American Friends Service Committee BULL TIN May , 1956

Trn co\\\r These new houses in Kunsan, Korea, are being built to ease a critical problem faced by refugees. See page 4. In this issue . . . b CHANGE AND RESISTANCE IN THE SOUTH-page 3 NEW PROGRAM SUPPORTS RIGHTS OF CONSCIENCE-page 5 JAPAN TO HAVE QUAKER REPRESENTATIVE-page 6 b TEXAS PROGRAM HELPS LATIN-AMERICANS-page 7 challenge of new proposals PEACE EDUCATION EVENTS OFFER VARIETY ...... Institutes, conferences and camps from May through Philadelphia, Pa. August are scheduled as features of the AFSC Community ~ay,1956 Decrr Friends: Peace Education Program. From time to time those of us in AFSC try to evaluate Topics like these will be considered: "America's Respon- our current programs and those which have crystallized sibility to World Trouble Spots," "Civil Rights at Home into proposals for action. Such was the task before us at and Abroad," "Africa-Revolution and Reconciliation" the recent Representative Council which met for a week and "Constructive Use of Power in a World of Strife." at Earlham College, Richmond, Ind. On the Council are Participants of all ages will join in lectures, discussion, staff and committee members from all regional offices plus meditation and recreation. Even youngsters will be "in- the national office. volved" in several family institutes. You may be interested in some of the Council's recom- Among speakers for the summer are the following: mendations, which go to the Board of Directors for con- Amiya Chakravarty, Boston University professor who sideration. was Tagore's literary secretary and associate of Gandhi; A. The first proposal involves greater emphasis on work with J. Muste, secretary-emeritus of the Fellowship of Recon- high school-age young people who are increasingly con- ciliation; Homer Jack, Unitarian minister who attended fronted with perplexing prohlems requiring personal de- the Bandung Conference; Eddy Asirvatham, political science cisions. For many the answer becomes an easy acquiescence professor at Nagpur University, India; Reginald Reynolds, in what is becoming normal and traditional-military service English author of "Cairo to Capetown"; General Hugh B. and a career looking toward conventional "success." Hester, retired, former commander of the Philadelphia This standardized pattern gets sanction through such de- Quartermaster Depot; Ernest Kalibala, of East Africa. vices as the Coronet film series on UMT issued a few years former member of the trusteeship division of the United ago. Nations; Mulford Q. Sibley, University of Minnesota polit- A new national effort is developing around a workbook ical scientist; Floyd H. Ross, professor of history of world for upper high school grades. The title is "Your Life Plans religions at the University of Southern California; Harold and the Armed Forces." It assumes military service, men- Isaacs, Asian correspondent and writer on American rela- tions none of the alternatives provided by Congress and tions to underdeveloped countries; William Davidon, re- prepares young men for "getting the most out of the army." search associate of the Jnstitute for Nuclear Studies, Uni- Good vocational counselling is an urgent need. We would versity of Chicago. hope stress could be put on religious values and opportunities To date, plans for the following institutes and camps for constructive service. Both young men and mature lead- have been made: ers need to know the channels that always exist to serve and ADULT INSTITUTES help our fellows. "The choice is always ours." The AFSC has a number of programs for high school San Antonio, May 4-6; Houston, May 11-1 3; Fort Worth. students. These include world affairs camps, seminars in May 2-3; Dallas. May 4-7; Wichita and Topeka. May 31- Washington and at the U.N., week-end and one-day con- ; Avon Old Farms. Conn., -17; Guilford ferences. Work camps and School Affiliation Service extend College, -17; Cornell University, July 14-21 ; Whit- other opportunities. tier College, -30. In addition, we offer counselling facilities for conscien- FAMILY INSTITUTES tious objectors. We hope to increase the number and type Tyler, Minn., Aug. 12-1 7, 19-24; San Francisco, July 7- of these youth programs in coming months. 