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BMJ Publishing Group Limited (BMJ) disclaims all liability and responsibility arising from any reliance Supplemental material placed on this supplemental material which has been supplied by the author(s) Reg Anesth Pain Med

Appendix 1: Search strategy (June 18th, 2019)

Pubmed Search (advanced)

#1.

("Pain"[Mesh] OR "Acute Pain"[Mesh] OR "Pain Management"[Mesh] OR "Pain, Procedural"[Mesh] OR "Analgesia"[Mesh] OR "Analgesia, Patient-Controlled"[Mesh] OR "Analgesia, Epidural"[Mesh] OR "Anesthesia and Analgesia"[Mesh] OR "Anesthesia"[Mesh] OR "Anesthesia, Spinal"[Mesh] OR "Anesthesia, Local"[Mesh] OR "Anesthesia, Intravenous"[Mesh] OR "Anesthesia, Epidural"[Mesh] OR "Analgesics"[Mesh] OR "Anesthetics"[Mesh] OR Analgesia[Title/Abstract] OR Analgesia Patient-Controlled[Title/Abstract] OR Analgesia Epidural[Title/Abstract] OR Anesthesia and Analgesia[Title/Abstract] OR Anesthesia[Title/Abstract] OR Anesthesia Spinal[Title/Abstract] OR Anesthesia Local[Title/Abstract] OR Anesthesia Intravenous[Title/Abstract] OR Anesthesia Epidural[Title/Abstract] OR Analgesics[Title/Abstract] OR Anesthetics[Title/Abstract] OR Acute Pains[Title/Abstract] OR Pain Acute[Title/Abstract] OR Pains Acute[Title/Abstract] OR Management Pain[Title/Abstract] OR Managements Pain[Title/Abstract] OR Pain Managements[Title/Abstract] OR Analgesias[Title/Abstract] OR Analgesia Patient Controlled[Title/Abstract] OR Patient-Controlled Analgesia[Title/Abstract] OR Patient Controlled Analgesia[Title/Abstract] OR Epidural Analgesia[Title/Abstract] OR Assessment Pain[Title/Abstract] OR Assessments Pain[Title/Abstract] OR Pain Assessments[Title/Abstract] OR Pain Assessment[Title/Abstract] OR Anesthesias Spinal[Title/Abstract] OR Spinal Anesthesia[Title/Abstract] OR Spinal Anesthesias[Title/Abstract] OR Local Anesthesia[Title/Abstract] OR Anesthesia Infiltration[Title/Abstract] OR Infiltration Anesthesia[Title/Abstract] OR Anesthesias Intravenous[Title/Abstract] OR Intravenous Anesthesia[Title/Abstract] OR Intravenous Anesthesias[Title/Abstract] OR Anesthesia Peridural[Title/Abstract] OR Anesthesias Peridural[Title/Abstract] OR Peridural Anesthesia[Title/Abstract] OR Peridural Anesthesias[Title/Abstract] OR Anesthesia Extradural[Title/Abstract] OR Anesthesias Extradural[Title/Abstract] OR Extradural Anesthesia[Title/Abstract] OR Extradural Anesthesias[Title/Abstract] OR Epidural Anesthesia[Title/Abstract] OR Anesthesias Epidural[Title/Abstract] OR Epidural Anesthesias[Title/Abstract] OR Anesthesia Regional[Title/Abstract] OR Regional Anesthesia[Title/Abstract] OR Analgesic Drugs[Title/Abstract] OR Drugs Analgesic[Title/Abstract] OR Analgesic Agents[Title/Abstract] OR Agents Analgesic[Title/Abstract] OR Antinociceptive Agents[Title/Abstract] OR Anesthetic Drugs[Title/Abstract] OR Drugs Anesthetic[Title/Abstract] OR Anesthetic Agents[Title/Abstract] OR Agents Anesthetic[Title/Abstract] OR Pain Management[Title/Abstract] OR Acute Pain[Title/Abstract] OR Pain[Title/Abstract] OR Pain Postoperative[Title/Abstract] OR Postoperative Pain[Title/Abstract] OR Postoperative Pains[Title/Abstract] OR "Pain, Postoperative"[Mesh])

("Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip"[Mesh] OR "Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee"[Mesh] OR Arthroplasty Replacement Hip[Title/Abstract] OR Arthroplasty Replacement Knee[Title/Abstract] OR Total Hip Replacement[Title/Abstract] OR Total Hip Replacements[Title/Abstract] OR Hip Replacements Total[Title/Abstract] OR Replacement Total Hip[Title/Abstract] OR Hip Replacement Total[Title/Abstract] OR Hip Replacement Arthroplasties[Title/Abstract] OR Arthroplasties Hip OR Total Hip Arthroplasty OR Replacement[Title/Abstract] OR Replacement Arthroplasty Hip[Title/Abstract] OR Replacement Arthroplasties Hip[Title/Abstract] OR Hip Replacement Arthroplasty[Title/Abstract] OR hip arthroplasty[Title/Abstract] OR hip replacement[Title/Abstract] OR THA[Title/Abstract] OR hip surgery[Title/Abstract] OR Prosthesis Implantations Hip[Title/Abstract] OR Prosthesis Implantation Hip[Title/Abstract] OR Implantations Hip Prosthesis[Title/Abstract] OR Implantation Hip Prosthesis[Title/Abstract] OR Hip Prosthesis Implantations[Title/Abstract] OR Hip Prosthesis Implantation[Title/Abstract] OR Arthroplasty Hip Replacement[Title/Abstract] OR Arthroplasties Replacement Hip[Title/Abstract] OR Replacement Arthroplasty Knee[Title/Abstract] OR Arthroplasties Knee Replacement[Title/Abstract] OR Arthroplasty Knee[Title/Abstract] OR Knee Arthroplasty[Title/Abstract] OR Knee Replacement Total[Title/Abstract] OR Total Knee Replacement[Title/Abstract] OR Replacement Total Knee[Title/Abstract] OR Total Knee Arthroplasty[Title/Abstract] OR Arthroplasty Total Knee[Title/Abstract] OR Knee Arthroplasty Total[Title/Abstract] OR Replacement Arthroplasties Knee[Title/Abstract] OR Knee Replacement Arthroplasty[Title/Abstract] OR Knee Replacement Arthroplasties[Title/Abstract] OR knee replacement[Title/Abstract] OR TKA[Title/Abstract] OR knee surgery[Title/Abstract] OR Arthroplasty Knee Replacement[Title/Abstract] OR Arthroplasties Replacement Knee[Title/Abstract])

Pedersen C, et al. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2020;0:1–7. doi: 10.1136/rapm-2020-101459 BMJ Publishing Group Limited (BMJ) disclaims all liability and responsibility arising from any reliance Supplemental material placed on this supplemental material which has been supplied by the author(s) Reg Anesth Pain Med

”randomized controlled trial”[ptyp] or ”controlled clinical trial”[PTyp] #4

”randomized”[Title/Abstract] or ”randomised”[Title/Abstract] or ”randomly”[Title/Abstract] or ”random”[Title/Abstract] or ”controlled”[Title/Abstract] or ”trial”[Title/Abstract] or ”placebo”[Title/Abstract] or ”groups”[Title/Abstract] or ”clinical trial”[Title/Abstract] #5

3 or 4

1 and 2 and 5

7,813 HITS

Embase Search (advanced)

#1.

Pain OR Acute Pain OR Pain Management OR Pain Procedural OR Analgesia OR Analgesia Patient-Controlled OR Analgesia Epidural OR Anesthesia and Analgesia OR Anesthesia OR Anesthesia Spinal OR Anesthesia Local OR Anesthesia Intravenous OR Anesthesia Epidural OR Analgesics OR Anesthetics OR Pain Acute OR Pains Acute OR Management Pain OR Managements Pain OR Pain Managements OR Analgesias OR Patient-Controlled Analgesia OR Patient Controlled Analgesia OR Epidural Analgesia OR Assessment Pain OR Assessments Pain OR Pain Assessments OR Pain Assessment OR Anesthesias Spinal OR Spinal Anesthesia OR Spinal Anesthesias OR Local Anesthesia OR Anesthesia Infiltration OR Infiltration Anesthesia OR Anesthesias Intravenous OR Intravenous Anesthesia OR Intravenous Anesthesias OR Anesthesia Peridural OR Anesthesias Peridural OR Peridural Anesthesia OR Peridural Anesthesias OR Anesthesia Extradural OR Anesthesias Extradural OR Extradural Anesthesia OR Extradural Anesthesias OR Epidural Anesthesia OR Anesthesias Epidural OR Epidural Anesthesias OR Anesthesia OR Regional Anesthesia OR Analgesic Drugs OR Drugs Analgesic OR Analgesic Agents OR Agents Analgesic OR Antinociceptive Agents OR Anesthetic Drugs OR Drugs Anesthetic OR Anesthetic Agents OR Agents Anesthetic OR Pain Postoperative OR Postoperative Pain OR Postoperative Pains (title, abstract, keyword)

