Community Structure, Diversity and Biomass of Trees in Two Forest Subtypes of Pekan Forest Reserve, Pahang, Malaysia

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Community Structure, Diversity and Biomass of Trees in Two Forest Subtypes of Pekan Forest Reserve, Pahang, Malaysia THE MALAYSIAN FORESTER 72 (1): 117-133 (2009) COMMUNITY STRUCTURE, DIVERSITY AND BIOMASS OF TREES IN TWO FOREST SUBTYPES OF PEKAN FOREST RESERVE, PAHANG, MALAYSIA ISMAIL, P., 1 * NIZAM, M.S., 2 FARIDAH-HANUM, I., 3 1 1 1 KHALI AZIZ, H. , SHAMSUDIN, I., SAMSUDIN, M. AND A. LATIFF 2 1 Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), Kepong 52109 Selangor, Malaysia. 2 School of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia. 3 Faculty of Forestry, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. * Corresponding author: [email protected] Abstract: Two one-ha ecological plots representing Kempas-Ramin-Durian and Durian-Nyatoh forest subtypes were established in Compartment 156 and Compartment 200, respectively at Pekan Forest Reserve, Pahang to determine community structure, diversity and biomass of trees. All trees of 10 cm diameter at breast height and above were enumerated in the plots. Results showed that although tree stocking was almost similar in the two forest subtypes, the basal area, volume and total tree biomass were higher in the Kempas-Ramin-Durian subtype. Shannon-Weiner diversity index, H’ obtained in the Durian-Nyatoh subtype was however, significantly higher (p<0.05) than Kempas-Ramin Durian subtype. Morisita’s Index of Dispersion (Id) showed a random distribution pattern for both forest subtypes. Key words: Forest subtypes, taxonomic composition, community structure, INTRODUCTION The peat swamp forests (PSF) of the Pekan District, Pahang, which included the Pekan Forest Reserve (FR) was first classified using the photo-interpretation method (Chong 1965). A more comprehensive work in the South-East Pahang Peat Swamp Forest (SEPPSF) by Blackett and Wollensen (2005) recognized 13 forest subtypes; these subtypes were further refined by UNDP/GEF (2006) based on species distribution and dominance. Khali Aziz et al. (2007) described stand characteristics of tree communities in a Ramin-Bintangor forest subtype of SEPPSF as rich with commercial timber species such as Gonystylus bancanus (Ramin melawis) , Calophyllum ferrugineum (Bintangor) , Shorea platycarpa (Meranti Paya) , Tetramerista glabra (Punah), Koompassia malaccensis (Kempas) and Durio carinatus (Durian paya) . However, a detailed description on community structure of the remaining forest subtypes are still lacking, especially those with less economic values. It is deemed essential to obtain more ecological information on other forest subtypes in order to give a better picture of the Pekan FR for the relevant authorities to take significant management actions for achieving sustainable forest management. 117 P. Ismail et al. MATERIALS AND METHODS Plot Establishment The ecological plots were established in Compartment 156 for Kempas-Ramin- Durian subtype and Compartment 200 for Durian-Nyatoh subtype in Pekan FR (Figures 1 and 2). A one-hectare plot of 100 x 100 m was established; these plots were further divided into 25 contiguous subplots of 20 m x 20 m. All trees of 10 cm diameter at breast height (dbh) and above were identified, tagged, mapped and measured using a diameter tape at 1.3 m above the ground. Figure 1 . Location of Pekan FR in the South-East Pahang Peat Swamp Forest (SEPPSF). Data Analysis All trees enumerated in the ecological plots were summarized for overall taxonomic composition and quantitative data were analysed to determine abundance. These include determination of basal area, as well as calculating the density and frequency of occurrence of each species. Tree basal area ( BA ) was calculated using the equation as follows: BA = [ π x ( d2)/40000] (unit: m 2), where d is the diameter at breast height and π=3.142. The tree volume was calculated using an equation as follows: volume = BA x mht x 0.65 (unit: m 3), where mht is the merchantable bole height in meter. The 0.65 is a presumed factor applies to all trees (JPSM 1997). 