DOCSLIB.ORG

In Vitro Cytotoxicity of 211At-Astatide and 131I-Iodide to Glioma Tumor Cells Expressing the Sodium/Iodide Symporter

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
In Vitro Cytotoxicity of 211At-Astatide and 131I-Iodide to Glioma Tumor Cells Expressing the Sodium/Iodide Symporter BASIC SCIENCE INVESTIGATIONS In Vitro Cytotoxicity of 211At-Astatide and 131I-Iodide to Glioma Tumor Cells Expressing the Sodium/Iodide Symporter Sean Carlin, PhD; Gamal Akabani, PhD; and Michael R. Zalutsky, PhD Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina The sodium/iodide symporter (NIS) has been identified as an It is now well established that the accumulation of iodide attractive target for cancer therapy. The efficacy of 131I-iodide by the thyroid gland is mediated by the sodium/iodide for NIS-expressing tumor therapy may be limited by a combi- symporter (NIS), an integral membrane protein expressed nation of poor cellular retention and unfavorable physical char- acteristics (long physical half-life and low linear-energy-transfer on the basolateral surface of the thyrocyte. Iodide is trans- [LET] radiative emissions). On the other hand, 211At-astatide is ported across the cell membrane against a concentration also transported by NIS and offers several therapeutic advan- gradient in a sodium-dependent manner, in a process elec- tages over 131I-iodide due to its physical characteristics (short trochemically coupled to the energy-dependent Naϩ/Kϩ- ␣ half-life, high LET -particle emissions). The objective of this adenosinetriphosphatase (1). The cloning of the NIS gene study was to directly compare the radiotoxicity of both radio- has allowed investigations into the effect of plasmid- or nuclides using a NIS-transfected cultured cell model. Methods: Cytotoxicity was determined by colony-forming assays. Also, a viral-mediated NIS expression on the iodide-concentrating first-order pharmacokinetic model was used to simulate the capacity in a variety of thyroid and nonthyroid cell types closed compartmental system between the medium and cells. (2). These studies have indicated that NIS transgene expres- Experimental data were then fitted to this model and used to sion, under the control of a variety of promoters, confers estimate the transfer coefficients between medium and cells, iodide uptake capacity in a wide range of cell lines, allowing kc , and between cells and medium, km. Using the pharmacoki- m c the possibility of radioiodide therapy for many tumor types. netic model, the cumulated activity concentrations in the me- dium and cells were calculated. Monte Carlo transport methods However, several of these studies also report that the efflux were then used to assess absorbed doses from 131I and 211At. of iodide from NIS-transfected cells, including anaplastic Results: 211At-Astatide was significantly more cytotoxic than thyroid cells, is extremely rapid (3–6). This observation is 131I-iodide in this closed compartmental system. For 211At-as- of fundamental importance for any endoradiotherapeutic tatide, absorbed doses per unit administered activity were 54- strategy, as radiation-absorbed dose (and thus treatment to 65-fold higher than for 131I-iodide. Both NIS-expressing and control cells showed increased sensitivity to 211At over 131I, with efficacy) is a function of the cellular residence time and physical half-life (t ) of the radionuclide (7), with optimal significantly lower D0 (absorbed dose required to reduce the 1/2 Ϫ1 survival fraction to e ) and SF2 (2-Gy survival fraction) values, conditions reached when the radiologic t1/2 matches the ␣ highlighting the higher intrinsic cytotoxicity of -particles. How- biologic t1/2 (i.e., cellular retention). Dosimetric calculations ever, NIS-independent (nonspecific) binding of 211At-astatide and subsequent in vivo studies, using a murine xenograft 131 was higher than that of I-iodide, therefore, yielding a lower model, have indicated that successful treatment of low- absorbed dose ratio between NIS-transfected and -nontrans- 131 fected cells. Conclusion: Treatment of NIS-expressing cells retention NIS-expressing tumor deposits with I-iodide ϭ with 211At-astatide resulted in higher absorbed doses and in- (t1/2 8.04 d) may not possible without the administration creased cytotoxicity per unit administered activity than that of prohibitively high activities of radioiodide (8–10). In observed with 131I-iodide. These results suggest that 211At-as- addition, the effectiveness of 131I in curing micrometastatic tatide may be a promising treatment strategy for the therapy of disease decreases with tumor size, due to the relatively long NIS-expressing tumors. path length of the ␤-particle (11), resulting in an increased J Nucl Med 2003; 44:1827–1838 probability of disease recurrence. Astatine (astatide), the heaviest of the halogens, exhibits a pronounced accumulation in the thyroid gland in halide form and in the stomach (12). We have previously demon- Received Apr. 11, 2003; revision accepted Jul. 22, 2003. For correspondence or reprints contact: Michael R. Zalutsky, PhD, Depart- strated NIS-mediated accumulation of astatide, with uptake ment of Radiology, Box 3808, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710. and efflux characteristics almost identical to those of iodide 211 E-mail: [email protected] (4). Fortunately, At has a physical t1/2 of 7.214 h, which 211AT-ASTATIDE:DOSIMETRY AND RADIOTOXICITY • Carlin et al. 1827 closely matches the biologic t1/2 reported for iodide in a G-418 sulfate (0.5 mg/mL) (Gibco) in addition to the conditions variety of NIS-expressing xenograft models (9,13,14), un- described above. 131 211 like the physical t1/2 of I. In addition, the decay of At ␣ External Beam Irradiations results in the emission of -particles with a mean linear Cells were trypsinised, counted, and resuspended in sterile tubes ␮ energy transfer (LET) of 97 keV/ m. This value, represent- containing 5 mL fresh medium to a final concentration of 5 ϫ 105 ing the ionizing energy deposited by the particulate emis- cells per milliliter. Irradiations (0–9 Gy) were performed using a sion per unit distance, is approximately 500 times that of the 6-MV external photon beam accelerator at a dose rate of 0.5 therapeutic ␤-emitting radionuclides 90Y and 131I. Upon Gy-minϪ1 with the appropriate bolus to ensure full buildup of the interaction with DNA, this high density of ionization events radiation beam. Cells were plated for colony-forming assay in result in a high incidence of generally irreparable double- 6-well plates (growth area, 9.6 cm2) and grown at 37°Cina5% strand DNA breaks, which accounts for the extreme radio- CO2 atmosphere for 7–10 d. Colonies were then stained and toxicity of this radionuclide (15). Also, the short range of counted, with colonies comprising 50 or more cells scored as 211At ␣-particles in tissue (maximum range, 70 ␮m) makes viable. such emissions more effective for the sterilization of micro- Radionuclides metastatic tumor clusters than ␤-particles. Another advan- The radionuclide 211At was produced at the Duke University tage of ␣-particle therapy is that cell survival is independent Medical Center CS-30 cyclotron via the 209Bi(␣, 2n)211At reaction of dose rate, which is of particular significance in relation to using the MIT-1 internal target system as previously described the rapid uptake and efflux kinetics of radiohalides in NIS- (12). 211At was distilled from the molten bismuth target and expressing cells lacking an organification mechanism. trapped in a cooled condenser. It was then isolated from the This article describes in vitro studies directed at evaluat- condenser by washing with approximately 1 mL phosphate-buff- ing the hypothesized cytotoxic advantages of 211At-astatide ered saline (PBS), pH 7.4. After isolation, Na2SO3 (Mallinckrodt) ϫ Ϫ4 over 131I-iodide for the treatment of NIS-expressing cells was added to a final concentration of 2 10 mol/L, to minimize the formation of higher oxidation state species. Sodium 131I-iodide lacking a halide organification mechanism. Experiments (no carrier added) was purchased from Dupont–New England were performed using the human glioma cell line UVW, Nuclear. transfected with human NIS complementary DNA (cDNA) (called NIS6 hereafter), using the parental cell line (UVW) Pharmacokinetics as a negative control. The sensitivity of each cell line to Experiments were carried out to assess the uptake and efflux external beam irradiation was established by clonogenic pharmacokinetics of radiohalides. Cells were plated in 24-well ϫ 4 assay, allowing comparison of intrinsic radiosensitivity in plates at approximately 5 10 cells per well and allowed to both cell lines and also of the cellular sensitivity to both low attach overnight. For radionuclide uptake curves, cells were incu- bated for 1–30 min in wells with 0.5 mL PBS containing either and high LET particle-emitting radionuclides. Sensitivity of 211 131 211 131 At-astatide (100 kBq/mL) or I-iodide (50 kBq/mL). At- both cell lines to varying activity concentrations of I- astatide uptake and 131I-iodide uptake were terminated by the 211 iodide and At-astatide was also established by colony- removal of the radiohalide-containing incubation buffer, followed forming assay. A pharmacokinetic model was derived to by 3 rapid washes in ice-cold PBS. Cells were then solubilized by describe the closed compartmental system between the me- the addition of 0.5 mL lysis buffer (0.1 mol/L NaOH, 1% sodium dium and cells. Experimentally derived kinetic data were dodecyl sulfate, 2% Na2CO3) and