Arthroplasty Replacement Hip OR Arthroplasty Replacement Knee OR Total Hip Replacement OR Total Hip Replacements OR Hip Replacements Total OR Replacement Total Hip OR Hip Replacement Total OR Hip Replacement Arthroplasties OR Arthroplasties Hip Replacement OR Replacement Arthroplasty Hip OR Replacement Arthroplasties Hip OR Hip Replacement Arthroplasty OR Prosthesis Implantations Hip OR Prosthesis Implantation Hip OR Implantations Hip Prosthesis OR Implantation Hip Prosthesis OR Hip Prosthesis Implantations OR Hip Prosthesis Implantation OR Arthroplasty Hip Replacement OR Arthroplasties Replacement Hip OR Replacement Arthroplasty Knee OR Arthroplasties Knee Replacement OR Arthroplasty Knee OR Knee Arthroplasty OR Knee Replacement Total OR Total Knee Replacement OR Replacement Total Knee OR Total Knee Arthroplasty OR Arthroplasty Total Knee OR Knee Arthroplasty Total OR Replacement Arthroplasties Knee OR Knee Replacement Arthroplasty OR Knee Replacement Arthroplasties OR Arthroplasty Knee Replacement OR Arthroplasties Replacement Knee OR knee replacement OR TKA OR knee surgery OR hip arthroplasty OR hip replacement OR THA OR hip surgery OR Total Hip Arthroplasty (title, abstract, keyword)

#1 and #2

Crossover-procedure or double-blind procedure or randomized controlled trial or single-blind procedure or random or factorial or crossover or cross over or placebo or assign or alloccat or volunteer = 711363 hits Text word (tw.)

randomized or randomised or randomly or random or controlled or trial or placebo or groups or clinical trial (title, abstract, keyword)

#3 or #4

#1 and #2 and #5

3,446 HITS

Cochrane search

#1.

#2.

MeSH descriptor [Pain] explode all trees OR MeSH descriptor: [Analgesia] explode all trees

#3 .

#1 or #2

#4.

MeSH descriptor: [Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee] explode all trees OR MeSH descriptor: [Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip] explode all trees

#6.

#4 or #5

#7.

#3 AND #6

limit #6 to clinical trials

8,267 HITS

This search includes the following Mesh Terms: pain; analgesia; Arthroplasty, Replacement Knee; and Arthroplasty, Replacement Hip.

Appendix 2: Excluded articles and reasons for exclusion

Author Title Journal Reason for exclusion

Abdelmawgoud, A The analgesic efficacy of continuous fascia iliaca block vs continuous Egyptian journal of Includes fracture psoas compartment block after hip surgery: a comparative study anaesthesia

Ahdieh, H Efficacy of oxymorphone extended release in postsurgical pain: a Journal of clinical Includes other types of randomized clinical trial in knee arthroplasty pharmacology surgery

Akhondzade, R Comparison of the analgesic effect of intra-articular and extra-articular Pakistan journal of Arthrotomy injection of morphine and ketamine compound in arthrotomy lower limb medical sciences surgery under spinal anesthesia

Akin, A Preemptive effectiveness of piroxicam in patients undergoing total hip Turk anesteziyoloji ve Not English replacement reanimasyon

Aksoy, Ms Does spinal anesthesia increase the pain and anxiety after total knee Joint diseases & related Non-analgesic arthroplasty? a randomized prospective study surgery intervention

Al, Oweidi As The impact of long-lasting preemptive epidural analgesia before total hip Middle east journal of Substudy replacement on the hormonal stress response A prospective, randomized, anaesthesiology double-blind study

Albrecht, E Single-injection or continuous femoral nerve block for total knee Clinical orthopaedics Duplication arthroplasty? and related research

Aldahish, Mm Regional anaesthesia and postoperative analgesia for major knee surgery: Egyptian journal of Not found comparison between epidural and combined lumbar plexus and sciatic anaesthesia nerve block

Anastase, D A comparative study of efficacy and safety of lornoxicam versus Regional Anesthesia and Conference Abstract etoricoxib after total knee arthroplasty Pain Medicine

Andersen, K.V Comparison between ropivacaine local infiltration analgesia with Scandinavian Journal of Conference Abstract ketorolac or placebo for total knee replacement surgery Pain

Andersen, LO Analgesic efficacy of intracapslar versus intraarticular local anesthetics Acta Anaesthesiologica Conference Abstract after knee arthroplasty, A prospective, randomizez, double-blind trial Scandinavica, Supplement

Andersen, LØ Local anesthetics after total knee arthroplasty: intraarticular or Acta orthopaedica Randomized after 24 h extraarticular administration? A randomized, double-blind, placebo- postoperative controlled study

Anderson, SK Diclofenac in combination with opiate infusion after joint replacement Anaesthesia and Includes age below 18 surgery intensive care

Arendt-Nielsen, L Comparing adductor canal block with local infiltration analgesia in total Eur J Pain Duplication knee arthroplasty: A prospective, blinded and randomized clinical trial

Aveline, C Pain and recovery after total knee arthroplasty: a 12-month follow-up Clinical journal of pain Obersevational study after a prospective randomized study evaluating Nefopam and Ketamine for early rehabilitation

Axelsson, K Postoperative extradural analgesia with morphine and ropivacaine A Acta anaesthesiologica Hemi-arthroplasty double-blind comparison between placebo and ropivacaine 10 mg/h or 16 scandinavica mg/h

Aydin, GB Preemptive effect of dexketoprophen trometamol or Anestezi dergisi Not English paracetamol/tramadol combination on postoperative analgesia

Babaiants, Av Comparative analysis of the efficiency and safety of different types of Anesteziologiia i Not English neuroaxial blocks during total hip replacement reanimatologiia

Babu, SC Postoperative Ultrasound Guided Continuous Femoral Nerve Blockade Anesth Analg. Comparative study for Unilateral Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Comparison of 0125% Bupivacaine and 02% Ropivacaine

Bagry, H Effect of a continuous peripheral nerve block on the inflammatory Regional anesthesia and Not primary pain study response in knee arthroplasty pain medicine

Bai, SJ The Effects of Preemptive Intravenous Ketorolac for Total Hip Korean journal of Not English Replacement Patients anesthesiology

Bao, Y Comparison of preincisional and postincisional parecoxib administration Journal of international Includes fracture on postoperative pain control and cytokine response after total hip medical research replacement

Baranovic, S Peripheral regional analgesia with femoral catheter versus intravenous Collegium Not found patient controlled analgesia after total knee arthroplasty: a prospective antropologicum randomized study

Barrington, J.W Postoperative Pain After Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty: Comparison Journal of Arthroplasty Non-randomized of Local Injection Analgesic Cocktails and the Role of Demographic and Surgical Factors

Beaupre, La Impact of a preemptive multimodal analgesia plus femoral nerve The scientific world Non-randomized blockade protocol on rehabilitation, hospital length of stay, and journal postoperative analgesia after primary total knee arthroplasty

Beek, R In patients undergoing fast track total knee arthroplasty, addition of Medicine Duplication buprenorphine to a femoral nerve block has no clinical advantage

Bengtsson, M Postoperative pain relief with intrathecal morphine after major hip Regional anesthesia Non-randomized surgery

Berge, R Femoral nerve block after total knee arthroplasty: comparison of single European journal of Conference Abstract dose versus continuous infusion. Analgesia and functional recovery anaesthesiology.

Bertinin, L Patient-controlled postoperative analgesia in orthopedic surgery: epidural Minerva anestesiologica Not English PCA versus intravenous PCA

Bhandari, M Does perioperative oral rofecoxib therapy improve functional recovery CMAJ : Canadian Conference Abstract after knee replacement surgery? Medical Association journal

Bichel, T Analgesia for total hip replacement: Epidural analgesia versus femoral Cahiers d'anesthesiologie Not English nerve blockade?

Borisov, Db Iliofascial versus epidural block during hip endoprosthesis Anesteziologiia i Not English reanimatologiia

Bormann, B Postoperative pain therapy by transdermal fentanyl Anasthesie, Not English intensivtherapie, notfallmedizin

Boucher, C Intrathecal fentanyl does not modify the duration of spinal procaine block Canadian journal of Includes other types of anaesthesia surgery

Bowrey, S A comparison of 0.2 and 0.5 mg intrathecal morphine for postoperative Anaesthesia Not proper controlled analgesia after total knee replacement

Bozkurt, M Comparing the effects of analgesia techniques with controlled Drugs Not English intravenous and epidural on postoperative pain and knee rehabilitation after total knee arthroplasty

Brodner, G Postoperative analgesia after knee surgery: a comparison of three Anesthesia and analgesia Not proper controlled different concentrations of ropivacaine for continuous femoral nerve blockade

Bullingham, Re Mandatory sublingual buprenorphine for postoperative pain Anaesthesia Non-randomized

Busch, C The Efficacy of Periarticular Multimodal Drug Infiltration in Total Hip Journal of bone and joint Duplication Arthroplasty surgery. American volume

Cakan, T The comparison of two different PCA dose regimens after total knee and Agri Not English

hip replacement. [Turkish]

Capdevila, X Effects of perioperative analgesic technique on the surgical outcome and Anesthesiology Includes other types of duration of rehabilitation after major knee surgery surgery

Carabine, UA Extradural clonidine infusions for analgesia after total hip replacement British journal of Duplication anaesthesia

Casati, A 72-hour epidural infusion of 0.125% levobupivacaine following total Acta bio-medica Randomized after 24 h knee replacement: a prospective, randomized, controlled, multicenter postoperative evaluation

Celik, F Comparison of the effectiveness of intrathecal bupivacaine and Zdravniski vestnik Randomized after 24 h levobupivacaine in hip surgery postoperative