118 THE MALAYSIAN FORESTER Zone Forest subtype RAM Ramin-Bintangor ( Gonystylus-Calophyllum ) MDX2 Mixed Kempas-Ramin-Durian ( Koompassia-Gonystylus- Durio ) BTG Bintangor ( Calophyllum ) BTGD Bintangor ( Calophyllum ) and Kelat ( Syzygium ) MERANTI Meranti paya ( Shorea ) D/N Durian-Nyatoh ( Durio-Madhuca ) MAH Kempas-Mahang-Durian (Koompassia-Macaranga-Durio ) DSB Logged-over and open areas RIV Riverine and open areas Figure 2. Location of the one-ha ecological plots in Compartments 156 and 200 of Pekan FR , and the forest suptypes based on UNDP/GEF (2006). Distribution analyses were carried out using Morisita’s Dispersion Index (Morisita 1959), while two indices, Importance Value Index ( IV i) (Brower et al. 1997) and Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index ( H’ ) (Shannon & Weaver 1949) were also calculated to determine species importance and species diversity of the forest subtypes, respectively. The IV i was calculated by summing up the values of relative density ( RD ), relative dominance (based on basal area) ( RB ), and relative frequency 119 P. Ismail et al. (RF ) of each species or family [ IV i = RD + RB + RF )/3]; whilst the Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index ( H’ ) was calculated using formula as follows: s H '= −∑ pi ln pi , where i=1 s = the number of species; pi = the proportion of individuals or the abundance of the ith species expressed as a proportion of total abundance; ln = log base n In addition, species richness index was also calculated using the Margalef’s Index (Margalef 1958), to determine species richness of the community, which is mainly based on the number of species occurring in the particular community as follows: s −1 D = ; where D = Margalef’s Index; s = total species number; and N = total log N number of individuals. Estimation of Tree Biomass In this study, total tree biomass was estimated using equations introduced by Istomo (2006) who developed the equations from a study at peat swamp forests in Sumatera, Indonesia. The equations used are as follows: Biomass (above-ground) = 0.0145 (dbh 3) - 0.4659 (dbh 2) + 30.64 (dbh) - 263.32 Biomass (below-ground) = 20.1% of Biomass (above-ground) Total plant biomass = Biomass (above-ground) + Biomass (below-ground) RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Taxonomic Composition A total of 557 trees of 10 cm dbh and above were enumerated in the plot at Compartment 156 which comprised of 68 species in 49 genera and 26 families (Appendix 1). Four families, i.e. Annonaceae, Guttiferae, Burseraceae and Myrtaceae were the most speciose families in which all of them were represented by six species (Table 1). The first two families contained three genera whilst the third and fourth family, i.e. Burseraceae and Myrtaceae were composed of two genera and one genus, respectively. Meanwhile, the study plot in Compartment 200 recorded a composition of 100 tree species in 76 genera and 37 families from 555 enumerated trees. The most speciose family was indicated by the Lauraceae and Myrtaceae that were represented by eight species, of which the former contained four genera whilst the latter had only one genus. As a comparison, Khali Aziz et al. (2007) revealed a composition of 67 tree species in 49 genera from 26 families. It is apparent that their findings were very similar to the results from this study at Compartment 156, and prior to their survey, Grippin (2005) conducted a post-felling inventory in a large area of Pekan FR that covered an area of 2,156 ha, where he reported 67 tree species occurring in the surveyed area. Nevertheless, Compartment 200 that was located near the Sungai Bebar, showed a higher species number compared to the Compartment 156 and reports of Khali-Aziz et al. (2007) and Grippin (2005). Preliminary survey on tree communities along the Sungai Bebar by Nizam et al. (2005) also