assessed for radioactivity using then fitted to this model and used to estimate transfer an LKB 1282 ␥-counter (LKB), in dual-channel mode. For radio- coefficients between medium and cells. Using the pharma- halide efflux studies, cells were plated as described above in PBS cokinetic model, the cumulated activity concentrations in containing 211At-astatide (100 kBq/mL) and 131I-iodide (50 kBq/ the medium and cells were calculated. Monte Carlo trans- mL) for 30 min. Radioactive incubation buffer was then removed, ϫ Ϫ3 port methods were then used to assess absorbed doses from and cells were incubated in PBS containing 1 10 mol/L thiocyanate ion (SCNϪ) to inhibit the reuptake of radiohalide for 131I and 211At, which were correlated with the radionuclide the various time intervals to ensure the same conditions used in the sensitivity data, allowing the determination and comparison colony-forming assay.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Targeted Radiotherapeutics from 'Bench-To-Bedside'
    RadiochemistRy in switzeRland CHIMIA 2020, 74, No. 12 939 doi:10.2533/chimia.2020.939 Chimia 74 (2020) 939–945 © C. Müller, M. Béhé, S. Geistlich, N. P. van der Meulen, R. Schibli Targeted Radiotherapeutics from ‘Bench-to-Bedside’ Cristina Müllera, Martin Béhéa, Susanne Geistlicha, Nicholas P. van der Meulenab, and Roger Schibli*ac Abstract: The concept of targeted radionuclide therapy (TRT) is the accurate and efficient delivery of radiation to disseminated cancer lesions while minimizing damage to healthy tissue and organs. Critical aspects for success- ful development of novel radiopharmaceuticals for TRT are: i) the identification and characterization of suitable targets expressed on cancer cells; ii) the selection of chemical or biological molecules which exhibit high affin- ity and selectivity for the cancer cell-associated target; iii) the selection of a radionuclide with decay properties that suit the properties of the targeting molecule and the clinical purpose. The Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences (CRS) at the Paul Scherrer Institute in Switzerland is privileged to be situated close to unique infrastruc- ture for radionuclide production (high energy accelerators and a neutron source) and access to C/B-type labora- tories including preclinical, nuclear imaging equipment and Swissmedic-certified laboratories for the preparation of drug samples for human use. These favorable circumstances allow production of non-standard radionuclides, exploring their biochemical and pharmacological features and effects for tumor therapy and diagnosis, while investigating and characterizing new targeting structures and optimizing these aspects for translational research on radiopharmaceuticals. In close collaboration with various clinical partners in Switzerland, the most promising candidates are translated to clinics for ‘first-in-human’ studies.
    [Show full text]
  • Particle Accelerators and Detectors for Medical Diagnostics and Therapy Arxiv:1601.06820V1 [Physics.Med-Ph] 25 Jan 2016
    Particle Accelerators and Detectors for medical Diagnostics and Therapy Habilitationsschrift zur Erlangung der Venia docendi an der Philosophisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Fakult¨at der Universit¨atBern arXiv:1601.06820v1 [physics.med-ph] 25 Jan 2016 vorgelegt von Dr. Saverio Braccini Laboratorium f¨urHochenenergiephysik L'aspetto pi`uentusiasmante della scienza `eche essa incoraggia l'uomo a insistere nei suoi sogni. Guglielmo Marconi Preface This Habilitation is based on selected publications, which represent my major sci- entific contributions as an experimental physicist to the field of particle accelerators and detectors applied to medical diagnostics and therapy. They are reprinted in Part II of this work to be considered for the Habilitation and they cover original achievements and relevant aspects for the present and future of medical applications of particle physics. The text reported in Part I is aimed at putting my scientific work into its con- text and perspective, to comment on recent developments and, in particular, on my contributions to the advances in accelerators and detectors for cancer hadrontherapy and for the production of radioisotopes. Dr. Saverio Braccini Bern, 25.4.2013 i ii Contents Introduction 1 I 5 1 Particle Accelerators and Detectors applied to Medicine 7 2 Particle Accelerators for medical Diagnostics and Therapy 23 2.1 Linacs and Cyclinacs for Hadrontherapy . 23 2.2 The new Bern Cyclotron Laboratory and its Research Beam Line . 39 3 Particle Detectors for medical Applications of Ion Beams 49 3.1 Segmented Ionization Chambers for Beam Monitoring in Hadrontherapy 49 3.2 Proton Radiography with nuclear Emulsion Films . 62 3.3 A Beam Monitor Detector based on doped Silica Fibres .