14; Lake Geneva, Wis., -July 6; Idyllwild, Calif., The second recommendation points to AFSC's respon- July 7-14; Columbus. Ohio. plans incomplete. sibilities in the South today. The struggle to work through the complex problems of integration deserves our sympa- COLLEGE INSTITUTES thetic and patient interest. Our regional offices in Greens- lthaca College Camp, -16 (to he followed by boro and Austin are currently active and our other offices Peace Caravan in N.Y. state to July 18.) arc grappling with similar perplexing dilemmas. A body of significant experience in Washington, D. C., HIGH SCHOOL INSTITUTES AND CAMPS schools is already being shared with other Southern com- Lake Tahoe, Calif., -23; Pasadena. Calif., June munities who are looking toward school integration. Semi- 16-23, 7-3-30; Roone, Iowa, June 16-23; Spencer. N. Y., nars and conferences of educators confronting these prob- Aug. 75-Sept. I: 1.ittlcton. Ma4s.. -July 3, Aug. lems expedite the transition. 24-30. Special funds now make possible a new program in North Carolina which will try to help the concerned educator who wishes to move ahead to implement the Supreme Court's 450 Attend High School Conference decisions on integration. Dr. Ralph Bunche, U.N. undersecretary assigned to the There were other concerns expressed at Richmond. These Atomic Energy Committee, and Dr. Harry Meserve, a included a proposal to help relieve tension in the neighbor- Unitarian minister and national hoard memher of the Amer- hood of an integrated housing project in Chicago, to focus ican Civil Liberties Union, spoke before an AFSC high more actively on disarmament and to find ways to ease the school conference March 23-25. About 450 students came prohlems of stark need and hopelessness in the Appalachian to the seaside conference grounds at Asilomar, California, coal fields. from public and private schools all over the state. These concerns present us with a challenge to extend our- With these and other experienced resource leaders the selves and our resources. We hope you will help us pursue young people sought to answer the challenge put to them these goals. by AFSC: "The American idea of individual freedom can meet anv ideological competition-if we understand it our- selves. Do we?" The conferencc. titled "Our American Heritage: Freedom for All." was sponsored by the Northern and Southern Cali- E.uccrttive Secretory fornia regional offices.

Story from Korea:

EDITOR'S NOTE: Kathleen Regan, of welfare services for the Friends shown interviewing two Koreans in Service Unit in Kunsan. This true story photo at right, returned from Korea of one family illustrates most phases of in January after two years as director the Korean program.

Drr I\RI \T\I I:

A six-by-six space on the floor of a Distribution of clothing from the clrcn in bright pink or red corduroy rotted warehouse in Kunsan was home United States was organized in co- jackets and boys in blue jeans. to widow Kim and her family refugees operation with city officials in 1954 Moon Hi joined a group of work- from North Korea. They had the first and continued until the spring of shop widows at a sewing and weaving square nearest the door to make going 1955. Families received bundles con- project in the town and walked two and coming easier for the blind couple taining clothing, soap, candles, clothes miles cach day to her work. Her in the family, the daughter and son- line. sewing materials and a piece of brother, Chung Ho, helped her with in-law. paper mill felt to cover cracks in the lessons at night. His diligence and Chung Ho, a 13-year-old boy and wall and floors of their "homes." sense of responsibility helped him earn Moon Hi, a 15-year-old girl, were the Hundreds of "check-pos" (Korean a scholarship, given by the FSU, to others in the Kim family. school packets) from American chil- one of the best schools available. dren provided basic school materials Mud Hut Shelter after a wooden school building was Infant Gets Aid The dismal warehouse with its leaky erected with help from the Armccl During the winter the blind couple's roof, cold drafts and confusion was Forces Aid for Korea. child was horn in the warehouse. not a lonely place since 53 other fam- Our educational fund provided Mother and child were moved to the ilies - 200 persons - squatted there chairs, desks and blackboards which Kunsan provincial hospital. The hos- after fleeing North Korea. Many were usually made by the refugees. pital had been rehabilitated by mem- others from the north found make- When winter arrived the plight of bers of the Quaker medical unit which shift shelter in mud huts around the widows was more difficult. They nor- guided a Korean staff. The mother warehouse in what was known as JO mally don't re-marry and are un- knitted with wool donated through Chon refugee camp. Eight similar equipped to earn a living. They usually AFSC while at the hospital. camps were elsewhere in Kunsan. join the family group of near relatives. By the spring of 1955 some of the While shelter was a problem. The Quaker Unit i~ndertook to help refugee families whose members in- equally critical was the need for food some of the 4,000 widows in the Kun- cluded