highlighted a high number of tree species with a composition of 113 species in 66 genera from 35 families. Appanah (1997) reported as many as 84 tree species in their study at forested areas of Sungai Bebar. The high species number from this study in this 120 THE MALAYSIAN FORESTER compartment might be due to the difference in soil properties between compartments. Adzmi and Suhaimi (2005) stated that the peat swamp forests of the Sungai Bebar area was not purely of characteristics of a peat swamp forest. They concluded that the Sungai Bebar contributed significant influence to this factor, whereby the river deposited mineral soils along the river, which allows more species to occupy the area. Moreover, Che Aziz and Kamal (2005) mentioned that the Sungai Bebar area was very poor in peat development, and thus resulting of less characteristics of a peat swamp area. Table 1. Ten leading families with the highest number of species in both compartments at Pekan FR. Compartment 156 Compartment 200 Family No. of No. of No. of Family No. of No. of No. of species genus stands species genus stands Annonaceae 6 3 46 Lauraceae 8 4 32 Guttiferae 6 3 42 Myrtaceae 8 1 41 Burseraceae 6 2 47 Euphorbiaceae 7 6 66 Myrtaceae 6 1 43 Guttiferae 7 2 42 Lauraceae 5 3 20 Burseraceae 6 2 67 Myristicaceae 5 4 71 Leguminosae 5 5 19 Euphorbiaceae 4 4 94 Anacardiaceae 5 5 12 Leguminosae 4 4 12 Myristicaceae 5 4 37 Rosaceae 3 2 7 Annonaceae 5 2 20 Ebenaceae 3 1 14 Rubiaceae 4 4 6 Table 2. Abundance parameters of trees according to diameter classes in plots at Compartment 156 (C156) and Compartment 200 (C200), Pekan FR. Diameter Density (stem/ha) Basal area (m 2/ha) Volume (m 3/ha) Class (cm) C156 C200 C156 C200 C156 C200 10.0-24.9 358 425 7.56 7.84 40.79 45.25 (64.3%) (76.6%) (22.6%) (29.5%) (14.0%) (17.0%) 25.0-39.9 138 84 10.36 6.15 80.68 55.84 (24.8%) (15.1%) (31.0%) (23.2%) (27.8%) (21.0%) 40.0-54.9 41 32 7.27 5.30 74.29 68.57 (7.4%) (5.8%) (21.7%) (20.0%) (25.6%) (25.8%) 55.0-69.9 14 5 3.91 1.52 41.28 15.13 (2.5%) (0.9%) (11.7%) (5.7%) (14.2%) (5.7%) >70.0 6 9 4.34 5.73 53.29 80.75 (1.1%) (1.6%) (13.0%) (21.6%) (18.4%) (30.4%) Total 557 555 33.44 26.54 290.33 265.54 (100%) (100%) (100%) (100%) (100%) (100%) 121 P.
Recommended publications
  • Stand Structure and the Genetic Diversity of Koompassia
    Sains Malaysiana 36(2)(2007): 233-242 Stand Structure and the Genetic Diversity of Koompassia malaccensis and Dryobalanops aromatica in Unlogged and Logged-over Stands (Struktur Dirian dan Kepelbagaian Genetik Koompassia Malaccensis dan Dryobalanops Aromatica pada Dirian yang Belum dan yang telah Dibalak) KIM SU LEE, RATNAM WICKNESWARI & CHEE YEN CHOONG ABSTRACT The disturbance level of two nearby logged stands, Compartment 118 and Compartment 69 were studied in Ulu Sedili Forest Reserve, Johor. The mean basal area for trees (trees ! 1 cm dbh) in logged stand of Compartment 118 showed 51% reduction in comparison to immediately before logging of the same stand. A similar level of reduction (47%) was observed for mean density of trees in Compartment 118. However, the mean basal area and mean density of tree were higher in 50-year logged Compartment 69 (21% and 122% respectively) compared to Compartment 118 before logging. Concurrently, we examined the effects of logging on genetic diversity of seedling, sapling and mature trees of two important timber species, Koompassia malaccensis and Dryobalanops aromatica using M13 universal primer (multilocus minisatellite DNA) and three other universally-primed primers. Mature trees of K. malaccensis showed 39% reduction in Shannon diversity index (H) in Compartment 69 compared to Compartment 118 before logging detected by M13 universal primer. This may be attributed to the small sample size of the species in Compartment 69. Reduction in H and polymorphic loci (P) for K. malaccensis was higher in seedlings, 5% and 56% respectively in Compartment 69 compared to mature trees (3% and 23% respectively). Contrastingly for seedlings and saplings of D.