    [Show full text]
  • Protocol for Heavy Charged-Particle Therapy Beam Dosimetry
    AAPM REPORT NO. 16 PROTOCOL FOR HEAVY CHARGED-PARTICLE THERAPY BEAM DOSIMETRY Published by the American Institute of Physics for the American Association of Physicists in Medicine AAPM REPORT NO. 16 PROTOCOL FOR HEAVY CHARGED-PARTICLE THERAPY BEAM DOSIMETRY A REPORT OF TASK GROUP 20 RADIATION THERAPY COMMITTEE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF PHYSICISTS IN MEDICINE John T. Lyman, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Chairman Miguel Awschalom, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory Peter Berardo, Lockheed Software Technology Center, Austin TX Hans Bicchsel, 1211 22nd Avenue E., Capitol Hill, Seattle WA George T. Y. Chen, University of Chicago/Michael Reese Hospital John Dicello, Clarkson University Peter Fessenden, Stanford University Michael Goitein, Massachusetts General Hospital Gabrial Lam, TRlUMF, Vancouver, British Columbia Joseph C. McDonald, Battelle Northwest Laboratories Alfred Ft. Smith, University of Pennsylvania Randall Ten Haken, University of Michigan Hospital Lynn Verhey, Massachusetts General Hospital Sandra Zink, National Cancer Institute April 1986 Published for the American Association of Physicists in Medicine by the American Institute of Physics Further copies of this report may be obtained from Executive Secretary American Association of Physicists in Medicine 335 E. 45 Street New York. NY 10017 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 86-71345 International Standard Book Number: 0-88318-500-8 International Standard Serial Number: 0271-7344 Copyright © 1986 by the American Association of Physicists in Medicine All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise) without the prior written permission of the publisher. Published by the American Institute of Physics, Inc., 335 East 45 Street, New York, New York 10017 Printed in the United States of America Contents 1 Introduction 1 2 Heavy Charged-Particle Beams 3 2.1 ParticleTypes .........................
    [Show full text]
  • Present Status of Fast Neutron Therapy Survey of the Clinical Data and of the Clinical Research Programmes
    PRESENT STATUS OF FAST NEUTRON THERAPY SURVEY OF THE CLINICAL DATA AND OF THE CLINICAL RESEARCH PROGRAMMES Andre Wambersie and Francoise Richard Universite Catholique de Louvain, Unite de Radiotherapie, Neutron- et CurietheVapie, Cliniques Universitaires St-Luc, 1200-Brussels, Belgium. Abstract The clinical results reported from the different neutron therapy centres, in USA, Europe and Asia, are reviewed. Fast neutrons were proven to be superior to photons for locally extended inoperable salivary gland tumours. The reported overall local control rates are 67 % and 24 % respectively. Paranasal sinuses and some tumours of the head and neck area, especially extended tumours with large fixed lymph nodes, are also indications for neutrons. By contrast, the results obtained for brain tumours were, in general, disappointing. Neutrons were shown to bring a benefit in the treatment of well differentiated slowly growing soft tissue sarcomas. The reported overall local control rates are 53 % and 38 % after neutron and photon irradiation respectively. Better results, after neutron irradiation, were also reported for bone- and chondrosarcomas. The reported local control rates are 54 % for osteosarcomas and 49 % for chondrosarcomas after neutron irradiation; the corresponding values are 21 % and 33 % respectively after photon irradiation. For locally extended prostatic adenocarcinoma, the superiority of mixed schedule (neutrons + photons) was demonstrated by a RTOG randomized trial (local control rates 77% for mixed schedule compared to 31 % for photons). Neutrons were also shown to be useful for palliative treatment of melanomas. Further studies are needed in order to definitively evaluate the benefit of fast neutrons for other localisations such as uterine cervix, bladder, and rectum.