Chan, Ee-Yuee Functional discharge readiness and mobility following total knee Arthritis care & research Not primary pain study arthroplasty for osteoarthritis: a comparison of analgesic techniques

Chaubey, D. Comparison of continuous femoral nerve block versus local infiltration Journal of Clinical and Not found analgesia as a postoperative analgesia in unilateral total knee arthroplasty Diagnostic Research

Chelly, J.E Continuous femoral blocks improve recovery and outcome of patients Journal of Arthroplasty Non-randomized undergoing total knee arthroplasty

Chen, DW Intra-articular bupivacaine reduces postoperative pain and meperidine use Journal of arthroplasty Necrosis after total hip arthroplasty: a randomized, double-blind study

Chen, DW Continuous intra-articular infusion of bupivacaine for post-operative pain European journal of pain Necrosis relief after total hip arthroplasty: a randomized, placebo-controlled, (london, england) double-blind study

Chen, H. Relative Contributions of Adductor Canal Block and Intrathecal Phys Sportsmed. Duplication Morphine to Analgesia and Functional Recovery After Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Chen, Xf Spinal anesthesia in combination with epidural anesthesia for surgeries of Chinese journal of Not found hips and lower limbs anesthesiology

Chen, Y Efficacy and safety of an intra-operative intra-articular Journal of international Not found magnesium/ropivacaine injection for pain control following total knee medical research arthroplasty

Cheville, A A randomized trial of controlled-release oxycodone during inpatient Journal of bone and joint Interventions starts at rehabilitation following unilateral total knee arthroplasty surgery. American POD 8 volume

Chinachoti, At A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial of periarticular British journal of Conference Abstract infiltration of 0.25% bupivacaine for postoperative pain control after total anaesthesia. knee

Cho, Sy The Effects of Intrathecal Neostigmine on Postoperative Analgesia in Korean journal of Not English Patients Undergoing Total Knee Replacement anesthesiology

Choi, HG The Analgesic Effect of Postoperative Combined Epidural, Soft Tissue, Korean journal of Not English and Intra-articular Injection of Morphine and Bupivacaine in Patients anesthesiology undergoing Total Knee Arthroplasty

Christie, Iw Pain scores after total hip arthroplasty: prospective, randomized, open Br-j-anaesth Conference Abstract comparison of two analgesic techniques

Churadze, Bt Comparative assessment of prolonged femoral nerve blockade and Anesteziologiia i Not English epidural analgesia for postoperative pain in total knee joint arthroplasty reanimatologiia

Cien, A.J. Comparison Between Liposomal Bupivacaine and Femoral Nerve Block J Neurosurg Spine. Retrospective study in Patients Undergoing Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty

Colwell, C.W.,Jr Patient-controlled analgesia compared with intramuscular injection of J Am Coll Surg. Includes revision analgesics for the management of pain after an orthopaedic procedure

Corbett, Ar Use of regional i.v. morphine analgesia in patients undergoing total knee Br-j-anaesth Conference Abstract arthroplasty

Courtney, P.M / Oral prolonged-release oxycodone/naloxone offers equivalent analgesia J arthroplasty/Minerva Not found Manassero, A to intravenous morphine patient-controlled analgesia after total knee anestesiologica replacement

Cruz, P Postoperative analgesia after total knee replacement through three in one Revista de la Sociedad Not English block Espanola del dolor

Dahl, J.B. Continuous blockade of the lumbar plexus after knee surgery - Anaesthesia Fracture surgery postoperative analgesia and bupivacaine plasma concentrations

Dahl, J.B. Comparison of two active analgesic interventions: a suggestion for an Trials. Editorial 'approximated placebo control'

Dahl, J.B. Perineuronal morphine: a comparison with epidural morphine Anaesthesia Includes other types of surgery

Dar, Fa Hyperbaric spinal ropivacaine in lower limb and hip surgery: a Journal of No pain measurements comparison with hyperbaric bupivacaine anaesthesiology, clinical pharmacology

de Beer Jde, V. Efficacy and safety of controlled-release oxycodone and standard Can J Anaesth. Two phase study, one therapies for postoperative pain after knee or hip replacement not randomized

De Miguel Rivero, Comparative efficacy of oral ibuprofen-arginine, intramuscular magnesic Clinical Drug Includes revision C dipyrone and placebo in patients with postoperative pain following total Investigation hip replacement

Demirel, I Comparison of unilateral spinal anesthesia and L₁ paravertebral block European review for Hemi-arthroplasty combined with psoas compartment and sciatic nerve block in patients to medical and undergo partial hip prosthesis pharmacological sciences

Den Hartog, Y.M Which patient-specific and surgical characteristics influence BMC Musculoskeletal Not proper controlled postoperative pain after THA in a fast-track setting? Disorders

Deng, Y Effect of continuous femoral nerve block combined with periarticular Journal of Peking Not English local infiltration analgesia on early operative functional recovery after University. Health total knee arthroplasty sciences

Deniz, S Comparison of the postoperative analgesic efficacy of an ultrasound- AĞRI Includes fracture guided fascia iliaca compartment block versus3 in 1 block in hip prosthesis surgery

Dighe, K Perioperative gabapentin and delirium following total knee arthroplasty: a Journal canadien Correspondance post-hoc analysis of a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial d'anesthesie [Canadian journal of anaesthesia]

Dimaculangan, D Periarticular injection and continuous femoral nerve block versus Journal of clinical Not found continuous femoral nerve block alone on postoperative opioid orthopaedics and trauma consumption and pain control following total knee arthroplasty

Dolecek, R Salmon calcitonin (injection and nasal spray) and placebo in patients Current therapeutic Not primary pain study undergoing total hip replacement: a double-blind study research - clinical and experimental

Dominguez- Combined subarachnoid and epidural block with a single injection, with a Reg Anesth. Not English Hervella, F. D. modified Tuohy needle and used in hip surgery

Du, X-p Analgesic effects of intraarticular cocktail versus intravenous parecoxib Chinese journal of tissue Not English injection after total hip arthroplasty engineering research

Duan, L_B Influence of sufentanial in postoperative patient controlled epidural Journal of jilin university Not English analgesia in hemorheology after total hip replacement medicine edition

Dueck, Mh Addition of sufentanil 1 mug/ml to ropivacaine 0.2% does not improve Anasthesiologie und Not found postoperative analgesia by continuous epidural infusion following total intensivmedizin

hip replacement

Dysart, S A Randomized, Multicenter, Double-Blind Study of Local Infiltration Open Orthop J. Protocol Analgesia with Liposomal Bupivacaine for Postsurgical Pain Following Total Knee Arthroplasty

Dysart, S Local Infiltration Analgesia With Liposomal Bupivacaine Improves Early Journal of arthroplasty Substudy Outcomes After Total Knee Arthroplasty: 24-Hour Data From the PILLAR Study

Ebert, Jr Randomized trial investigating the efficacy of manual lymphatic drainage Archives of physical Bilateral surgery to improve early outcome after total knee arthroplasty medicine and rehabilitation

Ekmekci, P The effect of tramadol adjunct to ropivacaine in continuous femoral nerve Anestezi Dergisi Not English block in patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty for postoperative pain treatment. [Turkish]

Eledjam, J.J Postoperative analgesia by femoral nerve block with ropivacaine 0.2% Knee Surg Sports Includes other types of after major knee surgery: continuous versus patient-controlled techniques Traumatol Arthrosc. surgery

Eloy, J.D Gabapentin does not appear to improve postoperative pain and sleep Pain Research and Includes fracture patterns in patients who concomitantly receive regional anesthesia for Management lower extremity orthopedic surgery

Fagen, Rj Effect of ketorolac tromethamine on bleeding and on requirements for Journal of bone and joint Bilateral surgery analgesia after total knee arthroplasty surgery. American volume

Fang, Z Analgesic efficacy of oxycodone-acetaminophen tablets after total knee Chinese journal of new Not English arthroplasty drugs

Farag, E Epidural analgesia improves early rehabilitation after total knee Journal of clinical Bilateral surgery replacement anesthesia

Fattorini, F Peridural analgesic therapy in orthopedic surgery: comparison of Clinica terapeutica Not English ropivacaine and bupivacaine

Feng, Y Effects of a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor on postoperative Journal of pain Bilateral surgery inflammatory reaction and pain after total knee replacement

Feng, Y Postoperative analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of rofecoxib after Chinese journal of Not English total knee replacement. [Chinese] surgery

Fenten, MGE No clinically relevant advantage of intrathecal morphine in total hip Acta anaesthesiologica Observational study arthroplasty ? Belgica

Fernandez, Castillo Post-surgical acute pain complementary assessment in an analgesic Revista de la sociedad Not English A power contrast espanola del dolor

Ferrante, F A comparison of the efficacy of pain relief with PCA and standard Regional Anesthesia Conference Abstract intramuscular opioid therapy after total knee replacement

Ferrante, FM Regression of sensory anesthesia during continuous epidural infusions of Anesthesia and analgesia Not primary pain study bupivacaine and opioid for total knee replacement

Figueiredo Femoral nerve block versus epidural analgesia after total knee Dolor Not found Gonzalez, O arthroplasty

Florescu, Sc Perioperative etoricoxib administration reduces postoperative opioid Romanian journal of Not found consumption without affecting transfusion requirements in total hip anaesthesia and intensive arthroplasty care