an able-bodied man were mov- when the Friends Service Unit started san area by giving them training in ing to an agricultural housing develop- work there in 1953. The Republic of simple skills, aid to start small busi- ment. Widow Kim's family was of Korea and the United Nations fur- nesses and basic arithmetic needed for course ineligible. About the same time nished some relief grain. Members of management. our team hclped organize a coopera- the Friends Unit helped the city set up tive self-help project, also designed to Gifts Help Center milk feeding stations and supplied rehouse needy families. In this scheme powdered milk in 1953. Later Eventually they volunteered the too a man was needed to ram the UNICEF provided the milk. There idea of a "self-help center." They earthen walls of the houses. Again , widow Kim's children and her preg- needed sewing machines. irons, tex- widow Kim could not qualify. nant daughter received hot milk daily. tiles, knitting yarn and needles to That summer the city ordered about make. remodel and mend clothing. A l .h00 make-shift dwellings destroved. Tro COY(NT generous gift from the women's 1n- Widow Kim and others were left in stitutes of Ontario, Canada, and rc- the partially razed warehouse. sponses from Friends in America We cooperated with the city to help helped get the center established. 88 of the neediest families acquire Widow Kim was chosen by her neigh- shelter before the winter arrived. bors to head the supervisory commit- A simple type of Korean house was tee. planned. Work groups from the camps In time the room hummed with ac- walked many miles cach day to the tivity. Women emerged in new white building sites to twist and tie straw skirts and jackets and heavy winter ropes to secure the house frames. The) trousers, old men in new trousers. chil- dug earth and sifted it. carried water

The blind couple in the Kim family shared AFSC RULLETIN a little square in the crowded warehouse. froni the \\.ells antl luggal tiles up the hillsides from the o~ carts. CONSCIENCE ACTS GET hlr. Han. the hlintl \on-in-la\+. le:lrncd to straighten nails. ('hung Ho and Moon Hi kept at school ant1 work but helped in their spare time. Xlrs. "We ;~flirmour unchanging conviction thcrc is a rc;tsonably good legal basis for Han reccivcd more yarn ancl sold gar- that our tint allegiance is to God and if the applicant's position. ments to buy the family's food. this conflicts with any compulsion of the One area in which the committee has Work Delayed state. we serve our country best by re- tried to uphold a conscientious position maining true to our highest loy;rlty." involves those who refuse to inform on The sumnicr work was clclayed I>>. Thus spokc the Five Years .\lceting of others when appearing before congres- rain and slow lunihcr dclivcry. &,fore Fricnds in 1945 giving young Friends ;~tl- sional investigating committees. These Inbor was needed to finish hclore thc vice on con\cience. individuals will give any information first frosts. So mcnihcrs oF the FSU The AFSC interest in conscientious oh- about themselves but helievc that it is tcarn joincd the ~mrkforce. \!re were jcctors d:~tcs hack to its organization in wrong to make any statement or identifi- cation of the political n curiosity-thcsc Westerners being 19 17 to provide :~ltcrn:~tescrvicc for per- beliefs and asso- sons who objected to military service. ciations of others. initiatcd into thc mysteries of "wattle When indicted and prosecuted they rely and daub" (tictl franics covcrccl with Rooted in History on the guarantees of frcedom of thought. rice straw and plastered ni~~d)con- While the concern for conscience is speech, belief and association statetl or struction. Gradually the cooperative rooted in 300 years of hi\tory of the Re- implied in the First Amentlment. idea sprcad. Neighbors, school chil- ligious Society of Friends, a new tlimcn- In one case. for example, a Negro de- clrcn, teachers, orphanage directors sion was added last yc;~rwhen the AFSC fendant relied on the First Amendment and thcir small fry and YWCA work- undertook the Rights of Con\cicncc pro- when a congressional committee qucs- ers joined thc builclcrs. gram. Since leg:il c:~scs are made ant1 tioned her about her associ;ltions. In her City officials canic and looked curi- clarified only in ;~ctualcourt c;~scs. the defense werc two points: ( I ) The futr~rc of the Negro race is intimately related to ously, liked what thcy saw, pitched in m:rjor effort of thc program i\ with thosc who arc involved in litigation. It ;~ttcmpts the right of free association, and (2) to hclp. to assure competent Icg:~l counsel ;rntl jus- questions on the subject would make A group of ucll-to-do ladics froni tice