    [Show full text]
  • The Provider-Based Evaluation (Probe) 2014 Preliminary Report
    The Provider-Based Evaluation (ProBE) 2014 Preliminary Report I. Background of ProBE 2014 The Provider-Based Evaluation (ProBE), continuation of the formerly known Malaysia Government Portals and Websites Assessment (MGPWA), has been concluded for the assessment year of 2014. As mandated by the Government of Malaysia via the Flagship Coordination Committee (FCC) Meeting chaired by the Secretary General of Malaysia, MDeC hereby announces the result of ProBE 2014. Effective Date and Implementation The assessment year for ProBE 2014 has commenced on the 1 st of July 2014 following the announcement of the criteria and its methodology to all agencies. A total of 1086 Government websites from twenty four Ministries and thirteen states were identified for assessment. Methodology In line with the continuous and heightened effort from the Government to enhance delivery of services to the citizens, significant advancements were introduced to the criteria and methodology of assessment for ProBE 2014 exercise. The year 2014 spearheaded the introduction and implementation of self-assessment methodology where all agencies were required to assess their own websites based on the prescribed ProBE criteria. The key features of the methodology are as follows: ● Agencies are required to conduct assessment of their respective websites throughout the year; ● Parents agencies played a vital role in monitoring as well as approving their agencies to be able to conduct the self-assessment; ● During the self-assessment process, each agency is required to record
    [Show full text]
  • Technical Guidelines for Reforestation at Ex-Coal-Mining Areas
    Technical Guidelines for Reforestation at Ex-Coal-Mining Areas - Based on the outcomes of experimental reforestation activities at ex-coal-mining areas in South Kalimantan, Indonesia - Japan International Forestry Promotion and Cooperation Center (JIFPRO) March 2015 Technical Guidelines for Reforestation at Ex-Coal-Mining Areas - Based on the outcomes of experimental reforestation activities at ex-coal-mining areas in South Kalimantan, Indonesia - Eiichiro Nakama, Seiichi Ohta, Yasuo Ohsumi, Tokunori Mori and Satohiko Sasaki Japan International Forestry Promotion and Cooperation Center Fakhrur Razie, Hamdani Fauzi and Mahrus Aryadi Lambung Mangkurat University, Indonesia Japan International Forestry Promotion and Cooperation Center March 2015 Foreword During the past decades, deforestation and forest degradation continues especially in developing countries. According to the report of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nation (FAO), approximately 13 million hectors of global forests have been lost annually due to forest land conversion to other land uses, forest fires and natural disasters, while reforestation and natural regeneration account for an increase of approx. 7.8 million hectors of forest cover. This means the net loss of global forest is estimated at 5.2 million hectors. Adverse impacts of forest conversion to farmland can be minimized as far as the land is properly used and managed in a sustainable manner. However, in some cases, problem soils are exposed and abandoned as degraded land. Deforestation by mining is a big issue these years. Problem soils such as strong acid soils and/or too much heavy metal soils appear at the ex-mining areas. In some cases it is too difficult to reforestate.