Flory, D.A Postoperative pain control in total joint arthroplasty: a prospective, J Refract Surg. Includes revision randomized study of a fixed-dose, around-the-clock, oral regimen

Forget, P Less long term pain with an iliofascial than an epidural block after hip Journal canadien Not English arthroplasty d'anesthesie

Fransen, M Preventing chronic ectopic bone-related pain and disability after hip Controlled clinical trials Revision surgery replacement surgery with perioperative ibuprofen. (HIPAID)

Fredrickson, Mj Spinal anaesthesia with adjunctive intrathecal morphine versus Anaesthesia and Not found continuous lumbar plexus blockade: a randomised comparison for intensive care analgesia after hip replacement

Fritze, P Pain therapy using stimulating catheters after total knee arthroplasty Schmerz (berlin, Not English germany)

Fusco, P The addition of continuous wound infusion of local anaesthetics to local J Bone Joint Surg Am. Not found infiltration in the management of postoperative pain and rehabilitation after total hip arthroplasty

Galasko, C.S Trial of oral flupirtine maleate in the treatment of pain after orthopaedic Arch Orthop Trauma Revision surgery surgery Surg

Gallardo, J Efficacy of the fascia iliaca compartment block vs continuous epidural Revista espanola de Not English infusion for analgesia following total knee replacement surgery anestesiologia y reanimacion

Gandhi, K The effect of stimulating versus conventional perineural catheters on Journal of clinical Non-analgesic postoperative analgesia following ultrasound-guided femoral nerve anesthesia intervention localization

Gao, W-L Analgesic effect of femoral and sciatic nerve block under multimodal Chinese journal of tissue Not English analgesia in total knee arthroplasty engineering research

Gao, Y.Z Progress on prevention for anterior knee pain after primary total knee Saudi J Anaesth. Not English arthroplasty

Gasanova, I Ultrasound-guided suprainguinal fascia iliaca compartment block versus Regional anesthesia and Not found periarticular infiltration for pain management after total hip arthroplasty: pain medicine a randomized controlled trial

Gatti, A Technique of postoperative anesthesia and analgesia in knee surgery Impegno Ospedaliero, Not English Sezione Scientifica

Geisler, A Challenging the multimodal analgesic principle: Data from a cohort of Acta Anaesthesiologica Conference Abstract total hip arthroplasty patients in five different hospitals Scandinavica

Gelmanas,A Postoperative pain management after hip replacement: Efficiency Regional Anesthesia and Conference Abstract comparison of epidural analgesia and continuous lumbar plexus block Pain Medicine

Gendy, Ha Ultrasound guided single injection caudal epidural anesthesia of isobaric Egyptian journal of Includes fracture bupivacaine with/without dexamethasone for geriatric patients anaesthesia undergoing total hip replacement surgery

Gerig, Hj Postoperative analgesia with epidural morphine after hip operations Der anaesthesist Not English (author's transl)

Gerig, Hj Epidural buprenorphine for postoperative analgesia after hip operations Der anaesthesist Not English

Ghabach, ME Combined block of the femoral and lateral femoral cutaneous Middle east journal of Includes fracture nerves under ultrasound for post-operative analgesia in patients anaesthesiology undergoing hip surgery

Ghosh, S Adductor canal block and functional recovery after total knee Regional anesthesia and Not found arthroplasty. A double-blind, randomized controlled trial pain medicine

Giesinger, J.M Patient-reported outcome metrics following total knee arthroplasty are Knee Surg Sports No active intervention influenced differently by patients' body mass index Traumatol Arthrosc

Gimbel, J The efficacy and safety of oral immediate-release oxymorphone for Anesthesia and analgesia Osteotomy postsurgical pain

Girauedet-Le Positive effect of patient education for hip surgery: a randomized trial Arthroscopy. Non-analgesic intervention

Goitia, Arrola L Fascia iliaca compartment block for analgesia following total hip Revista espanola de Not English replacement surgery anestesiologia y reanimacion

Gómez-Munoz, C Effect of the '3 in 1' block pre- or post-operatively in postoperative pain Revista Espanola de Not found following total knee arthroplasty anestesiologia y reanimacion

Goodchild, Cs Antinociceptive properties of neurosteroids IV: pilot study demonstrating British journal of Includes reconstruction the analgesic effects of alphadolone administered orally to humans anaesthesia

Gotfredsen, K A 10-year prospective study of single tooth implants placed in the Clin Exp Rheumatol. Includes other types of anterior maxilla surgery

Gothesen,O/Gøtese Functional outcome and alignment in computer-assisted and Asian Cardiovasc Thorac Non-analgesic n conventionally operated total knee replacements: a multicentre parallel- Ann. intervention group randomised controlled trial

Goutallier, D Diflunisal vs. pentazocin after operations on the knee Rhumatologie - revue Not found international de rhumatologie

Goyal, N. The 2012 chitranjan ranawat award: Intraarticular analgesia after TKA Clinical Orthopaedics Not found reduces pain: A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, and Related Research prospective study knee

Grabowska-Gawel, Combined subarachnoid and epidural anaesthesia for endoprosthetoplasty Zentralbl Gynakol. Not found A. of the knee joint

Green, E Additive effect of continuous adductor canal block and liposomal Eur J Orthop Surg Retrospective study bupivacaine periarticular injection in total knee arthroplasty Traumatol

Grenngrass, R. A. Lumbar plexus and sciatic nerve block for knee arthroplasty: comparison Anesth Analg. Not primary pain study of ropivacaine and bupivacaine

Grevstad, U Effect of adductor canal block versus femoral nerve block on quadriceps Physiother Can. Randomized after 24 h strength, mobilization, and pain after total knee arthroplasty: a postoperative randomized, blinded study

Grider Js Comparison of single shot versus continuous femoral local anesthetic Regional anesthesia and Not found nerve block in patients undergoing knee arthroplasty pain medicine

Gruhl, Dw Propanidid drip as basal anaesthesia during regional anaesthesia (author's Zeitschrift fur praktische Not English transl) anasthesie, wiederbelebung und IT

Guan, D Analgesic effect and security of tramadol/acetaminophen during Chinese Journal of Not English perioperative total knee arthroplasty Tissue Engineering Research

Guo, X-Z Total knee arthroplasty analgesia: gabapentin combined with continuous Chinese journal of tissue Not English femoral nerve block engineering research

Gurava Reddy, A Validating the Role of Steroid in Analgesic Cocktail Preparation for Anesth Essays Res 12 Non-randomized Local Infiltration in Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Comparative Study

Gurava Reddy, A Comparison between Multisite Infiltration Analgesia versus Adductor Anesth Essays Res 12 Non-randomized Canal Block for Pain Management in Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Prospective Study

Guyochin, A Peridural analgesia and general anesthesia in hip surgery. (Apropos of 34 Anesthesie, analgesie, Not English cases) reanimation

Hall, Mj A randomized controlled trial of postoperative analgesia following total European journal of Randomized after 24 h knee replacement: transdermal Fentanyl patches versus patient controlled orthopaedic surgery & postoperative analgesia (PCA) traumatology

Han, Js Effects of Intravenous and Epidural Patient-Controlled Analgesia on Korean journal of Not English Postoperative Pain and Knee Rehabilitation after a Unilateral Total Knee anesthesiology

Replacement

Hanna, M. H. Randomized, double-blind study of the analgesic efficacy of morphine-6- Anesthesiology. Includes revision glucuronide versus morphine sulfate for postoperative pain in major surgery

Harsten, A Total intravenous general anaesthesia vs. spinal anaesthesia for total hip Acta anaesthesiologica Non-analgesic arthroplasty: a randomised, controlled trial scandinavica intervention

Harsten, A Recovery after total intravenous general anaesthesia or spinal anaesthesia British journal of Non-analgesic for total knee arthroplasty: a randomized trial anaesthesia intervention

Hartrick, Ct Fentanyl iontophoretic transdermal system versus morphine intravenous Journal of opioid Includes other types of patient-controlled analgesia for pain management following orthopedic management surgery surgery

He, J Effects and safety of quadratus lumborum block in analgesia after hip Zhonghua yi xue za zhi Not English arthroplasty

Herreweghe, I Longitudinal fascia iliaca compartment block for total hiparthroplasty Regional anesthesia and Conference abstract pain medicine.

