise habitats in or on their hostplants, or in the soil.
    [Show full text]
  • Biocontrol of the Sugarcane Rootstalk Borer, Dioprepes Abbreviatus (L) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), with Entomophilic Nematodes
    Biocontrol of the sugarcane rootstalk borer, Dioprepes abbreviatus (L) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), with entomophilic nematodes Wilfredo FiguerooS and Jesse Roman* ABSTRACT Eight greenhouse trials evaluated the efficacy of three species of en­ tomophilic nematodes of the genus Steinernema ( = Neoaplectana) in con­ trolling neonate and 6-, 10-, and 14-week-old larvae of the sugarcane rootstalk borer (SRB), Diaprepes abbreviatus (L.)r in sugarcane. Different densities of the nematodes Steinernema feltiae Filfp[ev, S. glaseri Steiner, and 5, bibionis Bobien were tested. The infective nematodes controlled the 6- to 14-week-old (0.64 to 2.54 cm) larvae. Significant results were also observed on the control of the effect of the larvae on sugarcane in the various parameters measured. No significant effects were observed with neonate (first instar) larvae. Larval mortality increased with age. Eighty- five percent mortality of 10-week-old grubs was observed at 240,000 nematodes per 1.8 kg of soil with a surface area of 0.02 m.2 Control of 10-week-old grubs was also possible at 480,000 nematodes per 3.6 kg of soil with a surface area of 0.03 m.2 Fourteen-week-old grubs were the most susceptible to the attack of 5. feltiae. S. glaseri is more effective than S, bibionis in controlling the grubs, but the effect of 5, glaseri on the grubs is less consistent than that of S. feltiae. The three species of Steinernema performed well at temperatures of 20° to 31° C. RESUMEN Nematodos entomofilicos para controlar el gorgojo barrenador de la raiz de la cana de azucar, Diaprepes abbreviatus Se hicieron ocho experimentos de invernadero con cana de azucar de 4 y 7 meses de germinada para determinar la susceptibilidad de las Iarvas (neonatas y de 6, 10 y 14 semanas de edad) de Diaprepes abbreviatus a los nematodos entomofilicos del genero Steinernema.
    [Show full text]
  • Monitoring Diaprepes Abbreviatus with Tedders Traps in Southwest Florida Citrus1
    Reprinted from Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 110:22-26. 1997. MONITORING DIAPREPES ABBREVIATUS WITH TEDDERS TRAPS IN SOUTHWEST FLORIDA CITRUS1 PHILIP A. STANSLY long-lasting chemical barrier against soil penetration by neonates. Southwest Florida Research and Education Center Today, broad-spectrum insecticides can be applied to foliage for University of Florida, IFAS adult control (Bullock et al., 1988), and entomophagous nematodes 2686 State Rd. 29 N. to soil for larval control (Schroeder, 1992). Both tactics require op- Immokalee, FL 34142 timal timing for maximum effectiveness, necessitating accurate monitoring of weevil populations. However, subterranean stages RUSSELL F. MIZELL are difficult to monitor, and sampling the long-lived adults pro- North Florida Research and Education Center vides little information on population age structure. One approach Route 4, Box 4092 to avoid these shortcomings is to monitor emergence; the transition Monticello, FL 32344 from soil inhabitation by feeding and resting stages to canopy in- habitation by reproducing adults. Emergence traps consisting of CLAYTON W. MCCOY square or conical cages open at the bottom have been used for this Citrus Research and Education Center purpose (Beavers and Selheim, 1975, Raney and Eikenbary, 1969). 700 Experiment Station Rd. This approach captures only weevils emerging within cage bound- Lake Alfred, FL 33850 aries, providing an estimate of weevil density per unit surface area. Normally, numbers are low, requiring large numbers of traps to achieve reliable estimates. Additional index words. Citrus weevils, emergence, management The pyramid or “Tedders” trap originally developed to moni- sampling, Curculionidae. tor emergence of pecan weevil (Tedders and Wood, 1994), also captures at least 50 other weevil species (Mizell, personal commu- Abstract.