    [Show full text]
  • Efficacy and Toxicity of Particle Radiotherapy in WHO Grade II and Grade III Meningiomas: a Systematic Review
    NEUROSURGICAL FOCUS Neurosurg Focus 46 (6):E12, 2019 Efficacy and toxicity of particle radiotherapy in WHO grade II and grade III meningiomas: a systematic review *Adela Wu, MD,1 Michael C. Jin, BS,2 Antonio Meola, MD, PhD,1 Hong-nei Wong, MLIS, DVM,3 and Steven D. Chang, MD1 1Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford Health Care, Palo Alto; 2Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford; and 3Lane Medical Library, Stanford Medicine, Palo Alto, California OBJECTIVE Adjuvant radiotherapy has become a common addition to the management of high-grade meningiomas, as immediate treatment with radiation following resection has been associated with significantly improved outcomes. Recent investigations into particle therapy have expanded into the management of high-risk meningiomas. Here, the authors systematically review studies on the efficacy and utility of particle-based radiotherapy in the management of high-grade meningioma. METHODS A literature search was developed by first defining the population, intervention, comparison, outcomes, and study design (PICOS). A search strategy was designed for each of three electronic databases: PubMed, Embase, and Scopus. Data extraction was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. Outcomes of interest included local disease control, overall survival, and toxicity, which were compared with historical data on photon-based therapies. RESULTS Eleven retrospective studies including 240 patients with atypical (WHO grade II) and anaplastic (WHO grade III) meningioma undergoing particle radiation therapy were identified. Five of the 11 studies included in this systematic review focused specifically on WHO grade II and III meningiomas; the others also included WHO grade I meningioma. Across all of the studies, the median follow-up ranged from 6 to 145 months.
    [Show full text]
  • Radiation Therapy in Adult Soft Tissue Sarcoma—Current Knowledge and Future Directions: a Review and Expert Opinion
    cancers Review Radiation Therapy in Adult Soft Tissue Sarcoma—Current Knowledge and Future Directions: A Review and Expert Opinion Falk Roeder Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Paracelsus Medical University, Landeskrankenhaus, Salzburg 5020, Austria; [email protected]; Tel.: +43-57-255-58923 Received: 1 October 2020; Accepted: 29 October 2020; Published: 3 November 2020 Simple Summary: Radiation therapy (RT) is an integral part of the treatment of adult soft-tissue sarcomas (STS). Although mainly used as perioperative therapy to increase local control in resectable STS with high risk features, it also plays an increasing role in the treatment of non-resectable primary tumors, oligometastatic situations, or for palliation. This review summarizes the current evidence for RT in adult STS including typical indications, outcomes, side effects, dose and fractionation regimens, and target volume definitions based on tumor localization and risk factors. It covers the different overall treatment approaches including RT either as part of a multimodal treatment strategy or as a sole treatment and is accompanied by a summary on ongoing clinical research pointing at future directions of RT in STS. Abstract: Radiation therapy (RT) is an integral part of the treatment of adult soft-tissue sarcomas (STS). Although mainly used as perioperative therapy to increase local control in resectable STS with high risk features, it also plays an increasing role in the treatment of non-resectable primary tumors, oligometastatic situations, or for palliation. Modern radiation techniques, like intensity-modulated, image-guided, or stereotactic body RT, as well as special applications like intraoperative RT, brachytherapy, or particle therapy, have widened the therapeutic window allowing either dose escalation with improved efficacy or reduction of side effects with improved functional outcome.