Himmelseher, S Small-dose S(+)-ketamine reduces postoperative pain when applied with Anesthesia and analgesia Revision surgery ropivacaine in epidural anesthesia for total knee arthroplasty

Horn, Ep Postoperative pain facilitates nonthermoregulatory tremor Anesthesiology Arthroscopy

Horsanli, E A comparison of epidural anesthesia and lumbar plexus-sciatic nerve Clinics (Sao Paulo) Includes other types of block for knee surgery surgery

Hou, X Chinese journal of Not English Effect of adductor canal block combined with local infiltration anesthesia reparative and on rehabilitation of primary total knee arthroplasty reconstructive surgery

Hu, Dh Epidural butorphanol analgesia in elderly patients undergoing hip Journal of Southern Not English replacement Medical University

Hung, Njo Ak Postoperative patient-controlled epidural analgesia after total knee Pain medicine (united Abstract arthroplasty with 2 mug/mL fentanyl combine with 0.2% ropivacaine or states). 0.2% levobupivacaine

Huo, L-R Characteristics of the effect of preemptive epidural analgesia on Journal of clinical Not English catecholamine in patients following total hip replacement rehabilitative tissue engineering research

Hur, MJ Effect of Intrathecal Morphine for Total Knee Replacement Arthroplasty Korean journal of Not English Elderly Patients anesthesiology

Hynes, D Analgesic efficacy of parenteral paracetamol (propacetamol) and Acta anaesthesiologica Osteotomy diclofenac in post-operative orthopaedic pain scandinavica

Ilahi, O.A Continuous epidural analgesia using fentanyl and bupivacaine after total Clinical Orthopaedics Revision surgery knee arthroplasty and Related Research

Ilfeld, Bm Health-related quality of life after tricompartment knee arthroplasty with Anesthesia and analgesia Duplication and without an extended-duration continuous femoral nerve block

Ilfeld, Bm Health-related quality of life after hip arthroplasty with and without an Anesthesia and analgesia Followup on RCT extended-duration continuous posterior lumbar plexus nerve block

Ilfeld, Bm Long-term pain, stiffness, and functional disability after total knee Regional anesthesia and Followup on RCT arthroplasty with and without an extended ambulatory continuous pain medicine femoral nerve block

Ilfeld, Bm Continuous femoral versus posterior lumbar plexus nerve blocks for Anesthesia and analgesia Includes other types of analgesia after hip arthroplasty: a randomized, controlled study surgery

Ilfeld, Bm Ambulatory continuous posterior lumbar plexus nerve blocks after hip Anesthesiology Randomized after 24 h arthroplasty: a dual-center, randomized, triple-masked, placebo- postoperative

controlled trial

Illgen, R. L. Prospective Analysis of a Novel Long-acting Oral Opioid Analgesic Journal of Arthroplasty Non-randomized Regimen for Pain Control After Total Hip and Knee Arthroplasty

Jacobson, L Intrathecal methadone: A dose-response study and comparison with Pain Only men intrathecal morphine 0.5 mg

Jeong, MS Effectiveness of Pain Relief for Femoral Nerve Block in Multimodal Pain Journal of the korean Not English Control Protocols in Total Knee Arthroplasty orthopaedic association

Jiang, T Appliation of multimodal pain control protocol in primary total knee Chinese Journal of Not English arthroplasty Tissue Engineering Research

Johansson, S Analgesic efficacy and safety comparison of ketorolac tromethamine and Journal of international No specification of Doleron for the alleviation of orthopaedic post-operative pain medical research orthopedic surgery

Johnson, A Influence of intrathecal morphine and naloxone intervention on Acta anaesthesiologica Pain not primary postoperative ventilatory regulation in elderly patients scandinavica outcome

Jolly, A Evaluation of efficacy of oral pregabalin in reducing postoperative pain in Indian journal of Duplication patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty orthopaedics

Joo, J-H Is Intra-Articular Multimodal Drug Injection Effective in Pain Journal of arthroplasty Correspondance Management After Total Knee Arthroplasty? A Randomized, Double- Blinded, Prospective Study

Jun, W Different analgesia in elderly patients with total knee arthroplasty: Chinese journal of tissue Not English incidence of cognitive dysfunction engineering research

Jung, Mg Comparison of hydromorphone and fentanyl administered by lumbar Anesthesia and pain Not English epidural as patient-controlled analgesia after total knee arthroplasty medicine

Kalliopi, P Rofecoxibe and Lornoxicam as adjuncts to morphine by patient - The journal of bone and Oral presentation controlled analgesia after total knee replacement joint surgery (proceedings)

Kampe, S Continuous epidural infusion of ropivacaine with sufentanil 1.5 microg x Anaesthesia. Correspondance mL(-1) for postoperative analgesia after total knee replacement

Kandikatu, S Acute post operative pain management in total knee arthroplasty; a The journal of bone and Abstract comparative study between PCA and PCA with local nerve blocks joint surgery (proceedings)

Kararmaz, A The Effects of the Type of Neuroaxial Block on Postoperative Pain after Turk anesteziyoloji ve Not found Total HIP Replacement Surgery: spinal vs. Epidural Anaesthesia reanimasyon dernegi dergisi

Karvonen, S Efficacy of oral paracetamol and ketoprofen for pain management after Methods and findings in Includes age below 18 major orthopedic surgery experimental and clinical pharmacology

Kastanias, P Patient-controlled oral analgesia for postoperative pain management Pain research & Intervention on POD2 following total knee replacement management

Kaya, M Patient-controlled regional analgesia after total hip arthroplasty: psoas Anestezi dergisi Not English compartment block versus three-in one femoral nerve block

Kearns, RJ Intrathecal opioid versus ultrasound guided fascia iliaca plane block for Med Sci Monit. Protocol analgesia after primary hip arthroplasty: study protocol for a randomised, blinded, noninferiority controlled trial

Kerpsack, JM The use of controlled-release versus scheduled oxycodone in the Orthop Nurs. Includes revision immediate postoperative period following total joint arthroplasty

Kerrick, JM Low-dose amitriptyline as an adjunct to opioids for postoperative Pain Intervention on night orthopedic pain: a placebo-controlled trial after surgery

Khalili, GR Comparison of intravenous and epidural patient-controlled analgesia after Journal of isfahan Duplication knee and hip arthroplasty medical school

Khalili, GR Comparison of intravenous and epidural patient-controlled analgesia after Journal of isfahan Not English knee and hip arthroplasty medical school

Khanna, M Treating pain with the lidocaine patch 5% after total knee arthroplasty PM & r : the journal of Non-randomized injury, function, and rehabilitation

Kilickan, L The effects of preemptive intravenous versus preemptive epidural Minerva anestesiologica Not found morphine on postoperative analgesia and surgical stress response after orthopaedic procedures

Kim, D Saphenous (adductor canal) nerve block vs. femoral nerve block for total Regional anesthesia and Not found knee arthroplasty: a novel approach for postoperative analgesia pain medicine

Kim, DJ Effects of dexmedetomidine on smooth emergence from anaesthesia in BMC anesthesiology Includes other types of elderly patients undergoing orthopaedic surgery surgery

Kim, JH A comparison of femoral/sciatic nerve block with lateral femoral Korean Journal of Observational study cutaneous nerve block and combined spinal epidural anesthesia for total Anesthesiology knee replacement arthroplasty

Kim, KH Comparison of Motor Block of 1.0% Ropivacaine and 0.5% Bupivacaine Korean journal of Not English in Epidural Anesthesia for Hip Arthroplasty Surgery anesthesiology

Kim, KH A Comparison of the Use of Several Concentrations of Bupivacaine with Korean journal of Not English Epidural Volume Extension during Combined Spinal-epidural Anesthesia anesthesiology in Total Knee Replacement

Klimscha, W Hemodynamic and analgesic effects of clonidine added repetitively to Anesth Analg. Fractures continous epidural and spinal blocks

Koch, T Levobupivacaine for epidural anaesthesia and postoperative analgesia in Der anaesthesist Includes fracture hip surgery: a multi-center efficacy and safety equivalence study with bupivacaine and ropivacaine

Koh, IJ Preemptive low-dose dexamethasone reduces postoperative emesis and Clinical orthopaedics Not primary pain study pain after TKA: a randomized controlled study and related research

Kohan, L Re: Short-term outcomes of local infiltration anaesthetic in total knee Anesth Analg. Editorial arthroplasty: a randomized controlled double-blinded controlled trial

Kostadinova, R Epidural morphine and ultralow dose naloxone to postoperative analgesia Anaesthesiology and Not English in the orthopaedic surgery. [Bulgarian] Intensive Care

Kostamovaara, PA Ropivacaine 1 mg x ml(-1) does not decrease the need for epidural Acta anaesthesiologica Revision surgery fentanyl after hip replacement surgery scandinavica

Kramer, S Continuous spinal anesthesia versus continuous femoral nerve block for Minerva Anestesiologica Non-randomized elective total knee replacement

Krenzel, Ba Posterior capsular injections of ropivacaine during total knee Journal of arthroplasty Bilateral surgery arthroplasty: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study

Krishnan, SH Addition of buprenorphine to local anesthetic in adductor canal blocks Journal of clinical No pain measurements after total knee arthroplasty improves postoperative pain relief: a anesthesia randomized controlled trial

Kutzner, KP Postoperative analgesia after total knee arthroplasty: continuous intra- Der orthopade Not English articular catheter vs. continuous femoral nerve block

Kuusniemi, K Prolonged-release oxycodone/naloxone in postoperative pain Journal of international More than one study management: from a randomized clinical trial to usual clinical practice medical research

Kytta, J Comparison between 0.5% bupivacaine with and without glucose in Acta anaesthesiologica Arthroscopy lumbar epidural block for knee surgery scandinavica

Langford, RM Comparison of fentanyl iontophoretic transdermal system and routine British journal of pain Includes other types of care with morphine intravenous patient-controlled analgesia in the surgery management of early postoperative mobilisation

Latasch, L. Transdermal fentanyl against postoperative pain Acta anaesthesiologica Arthrotomy belgica

Lauretti, G Postoperative analgesia by intraarticular and epidural neostigmine J Bone Joint Surg Am. Arthroscopy following knee surgery

Lauretti, G The combination of epidural clonidine and S(+)-ketamine did not Journal of clinical Arthroscopy enhance analgesic efficacy beyond that for each individual drug in adult anesthesia orthopedic surgery