in court. others apprehensive ant1 inhibit their asso- the town camc. lookcd anel Icft. Thc Support for ;I particular group or in- ciations. next day thcy rcturncd carrying little tlividu:~l does not necessarily indicate packcts. Out camc wclrk trousers agrccmcnt with thc course of action taken. Defends Pacifists which thcy donned over skirts. Soon hut rather recognition that an important The committee is assisting with the they werc part of tlic rhythm clC thc issue of con\cicnce is present. legal defense of pacifists in New York "wattle and daub." The program is supportctl hy :I S 150.000 who refuserl to seek shelter during a civil Oftcn the assorterl group ~ouldsing grant froni thc Fund for the Kepuhlic. clefense air raid drill. Their position. Korcan folk songs anel join in the fhc Fund ~~ntlcrtookto support this pro- based on the First Amcndmcnt, is that gram bec;u~seit sa\v the need for cl:irifica- their rights were violated by the civil dc- laughter of an :tni:ttcur house-huilcler's tion of Icg:~l principles as they affect these fcnse ordcr when, in a mock alert situa- mistnkc. Aftcr work so~~icevenings funtlamcnt:rl rights. Thc Fund t:~kcsno tion. there was no real and prescnt danger. town ladics. farm wiclows. te;~chcrs. position on the estcnt to which the law Thcy contend that the New York civil students. ncighllors and 0u:tkcr vwk- \hould protect rights of conscicncc in gcn- defense law, the only compulsory pen:~l crs would sit on the hill\ide ancl talk. er:rl or in any spccilic caw. one in the nation, is a psychological prep- Quickly we founcl common ground for aration for war; technique to indoc- Program Has Tradition trinate the public with the idea that mass The new program is in thc AFSC tr:l- atomic war is inevitable and that there is Kims bast Leaving tlition of meeting human neccls in areas some hope of surviv;ll other than world Widow Kim and her family wcl.c a,lierc Friends hold concerns. It offers peace. thc last to lcavc the warehou.;c last m:rtcrial and spiritu:~l as\ist;ince. Cases arising under two loyalty oath statutes have been supported by the com- Dcccmhcr. Thcy had hcntcn the he;lvy Over 20 of more than 50 applications for assistance have rcccivctl financial aitl mittee. Sonic of these arose under the frost of colcl winter by thcir own or been approvctl for later grants. A Broyles Law in Illinois and the othcrs cllorts and thosc v.ho helped. dozen or more other c:rses arc still being under the California statute requiring ;I The project site now has neat ro~s con\iderctl. loyalty 021th of churches and religious or- of houses with strings of green ~'egc- Program policy is made hy n comniittec ganizations for exemption from state tahlcs hangins hy the cloorways. of six lawyers ;~nclcipht I;lynicn. Hesides property taxes. Sniokc rises from chimneys indicating its basic objective the committee hopes to Oaths Protested that the Korcan "ondlc" ( u;;lrni floor ) aclv:rncc and cl:~rify Icgal principlcs in the is heing heatctl. These people h:~\.c conscicncc :Irc:r. It helps u,ith attorney In Illinois every person who receives been restorcil to the dignity 01' hcing fees and court costs and rn:\kes money c;ireful study of the is\r~estlctcrmines if Continrtrd on I.n.ct Por.~r AFSC FILLS KEY ASSIGNMENT IN JAPAN

The appointmcnt of E. Raymond 170th qualified and :~vailablc for ;I late summer 1954. The Brintons werc Wilson as Quaker International Affairs year's travcl, into contact with these in Tokyo two years under the Leader- Representative in Tokyo puts an im- far-flung Centers and aided in welding ship Visitation Program, and were the portant link in the chain of these them into an effective whole. The most recent of a number of American rcprescntativcs around the world. Ray- appointment of QIARs has sharpened Friends who have resided at the mond Wilson is on a year's sabbatical attention on specific problems of inter- Tokyo Center since the end of World leave from the Fricnds Committee on national peace. War 11. Howard Brinton extended the National Legislation. The geographical situation and the influence of the Center particularly For a number of years the Ameri- special position of Austria, so recently into academic circles. can Friends Service Committee has out from undcr intcrnational control, The experience and intcrests of endeavored to place particularly quali- make Vienna a significant point from Raymond Wilson are expected to fied Fricnds where they can take part which a Quaker International Affairs broaden the field still further, espe- in a two-way effort-giving and re- Representative can encourage inter- cially in the area of international rela- ceiving - toward better international national relationships, especially