    [Show full text]
  • Seed Germination, Seedling Survival and Storage Behavior of Koompassia Excelsa (Leguminosae)
    NUSANTARA BIOSCIENCE ISSN: 2087-3948 Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 46-49 E-ISSN: 2087-3956 May 2020 DOI: 10.13057/nusbiosci/n120108 Short Communication: Seed germination, seedling survival and storage behavior of Koompassia excelsa (Leguminosae) DIAN LATIFAH♥, FITRI FATMA WARDANI, RIZMOON NURUL ZULKARNAEN Research Center for Plant Conservation and Botanic Gardens, Indonesian Institute of Sciences. Jl. Ir. H.Juanda no. 13, Bogor 16122, West Java, Indonesia. Tel./fax.: +62-251-8322187, ♥email: [email protected] Manuscript received: 25 November 2019. Revision accepted: 14 February 2020. Abstract. Latifah D, Wardani FF, Zulkarnaen RN. 2020. Seed germination, seedling survival and storage behavior of Koompassia excelsa (Leguminosae). Nusantara Bioscience 12: 46-49. Koompassia excelsa (Becc.) Taub. (Leguminosae) is an important component of many tropical rainforests as an emergent canopy tree. Knowledge and application of germination strategies and increasing seedling survival of this species in many conservation efforts are essential as it is endemic to several areas in Southeast Asia. This research investigated the effects of the different moisture levels of the sowing media on the germination and seedling survival percentage of K. excelsa. The seeds exhibited faster germination percentage and higher seedling survival when sown in media with 33.2%-moisture. The seeds appeared to have intermediate storage behavior. Thus, sowing seeds in 33.2%-moisture media may promote seedling survival, which is an important part of regeneration as well as conservation of K. excelsa. Keywords: Germination, Koompassia excelsa, media, seedling, storage INTRODUCTION orthodox (Sasaki 1976, Sasaki 1980), K. excelsa seeds have been cryopreserved successfully for long-term storage Koompassia excelsa is distributed across Southeast (Azman 2015) indicating the seed storage behavior was Asia, including Indonesia (Sumatera and Borneo Islands), intermediate.
    [Show full text]
  • Malaysia Industrial Park Directory.Pdf
    MALAYSIA INDUSTRIAL PARK DIRECTORY CONTENT 01 FOREWORD 01 › Minister of International Trade & Industry (MITI) › Chief Executive Officer of Malaysian Investment Development Authority (MIDA) › President, Federation of Malaysian Manufacturers (FMM) › Chairman, FMM Infrastructure & Industrial Park Management Committee 02 ABOUT MIDA 05 03 ABOUT FMM 11 04 ADVERTISEMENT 15 05 MAP OF MALAYSIA 39 06 LISTING OF INDUSTRIAL PARKS › NORTHERN REGION Kedah & Perlis 41 Penang 45 Perak 51 › CENTRAL REGION Selangor 56 Negeri Sembilan 63 › SOUTHERN REGION Melaka 69 Johor 73 › EAST COAST REGION Kelantan 82 Terengganu 86 Pahang 92 › EAST MALAYSIA Sarawak 97 Sabah 101 PUBLISHED BY PRINTED BY Federation of Malaysian Manufacturers (7907-X) Legasi Press Sdn Bhd Wisma FMM, No 3, Persiaran Dagang, No 17A, (First Floor), Jalan Helang Sawah, PJU 9 Bandar Sri Damansara, 52200 Kuala Lumpur Taman Kepong Baru, Kepong, 52100 Kuala Lumpur T 03-62867200 F 03-62741266/7288 No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form E [email protected] without prior permission from Federation of Malaysian Manufacturers. All rights reserved. All information and data www.fmm.org.my provided in this book are accurate as at time of printing MALAYSIA INDUSTRIAL PARK DIRECTORY FOREWORD MINISTER OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE & INDUSTRY (MITI) One of the key ingredients needed is the availability of well-planned and well-managed industrial parks with Congratulations to the Malaysian Investment eco-friendly features. Thus, it is of paramount importance Development Authority (MIDA) and the for park developers and relevant authorities to work Federation of Malaysian Manufacturers together in developing the next generation of industrial (FMM) for the successful organisation of areas to cater for the whole value chain of the respective the Industrial Park Forum nationwide last industry, from upstream to downstream.