Lauretti, G Transdermal nitroglycerine enhances spinal sufentanil postoperative Anesthesiology Arthroscopy analgesia following orthopedic surgery

Lauretti, G Postoperative analgesia by intraarticular and epidural neostigmine J Bone Joint Surg Am. Duplication following knee surgery

Lauretti, G The effect of transdermal nitroglycerin on spinal S(+)-ketamine Journal of clinical No specification of antinociception following orthopedic surgery anesthesia orthopedic surgery

Lauretti, G Study of three different doses of epidural neostigmine coadministered Anesthesiology No specification of with lidocaine for postoperative analgesia orthopedic surgery

Lee, Kj Efficacy of multimodal pain control protocol in the setting of total hip Clinics in orthopedic Osteonecrosis arthroplasty surgery

Lee, SH A Comparison of Patient-Controlled Epidural Analgesia and Continuous Korean journal of Not English Epidural Analgesia after Total Knee Arthroplasty in Elderly Patients over anesthesiology 60 Years of Age

Li, L Analgesics-assisted early functional exercise following minimally Journal of clinical Not English invasive total hip arthroplasty rehabilitative tissue engineering research

Litke, J Diclofenac for treatment of postoperative pain after hip arthroplasty in Chirurgia narzadow Not English older patients ruchu i ortopedia polska

Liu, B-S Multimodal analgesia after total knee arthroplasty Chinese journal of tissue Not English engineering research

Liu, J Peripheral nerve blocks versus general anesthesia for total knee Clinical interventions in Not found replacement in elderly patients on the postoperative quality of recovery aging

Liu, SS A prospective survey of patient-controlled epidural analgesia with Anesthesia and analgesia Non-randomized bupivacaine and clonidine after total hip replacement

Liu, Y Safety of paracetamol and tramadol for perioperative analgesia of total Chinese Journal of Not English knee arthroplasty. [Chinese] Tissue Engineering Research

Loland, Vj Continuous femoral versus posterior lumbar plexus nerve blocks for Regional anesthesia and Duplication analgesia following hip arthroplasty: a randomized, controlled study pain medicine

Loncar Stojiljkovic, Comparative postoperative analgesia with femoral nerve block "3-in-1" Medicinski Casopis Not English D. and with fascia iliaca compartment nerve block after hip alloarthroplasty

Looseley, A A randomized, observer blinded, trial of intrathecal diamorphine vs British journal of Conference abstract femoral nerve block for postoperative analgesia following primary total anaesthesia knee arthroplasty

Lopez, GJ Analysis of the efficiency and safety of the ileofascial block for Revista de la sociedad Not English postoperatory pain after total knee arthroplasty espanola del dolor

Lorenzini, C Efficacy of ropivacaine compared with ropivacaine plus sufentanil for Anaesthesia Includes reconstruction postoperative analgesia after major knee surgery

Lu, H Continuous analgesia of local infiltration after total knee arthroplasty. Chinese Journal of Not English [Chinese] Tissue Engineering Research

Lu, ZD Analgesic effect of periarticular Ropivacaine infiltration and Journal of clinical Not English cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor following total hip arthroplasty rehabilitative tissue engineering research

Lum, Z.C Does Local Soft Tissue Infiltration With a Liposomal Bupivacaine Journal of surgical Retrospective study Cocktail Have a Synergistic Effect When Combined With Single-Shot orthopaedic advances Adductor Canal Peripheral Nerve Block in Knee Arthroplasty?

Lunn, TH Effect of high-dose preoperative methylprednisolone on recovery after British journal of Not primary pain study total hip arthroplasty: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled anaesthesia trial

Macrinici, G Poster 391 Prospective, Double-blind, Randomized Clinical Trial to Pak J Med Sci. Poster Compare Single Shot Adductor Canal Nerve Block Versus Femoral Nerve Block Combined with Local Infiltration Analgesia

Madei, W Reducing post-operative analgesic requirements by pre-medication with Anasthesiologie und Not English dextromethorphan intensivmedizin

Mahoney, OM The effect of continuous epidural analgesia on postoperative pain, Clinical orthopaedics Conference abstract rehabilitation, and duration of hospitalization in total knee arthroplasty and related research

Malam, PP Comparison of analgesic effect of epidural ropivacaine (0.2%) and International Journal of Observational study ropivacaine (0.2%) with fentanyl (4mcg/ml) in post operative patient of Pharmaceutical Sciences total knee replacement surgery and Research

Malan, T. P., Jr. Parecoxib sodium, a parenteral cyclooxygenase 2 selective inhibitor, Anesth Analg Revision surgery improves morphine analgesia and is opioid-sparing following total hip arthroplasty

Malek, IA A comparison between the direct anterior and posterior approaches for Arch Phys Med Rehabil. Non-randomized total hip arthroplasty: the role of an 'Enhanced Recovery' pathway

Malik, P Comparative evaluation of epidural fentanyl and butorphanol for Journal of No specification of postoperative analgesia anaesthesiology, clinical orthopedic surgery pharmacology

Man, Z. T. Local injection of bupivacaine following total knee arthroplasty: Journal of Clinical Not English Analgesia effect and safety evaluation. Rehabilitative Tissue Engineering Research

Manassero, A. Comparison of the efficacy of femoral nerve block and fascia iliaca Minerva Anestesiol Not found compartment block in patients with total knee replacement

Mangar, D Knee strength retention and analgesia with continuous perineural fentanyl Journal of anesthesia Not primary pain study infusion after total knee replacement: randomized controlled trial

Martin, G Single-dose extended-release epidural morphine for pain after hip Journal of opioid Hemi-arthroplasty arthroplasty management

Martinez-Navas, A. Postoperative analgesia after total hip arthroplasty using continuous 3-in- Revista de la Sociedad Not English 1 blockade with stimulating catheter: Ropivacaine 0.2% vs ropivacaine Espanola del Dolor 0.125% vs bupivacaine 0.125%. [Spanish]

Martinez-Navas, A. Continuous versus single-dose sciatic nerve block to complement a Revista espanola de Not English femoral block after total knee replacement surgery: a randomized clinical anestesiologia y trial reanimacion

Maslanka, MA Comparison of oral ketorolac, intramuscular morphine, and placebo for Southern medical journal Includes other types treatment of pain after orthopedic surgery surgery

Masoudifar, M Comparison of performance and pain intensity after total knee Journal of isfahan Not English arthroplasty using general or regional anesthesia medical school

Matsumoto, S Transdermal fentanyl patch improves post-operative pain relief and Archives of orthopaedic Intervention starts on promotes early functional recovery in patients undergoing primary total

knee arthroplasty and trauma surgery POD 2

Mattia, C Efficacy and safety of fentanyl HCl iontophoretic transdermal system European journal of Includes other types of compared with morphine intravenous patient-controlled analgesia for anaesthesiology surgery postoperative pain management

McLeod, GA Determination of the EC50 of levobupivacaine for femoral and sciatic British journal of Only 1 group perineural infusion after total knee arthroplasty anaesthesia

McNamee, Da Spinal anaesthesia: comparison of plain ropivacaine 5 mg ml(-1) with British journal of Bilateral surgery bupivacaine 5 mg ml(-1) for major orthopaedic surgery anaesthesia

McQuay, Hj Randomized clinical trial of dexketoprofen/tramadol 25 mg/75 mg in Revista de la sociedad Duplication moderate-to-severe pain after total hip arthroplasty espanola del dolor

McQuay, Hj Clinical effects of buprenorphine during and after operation British journal of Non-randomized anaesthesia

McQuay, Hj Randomized clinical trial of dexketoprofen/tramadol 25 mg/75 mg in Revista de la sociedad Randomized after 24 h moderate-to-severe pain after total hip arthroplasty espanola del dolor postoperative

Meftah, M Pain management after total knee arthroplasty using a multimodal Orthopedics Retracted article approach

Meier, AW The use of an intraarticular catheter on fast-track primary knee Reg Anesth Pain Med. Quasi-randomized arthroplasty, is it a step forward?

