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Dosimetry and Radiation Quality in Fast- Neutron Radiation Therapy

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Dosimetry and Radiation Quality in Fast- Neutron Radiation Therapy Linköping Studies in Health Sciences Thesis no. 989 Dosimetry and radiation quality in fast- neutron radiation therapy A study of radiation quality and dosimetric properties of fast-neutrons for external beam radiotherapy and problems associated with corrections of measured charged particle cross-sections by Jonas Söderberg Division of Radiation Physics, Department of Medicine and Care Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University SE-581 85 Linköping Sweden Linköping 2007 Dosimetry and radiation quality in neutron therapy ii Jonas Söderberg It is easier to perceive error than to find truth, for the former lies on the surface and is easily seen, while the latter lies in the depth, where few are willing to search for it. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe iii Dosimetry and radiation quality in neutron therapy iv Jonas Söderberg Dosimetry and radiation quality in fast-neutron radiation therapy - A study of radiation quality and basic dosimetric poperties of fast-neutrons for external beam radiotherapy and poblems associated with corrections of measured charged particle coss-sections by Jonas Söderberg Linköping Studies in Health Sciences Thesis no. 989 Akademisk avhandling som för avläggande av filosofie doktors examen vid Linköpings Universitetet kommer att offentligt försvaras i föreläsningssalen Conrad, Universitetssjukhuset i Linköping, onsdagen den 4 april 2007, klockan 9.00 Opponent: Docent Crister Ceberg, Lunds Universitet ISBN 978-91-85715-37-4 ISSN 0345-0082 Abstract The dosimetric poperties of fast-neutron beams with energies ≤80 MeV were explored using Monte Carlo techniques. Taking into account transport of all relevant types of released charged particles (electons, protons, deuteons, tritons, 3He and α particles) pencil-beam dose distributions were derived and used to calculate absorbed dose distributions. Broad-beam depth doses in phantoms of different materials were calculated and compared and the scaling factors required for converting absorbed dose in one material to absorbed dose in another derived. The scaling factors were in good agreement with available published data and show that water is a good substitute for soft tissue even at neutron energies as high as 80 MeV. The inherent penumbra and the fraction of absorbed dose due to photon interactions were also studied, and found to be consistent with measured values reported in the literature. Treatment planning in fast-neuton therapy is commonly performed using dose calculation algorithms designed for photon beam therapy. When applied to neutron beams, these algorithms have limitations arising fom the physical models used. Monte Carlo derived neuton pencil-beam kernels were parameterized and implemented in the photon dose calculation algorithms of the TMS (MDS Nordion) treatment planning system. It was shown that these algorithms yield good results in homogeneous water media. However, the method used to calculate heterogeneity corrections in the photon dose calculation algorithm did not yield correct results for neutron beams in heterogeneous media. v Dosimetry and radiation quality in neutron therapy To achieve results with adequate accuracy using Monte Carlo simulations, fundamental coss-section data are needed. Neuton coss-sections are still not sufficiently well known. At the The Svedberg Laboratory in Uppsala, Sweden, an experimental facility has been designed to measure neutron-induced charged-particle poduction coss-sections for (n,xp), (n,xd), (n,xt), (n,x 3He) and (n,x α) reactions at neuton energies up to 100 MeV. Depending on neuton energy, these generated particles account for up to 90% of the absorbed dose. In experimental determination of the coss-sections, measured data have to be corrected for the energies lost by the charged particles before leaving the target in which they were generated. To correct for the energy-losses, a computational code (CRAWL) was developed. It uses a stripping method. With the limitation of reduced energy resolution, spectra derived using CRAWL compares well with those derived using other methods. In fast-neuton therapy, the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) varies fom 1.5 to 5, depending on neuton energy, dose level and biological end-point. LET and other physical quantities, developed within the field of micodosimetry over the past couple of decades, have been used to describe RBE variations between different fast-neuton beams as well as within a neuton irradiated body. In this work, a Monte Carlo code (SHIELD-HIT) capable of transporting all charged particles contributing to absorbed dose, was used to calculate energy-differential charged particle spectra. Using these * spectra, values of the RBE related quantities LD , yD , y and R were derived and studied as function of neuton energy, phantom material and position in a phantom. Reasonable agreement with measured data in the literature was found and indicates that the quantities may be used to predict RBE variations in an arbitrary fast-neuton beam. Division of Radiation Physics, Department of Medicine and Care Faculty of Health Sciences Linköping University SE-581 85 Linköping, Sweden Linköping 2007 vi Jonas Söderberg Papers The present thesis is based on the following papers. I. Söderberg J, Dangtip S, Alm Carlsson G and Olsson N (2001). Correction of measured charged-particle spectra for energy losses in the target - a comparison of three methods. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B 195, 426- 434. II. Söderberg J and Alm Carlsson G (2000). Fast-neuton absorbed dose distributions in the energy range 0.5-80 MeV - a Monte Carlo study. Physics in Medicine and Biology 45 2987-3007. III. Söderberg J, Alm Carlsson G and Ahnesjö A (2003). Monte Carlo evaluation of a photon pencil kernel algorithm applied to fast-neuton therapy treatment planning. Physics in Medicine and Biology 48 3327–3344. IV. Söderberg J, Gudowska I, Lillhök J E, Lindborg L, Grindborg J E and Alm Carlsson G (2007). RBE related quantities in fast-neutron therapy beams derived using Monte Carlo calculated charged particle spectra. Manuscript , intended for submission to Physics in Medicine and Biology . Other related publications not included in the thesis: 1. Dangtip S, Atac A, Bergenwall B, Blomgren J, Elmgren K, Johansson C, Klug J, Olsson N, Alm Carlsson G, Söderberg J, Jonsson O, Nilsson L, Renberg P U, Nadel-Turonski P, Le Brun C, Lecolley F R, Lecolley J F, Varignon C, Eudes P, Haddad F, Kerveno M, Kirchner T, Lebrun C (2000). A facility for measurements of nuclear coss-sections for fast-neuton cancer therapy. Nuclear Instruments and Methods A 452: (3) 484-504. 2. Bergenwall B, Dangtip S, Atac A, Blomgren J, Elmgren K, Johansson C, Klug J, Olsson N, Pomp S, Tippawan U, Jonsson O, Nilsson L, Renberg P U, Nadel- Tuonski P, Söderberg J, Alm-Carlsson G, Le Brun C, Lecolley J F, Lecolley F R, Louvel M, Marie N, Schweitzer C, Varignon C, Eudes P, Haddad F, Kerveno M, Kirchner T, Lebrun C, Stuttge L, Slypen I (2002). Coss-section data and kerma coefficients for 95 MeV neutons for medical applications. Journal of nuclear science and technology 1 1298-1301. 3. Grindborg J-E, Lillhök J-E, Lindborg L, Gudowska I, Alm-Carlsson G, Söderberg J (2007). Nanodosimetric measurements and calculations in beams for radiotherapy. Accepted for publication in Radiation Protection Dosimetry . 4. Lillhök J-E, Grindborg J-E, Lindborg L, Gudowska I, Alm Carlsson G, Söderberg J, Kopeć M and Medin J (2007). Nanodosimetry in a clinical neuton therapy beam using the variance-covariance method and Monte Carlo simulations. Submitted to Physics in Medicine and Biology . vii Dosimetry and radiation quality in neutron therapy Conference reports related to the thesis: 1. Dangtip S, Blomgren J, Olsson N, Jonsson O, Renberg P U, Alm Carlsson and Söderberg J (1997). Measurement of nuclear coss-sections for therapy with fast-neutons. World Congress on Medical Physics and Engineering, Nice. 2. Söderberg J and Alm Carlsson G (1998). Fördelning av absorberad dos från snabba neutroner i energi området 10-80 MeV. Svenska Läkaresällskapets Riksstämma, Göteborg. 3. Söderberg J and Alm Carlsson G (1999). Fast-neuton absorbed dose distribution characteristics - a Monte Carlo study. The Svedberg Laboratory Workshop on applied physics, Uppsala. 4. Söderberg J, Alm-Carlsson G, Ahnesjö A (2001). Evaluation of a photon dose calculation algorithm applied to fast-neuton therapy. Neuton spectometry and dosimetry: Experimental techniques and MC calculations. Workshop, Italian Institute of culture, Stockholm. 5. Grindborg J E, Lillhök J E, Lindborg L, Alm Carlsson G, Söderberg J, Gudowska I and Nikjoo H (2006). Nanodosimetric measurements and calculations in beams for radiotherapy. Tenth Symposium on Neuton Dosimetry, Uppsala. viii Jonas Söderberg Abbreviations α alpha particle ( 4He nucleus) BNCT Boon Neuton Capture Therapy CONNECT A Monte Carlo code developed to simulate MEDLEY (see below) CRAWL A code performing the stripping technique used in Paper I RBE Relative Biological Effectiveness d deuteon particle ( 2H nucleus) kf kerma coefficient LET or L Linear Energy Transfer LD dose weighted linear energy transfer LF frequency averaged linear energy transfer MEDLEY An experimental facility at The Svedberg Laboratory, Uppsala p Poton R A semi-empirically derived RBE value y lineal energy yD dose weighted lineal energy yF frequency averaged lineal energy y* saturation corrected dose mean lineal energy t triton ( 3H nucleus) TMS Treatment Management System (MDS Nordion) ix Dosimetry and radiation quality in neutron therapy x Jonas
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