those tions. Raymond Wilson spent a year understanding. Quaker International of East and West. in Japan about 25 years ago. He prob- Affairs Rcprescntatives are maintained In Geneva, the Friends Interna- ably will also make trips to Formosa, in Geneva, Vienna and . In tional Center opened in 1927 espe- Hong Kong and Korca. All of his Mexico City a Friend with wide inter- cially to keep in touch with activities work will be reflected in reports to national experience acts as such a and policies of the League of Nations. the AFSC which will be distributed representative. The Committee is seek- Now the QIAR there deals largely widely and among other Quaker Inter- ing persons with proper background with expressing the concerns of Friends national Affairs Representatives. and personality for Dclhi, vacant since as thcy relate to the economic and Among the many international the departure of Horace Alexander, social organizations of the United questions of special interest to Friends and for Washington and Berlin. are disarmament and its relation to the The Quaker Program at the United Japanese constitution which prohibits Nations, carried on from Quaker the maintaining of armaments; Japan's Housc in New York. is closely allied present exclusion from the United to thc work of Quaker International A SERVICE TO THE MOST Nations; the relation of economic to Affairs Representatives. RESPONSIBLE military aid throughout the Far East: . . . "li~crcri.tingIj~in recer7t jlears Japanese trade which normally would Centers Pioneered wr hn~v~ttct?iptecl not ~nerely be with othcr Far Eastern countries. to he frierirls hrct to create the and many other aspects of an over-all The work of QIARs has grown out atmosphere in which frierldsl~ip settlement in thc Far East. of the activities of Friends Interna- can grow, and to do so if not tional Centcrs which in turn grew out 'crt tfle srrnimit' at /enst not ex- Work at New Level of the relief activitics following World clusively at tlle grass roots. If War I. The work of thcse Centcrs. tliere is a service to tlie rno.rt The AFSC programs in Japan have among the oldest continuing activitics needy thcre is al.\o a service to frequently touched on these broad of AFSC. has always been experi- the t~zo.str~c.ponsih/c." questions but generally through young mental. "lt is a simple matter to spread people, both students and workers. HI-NRYJ. CADBURY,Chairrilar~ rather than at the adult. policy-form- international suspicion. Our work is American Friend3 Service to spread international good will and Committee, 1955 Annual Report ing level. friendship," a worker wrotc in 1918. In all its work in Japan the Com- The Centers have pionecred in ways mittee has the advice and guidance and means to bring together persons of of an advisory committee of Japan widely different views and cultures. Yearly Meeting. Activitics since the After World War 11, the idca was ex- Nations, whose headquarters are in end of the war have included a very tended to Asia. Geneva. These concerns have been healthy growth in participation in in- At present, Centcrs in Geneva, brought to bear on a wide range of tcrnational student seminars and inter- Paris, Vienna and Delhi arc coopera- matters including refugees, migration national voluntary work camps. tive endeavors of the AFSC and the and technical assistance. The AFSC continues to give some British Friends Service Council. The Among the major concerns of thc financial support, on a diminishing London Ccntcr is sponsored by the QIAR in Paris are work among diplo- scale as local support grows, to three Council while Davis House and Inter- matic representatives, including those Neighborhood Centers in Japan which national Student Housc in Washington who have participated in the Com- grew out of immediate post-war re- are the undertakings of AFSC. mittee's Conferences for Diplomats lief, and are now directcd by trained With the cxtcnsion of the Centers to during the summer in Europe and Japanese. School Affiliation Service the Far East their programs took on a Asia, and activities which bear upon includcs the Friends Girls School in more truly international character and UN agencies with offices in the French Tokyo. Institutions and welfare agen- werc linked in a concerted attack on capital. cies in Japan continue to need material intcrnational questions of special con- The appointment of Raymond Wil- aid. In the year ending March 30, cern to Friends and others of like son as QIAR in Tokyo fills a post AFSC sent 200,000 pounds of cloth- mind. The Leadership Visitation Pro- vacant since the departure from Tokyo ing, textiles, shocs and othcr material gram has brought Friends who were of Howard and Anna Brinton in the aids.