    [Show full text]
  • Toward Intensity Modulated Treatment on the University of Washington Clinical Neutron Therapy System
    AAMD 43rd Annual Meeting June 17 – 21, 2018 Toward Intensity Modulated Treatment on the University of Washington Clinical Neutron Therapy System Landon Wootton June 20th, 2018 AAMD 43rd Annual Meeting Austin, Texas Disclosures . This presentation does not constitute an endorsement of any product (for your neutron planning needs or otherwise). No funding sources or conflicts of interest to disclose. 1 AAMD 43rd Annual Meeting June 17 – 21, 2018 Learner Outcomes . Familiarity with the historical use and current indications for treatment with neutron therapy. Understand the design and function of the University of Washington Clinical Neutron Therapy System (CNTS). Awareness of different beam modeling approaches for the CNTS neutron beam. CNTS History at University of Washington • 1973-1984 – Laboratory based neutron beam – 22 MeV deuterons incident on a beryllium target – Fixed horizontal beam – Magnetic rectangular collimation – No wedges – Resulting beam depth dose characteristics similar to Co-60 – 604 Patient Treated 2 AAMD 43rd Annual Meeting June 17 – 21, 2018 CNTS History at University of Washington . 1979 – Installation of dedicated hospital based neutron treatment system begins as part of NIH grant. – Gantry with full range of rotational motion, collimator and built in wedges, flattening filter, MLCs. 1984 – October 19th: first patient treatment – >3000 patients treated since Radiation Biology • Neutrons are indirectly ionizing, and damage DNA through the secondary particles they produce. – Mostly low-energy, high-LET protons as well as some heavier ions. – Compare to photons/protons which primarily generate electrons. • This affords neutrons unique radiobiological advantages. – Can overcome radiation resistance of hypoxic cells. – Dense ionization results in more fatal cellular damage per dose.
    [Show full text]
  • Planning and Implementing a Swiss Radio-Oncology Network
    Chair Secretary PROTON Michael Goitein Ph. D. Daniel Miller Ph. D. THERAPY Department of Radiation Oncology Department of Radiation Medicine C O- Massachusetts General Hospital Loma Linda University Medical Center OPERATIVE Boston MA 02114 Loma Linda CA 92354 G ROUP (617) 724 - 9529 (909) 824 - 4197 (617) 724 - 9532 Fax (909) 824 - 4083 Fax ABSTRACTS of the XXIV PTCOG MEETING held in Detroit, Michigan, USA April 24-26 1996 1 INDEX Page PTCOG Focus Session I: Comparative treatment planning of nasopharyngeal tumors PTCOG nasopharynx treatment planning intercomparison. 5 A. Smith PTCOG Focus Session II: Proton theray clinical studies Proton therapy in 1996: a world wide perspective. 6 J. M. Sisterson Arteriovenous malformations: the NAC experience. 6 F. Vernimmen, J. Wilson, D. Jones, N. Schreuder, E. De Kock, J. Symons Preliminary results of carbon-ion therapy at NIRS. 6 H. Tsujii, J. Mizoe, T. Miyamoto, S. Morita, M. Mukai, T. Nakano, H. Kato, T. Kamada, K. Morita Proton radiation therapy for orbital and parameningeal rhabdomyosarcoma. 7 E. B. Hug, J.A. Adams, J. E. Munzenrider Conformal radiation therapy for retinoblastoma: comparison of various 3D proton plans. 8 M. Krengli, J. A Adams, E. B Hug PTCOG Focus Session III Radiotherapy in the treatment of prostate cancer: neutrons, protons or photons? An analysis of acute and late toxicity in a randomized study of pion vs. photon irradiation 9 for stage T3/4 prostate cancer. T. Pickles, G. Goodman, M. Dimitrov, G. Duncan, C. Fryer, P. Graham, M. McKenzie, J. Morris, D. Rheaume, I. Syndikus With conformal photon irradiation, who needs particles? 10 J.
    [Show full text]
  • Particle Therapy an Advanced Form of Radiation Treatment for Cancer
    Particle Therapy An advanced form of radiation Proposed integrated treatment for national network Proton Carbon/Proton cancer facility facility Particle therapy is similar to traditional forms of In other countries, particle therapy is recommended radiation therapy, but it offers an even more for some patients with difficult-to-treat cancers. targeted approach. This means that the risk of harm to tissue around a tumour is lower than Proton therapy has been approved overseas for use with standard radiation. Instead of x-rays used in in children, adolescents and young adults, who are standard radiation, particle therapy uses protons or more at risk of long-term side effects from heavy ions such as carbon, which have an improved traditional treatment approaches. ability to kill cancer cells. Particle therapy, like It minimises the radiation to critical standard radiation, is painless and delivers radiation structures in the body and limits the through the skin. And the particles release their risks of long-term side effects. energy at the site of the tumour more precisely. This makes the treatment suitable for cancers near critical parts of the body, such as the eyes, brain and spinal cord. As well as being very precise, carbon ions deposit more energy to the tumour than protons or standard radiation. This means carbon ion therapy can be more effective at killing tumours that are resistant to standard radiation. While traditional radiation therapy can target such tumours, there is a higher risk of side effects because of potential damage to the surrounding tissue and organs. More than 4500 Australian from particle therapy.
