Portrait/Icon/Code: Marc Quinn's Dna Portraits
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PORTRAIT/ICON/CODE: MARC QUINN’S DNA PORTRAITS AND THE IMAGING OF THE SELF by BRIGETTE N. THOMAS (Under the Direction of Isabelle Loring Wallace) ABSTRACT In 2001, Marc Quinn was commissioned to create a portrait of Sir John Edward Sulston for the National Portrait Gallery of London. The resulting portrait, a framed plate of cloned DNA, looks unlike any other portrait in the gallery. This portrait and two subsequent DNA portraits appear at first to be critical of both portraiture and DNA science. However, a careful analysis of these works and the traditions of art which they reference – those of portraiture, self portraiture, and icons - show these to be studies in the history of the image and the ways in which the human relationship with the image can be seen to move in a cyclical, rather than linear fashion. While DNA may be a new medium, Quinn points out that the fears and fantasies inspired by DNA science are both timeless and timely, stemming from enduring anxieties about the image. INDEX WORDS: Marc Quinn, Portraiture, Self-Portraiture, Icons, Subjectivity, Bio-Art, DNA, Genetics, Cloning PORTRAIT/ICON/CODE: MARC QUINN’S DNA PORTRAITS AND THE IMAGING OF THE SELF by BRIGETTE N. THOMAS B.A., West Virginia Wesleyan College, 2003 A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of The University of Georgia in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree MASTER OF ARTS ATHENS, GEORGIA 2009 © 2009 Brigette N. Thomas All Rights Reserved PORTRAIT/ICON/CODE: MARC QUINN’S DNA PORTRAITS AND THE IMAGING OF THE SELF by BRIGETTE N. THOMAS Major Professor: Isabelle Loring Wallace Committee: Shelley Zuraw Janis Simon Electronic Version Approved: Maureen Grasso Dean of the Graduate School The University of Georgia May, 2009 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my major professor and advisor, Dr. Isabelle Loring Wallace, for her thoughtful guidance and valuable suggestions throughout this thesis process. I am also thankful to my committee members, Professors Shelley Zuraw and Janice Simon, for their careful reading and comments. I would also like to express gratitude to my mother for her unflagging support, and to my friends, who made this the rewarding experience it has been. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS........................................................................................................iv LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................................vii CHAPTER 1 Introduction ...............................................................................................................1 2 DNA and Portraiture..................................................................................................8 Likeness and Subjectivity ....................................................................................11 Realism ...............................................................................................................14 Abstraction..........................................................................................................17 Self and Other .....................................................................................................19 Immortality .........................................................................................................22 3 DNA and Self Portraiture.........................................................................................25 The Autonomous, Self-Created Image .................................................................28 The Signature ......................................................................................................30 The Creator and the Creative ...............................................................................32 4 DNA as Icon............................................................................................................36 DNA and Iconoclasm ..........................................................................................37 DNA Portraits and Icons......................................................................................40 DNA as Sacred/Soul............................................................................................41 v 5 Conclusion...............................................................................................................47 BIBLIOGRAPHY.....................................................................................................................48 vi LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1: Salvador Dali, Galacidalacidesoxyribonucleicacid, 1963...........................................53 Figure 2: Marc Quinn, Self, 1991...............................................................................................54 Figure 3: Marc Quinn, Sir John Edward Sulston, 2001..............................................................55 Figure 4: Marc Quinn, Cloned DNA Self-Portrait (4th Perspective), 2001..................................56 Figure 5: Marc Quinn, Kate Moss DNA Portrait, 2005..............................................................57 Figure 6: Marc Quinn, Sir John Edward Sulston (detail), 2001..................................................58 Figure 7: Marc Quinn, Marc Quinn, 2001 .................................................................................59 Figure 8: Marc Quinn, Sir John Edward Sulston, 2001..............................................................60 Figure 9: Marc Quinn, 12.5% Proof, 1993.................................................................................61 Figure 10: Marc Quinn, Emotional Detox: The Seven Deadly Sins, 1994-5................................62 Figure 11: Marc Quinn, No Visible Means of Escape, 1996.......................................................63 Figure 12: Jan Van Eyck, Man In a Red Turban, 1433 ..............................................................64 Figure 13: Rembrandt van Rijn, Self-Portrait, 1659 ..................................................................65 Figure 14: Henri Matisse, Green Stripe (Madame Matisse), 1905..............................................66 Figure 15: Jackson Pollock, Number 1, 1950 (Lavender Mist), 1950 .........................................67 Figure 16: Albrecht Durer, title page of Vier Bucher..., 1528.....................................................68 Figure 17: Albrecht Durer, Self Portrait, Age 28, 1500..............................................................69 Figure 18: Marc Quinn, Lucas, 2001 .........................................................................................70 Figure 19: Marc Quinn, Sky, 2006.............................................................................................71 vii Figure 20: The Virgin of Vladimir, early 12th century.................................................................72 Figure 21: The Virgin of Vladimir with Twelve Scenes from the Legend of the Miracles of the Icon of the Virgin of Vladimir, 1750-60.....................................................................73 Figure 22: Marc Quinn, Family Portrait (Cloned DNA), 2002...................................................74 Figure 23: Marc Quinn, Rubber Soul, 1994 ...............................................................................75 Figure 24: Marc Quinn, DNA Garden, 2001..............................................................................76 viii Chapter 1 - Introduction “And now the announcement of Watson and Crick about DNA. This is for me the real proof of the existence of God.”- Salvador Dali1 In 1953 Francis Crick and James Watson wrote an article for Nature magazine in which they confirmed the double-helix structure of human DNA that “suggests a possible copying mechanism for the genetic material.”2 In retrospect, this discovery is considered a momentous event, one in which our conception of life as human beings, and its meaning, began to shift. But in 1953 the existence of DNA quickly faded from the public mind, with very little attention given to Watson and Crick or the double helix for the next decade.3 Art of the time reflects this indifference with only one artist giving deoxyribonucleic acid the attention that we now consider its due.4 Salvador Dali’s statement about DNA, along with his paintings such as Butterfly Landscape, The Great Masturbator in Surreal Landscape with DNA (1957/8) and Galacidalacidesoxyribonucleicacid (Homage to Crick and Watson) (1963) (Fig. 1), reflect ideas that still seem new to us fifty years later: ideas about the dual nature of DNA as both shared and unique, its implications about the past and future of the human body, and the possibility that DNA proves, rather than refutes, as many others argue, the existence of God. What was distinctly surreal in the 1950s had redefined reality by the late twentieth century, providing answers to how the body functions and what makes each individual unique. 1 Gunther S. Stent, “Francis Crick,” Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Vol. 150, No. 3, (September 2006) 473. 2 James Watson and Francis Crick, “Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids, A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid,” Nature No.4356 (April 25, 1953): 737. 3 Philip R. Reilly, “Divining DNA,” in The Molecular Gaze: Art in the Genetic Age, ed. Susan Anker and Dorothy Nelkin, (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 2004), xii. 4 Ibid. 1 The work of scholars like Martin Kemp and Martina Wallace, whose 2000 book Spectacular Bodies: The Art and Science of the Human Body from Leonardo da Vinci