AFSC BULLETIN TEXAS LATINmAMERICAN WORK

"Si usted tiene intPrcs en ciudadania the AFSC and several civic organiza- de los Estados Unidos o en aprendcr tions share the success. Over 300 per- el inglks, le invitamos a una de las sons havc taken the courses and about series de cursos can estes fines." a third of them have become citizens. In English the sentence says: "If At citizenship ceremonies more than a you are interested in becoming a citi- year ago in Austin, 20 of the 91 new zen or studying English. we invite you citizens were graduates of the classes. to a series of courses." An important factor in the success of That's part of an invitation, written citizenship classes is a manual which in English and Spanish, which is ex- presents for the first time, in Spanish. tended to Latin-Americans in Austin. simplified information which is needed A Latin-American writes laboriously his Texas. to obtain citizenship. first lessons. Started Six Years Ago The program tries also to lay a foundation for Latin-American leadcr- They are sent out by an AFSC- be made available to othcr Texas ship. The need is great since Spanish- sponsored program launched six years cities. speaking leaders are burdened with ago. English and citizenship classes, This summer a community scrvicc personal problems and seem unable to conducted in several locations about project, a by-product of the growing the city, form the core of the program. help others of their group. interest in Latin-Americans' welfare. Workers, most of them volunteers, like will permit young people to work and Program Has Status to think of the program as a "friend- learn among Spanish-speztking pcoplc ship project" between Latin and After depending entirely upon vol- in San Antonio, Texas. Anglo-Americans. unteers for the first few years. the The ncw interest of Anglo-Amer- The program has avoided classroom program received "status" among ac- icans in their Spanish-speaking neigh- formalities. From the beginning the tivities of the Southwest Regional bors brought results through confer- small $40 budget included a sum to Office when a staff director was ap- ences with school officials, hospital ad- serve punch. Tc;ichcrs work with the pointed in 1955. The position is now ministrators, doctors and recreation students in small groups of two or held by Doris Stanislawski. who in- boards. three. A voli~ntecrdescribed one of spired the project and worked with it Tn the program's future arc plans to the evenings as "happy confusion." as a volunteer until last fall. Plans for sponsor morc English and citizenship Many Texas commi~nitics.like Aus- further expansion have been made classes, a job opportunities program tin, havc 1:trgc numbers of Spanish- and the initial financial boost has come and to encourage the teaching of Span- speakin? pcoplc hut most of then1 arc from an Austin buqincssman. It is ish in schools and public service ap- isolated by language. housing patterns hoped that the Austin experience can pointments for 1-atin-Americans. and c~ilturefrom their English-speak- ing neighbors. Many of the adults speak only a few English words and cannot read or write any language. Job opportunities arc limited, and the people often feel hopeless and in- secure. In its broader outreach the program in Austin tries to provide an informa- tion. . service to advise about opportun- ~tlcs and how to use them. Latin- Americans bring questions about get- ting a social security card, opening a savings account. starting a scout troop, a using the lihrarv or aunlifvinr, 2 -. to votc. ~vhcwork of about 100 volunteers. CHANGE IN THE SOUTH conscious thought and rational discus- The family plans to start a small sion. They know surely. indced too business selling seasonal goods, such that desegregation is catastrophic and well. that it is wrong to deny to Ncgro as soy beans, fish and grain. A small to bluff the North into a belief that it pcoplc the status and dignity of citi- loan from the AFSC widows' fund will help them start. is impossible. zens. The experience of 537 school districts demonstrates that it is unnec- I visited the warehouse before leav- Some