    [Show full text]
  • Position Paper on Particle Therapy
    POSITION PAPER ON PARTICLE THERAPY FACULTY OF RADIATION ONCOLOGY THE ROYAL AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND COLLEGE OF RADIOLOGISTS® Name of document and version: Faculty of Radiation Oncology Position Paper on Particle Therapy Approved by: Faculty of Radiation Oncology Council Date of approval: 23 October 2015 ABN 37 000 029 863 Copyright for this publication rests with The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Radiologists® The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Radiologists Level 9, 51 Druitt Street Sydney NSW 2000 Australia Email: [email protected] Website: www.ranzcr.edu.au Telephone: +61 2 9268 9777 Facsimile: +61 2 9268 9799 Disclaimer: The information provided in this document is of a general nature only and is not intended as a substitute for medical or legal advice. It is designed to support, not replace, the relationship that exists between a patient and his/her doctor. CONTENTS Objectives .............................................................................................................. 3 Method .................................................................................................................... 3 About Radiation Oncology ................................................................................... 3 About Proton and Particle Therapy .................................................................... 4 Faculty of Radiation Oncology Position ............................................................. 6 The International Context ....................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • National Cancer Institute Support for Targeted Alpha-Emitter Therapy
    National Cancer Institute Support for Targeted Alpha-Emitter Therapy Julie Hong National Cancer Institute https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4207-6364 Martin Brechbiel National Cancer Institute Jeff Buchsbaum National Cancer Institute Christie A. Canaria National Cancer Institute C. Norman Coleman National Cancer Institute Freddy E. Escorcia National Cancer Institute Michael Espey National Cancer Institute Charles Kunos National Cancer Institute Frank Lin National Cancer Institute Deepa Narayanan National Cancer Institute Jacek Capala ( [email protected] ) National Cancer Institute Research Article Keywords: Radiopharmaceutical targeted therapy, targeted alpha-emitter therapy, National Cancer Institute Posted Date: June 29th, 2021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-650895/v1 License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Read Full License Page 1/18 Version of Record: A version of this preprint was published at European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging on August 11th, 2021. See the published version at https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259- 021-05503-z. Page 2/18 Abstract Radiopharmaceutical targeted therapy (RPT) has been studied for decades, however, recent clinical trials demonstrating ecacy has helped renew interest in the modality. Recognizing the potential, the National Cancer Institute (NCI) has co-organized workshops and organized interest groups on RPT and RPT dosimetry to encourage the community and facilitate rigorous preclinical and clinical studies. NCI has been supporting RPT research through various mechanisms. Research has been funded through peer reviewed NCI Research and Program Grants (RPG) and NCI Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) Development Center, which funds small business-initiated projects, some of which have led to clinical trials.
    [Show full text]
  • Proton Beam Radiation Therapy – Commercial Medical Policy
    UnitedHealthcare® Commercial Medical Policy Proton Beam Radiation Therapy Policy Number: 2021T0132CC Effective Date: May 1, 2021 Instructions for Use Table of Contents Page Related Commercial Policy Coverage Rationale ........................................................................... 1 • Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy Documentation Requirements......................................................... 2 • Radiation Therapy: Fractionation, Image-Guidance, Definitions ........................................................................................... 2 and Special Services Applicable Codes .............................................................................. 2 • Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy and Description of Services ..................................................................... 4 Stereotactic Radiosurgery Clinical Evidence ............................................................................... 4 U.S. Food and Drug Administration ..............................................18 Community Plan Policy References .......................................................................................18 • Proton Beam Radiation Therapy Policy History/Revision Information..............................................23 Medicare Advantage Coverage Summary Instructions for Use .........................................................................23 • Radiologic Therapeutic Procedures Coverage Rationale Note: This policy applies to persons 19 years of age and older. Proton beam radiation
    [Show full text]