Mejia-Terrazas, Ge Postoperative analgesia for total knee arthroplasty; a comparative study Revista mexicana de Not English anestesiologia

Mendieta Sanchez, Efficacy of 0.1 mg of subarachnoid morphine combined with bupivacaine Pain Not English J. M. on postoperative analgesia in total hip arthroplasty

Milani, P Multimodal Analgesia in Total Knee Arthroplasty: a Randomized, Journal of arthroplasty Bilateral surgery Double-Blind, Controlled Trial on Additional Efficacy of Periarticular Anesthesia

Ming, JL Effectiveness of Different Pain Control Methods in Patients with Knee Biomed research Non-randomized Osteoarthritis after Knee Arthroplasty international

Misiran, KB The effectiveness of patient-controlled epidural analgesia with Middle east journal of Duplication ropivacaine 0.165% with fentanyl 2.0 miroc g/ml or levobupivacaine anaesthesiology 0.125% with fentanyl 2.0 micro g/ml

Miyagawa, Y Methylprednisolone reduces postoperative nausea in total knee and hip Journal of Clinical Non-randomized arthroplasty Pharmacy and Therapeutics

Mochizuki, T Tramadol hydrochloride/acetaminophen combination versus non- J Neurosurg Spine. Randomized after 24 h steroidal anti-inflammatory drug for the treatment of perioperative pain postoperative after total knee arthroplasty

Moghtadaei, M Pain Management for Total Knee Arthroplasty: Single-Injection Femoral Interdiscip Perspect Duplication Nerve Block versus Local Infiltration Analgesia Infect Dis

Moghtadaei, M Local infiltration analgesia; an effective method for pain relief and Tehran university Not English patient's satisfaction after total knee arthroplasty: a randomized clinical medical journal trial

Mollov, J The effect of a peri-articular injection mixture of ropivacaine, Regional anesthesia and Not found epinephrine, ketorolac, and morphine in addition to an established pain medicine multimodal perioperative analgesic regimen for TKA

Montazeri, K Pre-emptive gabapentin significantly reduces postoperative pain and Singapore medical Arthroscopy morphine demand following lower extremity orthopaedic surgery journal

Moodie, JE A single-center, randomized, double-blind, active, and placebo-controlled Pain medicine (malden, Randomized after 24 h study of KAI-1678, a novel PKC-epsilon inhibitor, in the treatment of mass.) postoperative acute postoperative orthopedic pain

Morales-Munoz, C. Analgesic effect of a single-dose of perineural dexamethasone on Rev Bras Anestesiol. Not English ultrasound-guided femoral nerve block after total knee replacement

Motamed, C Preemptive intravenous morphine-6-glucuronide is ineffective for Anesthesiology Includes other types postoperative pain relief surgery

Motififard, M Pre-emptive injection of peri-articular-multimodal drug for post-operative International Quasi-randomized pain management in total knee arthroplasty: a double-blind randomized orthopaedics clinical trial

Mouzopoulos, G. Analgesic effect of femoral nerve block on postoperative pain and Orthopaedic Journal of Abstract ambulation after total knee arthroplasty Sports Medicine

Murphy, Df Postoperative analgesia in hip surgery. A controlled comparison of Anaesthesia Includes fracture epidural buprenorphine with intramuscular morphine

Musclow, Sl Long-acting morphine following hip or knee replacement: a randomized, Pain research & Intervention starts at double-blind, placebo-controlled trial management POD1

Nader, A A randomized trial of epidural analgesia followed by continuous femoral Pain medicine (malden, Intervention starts at analgesia compared with oral opioid analgesia on short- and long-term mass.) POD1 functional recovery after total knee replacement

Nakagawa, S Comparative Effects of Periarticular Multimodal Drug Injection and JAMA Surg. Bilateral surgery Single-Shot Femoral Nerve Block on Pain Following Total Knee Arthroplasty and Factors Influencing Their Effectiveness

Napier, DE Postoperative benefits of intrathecal injection for patients undergoing Orthopaedic Retrospective study total knee arthroplasty nursing/National Association of Orthopaedic Nurses

NCT/Unknown Femoral nerve block with liposome bupivacaine for postsurgical Clinicaltrials.gov/show/n Clinical trial registration analgesia following total knee arthroplasty ct01683071

Nendick, M Patient satisfaction with post-operative analgesia Nursing standard (royal Quasi-randomized college of nursing (great britain)

Neto, J Methadone patient-controlled analgesia for postoperative pain: a Eur J Phys Rehabil Med. Duplication randomized, controlled, double-blind study

Ng, FY Continuous femoral nerve block versus patient-controlled analgesia Journal of orthopaedic Retrospective study following total knee arthroplasty surgery (Hong Kong)

Nielsen, JO Less pain with epidural morphine after knee arthroplasty Acta orthopaedica Duplication scandinavica

Niemi, L Comparison of intrathecal fentanyl infusion with intrathecal morphine Anesthesia and analgesia Revision surgery infusion or bolus for postoperative pain relief after hip arthroplasty

Niemi, L Technical problems and side effects associated with continuous European journal of Revision surgery intrathecal or epidural post-operative analgesia in patients undergoing hip anaesthesiology arthroplasty

Ning, HJ Low-dose naloxone combined with sufentanil and ropivacaine for Academic Journal of Not English postoperative patient-controlled epidural analgesia in elderly patients Second Military Medical undergoing total hip replacement. [Chinese] University

Nishio, S Comparison of continuous femoral nerve block, caudal epidural block, Orthopedic reviews Duplication and intravenous patient-controlled analgesia in pain control after total hip arthroplasty: a prospective randomized study

Nishio, S Comparison of continuous femoral nerve block with and without Orthopedic Reviews Necrosis combined sciatic nerve block after total hip arthroplasty: A prospective randomized study

Niskanen, Ro Bedside femoral block performed on the first postoperative day after Journal of knee surgery Intervention starts at unilateral total knee arthroplasty: a randomized study of 49 patients POD1

Niu, XY Combined spinal-epidural anesthesia with ropicavaine in elderly patients Chinese journal of tissue Not English undergoing knee or hip arthroplasty: low incidence of postoperative side engineering research effects

Odoom, Ja Plasma bupivacaine concentrations following psoas compartment block S Afr Med J. Duplication

Odoom, Ja Plasma bupivacaine concentrations following psoas compartment block S Afr Med J. Not primary pain study

Ologoui, D Levobupivacaine versus ropivacaine for epidural analgesia after total hip European Journal of Abstract replacement Anaesthesiology

Omais, M Epidural morphine and neostigmine for postoperative analgesia after Anesthesia and analgesia Includes other types orthopedic surgery surgery

Onal, B Effects of continuous spinal anesthesia and combined spinal-epidural Anestezi dergisi Not found anesthesia techniques on post-operative pain in total hip replacement patients

Panella, L Control of post-operative pain and rehabilitation compliance of patients Clinical Practice Non-randomized undergoing knee replacement

Park, CK Comparison of Continuous Three-in-One Block and Intravenous Patient- Korean journal of Not English Controlled Analgesia for Postoperative Pain after Total Knee anesthesiology Replacement

Park, CK Optimizing dose infusion of 0.125% bupivacaine for continuous femoral Korean journal of Only women nerve block after total knee replacement anesthesiology

Park, Jh Outcome of Total Knee Arthroplasty Depending on Post-operative Pain Korean journal of Not English Control Methods anesthesiology

Paul, JE Randomized controlled trial of gabapentin as an adjunct to perioperative Journal canadien Duplication analgesia in total hip arthroplasty patients d'anesthesie [Canadian journal of anaesthesia]

Pavy, E Evaluation of postoperative analgesia with continuous iliofascial nerve Anesthesiology Not English sheath block after total hip arthroplasty replacement: a pilot study

Paz-Estrada, C Comparative study of tramadol versus placebo in knee surgery under Revista mexicana de No specification of regional anesthesia anestesiologia orthopedic surgery

Peng, WL Patient-controlled intravenous versus epidural analgesia after major joint Br J Anaesth. Not English replacement

Peters, CL CORR Insights(R): the Chitranjan Ranawat Award: Periarticular Clin Orthop Relat Res. Review injections and femoral & sciatic blocks provide similar pain relief after TKA: a randomized clinical trial

Pettine, Ka The use of epidural bupivacaine following total knee arthroplasty Orthopaedic review Bilateral surgery

Pettine, Ka The use of epidural bupivacaine following total knee arthroplasty Orthopaedic review Duplication

Pinsornsak, P Comparison of Ramosetron With Ondansetron for Prevention of Journal of arthroplasty Anti-emetica Intrathecal Morphine-Induced Nausea and Vomiting After Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty: a Randomized Control Trial

Pitkanen, MT Comparison of metoclopramide and ondansetron for the prevention of European journal of Anti-emetica nausea and vomiting after intrathecal morphine anaesthesiology

Pitkanen, MT Effect of tropisetron, a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, on British Journal of Arthroscopy analgesia and nausea after intrathecal morphine Anaesthesia

Poinot, N Analgesia of Combined Femoral Triangle and Obturator Nerve Blockade J Cardiothorac Surg. One page Is Superior to Local Infiltration Analgesia After Total Knee Arthroplasty With High-Dose Intravenous Dexamethasone

Post, ZD CORR Insights Clin Orthop Relat Res Editorial (comment)

Poulsen, Ja Indomethacin enema in treatment of postoperative pain after knee Ugeskrift for laeger Not English

arthrotomy. A double-blind controlled trial

Qian, Ww Application study of periarticular multimodal drug injection in total knee Zhonghua yi xue za zhi Not English arthroplasty

Racle, Jp Bupivacaine spinal anaesthesia in the elderly patient undergoing hip Annales francaises Duplication surgery d'anesthesie et de reanimation

Racle, Jp Prolongation of isobaric bupivacaine spinal anesthesia with epinephrine Anesthesia and analgesia No specification of and clonidine for hip surgery in the elderly orthopedic surgery

Racle, JP Spinal anesthesia with bupivacaine for surgery of the hip in the elderly Anesth Analg. Not English

Racle, Jp Bupivacaine spinal anaesthesia in the elderly patient undergoing hip Annales francaises Not English surgery d'anesthesie et de reanimation

Rahimi, M Effect of additioning of triamcinolon to cocktail of fentanil Journal of isfahan Not English epinephrinated bupivacaine in periarticular injection for post operative medical school pain and quality improvement after total knee arthroplasty

Raimer, C Continuous psoas and sciatic block after knee arthroplasty: Good effects Acta Orthopaedica Non-randomized compared to epidural analgesia or i.v. opioid analgesia: A prospective study of 63 patients