    [Show full text]
  • Space for Decision-Making Among the Orang Asli Communities in Pekan
    Space for decision-making among the Orang Asli communities in Pekan District, Pahang Rosta Harun1, Yip Hin Wai2 , Nadwan Ibrahim2, Khamurudin Mohd Noor2, Abdullah Mohd2, Sharifah Norazizan Syed Abdul Rashid3, and Nik Muhamad Ab Majid1, Faculty of Environmental Studies1, Faculty of Forestry2, Faculty of Human Ecology3 PROJECT SUMMARY The indigenous people (Orang Asli) in Pekan District, Pahang, are known to live and depend on peat swamp forests and its resources for their livelihood. However, they were somehow left behind in the mainstream development. Orang Asli communities are being identified as the fringe communities. This study aimed to create awareness among the local agencies in creating space for Orang Asli communities to involve themselves in decision-making process on the improving their quality of life as well as to produce model in approaches for improving space availability for indigenous people in decision-making process. In order to understand the background of this issue, PACT analysis with District Officer of Department of Orang Asli Affairs (JHEOA) in Pekan and the Tok Batin of the selected villages were conducted. Several stakeholders related to this issue were identified. To proceed with this research, a Focus Group Discussion (FGD) involving local agencies was conducted to facilitate this issue. Through this FGD, the research group is able to create networking with other agencies and has developed possibilities for future partnership and programs regarding space for decision making process to benefit Orang Asli communities and the sustainability of their livelihood. Several problems, including social problems, were identified. Also, a few programs were suggested by the local agencies to improve the space for decision-making.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Report 2019 Annual R Epo T 2019 Commission of M Alaysia Human Rig H Ts
    HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION OF MALAYSIA ANNUAL REPORT 2019 ANNUAL ANNUAL R EPO R T 2019 COMMISSION OF HUMAN RIG H TS HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION OF MALAYSIA M SUHAKAM ALAYSIA Level 11, Menara TH Perdana, 1001, Jalan Sultan Ismail, 50250 Kuala Lumpur. URL: http://www.suhakam.org.my HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION OF MALAYSIA ANNUAL REPORT 2019 FIRST PRINTING, 2020 Copyright Human Rights Commission of Malaysia (SUHAKAM) The copyright of this report belongs to the Commission. All or any part of this report may be reproduced provided acknowledgment of source is made or with the Commission’s permission. The Commission assumes no responsibility, warranty and liability, expressed or implied by the reproduction of this publication done without the Commission’s permission. Notification of such use is required. All rights reserved. Published in Malaysia by HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION OF MALAYSIA (SUHAKAM) 11th Floor, Menara TH Perdana 1001 Jalan Sultan Ismail 50250 Kuala Lumpur E-mail: [email protected] URL : http://www.suhakam.org.my Printed in Malaysia by Mihas Grafik Sdn Bhd No. 9, Jalan SR 4/19 Taman Serdang Raya 43300 Seri Kembangan Selangor Darul Ehsan National Library of Malaysia Cataloguing-in-Publication Data ISSN: 1511 - 9521 MEMBERS OF THE COMMISSION 2019 From left: Prof. Dato’ Noor Aziah Mohd. Awal (Children’s Commissioner), Dato’ Seri Mohd Hishamudin Md Yunus, Datuk Godfrey Gregory Joitol, Mr. Jerald Joseph, Tan Sri Othman Hashim (Chairman), Dato’ Mah Weng Kwai, Datuk Lok Yim Pheng, Dr. Madeline Berma and Associate Prof. Dr. Nik Salida Suhaila
    [Show full text]
  • Curriculum Vitae
    Curriculum Vitae Name: Saw Leng Guan, FASc Born: 14 December 1955, Taiping, Perak, MALAYSIA Sex: Male Nationality: Malaysian Home Address: 19 Jalan Tekoma KS6 Bandar Botanic 41200 Klang Selangor Malaysia Tel.: +603-331 82467 Mobile: +6019-274 5512 e-mail: [email protected] or [email protected] Office Address: Penang Botanic Gardens Pavilion Administration Complex Jalan Kebun Bunga 10350 Penang Malaysia Tel: +6019-2745512 Email: [email protected] Academic Qualifications a. Bachelor of Science (Forestry), Agriculture University of Malaysia (UPM), 1981 b. Master of Science (Pure and Applied Plant and Fungal Taxonomy), University of Reading, 1990 c. Doctor of Philosophy, University of Reading, 1994 Thesis 1. Saw L.G. (1981). Progress of crop: Composition, density and growth patterns of Rhizophora dominated stands before first thinning in Matang Mangroves Forest Reserve, Perak. Final year thesis. U.P.M. 2. Saw L.G. (1990). A revision of the genus Licuala (Palmae) subgenus Libericula. M.Sc. thesis. University of Reading. 3. Saw L.G. (1994). The taxonomy and ecology of the genus Licuala (Palmae) in Malaya. Ph.D. thesis, University of Reading. Awards and Conferment National and International Awards, and Conferment 1. Royal Botanic Gardens Edinburgh (RBGE) Medal – 2016. 2. Conferred as Fellow of the Academy of Sciences Malaysia, 2013. 3. National Book Award 2012 – Technical Book – Wild Orchids of Peninsular Malaysia. 4. British High Commission’s Chevening Scholarships Scheme: Royal Society – Malaysian Fellowship, 1999/2000 (15 January 2000 – 15 June 2000) Schools attended a. Anglo Chinese (Primary) School, Malacca 1962–1967 Page 1 of 19 b. Anglo Chinese (Secondary) School, Malacca 1968 c.