    [Show full text]
  • Drought and Attacks of Greenbugs, Corn Leaf Aphids and Virus Disease in Dryland Sorghum Hong Li A,B,∗, William A
    This article was published in an Elsevier journal. The attached copy is furnished to the author for non-commercial research and education use, including for instruction at the author’s institution, sharing with colleagues and providing to institution administration. Other uses, including reproduction and distribution, or selling or licensing copies, or posting to personal, institutional or third party websites are prohibited. In most cases authors are permitted to post their version of the article (e.g. in Word or Tex form) to their personal website or institutional repository. Authors requiring further information regarding Elsevier’s archiving and manuscript policies are encouraged to visit: http://www.elsevier.com/copyright Author's personal copy Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Environmental and Experimental Botany 63 (2008) 305–316 Reducing plant abiotic and biotic stress: Drought and attacks of greenbugs, corn leaf aphids and virus disease in dryland sorghum Hong Li a,b,∗, William A. Payne a, Gerald J. Michels a, Charles M. Rush a a Texas A&M University, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Bushland, Texas 79012, USA b China Agricultural University, College of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, Department of Soil and Water Sciences, China Received 16 April 2007; received in revised form 7 November 2007; accepted 12 November 2007 Abstract Multi-year spatial overlay patterns of plants, insects and soil water may yield insights for management for reducing biotic and abiotic stresses in dryland crops. A study of non-irrigated grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) was conducted in a Pullman clay loam on the semi-arid High Plain of Texas during 2002–2005.
    [Show full text]
  • Genetic Relationships Among Fla Diaprepes
    ECOLOGY AND POPULATION BIOLOGY Genetic Relationships Among Florida Diaprepes abbreviatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Populations 1 1 2 1 3 1 B. BAS, Z. DALKILIC, T. L. PEEVER, H. N. NIGG, S. E. SIMPSON, F. G. GMITTER, JR., AND R. C. ADAIR4 Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, FL 33850 Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 93(3): 459Ð467 (2000) ABSTRACT Genetic differentiation among six Florida populations of Diaprepes abbreviatus (L.) was determined using protein and random ampliÞed polymorphic DNA-polymerase chain reaction (RAPD-PCR) markers. Proteins were separated by electrophoresis and stained with silver stain and for ␣-naphthylacetate esterase activity. No differentiation was observed among populations when egg proteins were silver stained: ␣-naphthylacetate esterase activity differentiated Þve of the six populations. RAPD-PCR data showed signiÞcant differentiation among populations, consistent with the hypothesis of three independent introductions of D. abbreviatus into Florida. Our data indicate that D. abbreviatus populations, once introduced, have generally remained in one locality with limited dispersal to new areas. KEY WORDS Diaprepes, esterase, population differentiation, random ampliÞed polymorphic DNA-polymerase chain reaction ADULT AND LARVAL stages of Diaprepes abbreviatus (L.) Electrophoretic banding patterns of isozymes have feed on leaves, roots, and fruit of Ͼ250 agronomic and been used to differentiate strains in insects (Singh and native host plants in Florida and several island nations Krishna 1982; Berlocher 1989; Terranova et al. 1990, of the Caribbean (Fennah 1942, Simpson et al. 1996). 1991). Random ampliÞed polymorphic DNA-poly- Since its introduction in 1964, D. abbreviatus has merase chain reaction (RAPD-PCR) analysis also has spread to 20 counties in Florida, where it currently been used for insect strain differentiation (Hunt and infests Ϸ66,420 ha (164,000 acres) (Anonymous 1997).
    [Show full text]
  • Virulence of Entomopathogenic Nematodes Against Diaprepes Abbreviatus in an Oxisol
    Scientific Notes 401 VIRULENCE OF ENTOMOPATHOGENIC NEMATODES AGAINST DIAPREPES ABBREVIATUS IN AN OXISOL DAVID A. JENKINS1, DAVID SHAPIRO-ILAN2 AND RICARDO GOENAGA1 1USDA-ARS, Tropical Agricultura Research Station, 2200 Ave. P.A. Campos, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico 00680-5470 2USDA-ARS, Southeast Fruit and Tree Nut Research Lab, Byron, GA 31008 Diaprepes abbreviatus (L.) (Coleoptera: Curcu- als and bases (Beinroth 1971). Although Oxisols lionidae) is an insect whose host range includes occupy a relatively small percentage of Puerto more than 270 species of plants, including many Rico’s surface, tropical fruit crops are commonly economic species (Martorell 1976; Simpson et al. grown in this soil type and sustain significant 1996; Wolcott 1936). Damage to roots by larvae damage from D. abbreviatus. The objective of this can reduce yield and impact the long term health study was to assay the virulence of a number of of host plants. There is a need to identify biocon- nematode species and strains against D. abbre- trol options for this pest that are efficacious in Pu- viatus larvae in an Oxisol. erto Rico. Thirty kg of soil were collected from a fruit or- Entomopathogenic nematodes in the families chard at the USDA-ARS Experiment Station in Heterorhabditidae and Steinernematidae are le- Isabela, PR. The soil was oven-dried for 2 d and thal parasites of insects (Poinar 1990) and have shipped to the USDA Research Laboratory in By- proven effective against D. abbreviatus in Florida ron, GA. A sample of the soil was analyzed for nu- (McCoy et al. 2000; Shapiro-Ilan et al. 2002, trient content and physical properties at USDA- 2005).