Losses Reported cssary. Thc action of the courts indi- ing. It was empty for the first time in four and a half ycars. The only lifc cates that it is no longer tolerable. The effect on race relations is un- thcre sccmcd nlore appropriate now. mistakable. Often where whitc and There arc many Southerncrs who A huge rat crawled in and out of the Ncgro would speak on the street or will do what thcy can for their region ninny holes in the floor. stop to talk. they no longer do. In or- and their people. Happily, many of ...., ...... ,. ganizational activity. it has been hard them are school officials. who are to hold the gains of recent years and doing more thinking about the reali- 'CONSCIENCE' GETS SUPPORT some losses are reported. White people tics of school dcscgrcgatlon than most Cor~ti~~rrc,rlfro~n Pn,qc~ 5 in many places are reluctant to attend ot thcir fellow townsmen. Many others controlled. Thc oaths are in ;lddition to interracial meetings, even when they see clearly the truths thcy find difficult a gencral loyalty oath to support and de- have done so for years. The oft-re- to say clearly. fcntl the constitution. peated frlcndliness of white Southern- The South has 5ct to learn that thc The California church. which rejected thc loyalty oath. won its case in a lower ers for Negroes has visibly lessened. issue is jo~ncd. When Southerners court and was helped by the committee Among Negroes, there is no panic as lcarn where they are. thcy can begin in its dcfensc against an appeal of the is evident among the white population. to plan thc actlon nccdcd to rel~cvc county authorities. Thcre is a quiet determination to go the region of the intolcr:rble burdcn of Grants for strfTcrings have been made on without white help, and to main- wgrcgatlon. to ease economic distrcss in three types of cases. In onc n minister rcceived aid after tain dignity in the face of hostility. he was forced from his church bccause he "We have suffered before, we can do HOW FRIENDS SERVE opposed the White Citizcns Councils in so again." There is no ardent cam- Coririr~rrcrlfrolrz PNCC5 thc South. Thc committee made a suffer- paign for school desegregation; in the Chung Ho continues to study and ings grant to an individual who was in- deep South there have been relatively shares his ncw knowlcdgc with his volvccl in complc~legal difficulty after he few petitions presented. even fewer familv. Moon Hi is working on a hought a house and transferred it to a largcr loom at the w'caving prqicct and Ncgro friend. A school district husiness court cases filed. There is a refusal to n1an;lger reccivcd ;I sufferings grant after renounce rights. or to deny the course her earnings are high. Widow Kim. tic rc\ignecl his post in protcst over the so recently affirmed by the highest with lcss worrics. thinks seriously of firing of a school principal. The principal law of the land. joining some of the adult litcracv was tli.;missctl hecause he had hecn :I courses so shc can Icarn to read and mcmhcr of thc ;\meric;ln Civil Liberties Only One Side Voiced writc and count. Union. It is unhappily true that the abun- dance of words has none of the qual- ity of a great debate in which argu- ment serves to clarify issues and then American Friends Service Committee pave the way for choices to be made. 20 5. 12th St., Philadelphia 7, Pa. The case for desegregation is not being presented. Citizcns are not hear- ing two sides to the question, as only one side is being voiced. It remains for Southern liberals. Negro and whitc. to undertake to argue a prin- ciple. Southerners know in their hearts what they do not admit to the level of

tie AMERICAN FRIENDSSERVICE TCOMMITTEE,a Quaker organiza- tion, attempts to relieve human ~uf- fering and tcl ease tensions between indivitluals, groups or nations. We be- lieve there is that of God in every man, anti that love in action can overcome hatred, prejudice and fear. Our work is open to anyone re- gardless of race. religion or nationality. We depend upon your contributions. Checks may be sent to the American Friends Service Committee at any of its offices.

.iacS-r @ 3547 Requested

AFSC RUI.LETIN Numhcr 48