    [Show full text]
  • Actuele Houtmonstervoorraad Juni 2021
    ltr Nr. Ltr Botanische namen Handels- en boomnamen Familie Prijs (EUR) Info A 1 Taxus baccata L. Taxus Taxaceae 2,25 5 A 1 B Taxus baccata L. Taxus Taxaceae 2,25 0 A 2 Abies alba Mill. Dennen, Duits Pinaceae 2,25 32 A 3 Tetragastris sp. / Protium sp. oa. T.hostmannii Salie Burseraceae 2,25 0 A 4 A Pseudotsuga taxifolia (Poir.) Britton Douglas, inlands Pinaceae 2,25 8 A 5 Picea abies (L.) H.Karst. Vuren, inlands Pinaceae 2,25 0 A 6 Picea abies (L.) H.Karst. Vuren, Duits Pinaceae 2,25 0 A 7 Picea abies (L.) H.Karst. Vuren, Fins Pinaceae 2,25 0 A 8 Picea abies (L.) H.Karst. Vuren, Noors Pinaceae 2,25 21 A 9 Picea spec.div. Vuren, Zweeds Pinaceae 2,25 1 A 10 Larix sp. Larix Pinaceae 2,25 0 A 10 A Larix sp. Larix Pinaceae 2,25 0 A 11 Pinus sylvestris L. Grenen, inlands Pinaceae 2,25 1 A 12 Pinus sylvestris L. Grenen, Duits Pinaceae 2,25 0 A 13 Pinus sylvestris L. Grenen, Fins Pinaceae 2,25 0 A 14 Pinus sylvestris L. Grenen, Noors Pinaceae 2,25 0 A 15 Pinus sylvestris L. Grenen, Zweeds Pinaceae 2,25 1 A 16 Pinus pinaster Aiton Grenen, Frans Pinaceae 2,25 0 A 17 Pinus nigra J.F.Arnold Grenen / Oostenrijkse den Pinaceae 2,25 0 A 18 Pinus nigra subsp. Laricio Maire Grenen / Corsicaanse den Pinaceae 2,25 18 A 19 A Pinus strobus L. Weymouth den Pinaceae 2,25 8 A 20 Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn.
    [Show full text]
  • Sustainability in a Native American Context KV DRAFT 12 1 12
    1 The River of Life: Sustainable Practices of Native Americans and Indigenous Peoples Michael E Marchand A dissertation Submitted in partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Washington 2013 Reading Committee: Kristiina Vogt, Chair Richard Winchell Daniel Vogt Program Authorized to Offer Degree School of Environmental and Forest Sciences 2 ©Copyright 2013 Michael E Marchand 3 University of Washington Abstract The River of Life: Sustainable Practices of Native Americans and Indigenous Peoples Michael E Marchand Chair of Supervisory Committee Dr. Kristiina Vogt School of Environmental and Forest Sciences This dissertation examines how Indigenous people have been forced to adapt for survival after exploitation by Colonial powers. It explains how the resultant decision making models of Indigenous people, based on their traditions and culture, have promoted sustainable growth and development more in harmony with ecological systems. In a 1992 address to the United Nations, a Hopi spiritual leader warned of his tribe’s prophecy that stated there are two world views or paths that humankind can take. Path One is based on technology that is separate from natural and spiritual law. This path leads to chaos and destruction. Path Two development remains in harmony with natural law and leads to paradise. Therefore humans, as children of Mother Earth, need to clean up the messes before it is too late and get onto Path Two and live in harmony with natural law. 4 Water is the focus for this dissertation, as it crosses all aspects of life. Rivers, for example, have a dual purpose. They are a source of life.