Raj, PP Comparison of continuous epidural infusion of a local anesthetic and Anesthesia and analgesia Bilateral surgery administration of systemic narcotics in the management of pain after total knee replacement surgery

Rajeev, A Postoperative pain relief and functional outcome following total knee Acta orthopaedica Non-randomized arthroplasty - a prospective comparative audit of three analgesic regimes Belgica

Rakel, BA Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for the control of pain during Pain Non-pharmacologic rehabilitation after total knee arthroplasty: a randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled trial

Raksakietisak, M Oral rehydration with 10% carbohydrate drink for preventing Journal of the Medical Anti-emetica postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) after low dose of spinal Association of Thailand morphine

Rasmussen, GL Intravenous parecoxib sodium for acute pain after orthopedic knee American journal of Intervention starts at surgery orthopedics POD1

Rasmussen, GL Etoricoxib provides analgesic efficacy to patients after knee or hip Anesthesia and analgesia Revision surgery replacement surgery: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study

Remerand, F The early and delayed analgesic effects of ketamine after total hip Anesthesia and analgesia Hemi-arthroplasty arthroplasty: a prospective, randomized, controlled, double-blind study

Ren, L Effects of two analgesic regimens on the postoperative analgesia and Chinese journal of Not English knee functional recovery after unilateral total knee arthroplasty-a surgery randomized controlled trial

Reuben, SS A prospective randomized trial on the role of perioperative celecoxib Anesthesia and analgesia Retracted article administration for total knee arthroplasty: improving clinical outcomes

Reuben, SS Evaluation of the safety and efficacy of the perioperative administration Journal of arthroplasty Retracted article of rofecoxib for total knee arthroplasty

Reynolds, LW The COX-2 specific inhibitor, valdecoxib, is an effective, opioid-sparing Journal of pain and Includes revision analgesic in patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty symptom management

Richards, P Comparison of the efficacy and safety of dual-opioid treatment with Clinical therapeutics Randomized after 48 h morphine plus oxycodone versus oxycodone/acetaminophen for moderate postoperative to severe acute pain after total knee arthroplasty

Sakai, N Patient-controlled bolus femoral nerve block after knee arthroplasty: Acta anaesthesiologica Randomized after 24 h

quadriceps recovery, analgesia, local anesthetic consumption scandinavica postoperative

Saksena To study the effectiveness of continuous femoral block as an alternative Regional Anesthesia and Abstract Shrivastava, S., for postoperative pain management in patients undergoing total hip Pain Medicine arthroplasty

Salinas, FV The effect of single-injection femoral nerve block versus continuous Anesthesia and analgesia Intervention at resolution femoral nerve block after total knee arthroplasty on hospital length of of spinal stay and long-term functional recovery

Samona, J Effect of Intraoperative Dexamethasone on Pain Scores and Narcotic Orthopaedic Surgery Retrospective study Consumption in Patients Undergoing Total Knee Arthroplasty

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Appendix 3. Development in reporting of patient characteristics over time in the research cohort

Age BMI

ASA Sex

The point and line graphs are depicted against means for. Non-random processes (red stippled lines) and unstable processes (red points outside the grey control limits) display development. Run charts showing development in the tendency to report specific patient characteristics in RCTs. Reporting of ASA scores increased over time. Reporting of age did not change. Reporting of sex increased after 1989 and stabilized around 1994.

Appendix 4. Development in exclusion criteria over time in the research cohort

Low age High age High ASA

Obesity Major organic diseaseChronic opioid use

Psychiatric disordersNeurological disorders Autoimmune disorders

Coagulation disordersDrug abuse Alcohol abuse

Allergies Contraindication to neuroaxial analgesia Chronic analgesic use or pain conditions

The point and line graphs are depicted against means for exclusion criteria reported in ≥20% of RCTs. Non-random processes (red stippled lines) and unstable processes (red points outside the grey control limits) display development. Run charts showing development in use of exclusion criteria in RCTs over time. Use of the following exclusion criteria increased: low age, neurological-, autoimmune- and coagulation disorders, alcohol abuse, contraindication to neuroaxial analgesia and chronic analgesic use and chronic pain conditions.

Appendix 5. Continental differences in participant characteristics in the research cohort

Asia (n = 13,618) Europe (n = 17,942) North America (n = 14,962) Age (mean) 65·8 67·1 65·5 BMI (mean) 26·6 27·9 30·6 ASA score ASA 1 20% 21% 7% ASA 2 65% 62% 66% ASA 3 15% 16% 27% ASA 4 0·1% 0·8% 0·2% Sex (female) 71% 59% 57%

The mean age was slightly higher in Europe. Mean BMI and ASA scores were higher in North America. Data are presented as mean values. n = numbers of participants randomized in RCTs. Data from Australia, South America and Africa are not presented as they represents less than 5% of all RCTs.

Appendix 6. Continental differences in exclusion criteria in the research cohort

Asia (n = 163) Europe (n = 223) North America (n = 134) Patient characteristics High ASA classification 63% 65% 54% Low age 62% 53% 67% High age 56% 38% 45% High BMI 21% 15% 26% Chronic opioid use 31% 41% 54% Comorbidities Neurological disorders 52% 39% 31% Renal disease 52% 34% 38% Psychiatric disorders/use of antidepressants 29% 29% 25% Hepatic disease 36% 22% 28% Cardiac disease 41% 26% 13% Coagulation disorders 27% 24% 19% Other Drug abuse 20% 19% 28% Allergies or intolerance to drugs 76% 63% 72% Contraindication to neuroaxial anaesthesia 25% 18% 23%

The propensity to exclude comorbid individuals (high ASA) was slightly higher in Europe and Asia; old individuals were more likely excluded in trials from Asia; obese individuals and chronic opioid users were more likely excluded in trials from North America. Exclusion criteria reported in ≥ 20% of the total RCTs are presented. Data from Australia, South America and Africa are not presented as they represent less than 5% of all RCTs.

Appendix 7. Intervention-related differences in participant characteristics in the research cohort

Neuroaxial block Nerve block LIA Systemic analg. Multiple analg.

(n = 4,992) (n = 10,798) (n = 8,671) (n = 14,800) (n = 9,701) Age (mean) 65·4 66·3 66·8 65·3 66·7 BMI (mean) 26·9 28·6 28·5 27·7 29·0 ASA score ASA 1 26% 15% 19% 19% 13% ASA 2 60% 65% 65% 65% 62% ASA 3 14% 20% 16% 16% 24% ASA 4 0·10% 0·04% 0·20% 0·10% 1% Sex (female) 60% 62% 65% 60% 62%

The mean age was comparable between interventions; BMI and ASA were lowest among trials on neuroaxial blockades. Data are presented as mean values. LIA: local infiltration analgesia. n = total number of participants included in each subgroup.

Appendix 8. Intervention-related differences in exclusion criteria in the research cohort

Neuroaxial blockade Nerve block LIA Systemic analg. Multiple analg.

(n = 83) (n = 139) (n = 93) (n = 131) (n = 104) Patient characteristics ASA classification 80% 76% 32% 59% 59% Low age 47% 68% 48% 67% 56% High age 47% 50% 47% 47% 34% BMI 10% 27% 19% 15% 26% Chronic opioid use 40% 43% 37% 40% 41% Comorbidities Neurological disorders 28% 57% 42% 29% 47% Renal disease 27% 26% 38% 64% 40% Psychiatric disorders/use of antidepressants 24% 19% 43% 38% 23% Hepatic disease 23% 16% 24% 45% 26% Cardiac disease 27% 13% 32% 38% 27% Coagulation disorders 19% 34% 11% 21% 32% Other Drug abuse 13% 17% 26% 32% 19% Allergies or intolerance to drugs 45% 69% 81% 74% 80% Contraindication to neuroaxial anaesthesia 37% 24% 17% 6% 30%

The propensity to exclude comorbid individuals (high ASA scores) was highest in trials on neuroaxial blockades and nerve blocks and lowest in trials on LIA. Exclusion of obese individuals and chronic opioid users was comparable between interventions. Exclusion criteria reported in ≥20% of all RCTs are presented.

Appendix 9. Surgery-related characteristics in the research and clinical cohorts Hip and knee arthroplasty Hip arthroplasty Knee arthroplasty Research cohort Clinical cohort Research cohort Clinical cohort Research cohort Clinical cohort Type of anaesthesia Neuroaxial (spinal or epidural) 53% 78% 55% 79% 53% 77% General anaesthesia 31% 20% 36% 19% 30% 21% Combined general/neuroaxial 12% 1% 7% 1% 13% 1% Other or not described 4% 0·3% 2·0% 0·2% 3·7% 0·4% Procedural time Length of surgery (minutes) 100 59 97 60 100 56 Length of anaesthesia (minutes) 149 NA 166 NA 143 NA

Surgery-related characteristics for the research and clinical cohorts. Neuroaxial anaesthesia was more frequently used in the clinical cohort compared with the research cohort for both THA and TKA. The length of surgery was longer in the research cohort than in the clinical cohort. Data are presented for the combined databases and for THA and TKA separately. The completeness in the THA and TKA clinical cohorts for length of surgery was 101,203 (100%) and 27,218 (30%), respectively. NA: not applicable

Pedersen C, et al. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2020;0:1–7. doi: 10.1136/rapm-2020-101459