    [Show full text]
  • EU Project Number 613678
    EU project number 613678 Strategies to develop effective, innovative and practical approaches to protect major European fruit crops from pests and pathogens Work package 1. Pathways of introduction of fruit pests and pathogens Deliverable 1.3. PART 7 - REPORT on Oranges and Mandarins – Fruit pathway and Alert List Partners involved: EPPO (Grousset F, Petter F, Suffert M) and JKI (Steffen K, Wilstermann A, Schrader G). This document should be cited as ‘Grousset F, Wistermann A, Steffen K, Petter F, Schrader G, Suffert M (2016) DROPSA Deliverable 1.3 Report for Oranges and Mandarins – Fruit pathway and Alert List’. An Excel file containing supporting information is available at https://upload.eppo.int/download/112o3f5b0c014 DROPSA is funded by the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development and demonstration (grant agreement no. 613678). www.dropsaproject.eu [email protected] DROPSA DELIVERABLE REPORT on ORANGES AND MANDARINS – Fruit pathway and Alert List 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... 2 1.1 Background on oranges and mandarins ..................................................................................................... 2 1.2 Data on production and trade of orange and mandarin fruit ........................................................................ 5 1.3 Characteristics of the pathway ‘orange and mandarin fruit’ .......................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Diaprepes Abbreviatus</I> (Coleoptera: Curculionidae): Host
    POPULATION ECOLOGY Diaprepes abbreviatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae): Host Plant Associations S. E. SIMPSON,l H. N. NIGG, N. C. COILE,2 AND R. A. ADAIR:! University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Citrus Research and Education Center, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, FL .'3.'3850 Environ. Entollloi. 25(2): 333-349 (1996) ABSTRACT Diaprepes ahhreviatus (L.) is an insidious pest of citrus, sugarcane, and other economic crops of subtropical and tropical areas of the United States and several Caribbean island nations. Host plants associated with this pest, 157 genera, =270 species in 59 plant families, are listed. Plants that support egg deposition to adult include Citrus spp.; Arachis hypogal'a 1.., peanut; Sorghum hicolor L. (synonym: S. vulgare) sorghum; Sorghum hic%r L. ssp. him/or, guinea com; 7£a mays L., com; Eugenia uniflora L., Surinam-cherry; Dracaena draco (L.) L. dragon tree; Ipomoea hatata (L.) Lam., sweet potato; and Saccharum officinarl1lll L., sugarcane. More than 40 plant species, in 20 families, are associated with larval feeding. As a result of inadequate management strategies and a wide range of adult and larval food plants, D. abbreviatus can be considered a major long-term threat to the survival of several agronomic crops. KEY WORDS Diaprepes ahhreviatlls, host plant, citrus, sugarcane, corn, potato, peanut Diaprepes abbreviatlls (L.) (=the West Indian sug- ulatory and control measures to be effective, the arcane rootstalk borer weevil) has become an im- plant hosts of D. abbreviatlls must be identified. portant long-term pest of citrus and ornamental Otherwise, an overlooked hosl could allow endem- crops in Florida (Hall 1995).Since its introduction ic infestation.
    [Show full text]
  • Battling the Evil Weevil – Recent Advances in the War on Diaprepes Abbreviatus by Robin J
    Battling the Evil Weevil – Recent advances in the war on diaprepes abbreviatus By Robin J. Stuart and Michael E. Rogers Diaprepes Diaprepes abbreviatus he root weevil, , insect could contribute to novel management strategies. was first detected in Florida more than 40 years Recent investigations indicate that entomopathogenic ne - ago and continues to be a major cause of tree de - matodes are much more abundant on the Ridge than in the cline and death in certain citrus growing areas Dflaiatwproeopdess and exert a much higher level of natural control on Tacross the state (Fig. 1). Its persistence as an important pest larvae PonhytthoepRhtihdogrea (Larry Duncan, UF-IFAS). can be attributed to various factors: The incidence of also differs with Ridge and • the broad range of crop, ornamental, and weedy plants well-drained flPat.wnoicoodtsiagnraoe ves more likely to be infested by it utilizes for adult feeding, egg lay - (Fig. 3) whereas poorly drainePd . ing and larval development; pflaaltmwiovoodrsa groves are more likely to harbor • its often asynchronous, highly (Jim Graham, UF-IFAS). variable and complex life history; SOIL VARIABILITY • a relatively large and long-lived larval stage that can cause severe Even within groves, the distribution of damage to major tree rPohoytst;ophthora root weevils can be heterogeneous, and stud - • the facilitation of Di - aiepsreapreesaddressing relationships between infection by larval feeding; abundance and soil characteristics • the ineffectiveness of many (Fig. 4). In a poorly drained citrus grove in pesticides against soil-dwelling Central Florida, Hong Li and Jim Syvertsen larvae; Di - (aUprFe-pIFeAs S) found that the abundance of • and the limited, often patchy Fig.