    [Show full text]
  • GIS-Based Livelihood Vulnerability Index Mapping of the Socioeconomy of the Pekan Community
    sustainability Article GIS-Based Livelihood Vulnerability Index Mapping of the Socioeconomy of the Pekan Community Nuriah Abd Majid 1,* , Nurafiqah Muhamad Nazi 1, Nor Diana Mohd Idris 1 and Mohd. Raihan Taha 2 1 Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan 43600, Malaysia; nurafi[email protected] (N.M.N.); [email protected] (N.D.M.I.) 2 Smart & Sustainable Township Research Center (SUTRA) & Civil Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi, Selangor Darul Ehsan 43600, Malaysia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +603-89217639 Received: 9 October 2019; Accepted: 21 November 2019; Published: 5 December 2019 Abstract: Monsoon floods that annually hit the east coast of Malaysia have brought a variety of implications, especially for those who inhabit the most vulnerable areas. This study aims to find the relationship between the socioeconomy of the community living and flood events in the district of Pekan, Pahang. This involved geographic analyses which combined data on vulnerability index components represented by Geographical Information System (GIS) mapping. A field survey was conducted to assess the Livelihood Vulnerability Index (LVI), comprising major and sub-components of vulnerability for ten sub-districts in Pekan. LVI mapping was performed for every major component of the LVI with spatial data on the district. Households in the Gancung sub-district were found to be more vulnerable to flooding impact, with a high exposure index (0.59), but reported a positive vulnerability based on adaptive capacity (0.06). Penyur (0.51) was the most vulnerable and sensitive in terms of food security during the flood season.
    [Show full text]
  • Pahang Flood Disaster : the Potential Flood Drivers
    Malaysian Journal Geosciences (MJG) 1(1) (2017) 34-37 ISSN: 2521-0920 (Print) ISSN: 2521-0602 (Online) Contents List available at RAZI Publishing Malaysian Journal of Geosciences Journal Homepage: http://www.razipublishing.com/journals/malaysian-journal-of-geosciences-mjg/ https://doi.org/10.26480/mjg.01.2017.34.37 PAHANG FLOOD DISASTER : THE POTENTIAL FLOOD DRIVERS Rahmah Elfithri, Syamimi Halimshah, Md Pauzi Abdullah, Mazlin Mokhtar, Mohd Ekhwan Toriman, Ahmad Fuad Embi, Maimon Abdullah, Lee Yook Heng, Khairul Nizam Ahmad Maulud, Syafinaz Salleh, Maizurah Maizan & Nurlina Mohamad Ramzan Institute for Environment and Development (LESTARI) ,Faculty of Science and Technology (FST),Faculty of Social Science and Humanities(FSSK),FacultyThis is an open access article of distributed Engineering under and the Built Creative Environment Commons (FKAB),Universiti Attribution License, Kebangsaan which permits Malaysia unrestricted (UKM), use, Bangi, distribution, Selangor and, Malaysia reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. ARTICLE DETAILS ABSTRACT Article history: Received 22 January 2017 Accepted 03 February 2017 The northeast monsoon which occurs from November to March carries heavy rainfall which always result in flood Available online 05 February 2017 especially to the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Pahang was one of the state that severely affected by this flood. Although the heavy rain is the main driver of the flood but human being cannot ignore the other flood drivers Keywords: especially the river and its nearby environment circumstance which regard the flood event. The objective of this Flood Potential Analysis (FPAn) study was to determine the other flood drivers especially the river and its nearby environment circumstance Multi-Criteria Evaluation (MCE) Sabah, which regard the flood event.
    [Show full text]