    [Show full text]
  • Index + List PV
    OEPP Service d'Information Paris, 1996-12-01 Service d'Information 1996, No. 12 SOMMAIRE 96/225 - Index du Service d'information OEPP 96/226 - Répertoire des Services de la Protection des Végétaux des pays membres de l'OEPP OEPP Service d'Information 96/225 Index du Service d'Information OEPP L'index suivant couvre tous les articles du Service d'Information OEPP de 1996-01-01 to 1996-12- 31. Acrobasis pirivorella 96/120 - Répartition géographique des organismes de quarantaine A2 en Russie: insectes et nématodes Acroptilon repens 96/126 - Répartition géographique des organismes de quarantaine A2 en Russie: pathogènes et adventices Afrique du Sud 95/070 - Présence de Fusarium subglutinans f.sp. pini en Afrique du Sud Agrilus mali 96/120 - Répartition géographique des organismes de quarantaine A2 en Russie: insectes et nématodes Albanie 96/074 - Situation phytosanitaire des cultures fruitières en Albanie Aleurodicus dispersus 96/031 - Aleurodes des citrus en Espagne 96/044 - 19ème Session de la Commission Phytosanitaire d'Asie et du Pacifique (APPPC) Allemagne 96/002 - Situation de Burkholderia (Pseudomonas) solanacearum dans la région OEPP 96/029 - Tilletia controversa n'est pas présent en Allemagne 96/087 - Informations nouvelles sur des organismes nuisibles importants pour la quarantaine 96/125 - Informations nouvelles sur les ravageurs et les maladies importants pour la quarantaine 96/172 - Situation de cherry little cherry disease en Allemagne 96/187 - Situation de Globodera pallida et G. rostochiensis dans l'ex-République démocratique allemande 96/205 - Présence de Meloidogyne chitwoodi en Allemagne Alternaria mali 96/128 - Premier signalement d'Alternaria mali en Yougoslavie 96/129 - Liste OEPP de répartition géographique pour Alternaria mali 96/201 - Additions et suppressions sur les listes de quarantaine A1 et A2 de l'OEPP Ambrosia artemisiifolia, A.
    [Show full text]
  • Microbial Control of Insect Pests in Temperate Orchard Systems: Potential for ∗ Incorporation Into IPM
    ANRV330-EN53-07 ARI 2 November 2007 16:8 Microbial Control of Insect Pests in Temperate Orchard Systems: Potential for ∗ Incorporation into IPM Lawrence A. Lacey1 and David I. Shapiro-Ilan2 1USDA-ARS, Yakima Agriculture Research Laboratory, Wapato, Washington 98908; email: [email protected] 2USDA-ARS, SE Fruit and Tree Nut Research Laboratory, Byron, Georgia 31008; email: [email protected] Annu. Rev. Entomol. 2008. 53:121–44 Key Words First published online as a Review in Advance on Bacillus thuringiensis, entomopathogenic nematodes, fungi, September 5, 2007 granulovirus, tree fruit, nut crops The Annual Review of Entomology is online at ento.annualreviews.org Abstract This article’s doi: Because of their selectivity and safety, microbial control agents 10.1146/annurev.ento.53.103106.093419 (MCAs) appear to be ready-made components of integrated pest by Dr. David Shapiro-Ilan on 12/13/07. For personal use only. Copyright c 2008 by Annual Reviews. management (IPM) systems that do not pose a threat to applica- All rights reserved tors or the environment and allow other natural enemies to func- 0066-4170/08/0107-0121$20.00 tion. Control of several orchard pest insects using MCAs, including ∗ The U.S. Government has the right to retain a viruses, Bacillus thuringiensis, fungi, and entomopathogenic nema- Annu. Rev. Entomol. 2008.53:121-144. Downloaded from arjournals.annualreviews.org nonexclusive, royalty-free license in and to any todes (EPNs), have been demonstrated in apple, pear, stone fruits, copyright covering this paper. citrus, and several nut crops. B. thuringiensis is the most used MCA for control of lepidopteran orchard pests.
    [Show full text]